Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Contribution au concept de raison'
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Bergont, Sophie. "Raison et empirisme chez David Hume." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H214/document.
Full textHume is commonly seen as an empiricist philosopher and as a critic of reason. The project of this thesis is to examine the relation between these two characterizations, and to highlight the way that Hume expands empiricism into the faculty of reason, resulting in a new conception of the understanding, which is both empirical and skeptical. In opposition to the generally accepted idea, which states that Hume's theory of reason is set against "metaphysical" or "rationalist" conceptions of this faculty, the thesis argues that, in his account of reason, Hume mainly critiques "empiricist" philosophers. These thinkers are critiqued for being confined to a superficial view of experience. Through an exploration of several fields (theory of experience, theory of the passions, theory of morals, history, contemporary sciences, such as mechanics), it is shown that Hume's critique of reason stems from an extension and intensification of empiricism. This demonstration challenges the traditional view of Hume, as the heir to the "empiricist" tradition (particularly Locke and Hutcheson) and as a mere critic of the "rationalist" philosophers (particularly Leibniz and Malebranche). These positions, which seem at first sight surprising, are rooted in the demand that experience be analysed : it is only through analysing the immediate and ordinary experience we have of our reasoning that we can arrive at a true account of the powers of reason, and give new ground to the question of the legitimacy of reason to govern our beliefs
Gaber, Goran. "Histoire et logique de la raison critique. : de la philologie classique à la réflexion transcendantale (XVIe-XVIIIe siècle)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0009.
Full textEver since the Enlightenment, the notion of “critique” occupies a central place in western societies’ reflections concerning their properly modern character. It is by being “critical” that we distinguish ourselves from our predecessors as well as from the societies with which we continue to coexist. Following Reinhart Koselleck, one could say that “critique” represents one of modernity’s “Grundbegriffe” – a fundamental concept which not only guides, but effectively enables our understanding and interpretation of phenomena as such. However, if we try to propose a viable definition of critique itself, we are forced to admit that existing accounts, by grounding critique in the inherent capacities of individual human beings, suffer from an “aporia” that not only contradicts the initial thesis of critique’s properly modern and specifically occidental character, but also ends up compromising its social effectiveness.From a philosophical perspective, this logically flawed and practically untenable situation calls for a conceptual reflection on the thought processes involved in what we call “critical thinking”, as well as a historical clarification of the social sources of the principles guiding such form of thought.According to the common philosophical doxa, the conceptual clarification of critique is tantamount to the interpretation of the writings of the so-called German “critical trinity”: Kant, Marx, the Frankfurt School. Since I was interested in this phenomenon from the point of view of its role in the constitution of Modernity, it was due to its unique historical position, namely, its conjunction with the Enlightenment, that I was led to focus on the work of Immanuel Kant. Unlike previous philosophical exegesis that equated Kant’s “critique” with the content of his philosophy as such, my interpretation tried to unravel its sense by focusing on the “operations of reason” that were conducted in the name of this concept. Such a perspective has enabled me to discern, firstly, that Kant’s critical gesture was set in motion by a certain “temporal rationality”, marked by a rather peculiar, a-normative, attitude towards the past; secondly, that it was executed according to a certain quasi-dogmatic understanding of truth; and lastly, that it was accomplished not in the name of “theoretical reason”, as it is commonly thought, but for the sake of the development of its “practical faculty”. Thus, it was on the basis of this analysis of the logic of Kant’s critical gesture that I have embarked on a historical investigation of its social origins. Given the specificity of the object in question, I was first faced with the task of adopting a philosophical perspective that would be able to capture its historical emergence. I have tried to do this by proposing a combination of Koselleck’s “conceptual history” and Foucault’s “genealogy” – two theoretical perspectives that have produced concrete historical analysis regarding the birth of critique, but seem to have failed to arrive at a fully satisfactory account of its specifically modern character. Nonetheless, it was by following conceptual history’s insistence on the conceptual nature of critique; by adopting genealogy’s understanding of its essentially insubordinate character; and, above all, by pursuing Foucault’s and Koselleck’s intuitions regarding its complex relation with religion; that I was able to carry out the historical part of my research and delineate the social context that gave rise to the modern phenomenon of critique
Beh, Ndong Flavien. "L'ethnicité comme forme de dépérissement de l'État en Afrique noire : pour une contribution critique de l'analyse de l'État africain au travers du concept de raison utopique." Paris 8, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA082643.
Full textSince its encounter with Western civilization, Africa has lost part of its cultural heritage and is now paving the way for the implementation of democracy. But it should be underlined that the loss of cultural markers has brought about the politics of ethnic divide with its disruptive impact on the modern African state. This politics, in turn, has led to wrong rationality of politicized ethnicity which can be regarded as the main cause of social crises in black African countries. And this situation has been amplified by the absence of any legal framework whereby the concept of ethnic group could be best defined. As a matter of fact, the notion of ethnic group is not negative in itself as it entails the assertion of similarities and the recognition of cultural differences. As such, African law-makers must create an appropriate legal framework in which ethnic groups will be identified as people, the result of which could be the birth of the multinational state. This is why the main argument of our research is based on “utopian reason”, that is on a new philosophical thinking and belief in the possibility of implementing a political project that could help alleviate the critical situations faced by these countries. But “utopian reason” is linked to another concept : “hoping reason”, i. E. The ability of human beings to overcome any kind of obstacle and to re-write their destiny
Mahéo, Gabriel. "Le problème de l'amour en phénoménologie." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S109.
