Academic literature on the topic 'Contributions in planning'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Contributions in planning.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Contributions in planning"
1
Bryson, John M., Fran Ackermann, and Colin Eden. "Contributions of Planning Under Pressure." Planning Theory 3, no. 3 (November 2004): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473095204048814.
Full text
2
Viton, Philip A. "Economic Contributions to Transportation Planning I." Journal of Planning Literature 4, no. 2 (April 1989): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088541228900400202.
Full text
3
Viton, Philip A. "Economic Contributions to Transportation Planning II." Journal of Planning Literature 4, no. 3 (July 1989): 270–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088541228900400303.
Full text
4
Viton, Philip A. "Economic Contributions to Transportation Planning III." Journal of Planning Literature 4, no. 4 (October 1989): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088541228900400406.
Full text
5
Bozóky, L., G. József, Gy Reischl, and G. Varjas. "Recent contributions to planning therapeutic irradiations." Acta Physica Hungarica 58, no. 1-2 (September 1985): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03155705.
Full text
6
Bruzzo, Aurelio. "Regional Economic Planning." SCIENZE REGIONALI, no. 3 (October 2009): 171–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/scre2009-003009.
Full textAbstract:
- (Paper first received, March 2009; in final form, September 2009) Abstract The paper covers the scientific debate among Italian regionalists since the mid-1970s on Regional Economic Planning, understood as socio-economic planning carried out by regional administrations and expressed in the drafting of regional development programmes. The somewhat critical survey locates contributions by Italian scholars within a broader debate simultaneously ongoing at international level, the purpose being to advance the discipline both theoretically-methodologically and in its concrete implementation. The conclusion reached is that Italian regionalists have made a major contribution to the international scientific debate especially when they have induced (at high government level and in a decidedly wider territorial context) a limited number of regions to adopt the strategic planning model hitherto applied to urban and metropolitan areas in both Italy and abroad.Keywords: planning policy and models; regional socio-economic development policyJEL Classification: O21; R58
7
Swift, Kenton D. "An Analysis of IRS Concerns with Conservation Easement Charitable Deductions." ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr.2010.8.1.18.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT: Over the past 30 years conservation easements have become an increasingly popular tool available to private landowners for protecting endangered natural areas, scenic properties, and working farms and forests. In addition, the charitable contribution deduction allowed for qualified conservation easement contributions has grown from an obscure and technical type of contribution to one of the most popular and significant types of charitable deductions available to taxpayers. Conservation easement contributions have also created a tugging match between those who write federal tax law and those who enforce it. Congress has generally looked on conservation easements favorably, and has increased the tax benefits of such contributions over time, while the IRS has listed contributions of conservation easements as an important source of tax evasion. This conflict leaves taxpayers in the middle, faced with the necessity of carefully planning qualifying conservation easement contributions in this difficult environment. The purpose of this article is to identify critical tax planning issues for those considering conservation easement transactions in light of IRS concerns.
8
Clancy, Kate. "Potential Contributions of Planning to Community Food Systems." Journal of Planning Education and Research 23, no. 4 (June 2004): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x04264893.
Full text
9
McGowan, Féidhlim P., and Peter D. Lunn. "Supporting decision-making in retirement planning: Do diagrams on Pension Benefit Statements help?" Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 19, no. 3 (February 13, 2019): 323–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747219000015.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper investigates whether exposure to explanatory diagrams can affect a major financial decision. In a controlled experiment, participants were given Pension Benefit Statements with or without one or two diagrams, before answering incentivised questions that measured recall, comprehension and choice of contribution rate. The diagrams had at best a marginal influence on recall or comprehension. Nevertheless, a diagram relating contributions to income projections prompted more participants to advocate higher contributions, while both diagrams influenced the rationale participants gave for decisions. The implication is that although pension products remain hard to understand, diagrams may alter decisions by reinforcing relevant causal thinking.
10
SHANKIE-WILLIAMS, NORMA. "DEVELOPER CONTRIBUTIONS." Australian Planner 30, no. 1 (March 1992): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.1992.9657547.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Contributions in planning"
1
Xampeny, Solaní Rafael. "Contributions to the planning and analysis of factorial designs." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/620638.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis is structured in five articles. In the first article, two methods are compared to analyze the significance of the effects: the Lenth method and the one based on the estimation of the variance of the effects from interactions that can be considered negligible from scratch. For the most common factorial designs and in a set of scenarios that seek to reflect the situations that the experimenter can find in practice, simulation techniques are used to identify the errors that are committed with each method. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, we recommend in which situations it is more appropriate to use one method or the other.
The second article analyzes the problem of estimating the results of experiments that could not be performed based on the expression of the interactions that can be considered negligible. The variance of the estimated values depends on what these values are and also on the interactions considered negligible. All possible encountered situations are analyzed and tables are presented with the values that can be estimated with minimum variance depending on the type of design and the contrasts available to perform the estimates.
