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Journal articles on the topic '- Contributions in concept of causation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Kistler, Max. "Physics’ Contribution to Causation." Kriterion – Journal of Philosophy 35, no. 1 (2021): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/krt-2021-0003.

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Abstract Most philosophers of physics are eliminativists about causation. Following Bertrand Russell’s lead, they think that causation is a folk concept that cannot be rationally reconstructed within a worldview informed by contemporary physics. Against this thesis, I argue that physics contributes to shaping the concept of causation, in two ways. (1) Special Relativity is a physical theory that expresses causal constraints. (2) The physical concept of a conserved quantity can be used in the functional reduction of the notion of causation. The empirical part of this reduction makes the hypothe

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2

Ellis, George F. R., Denis Noble, and Timothy O'Connor. "Top-down causation: an integrating theme within and across the sciences?" Interface Focus 2, no. 1 (2011): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2011.0110.

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This issue of the journal is focused on ‘top-down (downward) causation'. The words in this title, however, already raise or beg many questions. Causation can be of many kinds. They form our ways of ordering our scientific understanding of the world, all the way from the reductive concept of cause as elementary objects exerting forces on each other, through to the more holistic concept of attractors towards which whole systems move, and to adaptive selection taking place in the context of an ecosystem. As for ‘top’ and ‘down’, in the present scientific context, these are clearly metaphorical, a

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Bonizzato, Paola, and Juan Eduardo Tello. "Social economic inequalities and mental health. I. Concepts, theories and interpretations." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 12, no. 3 (2003): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00002980.

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SummaryAims – Reconstructing the models used for approaching the inequalities issues in health, idenfiying the most relevant theoretical and conceptual contributions. Method – Literature electronic-search on Medline, Psyclit, Econlit, Social Science Index and SocioSearch using the key-words inequalities, deprivation, poverty, socio-economic status, social class, occupational class, mental health for the period 1965-2002; integrated with manual search. The material was classified according to the conceptual and theoretical interpretative models or to the analyses of the association 'inequalitie

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Wang, Lin-Shu. "Progress in Entropy Principle, as Disclosed by Nine Schools of Thermodynamics, and Its Ecological Implication." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 16, no. 4 (2021): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.160403.

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The entropy principle has been commonly considered to be a selection principle. A history/philosophy-of-science analysis of development in thermodynamic thought was carried out based on a historical account of contributions to thermodynamics of nine Schools of thermodynamics plus that of Mayer/Joule (the Mayer-Joule principle), publication of A Treatise of Heat and Energy, development in maximum entropy production principle (MEPP), and process ecology formulated by Ulanowicz. The analysis discloses the dual nature in the entropy principle, as selection principle and causal principle, and that

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Sørensen, Thorkild I. A. "Challenges in the study of causation of obesity." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 68, no. 1 (2008): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665108008847.

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Use of the energy balance equation for understanding the causation of obesity is discussed. Its basis on the thermodynamic laws is expressed in mathematical models for body-weight changes. Only a very small net energy surplus per time unit constitutes the energy deposition during weight gain, making measurements of its components difficult. The physical laws provide exact quantitative relationships between energy intake, energy expenditure and deposition of energy, but cannot disentangle the initiating and driving forces of the energy imbalance, which may also be an active storage of fat in ad

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6

Kroneberg, Clemens, and Sonja Schulz. "Revisiting the role of self-control in Situational Action Theory." European Journal of Criminology 15, no. 1 (2018): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370817732189.

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Wikström’s Situational Action Theory of Crime Causation (SAT) aims at providing a comprehensive account of the action-generating mechanisms that underlie rule-breaking. Paying tribute to the longstanding criminological interest in self-control, SAT also entails a new view of this concept and its role in crime causation. SAT claims that morality is the more fundamental determinant of rule-breaking and that self-control should become relevant only when actors enter a process of deliberation on whether or not to break a rule. Our contribution is twofold: theoretically, we discuss the role of self

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7

Harroud, Adil, and J. Brent Richards. "Mendelian randomization in multiple sclerosis: A causal role for vitamin D and obesity?" Multiple Sclerosis Journal 24, no. 1 (2018): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458517737373.