Full textOur purpose in this work is to build a phenomenological description of human love through three ways of investigation. First, we describe love as a mode of intentionnality, with Scheler's and Husserl's analysis, in order to elucidate how love reveals or constitutes values. Then, in the second part, we approach the phenomenological problem of love as configuration of a new world, by reconsidering the debate between Heidegger and Binswanger about his function within the Dasein existential analysis. By doing so, the problem of love appears in his connection with ontology. In the third part of this work, we finally try to expose the human meaning of love, which appears in Sartre's phenomenology. By including love in a phenomenology of existence, Sartre allows us to understand how it must be described with the opposition of authenticity and inauthenticity, that is to say without including any theological presupposition in the phenomenological description
Sato, Masato. "La formation du concept de nature chez Descartes jusqu’au Discours de la méthode." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040120.
Full textThe keen interest of Descartes constantly found in the concept of nature manifests itself in his frequent use of the term with all its semantic complexity. Nature means to him first of all the physics, on which he works particularly in the 1630s. Then, it is the essence and what makes possible our essential disposition by instituting us, and this use is frequently found in Meditationes. But the Cartesian concept of nature does not exhaust all its appearances in the uses of the explicit term, because it also appears implicitly in a dyadic link of the research of the young Descartes. On one hand, he recognizes from the beginning of his career the intrinsic existence of truths in our spirit, among which are found seeds of truths and naturae simplices as a culmination of this concept. On the other hand, the main purpose of the young philosopher is to elucidate natural faculties of ingenium with the epistemological method that can be drawn from it naturally. "Natural(-ly)" concerns not only the mechanism of knowledge, but also the question of what makes it natural, namely its foundations. The concept of nature refers thus, for Descartes until the Discourse on Method, less to the essence than to the natural structure to know the truths naturally existing in mind, and his physics is an applied science of these truths to the natural phenomena. This elucidation of the epistemic naturality is a prerequisite for his next research on the ontological naturality by the search of reasons of certainty, namely the research of nature in the sense of essence which will be carried out in Meditationes
Gauthier-Duchesne, Sarah. "Le concept de liberté dans la Critique de la raison pure." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34863.
Full textMarkhoff, Pascal. "Le droit entre raison et déraison : contribution à l'étude du rôle de la raison dans la pratique judiciaire." Toulouse 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU10028.
Full text" If god is dead, everything is allowed ", as Dostoïevski once put it. Now, divine knowledge does not exist in law system : no godlike arbitration, no supernatural proofs. Giving the power of judging to reason alone proves chaotic and does not solve any problem : after ordeals came torture, and yet these remain uncertainty. Even worse, a reasonable use of legal ordeals is quite possible and their disappearing is but a condiiton which is neither sufficient nor necessary to the triumph of truth and reason. However judging has been devolved upon reason. Now, the law is neither rational, nor conceived as a rational system. At the root it remains reasonable, even if reasonable probability and reasonable grounds are unable to allow a positive definition. It may happen that the judge has to discard a reasonable solution. Consequently only a negative definition of the law can be thought of : the law rejects contradiction and, therefore, the irrational. But this rejection can only be conceived from a synchronic point of view : from a diachronic point of view only the unreasonable permits to define which is outside the law. Moreover, the irrational being rejected only because it is deemed as unreasonable, this latter is the basis of the true criterium of the absence of law. Supposing the signifiant is known - i. E. The unreasonable - the signified (the contents) can vary. The judiciary existentialism that results of it makes us collectively and individually responsible for our law, concerning its present reality and its future : acknowledging this distressing freedom thus becomes the necessary condition to face the problem of the meaning and the aims of the law
Ghils, Paul. "La raison métalinguistique : contribution au retournement de la philosophie du langage." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOL028.
Full textAntoine, Walter. "Le concept de proximité philosophique ou La raison en quête d'elle-même : sous-titre." Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE2028.
Full textWhat is proximity, or what is to stand near (of) yourself, (of) others, or (of) Nature ? Do we have to understand it the way every time or society do, through common motions ? We would then only rationalize every days talking, taking them together, structurating them, to bring together state of things and its relative stability. Our study, in a meditative way (we hear it as tracing a road : the German word erfahren suggest the idea of a journey) in one word as an metaphysical experience, will try to deconstruct this attitude, and will substitute a philosophical one. What does that mean ? We will look forward to see philosophy in its " essence ", as the essay of thinking and living a problematical proximity to ourselves, to others, and to Nature. All together we'll be take a look outside of the classical subject/object relationship, which is the first step that will lead us to see philosophy, and its first movement, as thought of the whole (totality) : philosophy as the way back to initial. But what is that " whole " or " totality " ? The " world " (as we say the whole world) as cosmos ? Is it the organic All ? Or do we have to see it as a sum ? There are different perspectives (just like the regard of the thinkers), and these are reflects of the infinite regards sent on Nature. So, in the second part of this work, after having taken a look to break of nihilism, we'll try to show how this endless questioning, that is philosophy, is moved by that question of questions : death. Isn't death a part of all of our human acts (that's working inside us), just as they are human ?