The third article deals with the same problem as the second but analyzing the impact of the estimate not on the variance of the estimated response values but on the variance of the effects and also on the correlations among them. The analysis of all the situations that can be given in the most common designs, allows us to make recommendations about what experiments should be skipped in the case that, due to time or budgetary constraints, all runs indicated by the factorial design cannot be executed.La tesi està estructurada en cinc articles. En el primer es comparen dos mètodes per analitzar la significació dels efectes: el mètode de Lenth i el basat en l’estimació de la variància dels efectes a partir de les interacciones que a priori es poden considerar nul·les. Pels dissenys factorials més habituals i en un conjunt d’escenaris que pretenen reflectir les situacions que l’experimentador es pots trobar a la pràctica, es fan servir tècniques de simulació per identificar els errors que es cometen amb cada mètode. A partir de l’anàlisi dels resultats obtinguts es recomana en quina situació és més adequat fer servir un mètode o l’altre. El segon article analitza el problema d’estimar els resultats d’experiments que no s’han pogut realitzar a partir de l’expressió de les interaccions que es poden considerar negligibles. La variància dels valors estimats depèn de quins siguin aquests valors i també de les interaccions considerades negligibles. S’analitzen totes les situacions que es poden donar i es presenten unes taules amb els valors que es poden estimar amb variància mínima segons el tipus de disseny i de quins siguin els contrastos disponibles per fer les estimacions. El tercer article aborda el mateix problema que el segon però analitzant l’impacte de l’estimació no en la variància dels valors estimats sinó en la variància dels efectes i també en les correlacions entre ells. L’anàlisi de totes les situacions que es poden donar en els dissenys més habituals permet fer recomanacions sobre quins experiments convé deixar de fer en el cas que per restriccions de temps o pressupostaries no es puguin fer tots el que indica el disseny factorial. Fer servir resultats estimats en comptes de fer els experiments, té conseqüències negatives encara que es facin servir les millors opcions possibles. Aquestes conseqüències negatives s’estudien en el quart article i fan referencia a l’augment de la probabilitat d’error, tant de tipus I com de tipus II, en l’anàlisi de la significació dels efectes. Aquest article aporta un conjunt de gràfics que representen les probabilitats d’error amb valors estimats en front el cas que s’hagin fet tots els experiments. Finalment, els cinquè article té una estructura similar al primer. Es compara el mètode de Lenth, el més popular i el que apareix més sovint en els paquets de software estadístic, amb el mètode de Box-Meyer. Aquest últim és un mètode bayesià que pràcticament no es fa servir, segurament per la seva dificultat tant a nivell conceptual com de càlcul. Però aquestes dificultats perden rellevància amb l’ús generalitzat dels ordinadors. L’article posa de manifest que en molts casos el mètode de Box-Meyer dona millor resultats que el de Lenth.
2
Xiao, Liyang. "Contributions on planning and optimization in modern healthcare system." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCA028.
Full textAbstract:
La recherche opérationnelle (RO) joue un rôle important dans les systèmes de santé. Au cours des dernières années, l'hospitalisation à domicile comme les hôpitaux de réhabilitation ont émergé pour pallier aux coûts du système de santé et à la qualité de vie des patients. Dans les secteurs de la réhabilitation, la gestion des soins de santé est sous-développée et la plupart des hôpitaux de réhabilitation sont gérés uniquement par l’expérience. Dans cette thèse, nous traitons d'abord le problème de la planification des traitements dans les hôpitaux de réhabilitation afin de les optimiser. Notre travail vise à réduire le temps d’attente des patients hospitalisés et ainsi améliorer leur satisfaction. Afin de résoudre efficacement ce problème de planification de traitements complexes, nous proposons une approche basée sur un algorithme de recherche hybride de coucou qui est testée et validée dans un cas réel. Nous nous intéressons ensuite à l'hospitalisation à domicile qui constitue un autre problème réel compte tenu du vieillissement de la population. Dans la plupart des régions, un nombre croissant d’organisations à but lucratif et à but non lucratif s’associent pour offrir des soins aux patients. Elles ont tendance à atteindre un niveau hospitalier tant en quantité et qu'en qualité avec une flexibilité accrue par rapport aux services hospitaliers. Nous étudions les problèmes de planification et d'acheminement des soins à domicile en tenant compte de nombreuses contraintes liées à la fois aux patients et aux soignants. Le problème est un scénario pratique motivé et vise à minimiser les coûts d'exploitation totaux. Nous utilisons le solveur commercial Gurobi pour résoudre et valider le modèle avec des données réellesOperations research (OR) plays an important role in healthcare system. In recent years, rehabilitation hospitals have been emerging to meet the increasing needs for rehabilitation services due to the ageing population trend. However, the healthcare management in rehabilitation sectors is undeveloped and most of the rehabilitation hospitals (departments) are managed by experience. In this thesis, we deal with a treatment scheduling problem in rehabilitation hospitals. The objective is to facilitate the scheduling process. More importantly, our work aims at reducing the waiting time of inpatients so as to improve inpatients’ satisfactions. In order to solve the complex treatment scheduling problem efficiently, we propose an approach based on a hybrid cuckoo search algorithm which is tested and validated in a real case. Moreover, home healthcare (HHC) is another real-world issue considering the aggravating trend of ageing population. In most areas, an increasing number of social-profit & non-profit organizations are joining in providing healthcare services to patients at their homes and it has a tendency to reach the hospital-level in both quantity and quality for the added flexibility than hospital's service. We investigate home healthcare scheduling and routing problem with consideration of many real-life factors, especially lunch break requirement. The problem is practical scenario motivated and aims at minimizing the total operating cost. We use the commercial solver Gurobi to solve and validate the model with real data
3
La, Hera Pedro. "Underactuated mechanical systems : Contributions to trajectory planning, analysis, and control." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-39719.
Full textAbstract:
Nature and its variety of motion forms have inspired new robot designs with inherentunderactuated dynamics. The fundamental characteristic of these controlled mechanicalsystems, called underactuated, is to have the number of actuators less than the number ofdegrees of freedom. The absence of full actuation brings challenges to planning feasibletrajectories and designing controllers. This is in contrast to classical fully-actuated robots.A particular problem that arises upon study of such systems is that of generating periodicmotions, which can be seen in various natural actions such as walking, running,hopping, dribbling a ball, etc. It is assumed that dynamics can be modeled by a classicalset of second-order nonlinear differential equations with impulse effects describing possibleinstantaneous impacts, such as the collision of the foot with the ground at heel strikein a walking gait. Hence, we arrive at creating periodic solutions in underactuated Euler-Lagrange systems with or without impulse effects. However, in the qualitative theory ofnonlinear dynamical systems, the problem of verifying existence of periodic trajectoriesis a rather nontrivial subject.The aim of this work is to propose systematic procedures to plan such motions and ananalytical technique to design orbitally stabilizing feedback controllers. We analyze andexemplify both cases, when the robotmodel is described just by continuous dynamics, andwhen continuous dynamics is interrupted from time to time by state-dependent updates.For trajectory planning, systems with one or two passive links are considered, forwhich conditions are derived to achieve periodicmotions by encoding synchronizedmovementsof all the degrees of freedom. For controller design we use an explicit form tolinearize dynamics transverse to the motion. This computation is valid for an arbitrarydegree of under-actuation. The linear system obtained, called transverse linearization, isused to analyze local properties in a vicinity of the motion, and also to design feedbackcontrollers. The theoretical background of these methods is presented, and developedin detail for some particular examples. They include the generation of oscillations forinverted pendulums, the analysis of human movements by captured motion data, and asystematic gait synthesis approach for a three-link biped walker with one actuator.
