Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Contributions in music education'
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Betts, Steven Lee. "Lynn Freeman Olson's contributions to music education /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1995.
Find full textKelleher, Kevin Daniel. "The contributions of Thomas Alva Edison to music education." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/11101.
Full textWith the invention of the phonograph in 1877, Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) ushered in a new era of musical experiences. Among other things, his device provided new learning opportunities for both amateur and professional musicians, in addition to non-musicians. By 1906, Edison recordings were being made for the Siegel-Myers Correspondence School of Music's distance instruction program, five years before Edison's major competitor, the Victor Talking Machine Company, established its education department under the direction of Frances Elliott Clark (1860-1958). The major difference between the competitors' devices was that the Edison phonograph allowed users to record music and the Victor talking machine did not. Despite this disadvantage, the Victor device was marketed more successfully as an aid to music education. Although Edison's phonograph companies encouraged music education through student performance, self-recording, and correspondence feedback, in 1921 Thomas A. Edison, Inc. hired Charles H. Farnsworth (1859-1947) to, in part, replicate Victor's successful approach to music education: learning to appreciate music through listening to recorded music. While Edison and his phonograph have received considerable attention in some scholarly literature, there has been no significant research on his or his companies' involvement with music education. The purpose of this study was to help fill this gap in the literature. Toward that end, the following research questions were addressed: (1) In what ways did Thomas A. Edison contribute to music education? (2) In what ways did Edison's phonograph companies contribute to music education? (3) How, and to whom, did Edison's phonograph companies market their phonographs and other music education products? and (4) How did Edison's approach to music instruction via the phonograph differ from that of Frances Elliott Clark and the Victor Talking Machine Company? Historical research techniques were used in this study, beginning with an examination of documents at the Thomas Edison National Historical Park in West Orange, New Jersey, the National Association for Music Education (NAfME) Historical Center at the University of Maryland, College Park, and the Music Library at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. These archives contain primary source material about Edison, Clark, and the Edison and Victor phonograph companies.
Spurgeon, Alan Linder. "George Oscar Bowen : his career and contributions to music education /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1990.
Find full textGross, Jeanne Bilger. "Benjamin Russel Hanby, Ohio composer-educator, 1833-1867: His contributions to early music education /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148758461216499.
Full textHarriott, Janette Donovan. "Barbara Andress : her career and contributions to early childhood music education /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1999.
Find full textStewart, Shawna Lynn. "Charles C. Hirt at the University of Southern California| Significant contributions and an enduring legacy." Thesis, University of Southern California, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3564029.
Full textDr. Charles Hirt and the Department of Church and Choral Music at the University of Southern California (USC) produced some of America's most successful choral conductors and administrators. Many of those students are conducting or administrating at the finest colleges and universities, secondary schools, churches, and community choral organizations in the nation. From the earliest moments of his career, Charles Hirt himself received a seemingly endless string of accolades. Always focused on the betterment and future of the choral arts, he was a "founding father" of significant choral organizations such as the American Choral Directors Association (ACDA), Choral Conductors Guild of California, and the International Federation of Choral Music. It was also his visionary mindset that served as a hallmark of his tenure at USC and arguably earned him the right to stand as an equal alongside the greatest of American choral conductors.
It is the aim of this study to examine Hirt's significant contributions to the University of Southern California and his legacy as it continues on in his students and the subsequent generation of choral leaders they generated.
Patterson, DeAnna Rose. "A History of Three African-American Women Who Made Important Contributions to Music Education Between 1903 and 1960." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1182182858.
Full textWaters, Jonathan Neale. "Jack Oliver Evans: His Life and His Contributions to the Ohio State University School of Music." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1409850331.
Full textSturm, Jeannine Anne. "Helen Marla Mutschler (b. 1935): Her Life and Contributions to String Education." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/241933.
Full textThomas, Susanne L. "Kenneth I. Bray, his contribution to music education." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0003/MQ32518.pdf.
Full textPrest, Anita L. "The growth and contributions of bridging social capital to rural vitality via school-community music education partnerships." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/51362.
