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Journal articles on the topic 'Contratti B2B'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Alpa, Guido. "Gli obblighi informativi precontrattuali nei contratti di investimento finanziario. Per l'armonizzazione dei modelli regolatori e per l'uniformazione delle regole di diritto comune." ECONOMIA E DIRITTO DEL TERZIARIO, no. 3 (June 2010): 395–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ed2009-003001.

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A proposito della violazione di obblighi informativi precontrattuali l'interrogativo che si pongono gli interpreti, nella nostra esperienza ed in altre, ad essa simili o da essa distanti, č se sia possibile qualificare la fattispecie mediante le regole generali del contratto, e far sopravvivere l'orientamento interpretativo che distingue le regole di validitŕ dalle regole di comportamento, essendo le prime dirette - primieramente - ad incidere il vincolo contrattuale, e le seconde - primieramente - a salvare il vincolo comportando perň una responsabilitŕ (precontrattuale, contrattuale, extraco

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2

Hesselink, Martijn W. "Towards a Sharp Distinction between b2b and b2c? On Consumer, Commercial and General Contract Law after the Consumer Rights Directive." European Review of Private Law 18, Issue 1 (2010): 57–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2010004.

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Abstract: The proposed directive fits very well with a sharp distinction between b2c and b2b contracts and comprises several features that – especially as a combination – provide an optimal basis for a future European consumer (contract) code. Still, nothing in the directive renders further distinction between b2c and b2b compulsory. This raises the question as to whether a rigid, categorical distinction between rules governing b2c and those governing b2b contracts is desirable. This paper argues that no substantive ground justifies such a categorical distinction. Non-consumers, especially sma

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Perfetti, Gabriele. "Sale of Goods With Digital Elements: The Obligation to Supply Updates in Italian Law." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu 74, no. 5-6 (2024): 837–59. https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.74.56.5.

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This paper addresses the transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/771 (Sale of Goods Directive, SGD) into Italian law, specifically focusing on the rules concerning goods with digital elements and software updates. The paper explores the rationale behind these innovative provisions, distinguishing between the legal concepts of “update” and “upgrade”. It further elaborates on the Italian transposition of the SGD provisions regarding updates, clarifying the legal nature of the obligation to supply updates under Italian law, as well as its main characteristics. The impact of these provisions in Italy

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Tripathy, Biswajit, and Jibitesh Mishra. "A Novel Approach of Study of Universal E-Contract Framework for Ecommerce." International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications 10, no. 1 (2018): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijesma.2018010104.

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This article describes how along with the growth of internet technologies, e-commerce activities are growing exponentially. Electronics contracting is a major part of the e-commerce activity. Contracts between the exchanging sides have been adopted as a solution that guarantees the right of participants and increases mutual trust. Electronic contracts (e-contract) or Trading Partner Agreements (TPA) can be between the stakeholders involved, including the payment authority, buyer and seller. Since 1998, Open Buying on the Internet (OBI) protocols are used for business to business (B2B) internet

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Habibzadeh, Taher. "Developing Internet Jurisdiction in B2B and B2C Contracts: Focusing on Iranian Legal System with Comparative Study of American, English and eu Laws." Arab Law Quarterly 31, no. 3 (2017): 276–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730255-12313034.

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Abstract In the modern world, electronic communications play a significant role in areas of national and international law such as Internet jurisdiction. Private international law provides that the competent court is the court within which jurisdiction the contract is performed, so it is important to know the place of performance of the contract in the case of contracts for digital goods such as e-books or computer software delivered online. It is equally important in the case of electronic services such as e-teaching. Furthermore, as consumer protection in B2C contracts is important in develo

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Morcov, Stefan, and Ana-Maria Puiu. "Implementation of a Business-to-Government (B2G) Sales Analytics Tool - Hermix." Economic Insights – Trends and Challenges 2023, no. 4 (2023): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.51865/eitc.2023.04.05.