4
Berglund, Martina. "Using Tentacles in Planning and Scheduling Work : Activities, Roles and Contributions." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Ergonomi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10564.
Full textAbstract:
Handling production scheduling is increasingly difficult for manyenterprises, and human involvement is necessary. The overall objective ofthis research was to gain further understanding of planners’ and schedulers’work within the manufacturing industry, to elucidate how their worksituation is formed, and to explain their significance to other employees’work and company activities. Scheduling work was studied in fourcompanies in the Swedish woodworking industry; a sawmill, a parquet floormanufacturer, a furniture manufacturer and a house manufacturer. Themethod used was activity analysis which is based on the analysis of workactivities in real work situations. Data collection included 20 days’observations and 65 interviews. Cross-case analysis with British cases onplanning work was also included.The findings revealed that the schedulers’ tasks lead to many activities. Twothirds of these are what can be expected. The remaining third constitutesactivities that depend on the schedulers’ individual attributes and the contextin which they work. The schedulers serve as problem solvers in a number ofdomains and constitute efficient information nodes, making them animportant service function. Furthermore, they have an alignment rolebetween different organizational groups. This role is specifically remarkablein dealing with production enquiries that must be aligned with productioncapability. Here, both planners and schedulers play an essential role inlinking the manufacturing and the commercial sides and their differentfunctional logics.Planners and schedulers in daily work exert strong influence on others. Theydo not hold legitimate power. Instead their influence emanates mainly fromaccess to and control of information and their ability to apply expertise tointerpret this information and examine the impact of decisions made acrossdifferent areas of the business. Personal power related to social skills is alsosignificant.Furthermore, they facilitate others’ work in continuous personalinteractions, serving the technical scheduling software system, and aligningdifferent organizational functions. In combination with expert knowledgeand developed social skills, they significantly contribute to quality operationsperformance. Finally, the schedulers influence the decision latitude of otheremployees and may indirectly promote job satisfaction, thus contributing todeveloping appropriate working conditions for others in the company.QC 20100624
5
Berglund, Martina. "Using tentacles in planning and scheduling work : activiteis, roles and contributions /." Stockholm : Skolan för teknik och hälsa, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10564.
Full text
6
FILIPPO, THAIS HERNANDEZ. "STRATEGIC INVESTMENTS PLANNING AND EXECUTION UNDER UNCERTAINTY: REAL OPTION THEORY CONTRIBUTIONS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19254@1.
Full textAbstract:
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORPROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Este trabalho se propõe a orientar como utilizar de forma conjunta e complementar os conceitos de Estratégia Empresarial e Finanças, mais especificamente da Teoria de Opções Reais, uma moderna teoria de análise de investimentos sob incerteza. Nas empresas vem coexistindo dois sistemas para a alocação de recursos: o planejamento estratégico e a orçamentação de capital, em geral, o primeiro define as iniciativas estratégicas e o segundo faz a verificação de viabilidade econômico-financeira destas iniciativas. Entretanto, muitas vezes a intuição vai contra as análises financeiras tradicionais. Além disso, a complexidade da tomada de decisão estratégica em um ambiente de incerteza vem crescendo em função do acelerado dinamismo do mercado e da infinidade de oportunidades que aparecem em um mundo altamente globalizado e conectado. Portanto, a união dos conceitos atualmente dispersos nestes dois sistemas é de fundamental importância para a deliberação e execução de estratégias consistentes e lucrativas. A Teoria de Opções Reais, cujas características se aproximam mais da realidade estratégica por considerar as flexibilidades gerenciais e não ter a abordagem passiva das ferramentas tradicionais, aparece, então, como uma resposta a esta necessidade de aproximação. Neste contexto, esta dissertação busca analisar a contribuição desta teoria à Estratégia Empresarial e construir um modelo que aproxime estes dois campos de estudo e direcione a prática de planejamento e execução de investimentos estratégicos.
This work intends to give guidance on how to use jointly and complementarily the concepts of Corporate Strategy and Finance, specifically the Theory of Real Options, a modern theory of investment analysis under uncertainty. In corporate practice are co-existing two systems for resource allocation, strategic planning and capital budgeting. Usually the first defines the strategic initiatives and the second checks the economic viability of these initiatives. However, intuition often goes against the traditional financial analysis. Moreover, the complexity of strategic decision making in an uncertain environment is growing rapidly as a function of market dynamics and the myriad of opportunities that appear in a highly globalized and connected world. Therefore, the union of these two concepts currently dispersed in these systems is of fundamental importance for the deliberation and execution of consistent and profitable strategies. Real Options Theory, whose characteristics are closer to reality by considering the strategic and managerial flexibility and not having the passive approach of traditional tools, then appears as a response to this need for approximation. In this context, this dissertation seeks to analyze the contribution of this theory to business strategy and build a model that combines these two fields of study and directs the practice of planning and execution of strategic investments.