Full textEducation, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
Petersen, Jr Gerald Anthony. "Factors Contributing to Arizona Elementary General Music Teachers' Attitudes and Practices Regarding Multicultural Music Education." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1109%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
Full textPoritsky, Marc I. "Cleveland and Northeast Ohio's Overlooked Historical Contributions to Underground, Punk, and Alternative Music." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1401293444.
Full textCarpente, John Albert. "Contributions of Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy Within a Developmental, Individual-Differences, Relationship-Based (DIR®)/Floortime™ Framework to the Treatment of Children With Autism: Four Cases." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2009. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/42498.
Full textPh.D.
This study was concerned with the effectiveness of Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy (NRMT) carried out within a Developmental, Individual-Difference, Relationship-based (DIR®)/Floortime Framework in addressing the individual needs of children with autism. In NRMT, the child is an active participant in the music making process, playing various instruments that require no formal training. The therapist's task is to improvise music built around the child's musical responses, reactions, responses, and/or movements to engage him or her in a musical experience that will facilitate musical relatedness, communication, socialization, and awareness. The DIR® model provides a comprehensive framework for assessing, understanding, and treating the child. It centers on helping the child master the building blocks of relating, communicating, and thinking through the formulation of relationships via interactive play, using Floortime (a systematic way of working with the children to help them reach their developmental potential). This study sought to determine the effectiveness of NRMT in meeting musical goals specifically established for each individual child, and to conclude if progress in musical goals paralleled progress in non-musical (DIR®) goals.
Temple University--Theses
Salinas, Ashley. "Original Viola Study Literature: Analyzing the Pedagogical Contributions of Marco Frank." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157561/.
Full textShoop, Stephen Scott. "The Texas Bandmasters Association a historical study of activities, contributions, and leadership (1920-1997) /." Thesis, view full-text document, 2000. http://www.library.unt.edu/theses/open/20012/shoop%5Fstephen/index.htm.
Full textMatier, Rosemary. "Georg Gruber : his contribution to music education in South Africa and an evaluation of selected vocal compositions and arrangements." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002312.
Full textBonner, Dennis M., and Dennis M. Bonner. "Irving Gifford Fine: His Choral Music and His Contributions to American Music." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626241.
Full textGao, Boyang. "Contributions to music semantic analysis and its acceleration techniques." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECDL0044/document.
Full textDigitalized music production exploded in the past decade. Huge amount of data drives the development of effective and efficient methods for automatic music analysis and retrieval. This thesis focuses on performing semantic analysis of music, in particular mood and genre classification, with low level and mid level features since the mood and genre are among the most natural semantic concepts expressed by music perceivable by audiences. In order to delve semantics from low level features, feature modeling techniques like K-means and GMM based BoW and Gaussian super vector have to be applied. In this big data era, the time and accuracy efficiency becomes a main issue in the low level feature modeling. Our first contribution thus focuses on accelerating k-means, GMM and UBM-MAP frameworks, involving the acceleration on single machine and on cluster of workstations. To achieve the maximum speed on single machine, we show that dictionary learning procedures can elegantly be rewritten in matrix format that can be accelerated efficiently by high performance parallel computational infrastructures like multi-core CPU, GPU. In particular with GPU support and careful tuning, we have achieved two magnitudes speed up compared with single thread implementation. Regarding data set which cannot fit into the memory of individual computer, we show that the k-means and GMM training procedures can be divided into map-reduce pattern which can be executed on Hadoop and Spark cluster. Our matrix format version executes 5 to 10 times faster on Hadoop and Spark clusters than the state-of-the-art libraries. Beside signal level features, mid-level features like harmony of music, the most natural semantic given by the composer, are also important since it contains higher level of abstraction of meaning beyond physical oscillation. Our second contribution thus focuses on recovering note information from music signal with musical knowledge. This contribution relies on two levels of musical knowledge: instrument note sound and note co-occurrence/transition statistics. In the instrument note sound level, a note dictionary is firstly built i from Logic Pro 9. With the musical dictionary in hand, we propose a positive constraint matching pursuit (PCMP) algorithm to perform the decomposition. In the inter-note level, we propose a two stage sparse decomposition approach integrated with note statistical information. In frame level decomposition stage, note co-occurrence probabilities are embedded to guide atom selection and to build sparse multiple candidate graph providing backup choices for later selections. In the global optimal path searching stage, note transition probabilities are incorporated. Experiments on multiple data sets show that our proposed approaches outperform the state-of-the-art in terms of accuracy and recall for note recovery and music mood/genre classification
Lima, MarlÃcia Chagas de. "The music teaching ways in Fortaleza: Contributions of PIBID." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16090.
