Academic literature on the topic 'Contrôle MPPT'
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Journal articles on the topic "Contrôle MPPT"
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Confessor, Sâmya Lorena Medeiros, and Dorgival Albertino Da Silva Júnior. "MODELAGEM DE UM MÓDULO FOTOVOLTAICO PARA CONTROLE MPPT (MODELING OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE MPPT CONTROL." Engevista 18, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/engevista.v18i1.724.
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O presente artigo têm como objetivo apresentar a modelagem e simulação de um módulo fotovoltaico. Para isso, utilizou-se o modelo de um diodo, também conhecido como modelo ideal. A partir da modelagem, criou-se blocos através do MATLAB/Simulink® para implementação e simulação do módulo em estudo, o KC85T do fabricante Kyocera. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram e validaram o modelo desenvolvido, uma vez que as curvas características V-I e V-P obtidas coincidem com as fornecidas pelo fabricante do módulo PV. A partir do modelo, pode-se utilizá-lo em um sistema de geração fotovoltaica conectado a um conversor em que será realizado o controle do MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) do módulo PV.
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Hinokuma, Tatsuya, Hooman Farzaneh, and Ayas Shaqour. "Techno-Economic Analysis of a Fuzzy Logic Control Based Hybrid Renewable Energy System to Power a University Campus in Japan." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071960.
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In order to reduce the load demand of buildings in Japan, this study proposes a grid-tied hybrid solar–wind–hydrogen system that is equipped with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system, using a fuzzy logic control (FLC) algorithm. Compared with the existing MPPTs, the proposed MPPT provides rapid power control with small oscillations. The dynamic simulation of the proposed hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) was performed in MATLAB-Simulink, and the model results were validated using an experimental setup installed in the Chikushi campus, Kyushu University, Japan. The techno-economic analysis (TEA) of the proposed system was performed to estimate the optimal configuration of the proposed HRES, subject to satisfying the required annual load in the Chikushi campus. The results revealed a potential of 2% surplus power generation from the proposed HRES, using the FLC-based MPPT system, which can guarantee a lower levelized cost of electricity (LOCE) for the HRES and significant savings of 2.17 million yen per year. The TEA results show that reducing the cost of the solar system market will lead to a reduction in LCOE of the HRES in 2030.
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Hua, Chih-Chiang, and Yu-Jun Zhan. "A Hybrid Maximum Power Point Tracking Method without Oscillations in Steady-State for Photovoltaic Energy Systems." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 5590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185590.
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This paper proposes a hybrid maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method with zero oscillation in steady-state by combining genetic algorithm (GA) and perturbation and observation (P&O) method. The proposed MPPT can track the global maximum power point (GMPP) fast for a photovoltaic (PV) system even under partial shaded conditions (PSC). The oscillations around the GMPP are eliminated and the power loss can be reduced significantly. In addition, the proposed MPPT can make the PV system operate at the highest efficiencies under various atmospheric conditions. During the MPP tracking, the system will oscillate around the MPPs, resulting in unnecessary power loss. To solve the problem, the artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, such as PSO, Bee Colony optimization, GA, etc., were developed to deal with this issue. However, the problem with the AI algorithm is that the time for convergence may be too long if the range of the MPP search space is large. In addition, if the atmospheric conditions change fast, the PV system may operate at or close to the local maximum power points (LMPPs) for a long time. In this paper, a method combining the P&O’s fast tracking and GA’s GMPP tracking ability is proposed. The proposed system can stop the oscillations as soon as the GMPP is found, thus minimizing the power loss due to oscillations. The proposed MPPT can achieve superior performance while maintaining the simplicity of implementation. Finally, the simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed system.
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Casaro, Marcio Mendes, and Denizar Cruz Martins. "Processamento eletrônico da energia solar fotovoltaica em sistemas conectados à rede elétrica." Sba: Controle & Automação Sociedade Brasileira de Automatica 21, no. 2 (April 2010): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-17592010000200005.
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Este artigo apresenta um sistema fotovoltaico conectado à rede elétrica comercial em configuração centralizada e construído com um inversor trifásico de dois estágios capaz de extrair a máxima potência do arranjo de painéis fotovoltaicos. O algoritmo P&O é adotado como técnica de MPPT. O isolamento é realizado por um transformador de alta frequência. O conversor que compõe o estágio CC-CC dispensa a estrutura de controle, pois funciona com razão cíclica e frequência constantes ao longo de toda a faixa de operação. Isto viabiliza o uso de conversores CC-CC ressonantes, cujo rendimento é elevado em altas frequências, favorecendo a compactação da estrutura de potência. Assim, o conversor trifásico série ressonante é escolhido para compor este estágio. O MPPT é transferido para o estágio CC-CA, que, invariavelmente, possui um controlador para a corrente injetada na rede elétrica. O inversor trifásico PWM alimentado em tensão, que compõe o estágio CC-CA, é controlado e modulado vetorialmente. O controle vetorial impõe a transformação de Park as correntes de linha, de onde resulta a corrente de eixo direto. O MPPT utiliza as mesmas variáveis do controlador de corrente e maximiza a corrente de eixo direto, a qual reflete a potência extraída do arranjo fotovoltaico. Assim, nenhuma medição específica para o MPPT é realizada, resultando em economia de sensores.
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C. C. dos Santos, Cássia, Jean Patric da Costa, Carlos Marcelo de Oliveira Stein, Emerson Giovani Carati, Rafael Cardoso, and L. I. Nadal. "CONTROL STRATEGY FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC BOOST CONVERTER OPERATING IN MPPT AND LPPT MODES." Eletrônica de Potência 25, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18618/rep.2020.3.0006.