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The public sector sales market, i.e. Business-to-Government (B2G) market is large and relevant. It is similar, yet differs in several key aspects from other markets such as retail, consumer (B2C), or Businessto-Business (B2B). B2G is huge, at 2 trillion Euro per year in Europe, but insufficiently researched and it lacks proper tools and methods. Public contracts are difficult to access and require specialized expertise and a significant initial investment. This paper explores the implementation and evaluation of an IT platform that supports and automates public sector sales, Hermix, in a large

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7

Bigoni, Maria, Giancarlo Spagnolo, and Paola Valbonesi. "Sticks and Carrots in Procurement: An Experimental Exploration." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 14, no. 3 (2014): 893–936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2013-0110.

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Abstract We test the robustness of recent findings on the benefits of penalty contracts to the environments typical of B2B (and B2G) procurement, where buyers and sellers interact repeatedly, matching is endogenous and competitive, there are contractible and non-contractible tasks, and reputation-based relationships can emerge. Both bonuses and penalties boost efficiency, strongly increasing effort in the contractible task while only mildly crowding it out in the non-contractible one. However, sellers grab a higher fraction of surplus with bonuses, as buyers’ offers become more generous. Conse

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Sergeeva, Olga V. "LAW SELECTION BY THE PARTICIPANTS OF TRANSBORDER ONLINE CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS: EXPERIENCE OF THE USA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION." Public international and private international law 6 (October 29, 2020): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3910-2020-6-34-38.

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The practice of realization in the USA and European Union of the parties’ autonomy due to the choice of law, applicable to the cross-border online-contract is explored in the article. Particularly the problems of the choice of law, applicable to the cross-border online-contracts B2B (business to business), B2C (business to consumer) и C2C (consumer to consumer) are analyzed. The question is raised about the fairness of undiscussible clause, considering the choice of law, applicable to the online-contract involving consumers. According to the doctrine, legislation and practice the procedural an

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Pfeiffer, Thomas. "Unfaire Vertragsbestimmungen." European Review of Private Law 19, Issue 6 (2011): 835–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2011060.

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Abstract: Most of the fundamental positions taken by the draft, as far as they relate to non-negotiated terms, deserve a positive assessment. In particular, one should endorse that the draft, to a large extent, follows the same tendencies that were already incorporated in the Acquis-Principles and the DCFR. This primarily relates to three aspects: Firstly, the draft includes rules addressing the issue of consent to an incorporation of non-negotiated terms into a contract. Secondly, a substantive control is exercised with regard to b2b-contracts. Yet, thirdly, this standard is adapted to the ne

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Feng, Shanfei, and Trichy V. Krishnan. "Series of successive B2B contracts: impact on contract length and rental rate." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 34, no. 7 (2019): 1570–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-01-2019-0023.

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Purpose Companies in the B2B service sector often sign a series of successive contracts instead of one long contract with their vendors. Economic researchers have shown how the lengths of stand-alone contracts are influenced by economic factors such as asset specificity and economic volatility, but have not researched into contracts that are part of a continuous series. The purpose of this study was to explore if being a part of a series of contracts influences the length of the focal contract and the rental rate. Design/methodology/approach The authors use data collected from the oil drilling

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Atamer, Yeşim M. "Replacement of non-conforming goods ‘free of charge’: is there a need to differentiate between B2B and B2C sales contracts?" Uniform Law Review 25, no. 1 (2020): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unaa005.

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Abstract The buyer’s right to request replacement of any non-conforming goods is today a standard remedy in many jurisdictions. This development was also influenced by the widespread effect of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the Council Directive (EC) 1999/44 on consumer sales, which both grant the buyer a right to replacement. However, some questions related to the requirement that replacement has to be ‘free of charge’ continue to be disputed under both legal systems, as well as under the newly introduced Council Directive (EC) 2019/2

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Leyens, Patrick C., Stefan Heiss, and Lukas Soritz. "Smart Contracts im unternehmerischen Rechtsverkehr (B2B)." Juristische Blätter 144, no. 3 (2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.33196/jbl202203013701.

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Кузьминский, А. П. "B2B Payment Automation Using Smart Contracts." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 11(136) (February 27, 2022): 1075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2021.11.136.215.