Kasraoui, Naceur. "Raison herméneutique et raison critique : introduction générale de l'herméneutique de H. G. Gadamer suivi de la controverse habermassienne : thèse." Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE2010.
Full textGadamer and Habermas, two great philosophers open a famous debate about two critical and hermeneutical thories. This dissertation aims at showing that there are two ways of understanding the fondamental constituents of reason. Our analysis brings to light what is at stake in the diversity of reason while setting the context ; first, we developed the history of hermeneutics, then we drew the philosophical course of Gadamer and his concept of the universality of hermeneutics and the Aufklärung issue ; the relation ship between Theory and Parxis and, at last, we tried to set the ontological alternative of hermeneutics and of critical thery, especially the one by Habermas. There is actually a controversy between Gadamer and Habermas. Our dissertation does not aim at giving an interpretation of one on the other but it intends to emphasize the conviction of both philosophers for their theories and results
Amezian, Driss. "Connaître et unir : contribution brunschvicgienne à une épistémologie critique de la raison." Bordeaux 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR30015.
Full textThe historico espistemological aspect of our problematical is the study of the relation established by Brunschvicg between knowledge and the unity as two homogeneous and immanent qualities to the activity of spirit. In brunschvicgin theory of knowledge the idea of unity is not considered as a priory scheme, fruit of imagination, but it is a truthful and authentical conversion of the spirituralist orientation that allies the historico-critical analysis and the transforming synthesis. This program whose aim is the unity as a function of unification and supreme law of the spiritual existence, finds its natural matter in the integralm and synoptic history. Philosophical conception of the unity takes its critical and relativist legitimation when it is presented as a religon of spirit in which the invention of reason and the verification of experience are established on a strong foundation of spirituality, objectivity and historicity
Sabat, Joaquin. "Herbert Marcuse et le deuil de la Raison : contribution aux prémisses d'une rationalité sensible." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37613.
Full textThe development of Herbert Marcuse’s thought can be understood as the result of an effort to look for a ground for critique other than Reason, the cornerstone of philosophical thought. From his initial adhesion to the Hegelian inspirations of critical theory until the overturning of their foundations during World War II, Marcuse stubbornly refused to temper his observations on the weakening ability to reject the establishment in advanced industrial societies while still searching for that which could, “from the inside”, harbor potential for transformation. Marcuse strives indeed to avoid the inherent aporias of his radical critique of Reason by searching for a dimension of human existence still capable of resisting its totalitarian integration to late capitalism. Through an incursion into the modern understanding of Reason and its Marcusian critique, our study thereby aims to determine if a theoretical alternative exists within Marcuse’s thought for a socio-critical standpoint that no longer relies on the traditional grounds of Reason. Three “moments” of Marcuse’s thought will be analyzed: firstly, his theoretical involvement in favor of a “rational organization of society”, where Marcuse’s ties to Hegel and the original project of critical theory appear more clearly; secondly, his critique of Reason, where Marcuse moves away from this modern ideal and exposes the link that inextricably relates Reason to the “logic of domination”; and, lastly, his sketch of the possibility of establishing another form of rationality rooted in the field of sensibility.
Hoarau, Fabrice. "Claude Fleury (1640-1723) : la raison et l'histoire." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOD009.
Full textClaude Ferry, a jurist of the second half of the XVIIth century, remains relatively unknown. His work partly reflects the juridical, political and social transformations that French society underwent in the reign of Louis XIV (with which his career coincides almost perfectly). Fleury used Roman law, which he admired, as an archetype for a rationalistic model of law. While hostile to any political and social upheaval within the organization of the kingdom, he still intended to enhance the value of agricultural activities which to him are the guarantee of economic prosperity and social order, and he made the people’s happiness the main goal for the government. His fascination for ancient societies led him to drive every value that he thought would remedy the crisis of the Grand Siècle from Jewish, Christian, Egyptian and early Roman paradigms. Likewise, rationalism played an eminent part in his reflection. His faithfulness to the absolutist model – motivated by his hatred of troubles during Medieval times and, later, the Fronde – did not dissuade the priest from bringing forward many proposals to reform the monarchical institutions, hence partly foreseeing Fénelon’s plans. Wedded to religious unity within the kingdom, he upheld related positions, sometimes liberal, but did not foster full toleration for all that. In this respect, Claude Ferry represents a valuable witness to the transition that took place in the late XVIIth century from Classical thought to Enlightenment thought
Fornasiero, Lidia. "Folie et raison dans la philosophie d'E. Kant : l'apport heuristique du concept de folie dans la subjectivité tanscendantale." Nantes, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NANT3024.