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Mara Vital Barros, Camila, Wellington Santos Mota, Péricles Rezende Barros, and Luciano Sales Barros. "Mppt Of Wind Energy Conversion Systems Based On Pmsg Through Predictive Control." Eletrônica de Potência 20, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18618/rep.2015.4.2553.
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Chao, Kuei-Hsiang, and Muhammad Nursyam Rizal. "A Hybrid MPPT Controller Based on the Genetic Algorithm and Ant Colony Optimization for Photovoltaic Systems under Partially Shaded Conditions." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 2902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102902.
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A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller was used to make the photovoltaic (PV) module operate at its maximum power point (MPP) under changing temperature and sunlight irradiance. Under partially shaded conditions, the characteristic power–voltage (P–V) curve of the PV modules will have more than one maximum power point, at least one local maximum power point and a global maximum power point. Conventional MPPT controllers may control the PV module array at the local maximum power point rather than the global maximum power point. MPPT control can be also implemented by using soft computing methods (SCM), which can handle the partial shade problem. However, to improve the robustness and speed of the MPPT controller, a hybrid MPPT controller has been proposed that combines two SCMs, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). Matlab was used in a simulation of a GA-ACO MPPT controller where four SunPower SPR-305NE-WHT-D PV modules with a maximum power of 305.226 W connected in series were used under conditions of partial shade to investigate the performance of the proposed MPPT controller. The results obtained were analyzed and compared with others obtained under perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT and conventional ACO MPPT controllers were observed.
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Al Gizi, Abdullah J. H. "PLC Fuzzy PID Controller of MPPT of Solar Energy Converter." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS AND CONTROL 16 (January 7, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23203.2021.16.1.
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Development of the Maximum-Power-Point-Tracking (MPPT) scheme for solar mounts and rectifiers leftovers interesting. We design of high-sensitive fuzzy (HSF) Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PIDC) controller by means of Matlab and Programmable-Logic-Controllers (PLCs) for an adjusted of the MPPT scheme. This proposal is founded on a synergistic mixture of the Radial-Basis-Function-Neural Network (RBF-NN), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Sugeno-Fuzzy-Logic (SFL) systems. The finest limits of PIDC and MPPT are strong-minded through optimization, wherever RBF-NN is adjusted by means of GA to reach the best key. Also, RBF-NN is rummage-sale to improve the PID limits (got from GA) for scheming HSFL-PIDC of the MPPT scheme. The HSFL-PIDC controller is extra planned to transfer in PLCs (STEP 75.5) for implementing the photovoltaic (PV) scheme. The all-inclusive scheme is extra tuned by solar limits under numerous operational circumstances to advance the solar recital in terms of accusing and correcting. The recital of the planned analog employed MPPT controller is assessed by interfacing it with a hardware prototype of dual photovoltaic (PV) scheme. The mixture controller configured the regulator signal founded on the interaction and in that way reduces the voltage mistake and the oscillation in the voltage regulator process. The achieved scheme is established to be well-organized and robust in refining solar charging and rectifying capability .
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González-Castaño, Catalina, Leandro L. Lorente-Leyva, Javier Muñoz, Carlos Restrepo, and Diego H. Peluffo-Ordóñez. "An MPPT Strategy Based on a Surface-Based Polynomial Fitting for Solar Photovoltaic Systems Using Real-Time Hardware." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 17, 2021): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020206.
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This paper presents an optimal design of a surface-based polynomial fitting for tracking the maximum power point (MPPT) of a photovoltaic (PV) system, here named surface-based polynomial fitting (MPPT-SPF). The procedure of the proposed MPPT-SPF strategy is based on a polynomial model to characterize data from the PV module with a global fit. The advantage of using polynomials is that they provide a good fit within a predefined data range even though they can diverge greatly from that range. The MPPT-SPF strategy is integrated with a DC-DC boost converter to verify its performance and its interaction with different control loops. Therefore, the MPPT strategy is applied to the reference outer PI control loop, which in turn provides the current reference to the inner current loop based on a discrete-time sliding current control. A real-time and high-speed simulator (PLECS RT Box 1) and a digital signal controller (DSC) are used to implement the hardware-in-the-loop system to obtain the results. The proposed strategy does not have a high computational cost and can be implemented in a commercial low-cost DSC (TI 28069M). The proposed MPPT strategy is compared with a conventional perturb and observe method to prove its effectiveness under demanding tests.
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Toriki, Mohammad Berel, Muhammad Khamim Asy’ari, and Ali Musyafa’. "Enhanced Performance of PMSG in WECS Using MPPT - Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control." Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés 54, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/jesa.540110.
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The wind turbine is a tool used to convert wind energy into electrical energy. This research applies the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm combined with the fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) to produce maximum power in the wind turbine. Addition of fuzzy logic algorithm to sliding mode control to reduce the chattering phenomenon caused by the high switching frequency of the MOSFET in the boost converter. The permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) type of generator with a capacity of 600 watts is used to convert the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy. Tracing the maximum power value of the generator with the MPPT-FSMC algorithm in this study based on the value of the generator output voltage, generator output current, and converter output voltage obtained through simulations on MATLAB / SIMULINK. Comparison of wind turbine performance using MPPT-FSMC and without MPPT is shown as validation of improved wind turbine performance when using intelligent control algorithm.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Contrôle MPPT"
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Abouda, Salim. "Contribution à la commande des systèmes photovoltaiques : application aux systèmes de pompages." Thesis, Reims, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REIMS005/document.