7
Brachman, Lavea. "Institutional contributions to firm growth in university related research parks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12406.
Full text
8
Rumipamba, Zambrano Rubén Darío. "Contributions to network planning and operation of Flex-Grid/SDM optical core networks." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666326.
Full textAbstract:
The ever demanding bandwidth requirements for supporting emerging telecom services such as ultra-high-definition video streaming, cloud computing, connected car, virtual/augmented reality, etc., bring to the fore the necessity to upgrade continuously the technology behind transport networks in order to keep pace with this exponential traffic growth. Thus, everything seems to indicate that fixed-grid Wavelength-Division Multiplexed (WDM) networks will be upgraded by adopting a flexible-grid, thus providing finer bandwidth allocation granularities, and therefore, increasing the Grade-of-Service by packing more information in the same spectral band of standard Single-Mode Fibers (SMFs). Nevertheless, unfortunately, the fundamental Shannon’s limit of SMFs is rapidly approaching, and, then, the research efforts to increase the SMFs' capacity will be useless.
One solution to overcome this capacity crunch effect is to enable one extra dimension in addition to the frequency one, namely, the spatial dimension, thus deploying S parallel paths in order to multiply, in the best case, by S the capacity of SMF-based networks. However, additionally, it is necessary to decrease the cost and energy per bit in order to provide economically attractive solutions. For this purpose, a smooth upgrade path has to be carried out as new integrated devices and system components are developed for Space Division Multiplexing (SDM).
This thesis is concentrated on the planning and operation of the combined flexible WDM and SDM networks (i.e., Flex-Grid/SDM networks) proposing several strategies aimed at optimizing network resources usage with hardware complexity analysis. For this purpose, firstly, network problems are carefully studied and stated, and then, mathematical and/or heuristic algorithms are designed and implemented in an optical network simulator.
Specifically, after an introduction to the thesis, chapter 2 presents the background and related work. Next, chapter 3 concentrates on the study of spatially fixed Flex-Grid/SDM networks, i.e., when a rigid number of spatial channels are reserved per allocated traffic demand. In its turn, chapter 4 studies the case of Spectrally-Spatially Flexible Optical Networks (SS-FONs), as the ones providing the upper-bound network capacity. Costs and hardware requirements implied on providing this flexibility are analyzed. Network nodes aimed at reducing the cost of SS-FONs are presented and evaluated in chapter 5. Finally, this thesis ends with the presentation of the main contributions and future research work in chapter 6.La demanda de ancho de banda cada vez más exigente para soportar servicios de telecomunicación emergentes tales como la transmisión de video de alta calidad, computación en la nube, vehículo conectado, realidad virtual/aumentada, etc.…, ha puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de actualizar constantemente la tecnología detrás de las redes de transporte óptico con la finalidad de ir a la par de este incremento exponencial del tráfico. De esta manera, todo parece indicar que las redes basadas en la multiplexación por division de longitud de onda (Wavelength Division Multiplexing, WDM) de ancho espectral fijo serán actualizadas adoptando un ancho de banda espectral flexible, que ofrece asignaciones de ancho de banda con granularidad más fina acorde a las demandas de tráfico; y por lo tanto, incremanta el Grado de Servicio de la red, ya que se permite acomodar mayor información en la misma banda espectral de las fibras monomodo (Single Mode Fibers, SMFs). Sin embargo, desafortunadamente, el límite de Shannon de las fibras monomodo se está aproximando cada vez más, y cuando esto ocurra las investigaciones para incrementar la capacidad de las fibras monomodo serán infructuosas. Una posible solución para superar este colapso de las fibras monomodo es habilitar la dimensión espacial a más de la frecuencial, desplegando 𝑆� caminos paralelos con la finalidad de multiplicar por 𝑆� (en el mejor de los casos) la capacidad de las fibras monomodo. No obstante, es necesario disminuir el costo y la energía por bit con la finalidad de proveer soluciones comerciales atractivas. Para tal propósito debe llevarse a cabo una actualización moderada conforme nuevos dispositivos y componentes integrados son desarrollados para la implementación de la tecnología basada en la multiplexación por división de espacio (Space Division Multiplexing, SDM). Esta tesis se concentra en la planificación y operación de la combinación de las redes WDM flexibles y SDM (es decir, de las redes Flex-Grid/SDM) proponiendo varias estrategias dirigidas a optimizar el uso de los recursos de red junto con el análisis de la complejidad del hardware que viene acompañada. Para este fin, primeramente, los problemas de red son cuidadosamente estudiados y descritos. A continuación, se han diseñado e implementado algoritmos basados en programación lineal entera o heurísticas en un simulador de redes ópticas. Después de una introducción inicial, el capítulo 2 de esta tesis presenta el marco teórico sobre los conceptos tratados y los trabajos publicados anteriormente. A continuación, el capítulo 3 se concentra en el estudio de las redes Flex-Grid/SDM con la dimensión espacial rígida; es decir, cuando un número fijo de canales espaciales son reservados por cada demanda de tráfico establecida. Por su parte, el capítulo 4 estudia las redes Flex-Grid/SDM considerando flexibilidad tanto en el dominio espacial como espectral (Spectrally and Spatially Flexible Optical Networks, SS-FONs), las cuales proveerían la capacidad máxima de las redes SDM. Adicionalmente, los costos y requerimientos de hardware implicados en la provisión de esta flexibilidad son analizados. El capítulo 5 presenta la evaluación de nodos orientados a reducir los costos de las SS-FONs. Finalmente, el capítulo 6 expone las principales contribuciones y las posibles líneas de trabajo futuro