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The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Epidemiologic studies have furthered our understanding of these risk factors but remain limited by residual confounding and potential for reverse causation, particularly in MS where time of disease onset is not known. Mendelian randomization (MR) uses genetic variants to study the causal effect of modifiable exposures on an outcome. This method avoids some of the limitations of classical epidemiology and can strengthen causal inference. Here, we introduce the basic concepts of MR and revi

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8

Zuindra, Zuindra, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANALYTIC CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION IN DELI JAVANESE DIALECT." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 4, no. 1 (2020): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v4i1.2214.

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This article discusses causative construction of Deli Javanese dialect which focuses on morphological and analytic causative construction. This study aims to reveal how morphological and analytic causative constructions in Deli Javanese dialect are formed. The theory of causative construction concept is based on Comrie (1989). The research data were obtained from text books, journals and interview. The causative construction in this analysis was elaborated by using tree diagram. The result showed that the morphological causative construction of Deli Javanese dialect utilized the verbs, which w

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9

Davies, Althea L., Richard Streeter, Ian T. Lawson, Katherine H. Roucoux, and William Hiles. "The application of resilience concepts in palaeoecology." Holocene 28, no. 9 (2018): 1523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618777077.

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The concept of resilience has become increasingly important in ecological and socio-ecological literature. With its focus on the temporal behaviour of ecosystems, palaeoecology has an important role to play in developing a scientific understanding of ecological resilience. We provide a critical review of the ways in which resilience is being addressed by palaeoecologists. We review ~180 papers, identifying the definitions or conceptualisations of ‘resilience’ that they use, and analysing the ways in which palaeoecology is contributing to our understanding of ecological resilience. We identify

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10

Joe-Asare, T., N. Amegbey, and E. Stemn. "Human Factor Analysis Framework for Ghana’s Mining Industry." Ghana Mining Journal 20, no. 2 (2020): 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v20i2.8.

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In an attempt to incorporate human factors into technical failures as accident causal factors, researchers have promoted the concept of human factor analysis. Human factor analysis models seek to identify latent conditions within the system that influence the operator’s action to trigger an accident. For an effective application of human factor analysis models, a domain-specific model is recommended. Most existing models are developed with category/subcategory peculiar to a particular domain. This presents challenges and hinders effective application outside the domain developed for. This pape

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11

Todd, N. V. "Continuous causation: an important medicolegal concept." British Journal of Neurosurgery 31, no. 1 (2016): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02688697.2016.1233319.

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12

Joffe, Michael. "The Concept of Causation in Biology." Erkenntnis 78, S2 (2013): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-013-9508-6.

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13

Mauriello, Paolo, and Domenico Patella. "Principles of probability tomography for natural‐source electromagnetic induction fields." GEOPHYSICS 64, no. 5 (1999): 1403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444645.

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The 3-D interpretation problem of natural‐source electromagnetic (EM) induction field data collected over a flat air‐earth boundary is dealt with using the concept of probability tomography. This paper presents a method to recognize the most probable localization of the induced electric charge accumulations across resistivity discontinuities and current channeling inside conductive bodies. We begin by writing the solutions for the electric (magnetic) ground surface EM field components in the frequency domain as a sum of elementary contributions, each resulting from a single induced‐charge (dip

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14

Gebeshuber, I. C., P. Gruber, and M. Drack. "A gaze into the crystal ball: Biomimetics in the year 2059." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 12 (2009): 2899–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1563.