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L'objectif des travaux présentés dans cette thèse est d'apporter une contribution à l'étude d'un système photovoltaïque fonctionnant à sa puissance maximale et énergétiquement autonome. Le cas étudié, dans cette thèse, concerne la commande d'une chaine de pompage photovoltaïque dans un site isolé. Dans ce sens, et pour que le système photovoltaïque fonctionne à sa puissance maximale, il doit comporter un étage d'adaptation associé à un algorithme MPPT. Dans notre étude, nous avons utilisé deux algorithmes MPPT, l'algorithme “Perturb and Observe” (P&O) puis l'algorithme “ Increment of Conductance” (IncCond). Dans quelques applications industrielles, il est parfois nécessaire de maintenir la tension délivrée par le système photovoltaïque constante. Pour cela, un système de contrôle de cette tension est présenté. Les méthodes utilisées pour la simulation de ce système sont basées sur l'utilisation d'un régulateur PID, puis sur le contrôle par mode glissant, et enfin sur un contrôleur par logique floue. Ce système est testé pour une charge résistive puis pour le cas d'une pompe centrifuge entrainée par un moteur à courant continu à aimant permanent. Ensuite, nous avons étudié le cas d'une chaine de pompage utilisant un moteur asynchrone triphasé comme moteur d'entrainement. Dans le but d'avoir la possibilité de régler le débit d'eau, et en se basant sur la caractéristique de proportionnalité entre la vitesse et le débit, la méthode de contrôle direct du couple, Direct Torque Control - DTC est utilisée pour la commande de la vitesse du moteur asynchroneThe aim of the work presented in this thesis is to contribute to the study of a photovoltaic system operating at its maximum power and energetically autonomous. The case studied in this thesis relates to the control of a chain of photovoltaic pumping in an isolated site. In this sense and for the PV system operates at its maximum power, it must include a converter associated with a MPPT algorithm. In our study, we used two MPPT algorithms, the algorithm “Perturb and Observe” (P & O), then the algorithm “Increment of Conductance” (IncCond). In some industrial applications, it is sometimes necessary to maintain the voltage delivered by the PV system constant. For this, a control system of this voltage is presented. The methods used for the simulation of this system are based on the use of a PID controller and the sliding mode control, and finally a fuzzy logic controller. This system was tested for a resistive load then for the case of a centrifugal pump driven by a permanent magnetic DC motor. Then we studied the case of a pumping chain using a three-phase induction motor as a drive motor. In order to be able to regulate the flow of water, the Direct Torque Control method “DTC” is used to control the speed of the induction motor because it is proportional with the water flow
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Sahnoun, Mohamed Aymen. "Contribution à la modélisation et au contrôle de trajectoire de Trackers photovoltaïques à haute concentration (HCPV)." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENAM0043/document.
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Dans une optique de maximisation de la production et de réduction des coûts d’installation, de maintenance et d’entretien des trackers solaires, qui permettent d’orienter les modules photovoltaïques à haute concentration (HCPV), ces travaux de thèse se focalisent sur l’amélioration de la précision et la réduction du coût de la stratégie de génération de la trajectoire du tracker. Dans un premier temps, un simulateur de tracker HCPV est développé offrant une étude de l’influence de la performance du suivi du soleil sur la production des modules HCPV, permettant ainsi une étude et une comparaison des stratégies de génération de trajectoires. Le simulateur est basé sur un modèle comportemental de module HCPV monté sur tracker permettant de prédire la puissance maximale du module HCPV en fonction de l’erreur de position du tracker face au soleil, de l’ensoleillement direct et de la température. Une première stratégie de commande dite de référence a été implémentée sur ce simulateur. C’est une commande hybride qui repose sur un viseur solaire pour corriger l’erreur de poursuite par un calcul astronomique. Ensuite, afin d’améliorer les performances et de réduire les coûts de cette stratégie, une nouvelle approche sans capteur est développée en se basant sur une méthode d’optimisation du gradient de puissance pour la génération de la trajectoire du tracker. Une étude complémentaire est également exposée afin de mettre en évidence des algorithmes de recherche de la puissance maximale (MPPT) pouvant offrir des temps de réponse suffisamment rapides pour ne pas affecter la qualité de l’évaluation du gradient de puissance. Dans ce contexte, une commande MPPT P&O améliorée par un réseau de neurones à complexité réduite est proposée, assurant un compromis entre précision, simplicité et rapiditéThis work focuses on improving the accuracy and on reducing the cost of the tracker generating trajectory strategy, in order to maximize the production and to reduce the installation and the maintenance cost of a solar tracker orienting high concentrated photovoltaic modules (HCPV). Initially, we propose a behavioral modeling of the HCPV module mounted on a dual axis tracker in order to study the influence of the tracking performance on the module power production. Then, this simulator can be used to test control strategies and to compare their performance. Firstly, a classical control strategy is implemented in the simulator. It is based on a hybrid control operating an astronomical calculation to follow the sun path, and a sun sensor to correct the tracking error. A sensorless strategy is proposed in this work to reduce the cost of the HCPV tracker control. This strategy is based on a gradient optimization algorithm to generate the tracker trajectory and to catch the sun path. Tested on the simulator, this strategy presents the same accuracy as the classical strategy while being less costly. The last study proposed in this thesis work concerns maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms, in order to respond to a given problem relating to the practical implementation of gradient algorithm. In this context, we propose an original optimization of the P&O MPPT control with a neural network algorithm leading to a significant reduction of the computational cost required to train it. This approach, which is ensuring a good compromise between accuracy and complexity is sufficiently fast to not affect the quality of the evaluation of the gradient
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Druga, Mirela. "Méthodologie de conception d’aérogénérateurs optimaux, à faible coût, à destination des sites isolés." Le Havre, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LEHA0021.