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Сегодня, в условиях активного развития цифровой экономики изменяется формат всех видов общественной деятельности, и коммерческий сектор не является исключением. Особенно актуальными становятся вопросы обработки, передачи и защиты цифровой информации, а также использование новых коммуникационных технологий в предпринимательских структурах. В настоящей статье автор исследует целесообразность использования смарт-контрактов во взаиморасчетах между участниками бизнес среды, а также особенности автоматизации данного процесса. Целью работы является оценка перспектив указанного механизма расчетов на о

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Соловьев, И. В., and А. И. Шайдуллин. "The prospect of the theory of network effects for analyzing inter- organizational networks." Journal of the New Economic Association, no. 2(63) (May 30, 2024): 12–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/22212264_2024_2_12-33.

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Цель исследования — определить перспективы применения теории сетевых эффектов для анализа ценности B2B-сетей на контрактной основе. Данная работа мотивирована призывом исследователей расширить теорию сетевого подхода в промышленном маркетинге при помощи междисциплинарных исследований, а также наблюдаемых тенденций в российском и международном бизнесе к формированию сетей и альянсов. Большинство предыдущих исследований бизнес-сетей использовали монодисциплинарные практики и фокусировались на качественном анализе. Исследования сетевых эффектов были сосредоточены на изучении платформ B2C, B2B, P2

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Tauqeer, Amar, Anelia Kurteva, Tek Raj Chhetri, Albin Ahmeti, and Anna Fensel. "Automated GDPR Contract Compliance Verification Using Knowledge Graphs." Information 13, no. 10 (2022): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13100447.

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In the past few years, the main research efforts regarding General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)-compliant data sharing have been focused primarily on informed consent (one of the six GDPR lawful bases for data processing). In cases such as Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-Consumer (B2C) data sharing, when consent might not be enough, many small and medium enterprises (SMEs) still depend on contracts—a GDPR basis that is often overlooked due to its complexity. The contract’s lifecycle comprises many stages (e.g., drafting, negotiation, and signing) that must be executed in compli

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16

Engrácia Antunes, José. "Os contratos eletrónicos B2C." REVISTA ELECTRÓNICA DE DIREITO 32, no. 3 (2023): 28–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2023-0003_0003.

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Os contratos eletrónicos B2C (“business-to-consumer”) são uma das projeções jurídicas fundamentais do comércio eletrónico (“e-commerce”): a contratação eletrónica funciona 24 horas por dia, 7 dias por semana, e 365 dias por ano, representando em 2023 um volume de negócios global superior a 2 triliões de dólares em todo o mundo e de 700 biliões de euros na Europa. A sua importância também chegou a Portugal: no ano de 2022, 43% dos consumidores portugueses realizaram compras em linha e 18% das empresas portuguesas receberam encomendas em linha. Esta centralidade dos contratos eletrónicos B2C tem

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17

Hesselink, Martijn W. "How to Opt into the Common European Sales Law? Brief Comments on the Commissions Proposal for a Regulation." European Review of Private Law 20, Issue 1 (2012): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2012011.

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Abstract: Unlike the actual text for the proposed Common European Sales Law (CESL), which is based on extensive preparatory work by academics, the regime for opting into the instrument, which is set out in the main text of the proposed regulation, is entirely of the European Commission's own making. The approach adopted by the Commission is innovative and generally convincing, although there is still room for improvement. Characterizing the optional instrument as a second national regime rather than as a 28th regime has the important advantage of neutralizing the effect of Article 6 Rome I in

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18

Anagnostopoulou, Despina. "Electronic Contracts and E-Mediation in EU Law: Time for the EU to Extend E-Mediation for the Benefit of SMEs in B2B Transactions?" European Business Law Review 29, Issue 6 (2018): 975–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2018038.