Full textBaud, Patrick. "Contribution à l'histoire du concept de schizophrénie /." Genève : [s.n.], 2003. http://www.unige.ch/cyberdocuments/theses2003/BaudP/these.pdf.
Full textPeyronnet, Alain. "Raison, Science, Ecole : l'impératif d'une mutation : contribution, depuis le primaire, au renouvellement d'une didactique des sciences." Lyon 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO2A002.
Full textKerlan, Alain. "Les sciences et l'idée éducative : le moment positiviste : matériaux pour une critique de la raison éducative." Besançon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BESA1024.
Full textSachs, Tatiana. "La raison économique en droit du travail : contribution à l'étude des rapports entre le droit et l'économie." Thesis, Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100103.
Full textWhat is “economic” in respect to labor law? How should concepts such as “economic entity”, “economic unity” “economic motive” be characterized? More generally, what acceptation of the term “economic” is referred to in labor law? This set of questions requires to explore and determine how legal reasoning apprehends economics through labor law. Numerous expressions in labor law refer to economics as a fact. Thus, economic reasoning seems first and foremost based on a realistic approach. Given that economic reasons are to be apprehended as realistic facts, their understanding is therefore to be construed as mere mechanic causations. Such realistic approach, seducing in its simplicity, long hindered the rise of a richer and pluralistic understanding of economics. This new approach, especially in labor law, enables to emancipate himself from inferences and deductions based solely on factual considerations, thus allowing to ponder other economic justifications. Relieved from the weight of fact analysis, this pluralistic approach strives to account for human actions in economics. The understanding of what motivates human actions and how they correlate to one another reveals the field of values. In labor law, both the realistic and the pluralistic approach coexist: if some frictions may rise between the two approaches, often they are encased in the same set of provisions. Provisions regarding dismissals based on economic grounds offer a perfect example where both approaches are intertwined to evaluate the employer’s decision. Through such example, one perceives the uniqueness of economic reasoning in labor law
Kaltsas, Spyridon. "Pour une critique de la théorie de la communication : reconstruction de la raison pratique à partir du concept de responsabilité." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040161.
Full textIn our study, we are tracing the way of the reconstruction of the practical reason starting from the concept of responsibility. The theory of communication can provide us with the theoretical tools in order to understand the close relation between responsibility and the normative core of practice at the level of the reconstruction of the practical reason as also of its application. Nevertheless, our study does not have for his object the reconstruction of Habermas’ thought as a whole. On the contrary, our methodological choice is to proceed based on the emphasis on the opening of the dialogue of the theory of communication towards its interlocutors. The theory of communication attempts to restore the whole practical richness of the concept of responsibility underpinning a critique of the modern subjectivity. Nevertheless, a critique of the theory of communication can show that the moment of the constitution of the intersubjectivity is consistent with that of the subject of communication
Braddock, L. E. "The psychoanalytic contribution to the concept of motivation." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325204.
Full textJacquenod, Claudine. "Contribution à une étude du concept de fiction." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375984185.
Full textJacquenod, Claudine. "Contribution a une etude du concept de fiction." Lyon 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO20021.
Full textFrom a pragmatic point of view, fictional utterances are analized as communicative acts pronounced by a speaker to an addressee under the domination of an (implicit) utterance : "imagine that we are in a fictive world where. . . ". This dominating utterance can be considered as a fictionalizing act within the communication situation : the utterances embedded under its domination lose their speech act value in the "real world", but retain it in a fictive world. It is argued that fictional utterances should, then, be evaluated within fictive worlds where they are uttered by fictive speakers (who are fictive counterparts of real speakers). The discussion of pragmatic explanation for the creation of fictive worlds is followed by a semantic analysis of the representation of fictive worlds and the relationships between them and the "real world". In particular, the following topics are discussed : problems of domination and inclusion in fictive worlds, and the relationships between objects and their fictive counterparts in a variety of worlds
Bertrand, Olivier. "La raison pratique chez Paul Ricœur : entre Kant et Hegel." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0018.
Full textThe thesis studies the moral foundation of political justice, and more particularly the opposition between universalism and contextualism. Are opposed a legal (deontological) approach conceiving the individual as a bearer of rights independently of his living environment, and a more historical (teleological) approach wich looks at the development of human communities to understand each one's moral claims and projects. After having analysed the underlying conceptual background of this opposition through the thoughts of Kant and Hegel, the thought of Paul Ricœur is studied as an attempt to interweave both moral perspectives. Ricœur, on the basis a subject that is shown to be broken but yet capable, develops a concept of practical reason wich includes both a moral and a political perspective. The interweaving of Kantian and Hegelian claims is then made possible on the basis of the "two-sided concepts" of autonomy and historical conscience
Vaquero, Stéphan. "Raison d'Etat, goût et intérêt chez Baltasar Gracián : normativité et subjectivité baroques à l'âge classique." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100152.