Full textThis study aims to analyze, from the perspective of graduate students in Music and Pedagogy, the interaction established between music and pedagogy through the Institutional Program of Scholarship Initiation to Docencia (PIBID) during the period from 2010 to 2012. The subjects are graduate students in Music and Pedagogy from the Federal University of Cearà who worked as fellows by the PIBID, a federal program to encourage teacher training and aimed at the improvement of teacher education for Basic Education and the improvement of quality of Brazilian public education. Through this study about de work developed by the PIBID fellows in three schools of the Public Education System of Fortaleza, we realized that the musical practices are presented as a potentially favorable factor for social change groups and individuals. In this study we discussed what permeates the implementation of music education content in school life, through the joint action of Music and pedagogy fellows and we reflect about the shared learning (MATOS, 2014) that occurred at school between those participating students in the Program. Our methodological approach is qualitative and is configured as a case study (CRESSWELL, 2010) and our theoretical approach is grounded in Vygotsky (2007), Koellreutter (1997), Freire (2013), Moraes (1993, 2007) and Morin (2000).
O presente trabalho pretende analisar, na perspectiva dos licenciandos de MÃsica e Pedagogia, a interaÃÃo estabelecida entre MÃsica e Pedagogia por meio do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de IniciaÃÃo à DocÃncia (PIBID), durante o perÃodo de 2010 à 2012. Os sujeitos participantes sÃo estudantes aos cursos de Licenciatura em MÃsica e Pedagogia da Universidade Federal do Cearà (UFC) que atuaram, como bolsistas, junto ao PIBID, um Programa Federal de incentivo à formaÃÃo docente e cujo objetivo à o aperfeiÃoamento da formaÃÃo de professores para a EducaÃÃo BÃsica e a melhoria de qualidade da educaÃÃo pÃblica brasileira. Estudando o trabalho desenvolvido pelos bolsistas do PIBID em trÃs escolas do Sistema PÃblico Municipal de Ensino de Fortaleza, percebemos que prÃticas musicais se apresentam como um fator potencialmente favorÃvel para a transformaÃÃo social dos grupos e de indivÃduos. Neste trabalho discutimos que permeiam a implementaÃÃo dos conteÃdos de EducaÃÃo Musical no cotidiano escolar, atravÃs da aÃÃo conjunta de bolsistas de MÃsica e Pedagogia e refletimos sobre as aprendizagens compartilhadas (MATOS, 2014), ocorridas no ambiente escolar entre os referidos estudantes participantes do Programa. Nossa abordagem metodolÃgica à de carÃter qualitativo e configura-se como um estudo de caso (CRESWELL, 2010) e nosso aporte teÃrico alicerÃa-se em (VIGOTSKY, 2007), (KOELLREUTTER, 1997), (FREIRE, 2013), (MORAES, 1993, 2007) e (MORIN, 2000).
Alvim, Diogo. "Music through architecture : contributions to an expanded practice in composition." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.703888.
Full textSmith, Mary Margaret. "The Swing Era Clarinetists and Their Contributions to Twentieth-Century Clarinet Repertoire." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1291011109.
Full textBeaudreau, Pierre. "Recent contributions to the phenomenology of musical time : a critical survey." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100198.