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The article focuses on mediation and e-mediation in electronic contracts with the aim to explore the possibilities of SMEs to use e-mediation for low value electronic contracts in B2B cross-border transactions. It first analyzes soft law instruments at the international level pointing out at the work of UNCITRAL, and the work of International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) ADR Center. It then presents the successful EU legislation on mediation in civil and commercial disputes (Directive 2008/52/EC) and e-mediation in consumer disputes (Directive 2013/11/EU on ADR for Consumer Disputes and Regulatio

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Schlipf, Matthias, Carlos Keller, Fabian Lutzenberger, Stefan Pfosser, and Andreas Rathgeber. "Measuring life cycle costs for complex B2B products." Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 25, no. 2 (2019): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jqme-12-2017-0086.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a new interdisciplinary methodology to estimate the life cycle cost (LCC) of complex business-to-business products in order to price different types of maintenance contracts and show the applicability of the method in a case study. LCC comprise of initial capital costs as well of operation costs including probabilistic costs (such as the costs of repairs and spare parts), which are directly linked to the maintenance characteristics of the product.Design/methodology/approachThe paper proposes an integrated and practical methodology that applies dif

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Cabral, Sandro, Priscila Fernandes Ribeiro, and Sanders Zurdo Romão. "Determinants of contract renewals in business-to-business relationships." RAUSP Management Journal 55, no. 4 (2019): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rausp-04-2019-0057.

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Purpose This paper aims to analyze the underlying factors of contract renewals in business-to-business (B2B) contracts. Design/methodology/approach The authors build a unique data set with 296 contracts signed between a major firm supplying petrochemical goods and its 128 customers between 2013 and 2016. They use Insider Econometrics as their methodological approach. Findings The econometric results suggest that contracts involving higher volume of trade, higher levels of dedicated assets representing seller’s specific investments in each transaction, and contracts comprising more than one pro

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Kingshott, Russel P. J., Henry F. L. Chung, Martinus Parnawa Putranta, Piyush Sharma, and Herbert Sima. "Religiosity and psychological contracts in Asian B2B service relationships." Industrial Marketing Management 98 (October 2021): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2021.07.010.

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Afia, Tazaine H. "A Study on the Impact of Cross-Culture Contrasts in Universal Promoting." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 8, no. 3 (2023): 2828–285. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7747488.

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This period of globalization has driven the integration and extension of different economies and this integration of economies has uncovered the businesses within the economy within the economy to all universal cultural marketing mix. Competition between the businesses at the universal market level has caused an increase in the market that keeps up and improves the significance of commerce in their target advertise. The centrality of social differences is on a high level and the credit goes to unused and advanced technologies which make the marketers able to induce the largest clients and wide

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Cropper, E. C., C. G. Evans, and S. C. Rosen. "Multiple mechanisms for peripheral activation of the peptide-containing radula mechanoafferent neurons B21 and B22 of Aplysia." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 2 (1996): 1344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.2.1344.

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1. Recently a cluster of sensory neurons (peptidergic radula mechanoafferents) has been identified in the buccal ganglion of Aplysia that is likely to play an important role in influencing the activity of feeding motor programs. All of the neurons of this cluster, which includes the identified cells B21 and B22, send axons via the radula nerve to a layer of tissue that lies under the chitinous radula (the subradula tissue). 2. We show that the subradula tissue has contractile properties. In the absence of the CNS, contractions of the subradula tissue are elicited if the subradula tissue is str

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Zou, Wenting, Saara A. Brax, Mervi Vuori, and Risto Rajala. "The influences of contract structure, contracting process, and service complexity on supplier performance." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 39, no. 4 (2019): 525–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-12-2016-0756.

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Purpose To build a more comprehensive understanding of factors affecting the success of service contracting, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the influences of service complexity, contract structure and contracting process on the buyer-perceived supplier performance in business-to-business (B2B) services. Design/methodology/approach A research model is developed based on transaction cost economics and the research on service contracting. The model is tested by the survey data collected. Professional focus groups on LinkedIn are used to generate the list of potential respondents. The

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Shi, Jinzhao, Ju’e Guo, Qiang Du, et al. "Evolution of the Complex Partnerships between Banks and B2B e-Trading Platforms: A Theoretical Interpretation from the Chinese Market." Complexity 2020 (May 15, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9350253.