Full textThis study aims at showing that Gracian shifts the concept of “reason of State” from a political to an ethical meaning. The first part establishes the conditions of such a shift: political normativity is a fiction. The second part shows that “civility” corresponds to the emergence of a normativity that is immanent to interindividual relationships, according to one of the two meanings of the concept of “taste”. The third part deals with the second of these meanings – interest – and shows that the making up of symbolical interests is necessarily a making up of the individual himself, i. E. A stating of the subject. Baroque normativity, therefore, is indissolubly linked to the definition of a baroque subjectivity – “the reason of State of oneself” – that cannot be thought otherwise than in its own divergence. Baroque thought is the attempt to think this divergence as such, which can only lead to assert a fiction of thinking
Polledri, Patricia. "Envy revisited : a contribution to the concept of envy." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507001.
Full textCharlet-Brehelin, Danie. "Contribution à l'enseignement-apprentissage du concept d'atome au collège." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20212.
Full textCuvelier, Claire. "Le pluralisme démotique contribution au concept juridique de peuple." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL20008.
Full textThe expression of « demotic pluralism » is used to designate the coexistence of different people in a multilevel system. Contrary to the traditional monist definition of the French people, this thesis aims to demonstrate the coexistence of several demoi in French constitutional law. In order to do so, the demonstration is structured into three parts. First, we explore the pluralist definition of demos in multilevel systems: the federal (India, Germany,United States, Switzerland) and the regional type (Spain, United Kingdom). Then, we submita theory of multilevel demotic pluralism, which allows to describe and analyse the coexistence of a compound people and component people in a multilevel system. Finally, we apply this theoretical framework to the French legal system and to the European Union
Brusson, Jean-Paul. "Contribution de l'architecture à la définition du concept de montagnité." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE19032.
Full textConsidering the importance of architecture in the emergence of the concept of urbanity, one is bound to wonder about how relevant a similar concept applied to mountain areas is. Such a concept (montainity) making it easier to understand and transform the reality of mountain life, by adding a concern for quality in its management. Does architecture contribute to giving character to mountain areas? what part does it play in relationships between man and mountain ? can it improve their relationships ? is mountainity a better environment in which privileged relationships between man an mountain operate ? such problematics are confirmed by three places, sited in the north of the alps, in haute-savoie where three sets of actors and of intentions, three histories can be studied, thus covering a meaningful period of the evolution of the mountain, from pre-touristic times, until the fitted-in winter resort. By carfully looking into the proceedings of architecture in-keeping with the site, and by abalysing the objects built, from an architecturological an semiotic point of view, one shows that mountainity is the specific character of a site, where relevant social practices connected with the site, grateful to history and ecolocically responsible, are manifested. The intentions presiding over the setting -up of privileged relationships between man and mountain are federated by mountainity both a state and a qualitative pro
Bastit, Michel. "La notion de loi de st thomas a suarez, ou les origines scolastiques de la loi moderne." Rennes 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986REN11003.
Full textThe origin of defects in themodern statute-law must be searched in the philosophical changes which have affected the concept of law, themselves must be understood in the light of ontology. Clear signs of that may be noted in hobbes' works. This means that the changes of concept of law is a consequence of the new nominalism born with duns scot and william of ockham. These authors have lost the reality of things and then, they could no more conceive the statute-law in relation with them. Having destroyed the things by separated rorms or by empiriscism they cannot impeach that the statute-law becomes a pure will or reason. Suarez, the great spanish scolastic author, delivers these medieval concepts to our modern age; we are in the inheritance of them
Bakker, Paulus Johannes Jacobus Maria. "La raison et le miracle : les doctrines eucharistiques (c. 1250-c. 1400) : contribution à l'étude des rapports entre philosophie et théologie /." Nijmegen : [s. n.], 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375899622.
Full textVoisin, Alexandre. "Contribution à l'évaluation subjective et son automatisation : du concept à l'application." Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN10024.
Full textSenie-Demeurisse, Josiane. "Médiatisation de l'histoire : contribution à la définition du concept de document." Toulouse 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU20095.
Full textThe popularity of History in France is undeniable. This craze is translated by an indisputable mediatization through newspapers, radio, television and internet. Developed in universities it is broadcasted for a wide public. The passage from a scientific sphere to a media sphere infers the problem of the writing of History. We pass from knowledge to “narrative history". Does this change of communicational space infer a different way of working with the document? Papers of popularization are a scripto-visual narrative form of History, text and illustration live together. Historic document and illustration document can then become confused. In the heart of these questioning returns the question of the use of the document. The communicationnal space may force, transform, make it move and mutate. Analyzed in the info-communicationnal device, the speech of the support, the speech of the narrative and the speech of the illustration, is the result of a collective statement. The illustration informs, it is a real document. Trans-formed by the statement its sense fluctuates and differs from its basic sense in History. Then its role is not any more to carry testimony it is to prove. So mediated the document is charged with value
Simon, Christian. "Contribution à l'étude des cellules entérochromaffines : discussion du concept de paraneurone." Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX30072.
Full textGibaud, Olivier. "Contribution au concept de micro-monde pour l'enseignement assisté par ordinateur." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECDL0028.