Els requisits incessants d’ample de banda per al suport de nous serveis de telecomunicació, com poden ser la difusió en directe de vídeo de molt alta definició, la informàtica en el núvol, els cotxes intel·ligents connectats a la xarxa, la realitat virtual/augmentada, etc…, han exigit una millora contínua de les tecnologíes de les actuals xarxes de transport de dades. Tot sembla indicar que les xarxes de transport òptiques actuals, basades en la tecnologia de multiplexació per divisió de longitud d’ona (Wavelength Division Multiplexing, WDM) sobre un grid espectral rígid, hauran de ser reemplaçades per tecnologies òptiques més flexibles, amb una granularitat més fina a l’hora de suportar noves connexions, incrementat el grau de servei de les xarxes gràcies a aprofitament major de l’ample de banda espectral proporcionat per les fibres òptiques monomode (Single Mode Fibers, SMFs). Tanmateix, estem exhaurint ja la capacitat màxima de les fibres òptiques SMF segons ens indica el límit fonamental de Shannon. Per tant, qualsevol esforç enfocat a millorar la capacitat d’aquestes xarxes basades en SMFs pot acabar sent infructuós. Una possible solució per superar aquestes limitacions de capacitat és explorar la dimensió espacial, a més de l’espectral, desplegant 𝑆 camins en paral·lel per tal de multiplicar per 𝑆, en el millor cas, la capacitat de les SMFs. Tot i això, és necessari reduir el cost i el consum energètic per bit transmès, per tal de proporcionar solucions econòmicament viables. Amb aquest propòsit, pot ser necessària una migració progressiva, a mesura que es desenvolupen nous dispositius i components per aquesta nova tecnologia de multiplexació per divisió espacial (Spatial Division Multiplexing, SDM). La present tesi es centra en la planificació i operació de xarxes òptiques de nova generació que combinin tecnologies de xarxa WDM flexible i SDM (és a dir, xarxes Flex-Grid/SDM), proposant estratègies per a l’optimització de l’ús dels recursos de xarxa i, en definitiva, el seu cost (CapEx). Amb aquest propòsit, s’analitzen en primer moment els problemes adreçats. Tot seguit, es dissenyen algorismes per tal de solucionar-los, basats en tècniques de programació matemàtica i heurístiques, els quals s’implementen i es proven en un simulador de xarxa òptica. Després d’una introducció inicial, el capítol 2 d’aquesta tesi presenta tots els conceptes tractats i treballs relacionats publicats amb anterioritat. Tot seguit, el capítol 3 es centra en l’estudi de les xarxes Flex-Grid/SDM fixes en el domini espai, és a dir, on sempre es reserva un nombre rígid de canals espacials per qualsevol demanda suportada. El capítol 4 estudia les xarxes flexibles en els dominis espectrals i espacials (Spectrally-Spatially Flexible Optical Nextworks, SS-FONs), com aquelles que poden proporcionar una capacitat de xarxa màxima. En aquest context, s’analitzen els requeriments en termes de cost i hardware per tal de proporcionar aquesta flexibilitat. Llavors, en el capítol 6 es presenten opcions de node de xarxa capaces de reduir els costos de les xarxes SS-FONs. Finalment, en el capítol 7 es repassen totes les contribucions de la tesi, així com posibles línies de treball futur
9
Sayles, Rebecca. "Customer contributions to water sector planning and decision-making in England and Wales." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2015. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/12261.
Full textAbstract:
Mounting recognition of the socio-political context of the management of water resources has rendered the application of technocratic approaches in isolation insufficient in addressing future management challenges with participatory approaches increasingly promoted in response. Against this background, new regulatory mechanisms in the water sector in England and Wales promise an increased role for the views of customers in water utility planning and decision- making. Yet, existing scholarship on the institutionalisation of participative approaches in water utility planning and decision-making in England and Wales is sparse. This thesis contributes to an improved understanding of factors that hold potential to impact institutionalisation of participative approaches in this context by focusing on three specific aspects of effectiveness; motivational clarity, the influence of participative mechanism design, and the use and influence of water utility customer contributions in water sector planning and decision-making. This has been achieved through the deployment of participatory research in collaboration with the sponsoring organisation (a water utility operating in England and Wales) utilising group discussion and semi-structured interviews with domestic water customers and water utility practitioner respectively. Findings demonstrate that preference elicitation vehicles embedded within participatory mechanisms hold the potential to influence participants expressed preferences thus representing a key design consideration where multi- mechanism approaches are deployed in planning and decision-making contexts. Furthermore, useful design considerations for multi-attribute presentation in participatory mechanisms are presented. Findings also identify a dominance of instrumental and legalistic practitioner motivations for the use of participative approaches in water utility decision-making. Foremost, it identified the significance of the regulator in driving water utility practices for the management and influence of customer contributions in planning and decision- making, and more fundamentally illustrates the significant barrier posed by a legacy of technocratic practices for the institutionalisation of participatory approaches in water utilities.
10
McArdle, Joseph Jude. "Semantically Based Lexical Processing Yields Unique Topographic Contributions to the Speech Bereitschaftspotential." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26933.
Full textAbstract:
SEMANTICALLY BASED LEXICAL PROCESSING YIELDS UNIQUE TOPOGRAPHIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SPEECH BEREITSCHAFTSPOTENTIAL By Joseph J. McArdle
Martha Ann Bell, Ph.D. & Allen R. Braun, M.D., Co-Chairs
The Bereitschaftspotential (BP) is an event related potential believed to reflect motor planning and preparedness. Although the relationship between the BP and volitional movements of the distal limbs is well established, studies of the BP and speech have produced inconclusive findings. The most heavily debated of these findings were reports of left lateralized hemispheric asymmetry in the BP topography, shortly before speech onset. Several researchers argued that these shifts were artifacts produced by movements of the articulatory muscles. However, methodological differences between the studies could also explain why the asymmetry was not always found. In the present study it was proposed that articulatory complexity and semantic processing each contribute to observed variations in the speech BP topography. Eighteen healthy volunteers performed 3 speech tasks, designed to distinguish semantic and articulatory contributions to the BP topography. The findings suggested that articulatory complexity and semantic processing each uniquely contribute to the frontolateral and medial BP topographic distribution. The present study also introduced the use of Doppler imaging of the tongue as a means of eliminating potential artifactual tongue movements from the speech BP.Ph. D.