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Based on the principal-agent theory, we give a theoretical interpretation on evolution of the complex partnerships between the online SCF (supply chain finance) providers in China. First, we describe the principal-agent relationships and analyze the optimal profit-sharing contracts between the banks and the B2B platforms. Then, from a dual perspective of leadership transfer and absolute benefit change, we explain the behavioral choices of the banks in the cooperation. Results show that, at the initial stage of growth of the platforms’ abilities to rate online borrowers, the leadership and the

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Dr. Ayesha Hakim, Sundus Shafique, Mubashir Mehdi, and Irfan Ahmad Baig. "FARMER TO CONSUMER – AN ONLINE SUPPLY CHAIN PROCESS SYSTEM USING BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY." Agricultural Sciences Journal 6, no. 1 (2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56520/asj.v6i1.335.

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Globally, the mango industry is one of the largest industrial sectors – also considered the backbone industry of the country’s agriculture sector. This sector mobilizes key industrial activities of many economies, such as agriculture, production, handling, storage, logistics, certification, and packing of a variety of mangoes (e.g., with over 1,500 varieties, of which at least 30 are grown commercially in Pakistan). From local, regional, and national, to international levels, many businesses in this sector are involved in extensive mango supply networks fulfilling the demands of many consumers

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Chen, Liang Tu. "A Newsvendor Problem with Revenue Sharing in B2B Marketplaces." Advanced Materials Research 629 (December 2012): 924–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.629.924.

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This study examines channel performances of business-to-business electronic and traditional marketplaces for newsvendor problems under revenue-sharing contracts. A manufacturer, acting as a leader in the channel, offers a retailer a revenue-sharing contract and wholesale price. The retailer, acting as a follower in the channel, decides the product quantity and retail price. The numerical indicate that the profits of channel, manufacturer and retailer for the vertically decentralized channel in the electronic marketplaces are generally better off than those in the traditional marketplaces.

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Mantena, Ravi, and Rajib L. Saha. "Market Share Contracts in B2B Procurement Settings with Heterogeneous User Preferences." Production and Operations Management 31, no. 3 (2021): 1290–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/poms.13611.

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Rutgers, Jacobien. "Choice of Law in b2b Contracts: the Law of the Jungle." European Review of Contract Law 14, no. 3 (2018): 241–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2018-1014.

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Abstract Is the law of the jungle the guiding principle with respect to choice of law clauses in international contracts between businesses (b2b contract)? Does a choice of law imply the rule of the strongest party? These and other questions are discussed in the light of 18 exploratory qualitative interviews with Dutch senior practising lawyers (advocaten). Lawyers were interviewed, since it is often presumed that they play an important role with respect to a choice of law in the pre-contractual phase. However, the perception of lawyers with respect to a choice of law is underresearched. The i

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Saha, Sumit, and Kunal Joshi. "Vendors Capability: A Way for Winning the Contract in a B2B Relationship." Journal of Commerce and Accounting Research 13, no. 1 (2024): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21863/jcar/2024.13.1.002.

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A Business-to-Business commercial (B2B) transaction is different from normal retail transactions with customers. Organisations engage with each other and vendors in a specific manner in a B2B purchase environment. Organisations, big or small, spend money to keep up with their business operations. This requires them to deal with many other business units called vendors/suppliers to help them with necessary input resources for their business operations. In B2B transactions, organisations deal with each other to purchase goods and services. These associations work on long-term business relationsh

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Filatova-Bilous, Nataliia. "Duomenų perdavimo sutartys pagal naujausius Europos teisės pakeitimus: naujovės ir paradoksai." Teisė 129 (January 9, 2024): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2023.129.8.

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The article analyses the most recent trends of data regulation in the EU and the peculiarities of data contracts. The latest regulations adopted or proposed in the EU set an access regime for data, which means that there is no exclusive owner of data, and data may be accessed and used by everyone participating in their production. This approach has caused significant changes in Contract Law regulating data contracts. The most prominent changes are the creation of distinct types of data contracts, the dissolution of the concept of privity, the application of unfair contractual clauses to B2B da

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Ungerer, Johannes, and Matthias Lehmann. "Save the Mittelstand: How German Courts Protect Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises from Unfair Terms." European Review of Private Law 25, Issue 2 (2017): 313–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2017023.