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Le fort accroissement du petit éolien impose la nécessité de revoir les technologies existantes afin de les adapter à un besoin en plein expansion. Cette thèse développe une démarche de conception et de dimensionnement optimal de petits systèmes éoliens. Le profil statistique de la ressource éolienne, de la consommation et des objectifs du cahier des charges sont pris en compte. Notre choix de génératrice s'est porté sur la MSAP, dans le but de maximiser l’efficacité de la conversion de l’énergie éolienne dans les topologies économiquement viables. Cette étude a permis de mettre en exergue différents scénarios possibles de conduite de ces systèmes et de prévoir la manière de prendre en considération la commande. La simulation basée sur des données de vent enregistrées a permis la validation de nos modèles en situation réelle. L’avantage de notre approche software est d’être modulable et évolutive. En choisissant les paramètres pertinents de chaque élément et en utilisant nos résultats comme base de données, une méthode d’optimisation multicritères sous contraintes pourra être appliquée. Ainsi, une bibliothèque de modèles suivant le site et sa demande énergétique sera construite. Le code développé a la capacité de générer des dimensionnements optimaux, où le coût du kWh est pris en compte, ce qui constitue un des éléments déterminants dans le choix des constructeurs et des utilisateursThe strong increase of the small wind turbine production requires the review of the existing technologies to suit the expanding need. This thesis develops a design and optimal sizing methodology of stand alone wind systems. The statistical profile of wind resource, the expected consumption and the specification targets are taken into account. Our choice of generator is based on PMSM, in order to maximize the efficiency of the wind energy conversion within economically viable topologies. This study highlights different possible scenarios to drive the system and predicts how to take into account the system control. The simulation using a recorded wind data allowed the validation of our models in real situations. Our software approach advantages are modularity and adaptability. By choosing the relevant settings for each system element and using our results as database, a multi-criteria constrained optimization method can be applied. Therefore a library of models depending on the site and its energy demand could be built in order to expand our approach. The developed code has the ability to generate optimal sizing, where the cost per kWh is taken into account, which is a critical point for manufacturers and users
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Elgendy, Mohammed Ali Mohammed. "Photovoltaic pumping systems with microcontroller-based MPPT control." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610979.
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Photovoltaic pumping systems have become a favourable solution for water supply particularly for sunny regions that have no access to an electric grid. The maximization of energy utilization of these systems via maximum power point tracking (MPPT) has not been sufficiently exploited in the literature. As a result, most commercial photovoltaic pumping systems either utilize inefficient MPPT control or do not utilize MPPT control at all thus wasting up to 50% of the available solar power depending on component matching and weather conditions. It is therefore important that the operating behaviour of these systems under MPPT control must be better understood and their reliability proven under practical operating conditions. This thesis details an investigation of the performance characteristics of directly connected photovoltaic pumping systems, systems operated at a constant array voltage, and those utilizing MPPT control. Two hill-climbing MPPT algorithms namely perturb and observe algorithm and incremental conductance algorithm were chosen because of their simplicity and ease of implementation with a low cost microcontroller/DSP. Particular focus is given to the evaluation of the practical implementation of these two MPPT algorithms and the choice of their parameters. A simple and accurate empirical model is derived for each individual component of the system and the system is simulated numerically using the MATLAB/Simulink environment. A comprehensive analysis of the stability and the performance characteristics of the system in different operation modes is presented. The various advantages and drawbacks of each MPPT control technique are identified and energy utilization efficiency is calculated for different weather conditions. Experimental operation of the system was tested using a 1080Wp photovoltaic array connected to a lkW permanent magnet de motor-centrifugal pump set. A power converter was constructed and used as a pump controller to match the motor-pump set with the PV array. A Texas Instruments TMS320F2812 DSP based eZdsp kit was used for real-time control and data acquisition. Data acquisition is accomplished utilizing the real-time data exchange feature of the DSP kit. Practical results show very good agreement with the numerical simulation of the systems.
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Jiang, Li. "Resistance Control MPPT for Smart Converter PV System." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31951.
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DC nano-grid system shows promising prospect and enjoys some advantages over AC micro-grid system. It enables easier integration of multiple renewable energy sources with multiple loads. Photovoltaic (PV) is essentially a typical renewable source that serves as main power source in DC nano-grid system. Traditional PV system includes centralized PV system, string PV system and micro-converter PV system. More recently, smart converter PV system has been introduced and shown great improvement in aspects of power generation achieved by distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). It is also advantageous over micro-converter PV system due to lower cost and flexibility.
Detailed case study demonstrates that power generation efficiency can be easily compromised because of mismatch between different panels in centralized and string PV systems. In smart converter PV system, this problem can be solved due to distributed MPPT for each individual panel. The smart converter system has a very wide voltage range within which all panels can generate maximum power. The location and the width of this range are subject to change under different mismatch conditions. A second stage converter is needed to locate the array MPPT range. However, there is instability problem when doing second stage MPPT with traditional methods.
Modified methods based on conductance control and resistance control are analyzed and compared. Both methods can solve the MPPT instability problem. However, in terms of steady state performance, resistance control MPPT is more promising in terms of higher utilization ratio and faster tracking speed. It is because both methods are of inherited variable operating point step size with constant conductance or resistance perturbation step size. However, the operating point change decreases with resistance perturbation but increases with conductance perturbation otherwise. Therefore, resistance control MPPT is chosen as a good candidate. Both simulation and experimental results verifies the concept.Master of Science
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Heinen, Garrett David. "Modeling and Charging Control of a Lithium Ion Battery System for Solar Panels." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2017. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1745.
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The advancement in solar panel and battery technology makes them useful for energy supply and storage. This thesis involves the modeling and charging control of a lithium ion battery system for solar panels. The proposed model is based on the parameters and characteristics of a realistic battery and solar panel system; and the hybrid control approach combines the advantages of the adaptive incremental conductance method and the perturb and observe method to track the maximum power point of the solar panel for charging the battery unit. Computer simulation results demonstrate that this proposed approach offers a faster convergence rate than the adaptive incremental conductance method, and less steady-state error than the perturb and observe method.