Books on the topic "Contributions in planning"
1
Booth, Neil D. Planning to reduce national insurance contributions. London: AccountancyBooks, 1993.
Find full text
2
Lovelace, Eldridge. Harland Bartholomew: His contributions to American urban planning. Urbana, Ill: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, 1993.
Find full text
3
Jr, Ray Thomas J., ed. Charitable tax planning. 2nd ed. Chicago: American Bar Association, Section of Real Property, Probate and Trust Law, 2007.
Find full text
4
New York (State). Office of the State Deputy Comptroller for the City of New York. New York City Planning Commission accountability for cash contributions. [New York, N.Y: Office of the State Deputy Comptroller, 1988.
Find full text
7
Sir Patrick Geddes Memorial Trust., ed. Grieveon Geddes: Professor Sir Robert Grieve's appreciation of the effect of Sir Patrick Geddes's thinking on his planning work in Scotland. (Edinburgh): Sir Patrick Geddes Memorial Trust, 1991.
Find full text
8
Guigou, Jean Louis. France 2015: Recomposition du territoire national : contributions au débat national. [Paris ]: DATAR, 1993.
Find full text
9
Contributions to a computer-based theory of strategies. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Find full text
10
Dongtan new town: Urban space design ; a book for master planner's contributions. [Seoul]: Korea Land Corporation, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Contributions in planning"
1
Haiss, Peter R. "Strategic Planning Systems." In Contributions to Economics, 31–41. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49993-7_3.
Full text
2
Kivits, Robbert, and Sukanlaya Sawang. "Communicative Planning." In Contributions to Management Science, 19–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70428-5_3.
Full text
3
Haiss, Peter R. "The Strategic Planning Process." In Contributions to Economics, 16–30. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49993-7_2.
Full text
4
Haiss, Peter R. "Contextual Factors of Planning." In Contributions to Economics, 50–68. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49993-7_5.
Full text
5
Haiss, Peter R. "Cultural Influences on Planning." In Contributions to Economics, 69–112. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49993-7_6.
Full text
6
Haiss, Peter R. "Planning Systems at Work." In Contributions to Economics, 128–49. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49993-7_8.
Full text
7
Persson, Lars Olof, and Ulf Wiberg. "Policy and Planning Perspectives." In Contributions to Economics, 99–114. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46973-2_6.
Full text
8
Kyrö, P., and M. Niemi. "Advancing Business Planning: From Planning to Entrepreneurial Learning." In Contributions to Management Science, 35–52. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2038-6_5.
Full text
9
Meisel, Frank. "Operational Planning Problems." In Contributions to Management Science, 17–30. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2191-8_3.
Full text
10
Haiss, Peter R. "Heuristics in Strategic Planning Processes." In Contributions to Economics, 42–49. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49993-7_4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Contributions in planning"
1
CALDWELL, WAYNE, REGAN ZINK, SARA EPP, and ELISE GESCHIERE. "FOOD PRODUCTION SYSTEMS, POLICIES AND RURAL PLANNING: CONTRIBUTIONS TO SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT." In ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 2020. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/eid200061.
Full text
2
Vilela, Plínio, Mônica Cachoni, Anderson Vieira, and Luciano Christofoletti. "Train Circulation Planning: Quantitative Approaches." In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2223.
Full textAbstract:
The railway traffic system is an important player in passenger and freight transportation. This paper aims to present a survey of optimization models for the most commonly studied rail transportation problems related to train scheduling. We propose a classification of models and describe their characteristics by focusing on model structure and algorithmic aspects. Most reviewed papers have been proposed during the last decades. Apart from a few exceptions, the survey concentrates on published and easily accessible material. We have also elected to limit ourselves to contributions dealing specifically with rail transportation planning in single and double tracks. Each model has different goals, such as, to minimize service delays, to reduce the unscheduled train stops or to minimize the total time a train has to remain motionless, specially to allow crossings. For each group of problems, we propose a classification of models and describe their important characteristics by focusing on model structure and algorithmic aspects. The literature review involve papers published since the 1970s, but recent publications suggest that the problem is still heavily investigated. The main approaches considered are those that focus on Mathematical Optimization and Simulation. The review also considers the approach used to generate the solution, the type of railroad (real or hypothetical), and the infrastructure characteristics used to represent the railroad model. Our analysis focuses on showing an overview of those planning models.
3
Fahmy, Syahrul, Abdul Razak Hamdan, and Aziz Deraman. "IT in Education Organization: A Strategic Planning Approach." In 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2474.
Full textAbstract:
Information Technology (IT) has significant impacts to modern organizations especially in assisting daily operations and meeting business targets. Main contributions of IT to organizations are increased efficiency, effectiveness and competitiveness. Non-profit organizations can also benefit as much as for-profit organizations from IT. Education Organizations (EOs) for example, would benefit in terms of effective management of assets, improved communication channels, management of education system changes and systematic dissemination of academic materials. This paper proposes an IT Strategic Planning (ITSP) framework for EOs in order to plan and manage IT-related resources. The framework comprises of five phases namely Strategic Direction, Analysis, Strategy, Implementation and Evaluation. End result of this process would be the ITSP Manual, a detailed documentation of the organization’s strategic direction, its environment and specific action plans to achieve business targets. This manual can be used in policy and decision-making activities.