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Abstract: This article discusses the appropriateness of controlling standard terms in business-to-business (B2B) contracts. Using the example of Germany, where the Civil Code explicitly allows the control of B2B standard terms, it finds evidence that courts tend to use this control to favour small and medium-sized enterprises (the Mittelstand) in relation to bigger companies. This approach is questionable. It is suggested here that the rationale of standard terms control is not to compensate for power imbalances, which is the task of other legal institutions, such as competition law. Rather, t

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Melikova, V. I. "CURRENT PROBLEMS OF CONCLUSION OF ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS BETWEEN BUSINESS ENTITIES." Economics and Law, no. 2 (August 9, 2022): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2022.02.031.

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The article presents the results of the development of legislation governing the concept, form and procedure for concluding electronic contracts between business entities (B2B). The considered methods of concluding contracts on the Internet have already become widespread, although in the legal sense they remain poorly understood and insufficiently regulated. Therefore, it is now very important to lay the legal framework for the regulation of contractual relations on the Internet, because with the advent of new online services, there are new ways of concluding contracts. It is proposed to recog

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Staniec, Iwona, and Maciej Boniecki. "ABC ANALYSIS IN REVERSE LOGISTICS IN THE COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE." Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas Zarządzanie 21, no. 3 (2020): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4511.

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The reverse logistics related to unsold goods in B2B contracts is a current problem for both practitioners and scientists. This work addresses the problem of using ABC analysis in reverse logistics. The analyzes used weekly data from 2014 to 2017 regarding sales and returns of selected assortment groups. The conducted analyzes showed that the dual ABC categorization due to the volume of sales and returns allows the selection of key groups of assortments for a potential enterprise.

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Kuznetsova, E. Y., and N. A. Amosov. "Application of life cycle contracts in the transport industry: problems and prospects." Herald of the Ural State University of Railway Transport, no. 1 (2022): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2079-0392-2022-1-92-101.

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The article discusses the application of the life cycle contract (LCC) for the transport industry in Russia. The purpose of the study is to detect the problems of LCC and identify prospects for expanding the topics of LCC management for the purchase of different types of vehicles. The definition of LCC according to 44-FZ is given, the essence of the form of interaction between the customer and the contractor is revealed. The main documents regulating the objects of procurement for LCC are listed, changes and amendments to these documents are proposed. The types of vehicles that can be purchase

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Alqudah, Mutasim Ahmad. "Enforceability of Arbitration Clauses in Online Business-to-Consumer Contracts." Journal of International Arbitration 28, Issue 1 (2011): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2011005.

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As online cross-border business-to-consumer (“B2C”) arbitration is a type of international arbitration, and as the New York Convention 1958 (NYC) has more than 144 signatories, the enforcement of an online crossborder B2C arbitration clause is most likely to be governed by the rules of the NYC. However, two issues in the NYC rules can seriously impact the certainty of the enforceability of the online B2C arbitration clause. The first is the issue of satisfying the formal validity requirement under Article II(1), (2) of the NYC. The second is that of violating the public policy exception to the

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Zaborovskyy, V. V., V. V. Manzyuk, and V. V. Vashkovich. "Historical origins of the establishment of the institute of commercial mediation in the sphere of economic activity." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 1 (July 2, 2022): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.01.17.

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This article reveals the basics of the institution of commercial intermediation. The evolution of various forms of existence of this economic and legal institution is studied. The transformation of the activity of commercial intermediaries from ancient times to the middle of the twentieth century is analyzed. To achieve this goal, the author analyzed the works of famous historians, lexicographers and social researchers. Based on this, it was concluded that trade intermediation as such arose immediately with the exchange of goods and provided, first of all, the interests of the country.&#

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Diba, Chowdhury, Tamanna Anni Laila, Mahmudul Hasan Md., Al-Tamzid Bhuiyan Nayeem, Islam Nafiul, and Pervez Rahat. "Cryptographic ledger of blockchain technology in healthcare." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 7, no. 3 (2021): 028–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5059669.

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Blockchain technology produced a unique nature called Public Health Record (PHR) to shared medical-related data between clients. The big achievement of this technology there is no need for any third party and user can control their personal data. This technology offers encrypted data, integrated data, drug traceability, interoperability and most important thing it gives security regarding patients' data misuse, drug counterfeit. It is distributed framework, maintenance cost, improved our medical sector.