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Lopez, Henrique Fioravanti Miguel. "Inversor módulo integrado utilizando um conversor CC-CC Zeta com controle MPPT FeedForward." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/3231.
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Previous issue date: 2009This work presents the study and development of a processing power system that could be used in the connection of renewable energy sources to commercial power grid. The system consists of a ZETA converter associated with a bridge inverter operating at low frequency. The Zeta converter, operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), plays the main role in this arrangement, producing a rectified sinusoidal current waveform synchronized with the electric grid. The function of the full-bridge inverter, connected in cascade with the Zeta converter, is to reverse every 180° the current generated by the Zeta converter. Initially it presents the analysis of the Zeta converter operating in DCM, as well as a design criterion. Following by the control strategy and the experimental results for the proposed system are presented and discussed.
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo do conversor CC-CC Zeta operando no modo de condução descontínuo, produzindo uma corrente senoidal retificada em sua saída, corrente esta que será entregue à rede elétrica comercial através de um inversor de ponte completa operando em baixa freqüência. O conversor Zeta, em conjunto com o inversor de ponte completa, forma o inversor módulo integrado. Um controle FeedForward é utilizado para se obter a máxima potência disponível nos painéis solares. Este controle é desenvolvido através de aproximações lineares das características elétricas dos painéis solares quando nestes incidem diferentes níveis de insolação e temperatura. É apresentado neste trabalho o modelo de espaços de estados médio para o conversor Zeta operando no modo de condução descontínuo, considerando a resistência interna da maioria dos seus componentes. Simulações e resultados experimentais são apresentados.
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Lopez, Henrique Fioravanti Miguel. "Inversor m?dulo integrado utilizando um conversor CC-CC Zeta com controle MPPT FeedForward." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/3021.
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Previous issue date: 2009-08-28Este trabalho apresenta um estudo do conversor CC-CC Zeta operando no modo de condu??o descont?nuo, produzindo uma corrente senoidal retificada em sua sa?da, corrente esta que ser? entregue ? rede el?trica comercial atrav?s de um inversor de ponte completa operando em baixa freq??ncia. O conversor Zeta, em conjunto com o inversor de ponte completa, forma o inversor m?dulo integrado. Um controle FeedForward ? utilizado para se obter a m?xima pot?ncia dispon?vel nos pain?is solares. Este controle ? desenvolvido atrav?s de aproxima??es lineares das caracter?sticas el?tricas dos pain?is solares quando nestes incidem diferentes n?veis de insola??o e temperatura. ? apresentado neste trabalho o modelo de espa?os de estados m?dio para o conversor Zeta operando no modo de condu??o descont?nuo, considerando a resist?ncia interna da maioria dos seus componentes. Simula??es e resultados experimentais s?o apresentados.
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Aouchiche, Nedjma. "Conception d’une commande MPPT optimale à base d’intelligence artificielle d’un système photovoltaïque." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCA001.
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La performance du système photovoltaïque connecté au réseau est fortement affectée par les conditions environnementales auxquelles est soumis tels que les variations atmosphériques aléatoires.Le travail de cette thèse vise à améliorer les performances des contrôleurs du hacheur DC/DC et l’onduleur PV face aux changements climatiques brutaux. A cet effet, la première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude comparative entre l’algorithme de de recherche de point de puissance maximale (MPPT) suivants : (i) l’algorithme de l’incrémentale de conductance (IC), la logique floue (FL) et l’algorithme d’optimisation d’essaim de particules (PSO). Ces algorithmes sont testés sous diverses conditions atmosphériques telles que l’ombrage partiel et évaluées en termes d’efficacité, de stabilité, de rapidité et de robustesse. D’après les résultats de la simulation, la PSO est meilleure par rapport à IC et FL, particulièrement durant l’ombrage partiel.La seconde partie de cette thèse a pour but l’amélioration de l’efficacité du système de contrôle DC/AC qui comprend une boucle interne de contrôle de tension de liaison DC (VDC) et une boucle de contrôle externe pour la régulation des courants directs et en quadrature (Id, Iq) fournis par la PLL. Chacune de ces deux boucles comprend un contrôleur PI dont les gains sont optimisés en utilisant des techniques méta-heuristiques afin d'améliorer les performances dynamiques du système PV triphasé connecté au réseau. Par conséquent, une étude comparative est effectuée pour les techniques méta-heuristiques proposées telles que : (i) l’algorithme d’optimisation des baleines à bosse (WOA), (ii) l’algorithme d’optimisation des loups gris (GWO), (iii) l’algorithme d’optimisation des fourmilions (ALO) et (iv) de l’algorithme d’optimisation Hétérocère-Flamme (MFO). Les résultats obtenus, via MatlabTM-Simulink, révèlent que la technique WOA proposée est plus performante que les autres techniques étudiées en termes d’efficacité et de stabilité et qui permet d’optimiser les gains des contrôleurs PI afin d’obtenir les meilleures valeurs de facteur de puissance et de THDThe grid connected the photovoltaic system performance is strongly affected by the environmental conditions that undergoes, such as random atmospheric variations.This thesis work aims to improve the DC / DC converter and the PV inverter controllers’ performance against brutal climatic fluctuations. Therefore, the first part of this thesis is devoted to the comparative study between the following maximum power point tracking algorithms (MPPT): (i) the algorithm of the Incremental of Conductance (IC), (ii) Fuzzy Logic (FL) and (iii) Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO). These algorithms are tested under various atmospheric conditions such as partial shading and evaluated in terms of efficiency, stability, speed and robustness. According to the simulation results, PSO is superior than IC and FL, especially during partial shading.The second part of this thesis deals with improving the efficiency of the DC / AC control system which includes an internal DC link voltage control loop (VDC) and an external control loop for direct current regulation and in quadrature (Id, Iq) provided by the PLL. Each of these two loops includes a PI controller whose gains are optimized using meta-heuristic techniques to improve the dynamic performance of the three-phase PV system connected to the network. Therefore, a comparative study is carried out for proposed meta-heuristics techniques such as: (i) whale optimization algorithm (WOA), (ii) gray wolf optimization algorithm (GWO) (iii) the Ant-Lion Optimization algorithm (ALO) and (iv) of the Moth-Flame Optimization algorithm (MFO). The results obtained, via MatlabTM-Simulink, reveal that the proposed WOA technique performance is relevant than the other studied techniques in terms of efficiency, robustness and stability which optimizes the PI controllers gains in order to obtain the best power factor and THD values
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Seguel, Julio Igor Lopez. "Projeto de um sistema fotovoltaico autônomo de suprimento de energia usando técnica MPPT e controle digital." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8CYMEY.