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Biomimetics is a field that has the potential to drive major technical advances. It might substantially support successful mastering of major global challenges. In the first part of the article, the current state of biomimetics is reviewed, and goals and visions of biomimetics are presented. Subsequently, possible biomimetic scenarios to overcome the major global challenges, as indicated by the Millennium Project, are envisaged. Those of the 15 challenges (sustainable development, water, population and resources, democratization, long-term perspectives, information technology, the rich—poor ga

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15

Lindley, Dennis V. "Seeing and Doing: The Concept of Causation." International Statistical Review / Revue Internationale de Statistique 70, no. 2 (2002): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1403902.

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Lindley, Dennis V. "Seeing and Doing: the Concept of Causation." International Statistical Review 70, no. 2 (2002): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2002.tb00355.x.

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17

zur Hausen, Harald, and Ethel-Michele de Villiers. "Cancer “Causation” by Infections—Individual Contributions and Synergistic Networks." Seminars in Oncology 41, no. 6 (2014): 860–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.10.003.

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18

Polkamp, Anne G. "Individual contributions to collective harm: how important is causation?" Ethics & Global Politics 12, no. 1 (2019): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16544951.2019.1565605.

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19

HUISMANN, TYLER. "Aristotle on Accidental Causation." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 2, no. 4 (2016): 561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2016.33.

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ABSTRACT:I offer a new analysis of Aristotle's concept of an accidental cause. Using passages fromMetaphysicsΔ andΕ, as well asPhysicsII, I argue that accidental causes are causally inert. After defending this reading against some objections, I draw some conclusions about Aristotle's basic understanding of causation.

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20

Langsam, Harold. "Kant, Hume, and Our Ordinary Concept of Causation." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 54, no. 3 (1994): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2108584.

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21

Lincoln, John A., and Stuart D. Cook. "An overview of gene-epigenetic-environmental contributions to MS causation." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 286, no. 1-2 (2009): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2009.06.037.

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22

Gadirov, Javid. "Causal Responsibility in International Criminal Law." International Criminal Law Review 15, no. 5 (2015): 970–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01505006.

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This article clarifies the factual basis for attributing causal responsibility in interpersonal causation scenarios in international criminal law. Such content is obliterated when explaining causal contributions in overdetermined and indeterministic harm scenarios. The resulting gap between individual agency and causal attribution is explained away by reference to values underlying legal liability (‘causal minimalism’). Probabilistic causal models can express causal influences in interpersonal causation scenarios, and explicate the objective basis of causal attribution. International Criminal

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23

Elder-Vass, Dave. "Top-down causation and social structures." Interface Focus 2, no. 1 (2011): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2011.0055.

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Top-down causation has been implicit in many sociological accounts of social structure and its influence on social events, but the social sciences have struggled to provide a coherent account of top-down causation itself. This paper summarizes a critical realist view of causation and emergence, shows how it supports a plausible account of top-down causation and then applies this account to the social world. The argument is illustrated by an examination of the concept of a norm circle , a kind of social entity that, it is argued, is causally responsible for the influence of normative social ins

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24

Olsen, J. "What characterises a useful concept of causation in epidemiology?" Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 57, no. 2 (2003): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.2.86.

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25

Batta Gori, Gio. "Epidemiology and the concept of causation in multifactorial diseases." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 9, no. 3 (1989): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(89)90065-2.

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26

zur Hausen, Harald, and Ethel-Michele de Villiers. "Reprint of: Cancer “Causation” by Infections—Individual Contributions and Synergistic Networks." Seminars in Oncology 42, no. 2 (2015): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2015.02.019.

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27

Pulvermüller, Friedemann. "The case of CAUSE: neurobiological mechanisms for grounding an abstract concept." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1752 (2018): 20170129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0129.

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How can we understand causal relationships and how can we understand words such as ‘cause’? Some theorists assume that the underlying abstract concept is given to us, and that perceptual correlation provides the relevant hints towards inferring causation from perceived real-life events. A different approach emphasizes the role of actions and their typical consequences for the emergence of the concept of causation and the application of the related term. A model of causation is proposed that highlights thefamily resemblancebetween causal actions and postulates that symbols are necessary forbind

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28

Alvarez, Maria. "Letting Happen, Omissions and Causation." Grazer Philosophische Studien 61, no. 1 (2001): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-061001006.