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Ungureanu, Carmen Tamara. "Cyberspace, the Final Frontier? Concluding and Performing Agreements. Unfair Terms in B2B Adhesion Contracts." ANALELE ȘTIINŢIFICE ALE UNIVERSITĂŢII „ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA” DIN IAȘI (SERIE NOUĂ). ȘTIINŢE JURIDICE 67, Special issue 2 (2021): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/jss-2021-67-4-1.

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Ziemiak, Michał P. "The Principle of Proportion under Property Insurance Contract. A Gloss to the Judgment of the Supreme Court of 17March, 2023 (II CSKP 681/22)." Prawo Asekuracyjne 1, no. 118 (2024): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.6784.

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The subject of this gloss is the judgment of the Supreme Court of March 17, 2023 (II CSKP 681/22), which discusses the principle of proportion in the event of underinsurance (i.e. when the sum insured is less than the insurance value). The Supreme Court once again had the opportunity to comment on the admissibility of including clauses of the principle of proportion in insurance contracts (concluded in B2B transactions, i.e. with the participation of entrepreneurs). This gloss is an attempt to develop the theses presented in the statement of reasons of the judgment, which deserve approval.

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Zubakov, G. V., O. D. Protsenko, and I. O. Protsenko. "From Supply Chain Management to Blockchain-Based Management." Economics and Management, no. 11 (December 19, 2019): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2019-11-59-63.

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The presented study addresses the current problems in the implementation of the distributed ledger (blockchain) technology in supply chain management mechanisms in the context of the digital economy. Aim. The study aims to analyze the application of the blockchain technology in modern economic processes from the perspective of logistics.Tasks. The authors consider the possibility of using the blockchain technology in the supply chain management system and explore ways to use the findings of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) in the fieldof digital economy to organize information standardiz

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Schulte-Nölke, Hans. "No Market for Lemons: On the Reasons for a Judicial Unfairness Test for B2B Contracts." European Review of Private Law 23, Issue 2 (2015): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2015016.

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Abstract: Judicial intervention into B2B contracts should be construed as part of state infrastructure to improve business efficiency and thereby that of the market itself. The main purpose of unfair contract terms regulation should be to discharge a business from reading, analysing, or even negotiating the bulk of contract terms presented to them by other businesses. This enables businesses to prepare standard terms in advance, particularly those underlying high-volume transactions. Their customers can rest assured that such contracts would need to pass a judicial fairness test before being e

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De Boeck, Annick. "B2B Information Duties in the Feasibility Study: Analysis of Article 23." European Review of Private Law 19, Issue 6 (2011): 787–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2011057.

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Abstract: The Acquis contains numerous provisions requiring specific pre-contractual information on goods and services delivered to consumers. It had no such rule for the transactions between businesses. Shaping a new general duty of information seems to be a difficult and delicate issue as in some Member States the 'caveat emptor' rule takes a central place. However, the choice for a generalization of the duty, also in business-to-business (B2B) relations, was already made in the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR). Article 23 of the Feasibility Study couches the pre-contractual informatio

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Zulfan Nur, Muhammad, and Muhammad Tohir. "Impact of Schedule Uncertainty on Freight Train Services at PT. KAI." Siber Journal of Transportation and Logistics 2, no. 2 (2025): 63–68. https://doi.org/10.38035/sjtl.v2i2.386.

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Transportation by land, sea, and air is one of the extensive ways to ship goods. Trains are one of the popular ways of land transportation. Goods sent by train are included in the category of retail or containers. Jakarta Gudang Station Gudang handles the delivery of Parcel Ons, and there are ten dispatchers who have signed contracts for this service. A series of goods are sent through the train fleet by the Freight Transportation division of PT. Indonesian Railways (Persero). Customers will not use our services again if they are not satisfied. We are confident that our customers are not satis

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Nagle, Tadhg, Patrick Finnegan, and Jeremy Hayes. "From Tough Negotiation to Complex Integration." Information Resources Management Journal 22, no. 4 (2009): 64–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2009061904.