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This work presents the design and development of a battery charger aiming at applications in autonomous photovoltaic systems of low energy consumption, using a Buck type converter with digital control for the loading process based on a digital signal processor TMS320F2812 from Texas Instruments. In order help dimensioning the converter components the photovoltaic set was simulated, its parameters were adjusted according to a commercial module and the results showed similarity with the characteristic curves provided by the manufacturer. Aiming at the maximum energy produced by the photovoltaic panels, thus reducing the charging cycle, a maximum power point tracking MPPT technique was used. In order to choose the most adequate approach, a comparative study was carried on with the three most used MPPT techniques: Constant Voltage - CV, Perturbation and Observation P&O and Incremental Conductance IncCond. The analysis was made based on simulations which have taken into account varied operation conditions of the photovoltaic set. Electrochemical batteries are the ones proposed for the converted photovoltaic energy storage. Through the analysis of the voltage and current curves of such batteries, it is clear that one needs an elaborated control strategy in order to provide an adequate charging cycle. It is desired to completely charge the batteries, within its specified limits, as fast as possible, once the daily generation period is limited. In order to guarantee a complete, fast and secure charge of the batteries, a differentiated control strategy for the Buck converter is presented. When starting the charging process with the batteries discharged, it is desired that the photovoltaic modules operate at their maximum power, so that the batteries will charge as fast as possible. When the battery voltage reaches the maximum specified value (equalizing voltage), the charging process must go on with this constant voltage level and with current limitation in order to avoid damages to the battery due to excessive gas production. A linear model for the Buck converter is obtained, based on state space averaged variables, valid for small signal perturbation around a given operating point. With this model, transfer functions were obtained, which were used for the design of the analogical compensators, which were digitalized through appropriate discrete time approaches. Simulation results obtained using Matlab, as well as experimental tests made in a prototype developed in laboratory, were carried on in order to validate the project and test the charger performance.O presente trabalho apresenta o projeto de um carregador de baterias de chumbo ácido para aplicações em sistemas fotovoltaicos autônomos de baixo consumo de energia, a partir de um conversor de potência tipo Buck, com controle digital para o processo de carregamento por meio de um processador digital de sinais TMS320F2812 de Texas Instruments. Para auxiliar o dimensionamento dos componentes do conversor de potência foi simulado o arranjo fotovoltaico, ajustados seus parâmetros ao de um módulo comercial, os resultados obtidos mostraram a concordância das curvas características simuladas e aquelas fornecidas pelo fabricante. Visando maximizar a energia produzida pelos painéis fotovoltaicos é utilizada uma técnica de rastreamento do ponto de máxima potência (MPPT - maximum power point tracking). Para a escolha da técnica MPPT foi realizado um estudo comparativo das três técnicas mais utilizadas: tensão constante (CV - Constant Voltage), perturbação e observação (P&O - Perturbation and Observation) e condutância incremental (IncCond - Incremental Conductance). A análise foi feita através de simulações que consideraram diversas condições de operação do arranjo fotovoltaico. São propostas baterias eletroquímicas para o armazenamento da energia elétrica convertida pelos painéis fotovoltaicos. Ao analisar as curvas de tensão e de corrente de uma bateria, percebe-se a necessidade de uma elaborada estratégia de controle para providenciar o carregamento. Deseja-se carregar completamente as baterias, dentro de seus limites, o mais rápido possível já que o período diário de geração de energia fotovoltaica é limitado. Para garantir o carregamento completo, rápido e seguro das baterias uma estratégia de controle diferenciada para o conversor Buck é apresentada. Na condição de bateria descarregada, é importante que o arranjo de módulos fotovoltaicos funcione no ponto de máxima potência, para aplicar o maior valor de corrente às baterias visando carregá-las o mais rápido possível. Quando a tensão da bateria atingir o valor máximo permitido pelo fabricante (tensão de equalização), o carregamento deve continuar a tensão constante com limitação de corrente para evitar danos da bateria pela formação excessiva de gás. Para o conversor Buck é apresentada a técnica das variáveis médias no espaço de estado para a obtenção de um modelo linear, válido para pequenas variações em torno do seu ponto de operação no estado permanente. Com esse modelo foram obtidas as funções de transferência necessárias para o projeto dos compensadores analógicos, os quais foram digitalizados através de técnicas de discretização visando manter um desempenho semelhante. Resultados de simulações obtidas com o programa Matlab, bem como resultados experimentais obtidos com um protótipo implementado no laboratório são usados para testar o desempenho do carregador, e seus compensadores.
Book chapters on the topic "Contrôle MPPT"
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Rajput, Shailendra, and Moshe Averbukh. "MPPT Control Systems for PV Power Plants." In Applied Soft Computing and Embedded System Applications in Solar Energy, 1–26. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003121237-1.