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In this paper I consider whether it's possible to cause an event I argue: (i) that sometimes an agent who lets an event happen causes it; (ii) that whether an agent caused an event that he lets happen depends partly on whether he had an obligation to do what might have prevented that event, as well as on considerations about the agent's control over what they omit to do; and (iii) that the use of the word "cause" here is genuinely causal. I suggest that resistance to accept these claims depends often on an excessively narrow view of the concept of causation.

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29

Sherry, David. "Do ideas about function help in the study of causation?" Animal Biology 55, no. 4 (2005): 441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075605774840950.

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AbstractOne of Tinbergen's most lasting contributions to the study of behaviour was the distinction he drew between causal, functional, developmental, and evolutionary questions about behaviour. More recently, behavioural ecologists have claimed that understanding the function of behaviour is an important step towards understanding its causes. This claim has, in turn, been criticised for confusing the fundamental distinction that Tinbergen defined. The study of behaviour, however, usually begins by identifying units of behaviour functionally and only then proceeds to causal analysis. Research

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30

Cooper, Simon. "Culpable Driving and Issues of Causation." Journal of Criminal Law 76, no. 5 (2012): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2012.76.5.797.

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This article, focusing on road traffic homicides, considers the extent to which notions of culpability and blameworthiness influence the concept of causation. The article reviews the legal rules for determining causation in criminal cases and recognises how a jury's perception of fairness can be determinative. It concludes by questioning the wisdom of leaving emotive moral value judgements to a randomly selected jury.

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31

Lindenbaum, Shirley. "Understanding kuru: the contribution of anthropology and medicine." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1510 (2008): 3715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0072.

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To understand kuru and solve the problems of its cause and transmission required the integration of knowledge from both anthropological and medical research. Anthropological studies elucidated the origin and spread of kuru, the local mortuary practices of endocannibalism, the social effects of kuru, the life of women and child-rearing practices, the kinship system of the Fore and their willingness to incorporate outsiders into it, the myths, folklore and history of the Fore and their neighbours, sorcery as a powerful social phenomenon and way of explaining the causation of disease, and concept

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32

Bohdan, Karnaukh. "CAUSATION IN TORT LAW: THE CONCEPT OF NOVUS ACTUS INTERVENIENS." Entrepreneurship, Economy and Law 9 (2019): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32849/2663-5313/2019.9.02.

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33

Danks, David. "Functions and Cognitive Bases for the Concept of Actual Causation." Erkenntnis 78, S1 (2013): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-013-9439-2.

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34

Gupta, Manvi. "The Concept of Causation and some common Epidemiological study Designs." Clinical Research and Clinical Trials 2, no. 4 (2020): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-4779/019.

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Epidemiology in its modern form is a relatively new discipline and uses quantitative methods to study diseases in human populations to inform prevention and control efforts [7]. Causation is an essential concept in epidemiology (Figure 1) [7] yet there is no single, clearly articulated definition for the discipline. Causal inference may be viewed as a special case of the more general process of scientific reasoning, about which there is substantial scholarly debate among scientists and philosophers.

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35

Sharov, Alexei A. "Hierarchical approach to replication and selection." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 5 (1999): 905–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99452203.

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The major merit of Rose's book is the elaboration of the idea of multilevel causation in different explanatory languages. Yet Rose's critique of “ultra-Darwinism” is not convincing. Rose argues that activity and self-replication are properties of organisms rather than genes, which contradicts his idea of multilevel causation. Also, Rose fails to develop the concept of multilevel selection.

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36

LIU, HU, and XUEFENG WEN. "ON FORMALIZING CAUSATION BASED ON CONSTANT CONJUNCTION THEORY." Review of Symbolic Logic 6, no. 1 (2012): 160–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020312000299.