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For many organisations e-Procurement has become a necessity. Nevertheless, while e-procurement has generated considerable hype the phenomenon is generally under-researched despite the fundamental impact that e-Procurement has on the nature of inter-organisational relationships This paper explores the effects that business-to-business relationships have on e-Procurement systems using a field study of 6 companies. The study classifies business-to-business (B2B) relationships as being adversarial and collaborative, where adversarial relationships include attributes such as tough negotiation, shor

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Cafaggi, Fabrizio. "From a status to a transaction-based approach? Institutional design in European contract law." Common Market Law Review 50, Special Issue (2013): 311–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2013050.

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The Common European Sales Law (CESL), currently under examination at the European Parliament, is intended to introduce a regime for cross-border sales that individual Member States can extend to domestic transactions (Art.13), aiming to promote harmonization by choice rather than by command. It constitutes an opt-in system that parties can adopt (Art.8), as an alternative to the CISG in B2B transactions, and an alternative to national regimes in B2B transactions. The analysis of pre-contractual information in European contract law (ECL), with special reference to the CESL, is used to substanti

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SHARIPUDIN, MOHAMAD-NOOR SALEHHUDDIN, NURZIHAN HASSIM, SUFFIAN HADI AYUB, KIM-SHYAN FAM, and NUSANEE MEEKAEWKUNCHORN. "Exploring Managers’ Perceptions on Sponsorship Relations and Decision Making in the Malaysian B2B Context." Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication 39, no. 1 (2023): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2023-3901-10.

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In a post-pandemic environment, businesses face new challenges in sustaining stakeholder interest due to the ever-changing consumer behaviour trends and a more fragmented media landscape. Achieving sponsorship contracts within this tumultuous financial period due to limited sponsor budget raises uncertainty in a potential or existing sponsorship relations due to competition with other organisations for the support of targeted sponsors. The objective of this study is to understand sponsorship relations and decision making from sponsors’ point of view and to explore approaches deployed by sponso

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Martínez Boada, Javier. "Questões jurídicas geradas por smart contracts no comércio eletrônico B2C: foro, jurisdição aplicável e direito de desistir no ordenamento jurídico espanhol." Revista de Derecho, no. 30 (July 19, 2024): e3919. http://dx.doi.org/10.22235/rd30.3919.

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El uso del comercio electrónico para celebrar relaciones de consumo cada vez toma más protagonismo en la sociedad de la información. El constante desarrollo de las tecnologías hace que las plataformas existentes puedan beneficiarse de sus características; sin embargo, también traen consigo diferentes cuestiones jurídicas que deben mitigarse a fin de proteger los intereses y derechos de los usuarios. La tecnología blockchain es una de las tecnologías que viene a revolucionar el ámbito de las relaciones electrónicas B2C gracias a su carácter transnacional, descentralización, garantía de confianz

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Cannarsa, Michel. "Contractual Penalties in French Law." European Review of Private Law 23, Issue 3 (2015): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2015024.

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Abstract: Contractual penalties are a quite classical topic of doctrinal debate in France. The said debate focuses mainly on two issues: contractual freedom on one side and restrictions to it on the other side. In addition to that, the unclear distinction between contractual penalties and liquidated damages clauses in French law raises further questions. In legal practice, the use of contractual penalties is widespread because it reduces the uncertainty surrounding the judicial assessment of damages. Contractual penalties do not, however, exclude completely the judge's intervention. Indeed, a

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Krokhina, Yulia, and Vladimir Svechnikov. "Smart contract as a civil law way of disposing of digital rights: problems of theoretical substantiation and practical application." Legal Science and Practice: Journal of Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2022, no. 3 (2022): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36511/2078-5356-2022-3-60-65.

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Complex socio-economic processes are simultaneously taking place in Russian society: the economy is adapting to external economic challenges and, due to the COVID-19 epidemic, many aspects of social life are being transferred online. As a result, there is a transformation of all types of entrepreneurial activity, oriented both to the end consumer and to another legal entity (B2B transactions). The digitalization of commerce objectively requires an effective legal response to the procedures for concluding and executing contracts. A feature of the Russian legal system for regulating digital asse

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