Full textZhang, Yu. "Contribution to concept detection on images using visual and textual descriptors." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECDL0014/document.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to the problem of training and integration strategies of several modalities (visual, textual), in order to perform an efficient Visual Concept Detection and Annotation (VCDA) task, which has become a very popular and important research topic in recent years because of its wide range of application such as image/video indexing and retrieval, security access control, video monitoring, etc. Despite a lot of efforts and progress that have been made during the past years, it remains an open problem and is still considered as one of the most challenging problems in computer vision community, mainly due to inter-class similarities and intra-class variations like occlusion, background clutter, changes in viewpoint, pose, scale and illumination. This means that the image content can hardly be described by low-level visual features. In order to address these problems, the text associated with images is used to capture valuable semantic meanings about image content. Moreover, In order to benefit from both visual models and textual models, we propose multimodal approach. As the typical visual models, designing good visual descriptors and modeling these descriptors play an important role. Meanwhile how to organize the text associated with images is also very important. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to propose some innovative contributions for the task of VCDA. For visual models, a novel visual features/descriptors was proposed, which effectively and efficiently represent the visual content of images/videos. In addition, a novel method for encoding local binary descriptors was present. For textual models, we proposed two kinds of novel textual descriptor. The first descriptor is semantic Bag-of-Words(sBoW) using a dictionary. The second descriptor is Image Distance Feature(IDF) based on tags associated with images. Finally, in order to benefit from both visual models and textual models, fusion is carried out by MKL efficiently embed. [...]
Savasçin, Zeynep. "De la publicité kantienne a l'éthicité hégélienne. Raison et vie des normes." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0079.
Full textThis research aims to carry out an interrogation on a certain kind of continuity between Kant’s moral philosophy and Hegel’s political philosophy, which can be discovered by going beyond the undeniable rupture caused by the opposition between Kantian dualism and Hegelian absolute knowledge. This interrogation revisits the two philosophers’ evolutions, both culminating in a philosophy of right. It develops through an attempt of reading each one of these philosophers under the light shed by the principle directing the thought of the other one. The first part examines the evolution of Kantian philosophy that is marked by the problem on the unity of the mechanism of nature and the human freedom. In this part, Kant’s ultimate answer to this problem is discovered in the unfolding of right in its normativity. It is also shown in this part how the initial dualism is surpassed by the principle of “publicity” that mediates law and politics. In the second part, the evolution of the Hegel’s thought is examined through a study of the development of the Hegelian critique of Kant’s thought. It is shown how the progressive reevaluation of the Kantian moment and the development of the concept of “Sittlichkeit” correspond in this evolution. The central interrogation of this part relates to the different stages of the Aufhebung of the Kantian moment and to the possibility of discovering in Hegel’s thought a particular way of considering a distance between the rational and the real, which reveals the normativity at work in the movement of the concept. This research aims to ask in a particular manner the question of the continuity between these two philosophers by limiting its content to a confrontation between the Kantian publicity and the Hegelian Sittlichkeit. With a particular attention on two ways of thinking on the realization of freedom, this research intents to answer the challenge that these two philosophers represent for each other
Duvauchelle, Yannick. "Formes des matières conceptuelles : contribution à la sociologie de la connaissance." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3061.
Full textThe research’s field is the sociology of knowledge. In this way, the idea is to study simultaneously social data and knowledge facts, and to connect them. More precisely, we would like to think knowledge in terms of practices. : when one observe any event and try to understand it, to identify what he’s looking at, and mobilize words to express his comprehension, his vision, isn’t he doing something, at least on a conceptual level? For this purpose, the research is based on scholar and journalist’s interviews : what type of representation implies each kind of writings? Michel Foucault’s theories happens to be our most important reference for this work
Martin, Natacha. "Contribution à la question du sens de la chute du sujet âgé : les raisons de la chute, la chute de la raison." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20142.
Full textWith the increase of life expectancy, psychological writings about ageing have not developed as much as those concerning adults and children. It seemed to us interesting, fascinating and fruitful to think about this senescence period by restating the « somat/psyche » duality throughout the deterioration event. The use of a quantitative and qualitative methodology allows us to tackle the fall event as a traumatic experience according to physical data (fragile ou valid subject, somatic or psychomotor consequences…), temporal (since the last fall, moment of the fall, objective and subjective age of the fall…) and psychic (defenses set up, reminiscence, the work of getting old…) So we specifically looked at the turning point of this event in the context of expensive treatment of conflicts emerging at that time to discover obsessive defense mechanisms and primary maternal regression. In consequence, the development of psychological and psychoanalytical reasoning on the observation of the fall of the ageing subject can only be appreciated by not « falling » in the belief of a unique link of casuality, within an indistinguishable demographic class where age would be seen as an etiological factor. The use of quantitative and qualitative analysis of the discourse gives access to postfall reactive data but also to psychic treatment methods of the conflicts and affects which emerged from this event. We combined verbal communication with the drawing technique to get an insight of the mental images set in the historical narrative of memory. The fall is then exposed as an action, to mitigate the failure of the protective shield system and the capacities of development and connection to the narcissistic injury of senescence. However, it can also be appreciated as a coming back an elaborative resumption of attachment that leads to an inevitable end. It was then that "what is called a reason for living is also an excellent reason for dying" (Albert Camus). Indeed writings on the subject of the psychological deterioration of the ageing person are mainly studied in the context of the psychopathological or deficient process of the frail person in question, hospitalized without really taking into account the individual and collective complex alterations common to the process of ageing. We therefore concentrated on the psychic process of a valid old subject in order to glean more clinical reflections on the type of anxiety and object interaction. The TAT/SAT proposed concerning our study has established the psychic constitution of an internal model of an insecure relationship of the ageing, linked with an infringing relational experience with a failing and disappointing maternal object
Malet, Régis. "Formation, identité et raison narrative : contribution à une phénoménologie du sujet en formation à partir d'une étude auprès d'enseignants-débutants britanniques et français." Tours, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOUR2018.