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AbstractConstant conjunction theory of causation had been the dominant theory in philosophy for a long time and regained attention recently. This paper gives a logical framework of causation based on the theory. The basic idea is that causal statements are empirical, and are derived from our past experience by observing constant conjunction between objects. The logic is defined on linear time structures. A causal statement is evaluated at time points, such that its value depends on what has been in the past. We first give a semantics that contains basic conditions that, we think, must hold for

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37

MIKHAILOV, V. S. "CONCEPT OF FACTUAL CAUSATION AND SEVERAL ISSUES OF ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION." Civil Law Review 18, no. 3 (2018): 103–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24031/1992-2043-2018-18-3-103-161.

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38

Le Poidevin, Robin. "HUME AND THE ‘SECRET CONNEXION’: WHY CAUSATION IS A SINGULAR AFFAIR." Think 20, no. 58 (2021): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1477175621000026.

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ABSTRACTThe great Scottish Enlightenment man of letters David Hume (1711–76) offered an account of causation in terms of regularities: repeated pairings of certain kinds of events. Anything more than this, a supposed ‘secret connexion’ binding individual causes and effects, is not something we could ever experience. This, at least, is the view traditionally ascribed to him. Here the account, and its empiricist motivation, is outlined, and a fundamental problem identified: his account of causation is in tension with his account of the way in which we acquire the concept of a distinctive connect

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39

Levine, Eli, and J. Butler. "Causal Graphs and Concept-Mapping Assumptions." Applied System Innovation 1, no. 3 (2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi1030025.

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Determining what constitutes a causal relationship between two or more concepts, and how to infer causation, are fundamental concepts in statistics and all the sciences. Causation becomes especially difficult in the social sciences where there is a myriad of different factors that are not always easily observed or measured that directly or indirectly influence the dynamic relationships between independent variables and dependent variables. This paper proposes a procedure for helping researchers explicitly understand what their underlying assumptions are, what kind of data and methodology are n

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40

Botha, Pieter J. J., and Johannes N. Vorster. "Religious Topoi and South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission." Religion and Theology 6, no. 3 (1999): 325–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157430199x00218.

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AbstractThe role of religious language in the activities of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is analysed in this study. The (Christian) religious rhetoric is a limiting factor with regard to the possibilities and/or contribution of the TRC by fashioning a dichotomising discourse and terminology. It also imposes constraints, visible in the TRC's dealings with concepts such as truth, responsibility and causation. This discourse is, furthermore, an assistant to a formalistic way of arguing about history and humanity, which problematises the plurality and heterogeneity of our society.

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41

Wahl, Otto F. "Schizophrenogenic Parenting in Abnormal Psychology Textbooks." Teaching of Psychology 16, no. 1 (1989): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1601_12.

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Discussions of parental causation of schizophrenia in nine current abnormal psychology textbooks were examined. Most texts discussed the concept of the schizophrenogenic parent and noted to imply that the concept remains a viable one despite lack of confirming evidence. Implications of these findings for psychologists are noted.

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42

Watts, Kelly. "Ototoxicity: Visualized in Concept Maps." Seminars in Hearing 40, no. 02 (2019): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1684046.

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AbstractOtotoxicity refers to the damage to structures and function of the auditory-vestibular system caused by exogenous agents such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and ionizing radiation. There are many potentially ototoxic substances. For example, depending on how ototoxicity is defined, there are 200 to 600 medications that can cause damage to hearing and/or balance. Ototoxicity encompasses cochleotoxicity, vestibulotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. A variety of professional disciplines are involved in determining causation, prevention, and management of ototoxic effects. Research to identify an

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43

KURKI, MILJA. "Causes of a divided discipline: rethinking the concept of cause in International Relations theory." Review of International Studies 32, no. 2 (2006): 189–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026021050600698x.