4
Stori, James A., and Paul K. Wright. "A Knowledge-Based System for Machining Operation Planning in Feature Based, Open-Architecture Manufacturing." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dfm-1286.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Within the Integrated Design And Manufacturing Environment (IMADE), operation planning provides a mapping from geometric design primitives to machining operation sequences for manufacturing processes. Operation planning includes tool selection, machining parameter selection, and tool path generation. An object oriented approach to program structure is adopted, whereby features, operations and tools, inherit behaviors and attributes from the appropriate class-hierarchies for the part, the manufacturing operations, and tooling classes. A detailed example is presented illustrating the operation planning search algorithm. Scripts are generated by the individual machining operations for execution on a machine tool. Tooling information is maintained in an object-oriented database through the FAR libraries for Common LISP. Examples of particular process plans show that the inherent trade-offs between specified precision and machining time can be investigated. An Open Architecture Machine Tool (MOSAIC-PM) has been used to machine the parts created by the feature based design and planning system. The novel contributions of this paper relate to the demonstration of “seamless” links between, a) design, b) planning, and c) actual fabrication by milling.
5
Deng, Zhong-Shan, and Jing Liu. "Uncertainty Analysis in Bioheat Transfer Modeling for Treatment Planning of Nano-Cryosurgery." In 2008 Second International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/micronano2008-70270.
Full textAbstract:
The ultimate aim of cryosurgery is to exactly kill all tumor cells within a closely defined region. For this purpose, we recently proposed an effective approach to perform conformal cryosurgical treatment of tumors by adjuvant use of nano-particles. Such a nanoparticle-enabled cryosurgical modality is termed as nano-cryosurgery. In this study, the uncertainties for the predicted temperatures of tissues in nano-cryosurgery due to approximate parameters were investigated. Contributions of uncertainties from the tissue area permeated with nanoparticles, the concentration of nanoparticles, and the thermal parameters of tissues were respectively analyzed, and the uncertainty limits for temperature distributions in these cases were also estimated. The uncertainty analysis presented in this study is expected to serve as a significant guide for performing a highly efficient and also completely safe nano-cryosurgical treatment.
6
Faber, Michael Havbro. "Risk Informed Structural Systems Integrity Management: A Decision Analytical Perspective." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62715.
Full textAbstract:
The present paper is predominantly a conceptual contribution with an appraisal of major developments in risk informed structural integrity management for offshore installations together with a discussion of their merits and the challenges which still lie ahead. Starting point is taken in a selected overview of research and development contributions which have formed the basis for Risk Based Inspection Planning (RBI) as we know it today. Thereafter an outline of the methodical basis for risk informed structural systems integrity management, i.e. the Bayesian decision analysis is provided in summary. The main focus is here directed on RBI for offshore facilities subject to fatigue damages. New ideas and methodical frameworks in the area of robustness and resilience modeling of structural systems are then introduced, and it is outlined how these may adequately be utilized to enhance Structural Integrity Management (SIM). Finally, the concept of Value of Information analysis (VoI) from the Bayesian pre-posterior decision analysis is proposed, as an overarching methodical platform for the planning and optimization of structural Health Monitoring (SHM) activities in the context of SIM at both operational and strategic levels.
7
Gupta, Anchit, and Shivaram Kalyanakrishnan. "Improved Strong Worst-case Upper Bounds for MDP Planning." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/248.
Full textAbstract:
The Markov Decision Problem (MDP) plays a central role in AI as an abstraction of sequential decision making. We contribute to the theoretical analysis of MDP PLANNING, which is the problem of computing an optimal policy for a given MDP. Specifically, we furnish improved STRONG WORST-CASE upper bounds on the running time of MDP planning. Strong bounds are those that depend only on the number of states n and the number of actions k in the specified MDP; they have no dependence on affiliated variables such as the discount factor and the number of bits needed to represent the MDP. Worst-case bounds apply to EVERY run of an algorithm; randomised algorithms can typically yield faster EXPECTED running times. While the special case of 2-action MDPs (that is, k = 2) has recently received some attention, bounds for general k have remained to be improved for several decades. Our contributions are to this general case. For k >= 3, the tightest strong upper bound shown to date for MDP planning belongs to a family of algorithms called Policy Iteration. This bound is only a polynomial improvement over a trivial bound of poly(n, k) k^{n} [Mansour and Singh, 1999]. In this paper, we generalise a contrasting algorithm called the Fibonacci Seesaw, and derive a bound of poly(n, k) k^{0.6834n}. The key construct we use is a template to map algorithms for the 2-action setting to the general setting. Interestingly, this idea can also be used to design Policy Iteration algorithms with a running time upper bound of poly(n, k) k^{0.7207n}. Both our results improve upon bounds that have stood for several decades.
8
Shakirov, Eldar, Kaitlyn Gee, Haden Quinlan, A. John Hart, Clement Fortin, and Ighor Uzhinsky. "Simulating the AM Production Facility: A Configurable Software Tool for Strategic Facility-Level Planning." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8308.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Additive Manufacturing (AM) — one of several core digital technologies in “Industry 4.0” — is increasingly being deployed in industrial-scale contexts. The successful serial production of end-use polymer and metal components has demonstrated the possibility of AM as a primary production process in several applications. However, one of the principal challenges to greater adoption is a lack of organizational mastery over AM’s implementation in production contexts, and, more specifically, the absence of clear decision-making tools to facilitate exploration of implementation scenarios. To this end, this work proposes the use of a discrete-event simulation-based software modelling tool to investigate the influences of different facility-level planning decisions on techno-economic characteristics of serial production by AM. By changing key parameters, this tool enables users to observe variation in part cost, identify the contributions of individual system elements to part cost, and assess overall system throughput. The tool enables users to identify locally optimal solutions and make corresponding planning decisions, and to explore limiting cases of cost and lead time. In conclusion, we identify the limitations in the current modeling approach, and propose additional directions for future study.