Full textUn dévelopment récent dans le domaine de la théorie musicale est l’application des méthodologies phénomenologiques de l’analyse du temps musical. Une analyse phénomenologique de la musique prend, comme point de départ, la musique comme phénomene “auditif.” Cette thèse fournit une étude critique des diverses façons par lesquelles les théoriciens de lp musique ont appliqué la phénomenologie à l’analyse du temps musicale. Je commence mon étude par une présentation générale de la discipline philosophique de la phénomenologie.et ensuite je considère le travail de trois théoriciens, Judy Lochhead, Thomas Clifton, et David Lewin, qui ont adopté une démarche phénomenologique aux questions du temps dans la musique. Dans le dernier chapitre, je considère certaines études du temps musicale faites par deux autres théoriciens, Christopher F. Hasty et Jonathan D. Kramer. Malgré le fait que ces derniers ne sont pas d’abords des phénomenologistes, certains aspects de leur travail peuvent néanmoins être considérés comme implicitement phénomenologique en caractère.
Conti, Agustin A. "Argentine music styles contributions to contemporary jazz language : analysis of six original compositions." FIU Digital Commons, 2009. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2428.
Full textForari, Antonia. "The voices of Cypriot music education : a sociology of music education." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10006665/.
Full textThorgersen, Ketil. "Music from the Backyard : Hagström's Music Education." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för musik och medier, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-40056.
Full textRobinson, Paul. "Contributions to multidisciplinary engineering education and training." Thesis, University of Hull, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418986.
Full textDunn, Anne Maureen. "Music education : an adult education perspective." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1989. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10019700/.
Full textHouser, Kimberly Ann. "Five virtuoso harpists as composers: Their contributions to the technique and literature of the harp." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280708.
Full textYoung, Sharon M. "Music teachers' attitudes, classroom environments, and music activities in multicultural music education /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148794066543544.
Full textNGUYEN, DUY. "SOFTWARE FOR MUSIC EDUCATION." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/190713.
Full textJain, Judith. "Louise Goss: The Professional Contributions of an Eminent American Piano Pedagogue." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1342716172.
Full textGoins, Mervyn L. "Harold W. Reed : contributions to Christian higher education /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1991.
Find full textMakonnen, Karyn. "The Interdisciplinary Approach: A Music Education Methods Course Component For Preservice Education and Music Education Majors." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1421884052.
Full textStock, Carolyn D. "Perspectives in music education and arts education : the role of National standards for arts education in music education policy reform /." view abstract or download file of text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p1413024.
Full textTypescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-75). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
Paton, Rod. "The process of renewal in music and music education." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307250.
Full textKeepe, Michael Leonard. "The Hollywood Saxophone Quartet: Its History and Contributions to Saxophone Quartet Performance in the United States." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/217063.
Full textBarrett, James Edward. "Music technology in school education." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515328.
Full textRunn, Elin, and Mikaela Jönsson. "Using music in Swedish education." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-29906.
Full textAlcorn, Kerry. "BORDER CROSSINGS: US CONTRIBUTIONS TO SASKATCHEWAN EDUCATION, 1905-1937." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10225/934.
Full textTitle from document title page (viewed on November 25, 2008). Document formatted into pages; contains: x, 227 p. : ill. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 212-225).
Torrance, Tracy A. "Music Ensemble Participation: Personality Traits and Music Experience." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7100.
Full textJarachovic, Jacquelyn Sarah. "Vocal Health Education for Preservice Music Education Students." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1588190950179913.
Full textHolmberg, Susan D. "Music teachers’ perceptions: the role of music education in early literacy." Diss., Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4635.
Full textCurriculum and Instruction Programs
Jana R. Fallin
In the wake of No Child Left Behind Act (U.S. Department of Education, 2006), educational reforms focused on providing students with effective systematic instruction in reading skills have become a nationwide concern. Report findings from the National Reading Panel (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2000), indicate the establishment of a high quality comprehensive reading curriculum must include the five key components of phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension to improve reading achievement. These essential elements, with emphasis on phonemic awareness and phonics skills beginning in pre-kindergarten, are instrumental in the acquisition of early literacy development. The purpose of this qualitative study was directed toward better understanding first grade general music teachers’ perceptions of the role of music education in the attainment of early literacy. Using a multi-site case study design to examine and present an analysis of nine public elementary school music educators from across a Midwestern state, each of which used one of the three elementary general music series currently published, resulted in this collective case study. Data indicated parallels focused on the five key reading components between music and language literacy development processes, with particular emphasis on aural discrimination skills to phonemic awareness. Further findings described the sequential sound before symbol pedagogical practice of music literacy development from the perspective of the nine general music educators to be similar to early reading skills progressions, as they experienced equivalent learning processes. Implications for the educational community and suggestions for further research were discussed.