Full textThe concept of identity, as necessary and fruitful as it may appear today to comprehend the formation of the subject, is yet rarely put at the heart of the educative thought. Its wide-ranging use and its static connotation have probably something to do with this. Nevertheless, an anthropological investigation of identity may reverse this perspective. What does identity teach us about a subject who never ceases to become him/herself? This study discovers the potentialities of a questioning of these two notions, identity and formation, whose link is clarified through an in-depth return to the hermeneutic and phenomenological thought. Far from being divided, the concepts are discussed in order to understand what educating and becoming oneself mean. How can the identity of an i in formation be thought? Giving a central status to the recurrent link between the sensitive experience -the inscription of the subject within a world and a space- and the narrative experience -its emergence within the language- this confrontation engenders a model of understanding of the subject formation based on a renewed contact to the world, the others and oneself. How can the poles of this ternary combine within the life of the subject ? The author explores this question of identity formation on the field of teachers' education and in a comparative french-british perspective. Anchored in a cultural world, between inheritance and project, how do the becoming subjects build up meaning and identity in a combination of its social, cultural and personal elements?
Kouassi, Kouadio-Olivier. "De la pensée d’Amartya Sen à l’approche ergologique : quelle contribution pour le concept de développement ? : du concept aux conceptions du développement." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3032.
Full textThe conception of development initiated by the former American President Truman is now including the human development, the durable development, and all the actuals development public politics, which have been thought from by the internationals development institutions in a globalizing perspective, by avoiding the human individual high valued and local realities. Besides, that economical reliant way of thinking concepts is justifying a significant economical growth. Moreover, in that vision, the notion of Liberty and Work are not considered as fundamentals in the development process. Liberty as “opportunity” and work as the «human activity » are fundamentals as a part of “the sustainable human development” selection criteria. This doctoral thesis based on the concepts of sens and ergology, wants to be seen as an alternative to the classical notions showing that, not only those mentioned concepts are leading the development but that development itself is more than just a concept, it’s a project, a way of life for every society which needs to be built, at the end of the day development couldn’t be a subject of a kind of valuation
Gaxie, Louise. "La construction des services publics en Europe : contribution à l’élaboration d’un concept commun." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100175/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to contribute to the elaboration of a common European concept of public service. Adopting an historical perspective, this research tries to identify the main similarities and differences in the processes of construction of four areas of activity - police, compulsory education, water supply and sanitation, and public transports - in seven countries: Belgium, England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden. Even though each country has its own historical and cultural specificities, they have all faced analogous problems and issues and they have brought similar responses. Relying on monographic studies of social and historical construction of various public services, we may describe the formation of worlds of very different material and symbolic social "objects", including legal ones, through a relatively similar social history. The legal institutionalization of public services available to everyone has required massive public intervention. Whatever the times, areas, and countries, constants of legal regulation have emerged. They relate to public control of the establishment of services (preliminary empowerment decisions, definitions of conditions of implementation, public financial supports), as well as to their operation (institutions of obligations towards the public, regulation of financing, introduction of monitoring and control means). Variants have also appeared. They are more often linked to historical than national or sectorial contexts. These variants mainly relate to the degree of direct public intervention in the provision of services and to the degree of effective competition in the service sectors. The various constant elements are the core component of a common European concept of public service defined in all its complexity. The deep ongoing transformations driven by European Union's neoliberal orientations raise questions about the future of this concept
Bourbon, Marion. "De l'unicité à la personnalité : recherches sur la contribution stoïcienne au concept d'individu." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BOR30052.