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Pandey, Anuj Kumar, Irfan Ahmed, and Pooja Sharma. "MPPT Control of Hydrokinetic Energy Conversion System." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 207–16. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1510-8_22.
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Sekour, M’hamed, and Mohamed Mankour. "A New MPPT Technique Sinusoidal Extremum-Seeking Control." In Renewable Energy for Smart and Sustainable Cities, 339–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04789-4_37.
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Kvasnica, Michal, Pascal Grieder, Mato Baotić, and Manfred Morari. "Multi-Parametric Toolbox (MPT)." In Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, 448–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24743-2_30.
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Ma, Mingming, Yu Fang, Jinyan Zheng, Songyin Cao, and Yong Xie. "A Novel MPPT Control Algorithm Based on Peak Current." In Proceedings of 2016 Chinese Intelligent Systems Conference, 387–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2335-4_36.
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Pradhan, Arjyadhara, Babita Panda, Bhagabat Panda, and Aradhana Khillo. "An Improved MPPT Technique for Increasing Efficiency of PV Module." In Advances in Electrical Control and Signal Systems, 633–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5262-5_47.
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Cui, Fengying. "Design of Solar Street Lamp Control System Based on MPPT." In Advanced Research on Electronic Commerce, Web Application, and Communication, 348–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20370-1_57.
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Pavan Kumar, A. V., and Y. Sai Varun. "MPPT-Based Inverter Control of Grid-Connected PV–Wind Hybrid Power System." In Advances in Electrical Control and Signal Systems, 43–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5262-5_4.
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Zheng, Xuemei, Chun Wang, and Yi Ren. "Grid-Connected MPPT Control for MG Operating under Partially Shaded Condition." In Intelligent Computing for Sustainable Energy and Environment, 46–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37105-9_6.
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Xu, Renbo, Wanrong Zhang, and Wei Yao. "Calculation of Fuzzy Control in MPPT of Photovoltaic Power Generation System." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1729–33. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5959-4_210.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Contrôle MPPT"
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Li, Xiao, Yaoyu Li, John E. Seem, and Peng Lei. "Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Systems Using Adaptive Extremum Seeking Control." In ASME 2011 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference and Bath/ASME Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2011-6090.
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Due to the relatively higher cost of energy (COE) for the photovoltaic (PV) systems, it is crucial to locate the maximum power point (MPP) so as to increase the system efficiency. The nonlinear PV characteristic curve and the MPP depend on PV’s intrinsic characteristics and environment conditions such as solar irradiation intensity and temperature. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control serves to seek the MPP of the PV system with the unpredicted environment uncertainties. In this paper, the adaptive extremum seeking control (AESC) scheme is investigated for the PV MPPT, which optimizes the duty ratio for the pulse-width modulator (PWM) of the DC-DC converter. The adopted AESC scheme utilizes an explicit structure information of the PV-buck system based on the system states and unknown PV characteristics. The radial basis function (RBF) neural network has been used to approximate the unknown nonlinear I-V curve. A Lyapunov-based adaptive learning control technique is used to ensure the convergence of the system to a neighborhood of the optimum which depends on the approximation error. The performance of the controller is verified through simulation.
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Lei, Peng, Yaoyu Li, and John E. Seem. "MPPT and Integrated Diagnostics for Multi-String PV System With Multi-Input ESC." In ASME 2011 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference and Bath/ASME Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2011-6002.
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Multi-string configuration is commonly seen in practical photovoltaic (PV) applications, to secure the Maximum Power Point (MPP) for each string, individual string is equipped with its own DC-DC converter for voltage regulation. This study presents an integrated framework that achieves dual purposes simultaneously: maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control and detection of the change in internal resistance. An multi-channel extremum seeking control (ESC) strategy is developed to maximize the power output of multi-string PV system by regulating the voltage input to the DC-DC converter, overall MPPT can be obtained by delivering the power from strings to the DC bus. Simulation results show that the ESC can achieve multi-string overall MPPT with periodic dither signals such as sinusoidal and square wave signals. As change in internal resistance is coupled with many degradation factors for the PV cell, e.g. increase in the series resistance and decrease in the shunt resistance, the capability of integrated detection of internal resistance can be used as a diagnostic probe for PV online diagnostics. Square Wave ESC dither signal is a useful tool to detect the change of internal resistance as the rise time or settling time on a square wave rising edge is more amplified with internal change of a PV system. Therefore, the voltage output transient under square-wave dithering can be changed remarkably with degradation induced change of internal resistance. Simulation results have also confirmed such correlation. The ESC with square wave dithering can thus provides the dual benefits of MPPT and internal resistance change simultaneously.
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C. Moreira, Davi, Alexandre S. Brasil, and Marcus V. A. Nunes. "Utilização de Controladores de Corrente para Rastreamento do Ponto de Máxima Potência em Arranjo Fotovoltaico." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Elétricos - SBSE2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/sbse.v1i1.2201.
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Este artigo apresenta o rastreamento de ponto máxima potência (MPPT) de arranjo fotovoltaico (PV) usando controle de corrente convencional baseado em medições de corrente, irradiância e temperatura. Foi realizada modelagem do arranjo PV conectado a um conversor CC-CC do tipo Boost e controles de corrente tipo histerese independente e proporcional-integral foram implementados para rastreamento de ponto máxima potência após variações abruptas de irradiância. O desempenho dos métodos utilizando controles de corrente foram comparados com um método de inteligência artificial, lógica de controle fuzzy, escolhido pelo seu desempenho estável e robusto nos mais diversos processos. A comparação entre as técnicas considerou o erro de estado estacionário, a resposta dinâmica e a eficiência em uma ampla faixa de potência. O MPPT Hist Indep e MPPT PI realizaram rastreamento do ponto de máxima potência de forma eficiente e precisa e suas vantagens e desvantagens em relação ao MPPT Fuzzy foram discutidas.