Perkins, Emily Good. "In Search of Culturally Sustaining Music Pedagogy| Adolescent Music Students' Perceptions of Singing and Music Teaching." Thesis, Teachers College, Columbia University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10816933.
Full textThe diversity present within K-12 classrooms in the United States presents teachers with students from many backgrounds and musical traditions. Traditional undergraduate music education programs which prioritize the Western canon provide little opportunity for students to address diversity, both in pedagogy and in content. Prospective music teachers in the choral or general music areas experience vocal education that focuses primarily on the classical bel canto vocal technique. This education fails to prepare teachers to teach students from diverse backgrounds and musical traditions. Because music plays an important role in adolescents’ identity formation, teachers who are unprepared to recognize and teach diverse vocal styles may unknowingly alienate or silence their students.
The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of how two groups of music students, in early adolescence, and from a diverse urban public school, perceive the singing and the music teaching in their general music classrooms. By discovering their perspectives, I hoped to shed light on the ways in which music teaching influenced their musical, vocal, and cultural identities, particularly during the malleable time of adolescence.
Over the course of three months, I conducted semi-structured interviews with 14 students and two teachers as well as twice-weekly classroom observations. Three research questions informed the data collection process: (1) How do students in a diverse urban public school describe their own singing and musical background? (2) How do they describe the vocal (and music) teaching in their general music class? (3) How do they describe an effective or ideal music teacher?
The interview data and field notes from the observations were coded, organized, and analyzed into the following categories: (1) Music and Self Expression; (2) Music and Family; (3) Culturally Congruent and Incongruent Teaching; (4) Student Vocal Profiles; (5) If They Could Teach the Music Class, How Would They Teach? The overarching conclusion from this study is that the congruence or incongruence of a teacher’s musical epistemology — “the norms, logic, values, and way of knowing” music (Domínguez, 2017, p. 233) — along with the musical epistemologies of her students was the primary factor for student exclusion or empowerment in the classroom.
Szabó, Zsolt. "Dr. Gusztáv Höna : his performance and pedagogical career and contributions to the development of the Hungarian trombone school." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3201.
Full textSchaus, Lam E. "Implementing multicultural music education in the elementary schools' music curriculum." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111519.
Full textKush, Jason Matthew. "François Louis: The Invention of the Aulochrome and Contributions to the Development of the Saxophone." Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/216.
Full textWest, Susan, and susan west@anu edu au. "A new paradigm in music education : the Music Education Program at The Australian National University." The Australian National University. Centre for Educational Development and Academic Methods, 2007. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20090816.132910.
Full textGassler, Christopher J. "The Contributions of Thomas G. Everett to Bass Trombone Repertoire, Literature, and Research." Thesis, view full-text document, 2002. http://www.library.unt.edu/theses/open/20022/gassler%5Fchristopher%5Fj/index.htm.
Full textAccompanied by 4 recitals, recorded Apr. 8, 1996, Jan. 27, 1997, Nov. 30, 1998, and June 24, 2002. Includes bibliography of trombone music (p. 44-53); other bibliographical references (p. 54-67).
Gaydos, Thomas Joseph Odo. "Popular Music in the Paterson, New Jersey General Music Classroom." Thesis, The William Paterson University of New Jersey, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10827718.
Full textThis project seeks to discover ways to effectively use popular music in the general music classroom in order to have lessons be more culturally relevant, give students a better understanding of musical concepts, and increase engagement. The research methods for this thesis included review of various articles, a survey (see appendix C), and personal experience as a general music teacher. My research suggested ways for music teachers to use popular music in the general music classroom in order to keep lessons culturally relevant, give students a better understanding of musical concepts, and increase engagement. A one unit curriculum centered on popular music in the general music classroom was created using the Understanding by Design curriculum template (see appendix D). This research is important to the field of music education because effective use of popular music can help music educators in their goal of having their students understand musical concepts and be engaged throughout lessons.