Full textThe Stoics, who elaborated the most coherent deterministic system in the history of philosophy, seemed unlikely to produce a concept of the individual. Such a concept is necessarily founded on separateness and implies personal agency. And although the Stoics insisted on the autonomy of assent as a principle of judgement and of action, they believed that each being contributed to the organic whole of the cosmos, making it difficult to consider beings separately from that whole. This inquiry seeks to show that the Stoics nevertheless elaborated a previously unexamined complex of notions that - as a result of the systematic nature of the Stoic thought - moved from the idea of uniqueness of all beings, to personality, which achieves uniqueness on an ethical level. Personality requires agency, which is not of the individual, but is instead that with which the individual is identified. It is the principle of personal identity. We will examine the conditions that enabled the “emergence” of the individual thanks to a series of transformations in the Stoic system as well as another major political and cultural transformation, the constitution of the Roman Empire. As a result of these changes, the Stoics’ conception of the individual, founded on their physical conception of identity, produced - diachronically and synchronically - a notion of both psychological and ethical subjectivation. Seneca’s notion of voluntas and Epictetus’s concept of prohairesis came to occupy the central position once held by fate for the early Stoics. Both these contributions were highly original, but voluntas and prohairesis further identified the principle of personal identity with the faculty of choice: personal identity was described as the meaning we decide to give our lives, defining who we are. It conditions our adaptability and shapes the way we make use of what is irreducibly ours. The Stoics’ use of the actor metaphor sheds light on the nature of subjectivity since it foregrounds the gap between the actor and his role. The dialectic between disengagement and commitment that is at the heart of the relationship to existence, and the consequent discrepancy in the relationship to oneself, leaves identity in the entre-deux of a continually renewed attempt at identification
Bachri, Jalila. "Le développement durable : Contribution à l'étude de la réception positive d'un concept naturaliste." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD060.
Full textThe plural reception of the sustainable development questions us. Malleable it federates the various actors who use in various purposes so translating the difficulty of the definition of its legal nature. Is it a binding law implying obligations ? How can it be respected? From these questions, he appears all the interest of the legal study of the sustainable development. From the academic point of view, he links the naturalistic philosophy of the right with his translation in the legal legal network. Which decompartmentalizes areas of law, he creates interactions wich each other. The sustainable development creating the right and tends to become a blinding law.From the human point of view, he recognizes the possibility of believing in a future for our offspring. Beyond, he appears as a right of alive promised to evolve from generation to generation, already establishing in himself the expression of the heritage of which we inherit from our ancestors and intended for the future
Denoyel, Noël. "Le biais du gars, la mètis des grecs et la raison expérientielle : contribution à l'étude de la culture artisane et de l'ec(h)oformation." Tours, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOUR2020.
Full textChinours-Lachaud, Marie-Hélène. "Contribution à la formation à l'écrit en milieu professionnel. Le cas des métiers de la propreté." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00683132.
Full textVernizeau, Diane. "Vers des pêcheries mondiales durables : contribution de l'Union européenne au concept de pêche responsable." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00990583.
Full textBrun-Trigaud, Guylaine. "Formation du concept croissant contribution à l'histoire de la dialectologie française au XIXe siècle /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37612206p.
Full textDa, Silva Claudionor Renato. "Johan Huizinga and the concept of playfulness: contribution of Philosophy to Mathematics children’s literature." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123970.
Full textHomo Ludens, trabajo escrito por Johan Huizinga, es una alternativa para la conceptualización y el uso del término lúdico en educación matemática, con una contribución significativa a la práctica pedagógica, involucrando la literatura infantil matemática, o literatura infantil, con contenido matemático, sustituyendo el recurrente uso de los términos «juego» y «lúdico», oriundos del campo de la psicología de la educación. A partir del método bibliográfico, el estudio permitió tres conclusiones generales: la primera es la presencia de la filosofía en la educación matemática con el recurso de la literatura infantil; la segunda, derivada de la primera, es la posibilidad para la filosofia, de adentrarse en los contenidos de las matemáticas, incentivando el raciocinio lógico, desde la educación infantil; y, por último, que son muchos los benefícios en la formación de profesores, en cursos de pedagogía, sobre todo, en la promoción de los aprendizajes y saberes en educación matemática, bajo la dinámica lúdica, que se inserta en una perspectiva de base filosófica presentada en la obra Homo Ludens de Huizinga.
Homo Ludens, obra escrita por Johan Huizinga, é uma alternativa outra para a conceituação e utilização do termo lúdico em educação matemática, com uma contribuição significativa à prática pedagógica envolvendo a literatura infantil matemática ou literatura infantil com conteúdo matemático, substituindo o recorrente uso dos termos «jogo» e «lúdico», oriundos do campo da psicologia da educação. A partir do método bibliográfico, o estudo permitiu três conclusões gerais: a primeira é a presença da filosofia na educação matemática com o recurso da literatura infantil; a segunda, decorrente da primeira é a possibilidade da filosofia adentrar aos conteúdos da matemática incentivando o raciocínio lógico, desde a educação infantil; e, por último, que muitos são os ganhos à formação de professores, em cursos de pedagogia, sobretudo, na promoção das aprendizagens e saberes em educação matemática, sob o lúdico, que se inserem numa perspectiva de base filosófica presente na obra Homo Ludens de Huizinga.
Taright, Yamina. "Contribution à l'analyse de la pollution atmosphérique chronique ou accidentelle : concept de nez électronique." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES001.
Full textBrun-Trigaud, Guylaine. "Formation du concept Croissant : contribution à l'histoire de la dialectologie française au XIXe siècle." Paris 13, 1989. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01370562.
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