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During the last decades ‘causation’ has been a deeply divisive concept in International Relations (IR) theory. While the positivist mainstream has extolled the virtues of causal analysis, many post-positivist theorists have rejected the aims and methods of causal explanation in favour of ‘constitutive’ theorising. It is argued here that the debates on causation in IR have been misleading in that they have been premised on, and have helped to reify, a rather narrow empiricist understanding of causal analysis. It is suggested that in order to move IR theorising forward we need to deepen and broa

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44

Okasha, Samir. "Emergence, hierarchy and top-down causation in evolutionary biology." Interface Focus 2, no. 1 (2011): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2011.0046.

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The concept of emergence and the related notion of ‘downward causation’ have arisen in numerous branches of science, and have also been extensively discussed in philosophy. Here, I examine emergence and downward causation in relation to evolutionary biology. I focus on the old, but ongoing discussion in evolutionary biology over the ‘levels of selection’ question: which level(s) of the biological hierarchy natural selection acts at, e.g. the gene, individual, group or species level? The concept of emergence has arisen in the levels-of-selection literature as a putative way of distinguishing be

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45

Xavier de Aguiar, Tulio Roberto. "CAUSALIDADE, CONTRAFACTUAIS E LEIS." Síntese: Revista de Filosofia 45, no. 141 (2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20911/21769389v45n141p89/2018.

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Resumo: Examino, neste artigo, a teoria contrafactual da causação de David Lewis, mostrando seu duplo aspecto como análise do conceito de causação e como investigação do que causação é na realidade. Eu comparo a teoria lewisiana com a teoria humiana da causação, enfatizando o papel diferente que as leis naturais têm em cada sistema e argumento que a teoria contrafactual tem maior sensibilidade para capturar os variados graus de contingência das relações causais.Abstract: In this article, I examine the counterfactual theory of causation of David Lewis, showing its dual aspect as analysis of the

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46

Marques, José Oscar de Almeida. "Regularity and counterfactuality in Hume's treatment of causation." Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia 52, no. 124 (2011): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-512x2011000200007.

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Of the several theories of causation current in our days, Hume is said to be the inspiration of two of the most influential and accepted: the regularity theory, first clearly formulated by Thomas Brown in 1822, and the counterfactual theory, proposed by David Lewis in 1973. After a brief outline of the comparative merits and difficulties of these two views, I proceed to examine whether Hume's own treatment of causation actually corresponds to any of them. I will show that his first definition of cause, coupled with his rules by which to judge about causes and effects, contains elements that, p

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47

Buss, Andreas. "The concept of adequate causation and Max Weber's comparative sociology of religion." British Journal of Sociology 50, no. 2 (1999): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000713199358761.

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48

Buss, Andreas. "The concept of adequate causation and Max Weber's comparative sociology of religion." British Journal of Sociology 50, no. 2 (1999): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.1999.00317.x.

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49

Broadbent, Alex. "FACT AND LAW IN THE CAUSAL INQUIRY." Legal Theory 15, no. 3 (2009): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352325209990024.

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This paper takes it as a premise that a distinction between matters of fact and of law is important in the causal inquiry. But it argues that separating factual and legal causation as different elements of liability is not the best way to implement the fact/law distinction. What counts as a cause-in-fact is partly a legal question; and certain liability-limiting doctrines under the umbrella of “legal causation” depend on the application of factual-causal concepts. The contrastive account of factual causation proposed in this paper improves matters. This account more clearly distinguishes matte

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Aamir, Momin Shahzad. "An Introduction and Historical Background of Concept of Akhlat (Humour)." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 2, no. 4 (2018): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v2i4.54.

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Humoral theory, also known as theory of akhlat is a key concept in Unani System of Medicine. It was originated in Ancient Greece and later developed by Galen and Arabic Physicians. The theory was central to the teachings of Greco Arabic medicine and it became the dominant theory in Europe for many centuries. It remained a major influence on medical practice and teaching until eighteenth century. The theory was first postulated by Hippocrates in his treatise On the Nature of Man. The method of approach of these early thinkers was to look for natural explanations for human physiology and disease

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