9
Ghassemi, Payam, and Souma Chowdhury. "Decentralized Informative Path Planning With Balanced Exploration-Exploitation for Swarm Robotic Search." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97887.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Swarm robotic search is concerned with searching targets in unknown environments (e.g., for search and rescue or hazard localization), using a large number of collaborating simple mobile robots. In such applications, decentralized swarm systems are touted for their task/coverage scalability, time efficiency, and fault tolerance. To guide the behavior of such swarm systems, two broad classes of approaches are available, namely nature-inspired swarm heuristics and multi-robotic search methods. However, simultaneously offering computationally-efficient scalability and fundamental insights into the exhibited behavior (instead of a black-box behavior model), remains challenging under either of these two class of approaches. In this paper, we develop an important extension of the batch Bayesian search method for application to embodied swarm systems, searching in a physical 2D space. Key contributions lie in: 1) designing an acquisition function that not only balances exploration and exploitation across the swarm, but also allows modeling knowledge extraction over trajectories; and 2) developing its distributed implementation to allow asynchronous task inference and path planning by the swarm robots. The resulting collective informative path planning approach is tested on target search case studies of varying complexity, where the target produces a spatially varying (measurable) signal. Significantly superior performance, in terms of mission completion efficiency, is observed compared to exhaustive search and random walk baselines, along with favorable performance scalability with increasing swarm size.
10
Savulescu, Savu C., and Sudhir Virmani. "Half a century of computer methods in power system analysis, planning and operations: Part II: Glenn W. Stagg and his contributions to advancing the technology." In 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (PSCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/psce.2011.5772512.
Full textReports on the topic "Contributions in planning"
1
Phuong, Vu Tan, Nguyen Van Truong, and Do Trong Hoan. Commune-level institutional arrangements and monitoring framework for integrated tree-based landscape management. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21024.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Governance is a difficult task in the context of achieving landscape multifunctionality owing to the multiplicity of stakeholders, institutions, scale and ecosystem services: the ‘many-multiple’ (Cockburn et al 2018). Governing and managing the physical landscape and the actors in the landscape requires intensive knowledge and good planning systems. Land-use planning is a powerful instrument in landscape governance because it directly guides how actors will intervene in the physical landscape (land use) to gain commonly desired value. It is essential for sustaining rural landscapes and improving the livelihoods of rural communities (Bourgoin and Castella 2011, Bourgoin et al 2012, Rydin 1998), ensuring landscape multifunctionality (Nelson et al 2009, Reyers et al 2012) and enhancing efficiency in carbon sequestration, in particular (Bourgoin et al 2013, Cathcart et al 2007). It is also considered critical to the successful implementation of land-based climate mitigation, such as under Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), because the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector is included in the mitigation contributions of nearly 90 percent of countries in Sub-Saharan and Southern Asia countries and in the Latin American and Caribbean regions (FAO 2016). Viet Nam has been implementing its NDC, which includes forestry and land-based mitigation options under the LULUCF sector. The contribution of the sector to committed national emission reduction is significant and cost-effective compared with other sectors. In addition to achieving emission reduction targets, implementation of forestry and land-based mitigation options has the highest benefits for social-economic development and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (MONRE 2020). Challenges, however, lie in the way national priorities and targets are translated into sub-national delivery plans and the way sub-national actors are brought together in orchestration (Hsu et al 2019) in a context where the legal framework for climate-change mitigation is elaborated at national rather than sub-national levels and coordination between government bodies and among stakeholders is generally ineffective (UNDP 2018). In many developing countries, conventional ‘top–down’, centralized land-use planning approaches have been widely practised, with very little success, a result of a lack of flexibility in adapting local peculiarities (Amler et al 1999, Ducourtieux et al 2005, Kauzeni et al 1993). In forest–agriculture mosaic landscapes, the fundamental question is how land-use planning can best conserve forest and agricultural land, both as sources of economic income and environmental services (O’Farrell and Anderson 2010). This paper provides guidance on monitoring integrated tree-based landscape management at commune level, based on the current legal framework related to natural resource management (land and forest) and the requirements of national green-growth development and assessment of land uses in two communes in Dien Bien and Son La provinces. The concept of integrated tree based landscape management in Viet Nam is still new and should be further developed for wider application across levels.
2
Andreas, Balthasar, and Schalcher Hans-Rudolf. Research for Switzerland’s energy future. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.1.en.
Full textAbstract:
The résumé of the NRP “Energy” is a scientific contribution to the process of opinion formation, to political and specialist debate as well as to the planning of strategies and measures necessary for the transformation of the energy system against the backdrop of Switzerland’s Energy Strategy 2050. With the suggested approaches and recommendations, the résumé is especially aimed at those key stakeholders who, to a considerable extent, shape the energy system and who can thus also influence its development.
3
Brinkerhoff, Derick W., Sarah Frazer, and Lisa McGregor-Mirghani. Adapting to Learn and Learning to Adapt: Practical Insights from International Development Projects. RTI Press, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.pb.0015.1801.
Full textAbstract:
Adaptive programming and management principles focused on learning, experimentation, and evidence-based decision making are gaining traction with donor agencies and implementing partners in international development. Adaptation calls for using learning to inform adjustments during project implementation. This requires information gathering methods that promote reflection, learning, and adaption, beyond reporting on pre-specified data. A focus on adaptation changes traditional thinking about program cycle. It both erases the boundaries between design, implementation, and evaluation and reframes thinking to consider the complexity of development problems and nonlinear change pathways.Supportive management structures and processes are crucial for fostering adaptive management. Implementers and donors are experimenting with how procurement, contracting, work planning, and reporting can be modified to foster adaptive programming. Well-designed monitoring, evaluation, and learning systems can go beyond meeting accountability and reporting requirements to produce data and learning for evidence-based decision making and adaptive management. It is important to continue experimenting and learning to integrate adaptive programming and management into the operational policies and practices of donor agencies, country partners, and implementers. We need to devote ongoing effort to build the evidence base for the contributions of adaptive management to achieving international development results.