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Carmo, Ingredy Gabriela Gomes, Fernanda Prudente Moraes Fernanda Prudente Moraes, Antônio Marcos de Melo Medeiros, Gustavo Siqueira Vinhal, and Marcos Antônio de Sousa. "DESENVOLVIMENTO DE SISTEMA DE CONTROLE PARA OTIMIZAÇÃO DA POTÊNCIA EM MÓDULO FOTOVOLTAICO." In XVIII CEEL – Conferência de Estudos em Engenharia Elétrica. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/2596-2221.xviiiceel.2020.539.
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Considerando o crescente interesse no uso de energia limpa e sustentável, contudo variais como temperatura, condição ambiente e irradiação, aos quais, o sistema é submetido, afetam diretamente a quantidade de energia transferida do(s) módulo(s) solar fotovoltaico(s) para o banco de baterias ou para a rede de serviços públicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o sistema solar fotovoltaico utilizando um modelo sugerido implementado no MatLab, baseado em Levantamentos bibliográficos para encontrar formas de maximizar a eficiência do sistema. Foi utilizado no modelo a técnica de MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) juntamente com o algoritmo Método Perturbação e Observação para otimizar o sistema, rastreando a máxima corrente e tensão, e consequentemente o ponto máximo de potência (MPP), dada certa irradiação.
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VENDRUSCOLO, MIRéLI BINDER, and ANTóNIO MANUEL SANTOS SPENCER ANDRADE. "Análise Comparativa das Técnicas Clássicas de MPPT." In Seminar on Power Electronics and Control (SEPOC 2021). sepoc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53316/sepoc2021.004.
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As características elétricas de rendimento e potência de um painel fotovoltaico (PV) são influenciadas por dois fatores climáticos, que são: irradiância solar e temperatura. Por essa razão, os algoritmos de MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) são essenciais para se obter a máxima potência produzida. Portanto, este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação comparativa das principais técnicas clássicas de MPPT, sendo elas: Perturba e Observa (P&O), Hill Climbing (HC) e Condutância Incremental (InC). Para fazer essas avaliações de MPPT foram utilizados conversores estáticos CC-CC, tais como: Boost, Buck e Buck-Boost. No entanto, o MPPT é aplicado na entrada e saída dos conversores, a fim de observar o melhor desempenho. Os resultados de simulação são avaliados utilizado o software PSIM.
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Lei, Miao, Zhang Yongjun, Tong Chaonan, and Li Wei. "A Photovoltaic MPPT Control Strategy Based on Gradient Optimization and MPP Voltage Law." In 2019 Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2019.8832938.
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G. dos Santos, Angelo, and Viviane O. das Mercês. "RASTREADOR DO PONTO DE MÁXIMA POTÊNCIA BASEADO EM CONTROLE PREDITIVO PARA O CONVERSOR SEPIC EM SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICOS." In Congresso Brasileiro de Automática - 2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/asba.v2i1.1321.
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Recentemente, vem surgindo diversos trabalhos envolvendo técnicas de MPPT baseados em Controle Preditivo e obtendo-se desenpenhos promissores em suas aplicações. Tendo como base essa área de pesquisa, esse trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma dessas técnicas no conversor SEPIC para um sistema fotovoltaico. O desempenho da técnica de MPPT baseado em Controle Preditivo é vinculado ao tipo do sistema conversor e painel, além de ter relação com a determinação precisa dos parâmetros do conversor. Portanto, esse artigo também tem como objetivo realizar uma analise da sensibilidade da técnica mediante à variações dos parametros do conversor sob diferentes condições de trabalho do painel fotovoltaico. Todo o estudo é realizado mediante à simulação computacional.
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Strati, Federica Maria, Giovanni Malara, Valentina Laface, Alessandra Romolo, and Felice Arena. "A Control Strategy for PTO Systems in a U-OWC Device." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-42207.
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This paper deals with the implementation of a control algorithm for a turbine equipped into a U-Oscillating water column (U-OWC) plant. The open literature has largely ignored the problem of coupling the U-OWC behaviour to the turbine behaviour with the objective of maximizing the energy harvesting. Therefore, this paper has the objective of assessing the reliability of a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The paper uses a numerical algorithm for estimating the energy produced by a U-OWC in real seas. In this regard, the computations rely on long time domain analyses that allow testing a variety of environmental conditions. The MPPT is proved adequate for controlling the turbine behavior in conjunction with U-OWCs. In this context, it is shown that a reference parameter, used for determining the reference rotational speed, can be the significant wave height.
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De Cristofaro, M., N. Femia, M. Migliaro, and G. Petrone. "Minimum computing adaptive MPPT control." In 2014 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isie.2014.6864816.
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Xiao, Yan, Yaoyu Li, John E. Seem, and Kaushik Rajashekara. "Maximum Power Point Tracking of Multi-String Photovoltaic Array via Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation." In ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2013-4092.
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This paper presents a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) strategy for multi-string photovoltaic (PV) systems using the Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) algorithm. The multi-string PV system considered is a decentralized control configuration, controlling the voltage reference to each PV module but based on the feedback of the total power at the DC bus. This requires only one pair of voltage and current measurements. The MPPT control problem for such topology of multi-string PV systems features a high input dimension, which can dramatically slow down the searching process for the real-time optimization process involved. The SPSA algorithm is considered in this study due to its remarkable capability of fast convergence for high dimensional search problems endorsed by various applications recently. Simulation study is performed for an 8-string PV system, and experimental study is performed for a 4-string PV system. Good performances are observed for both simulation and experimental results.
Reports on the topic "Contrôle MPPT"
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Blidberg, Richard. A Mission Planning Toolkit (MPT) for Coordination and Control of Multiple Autonomous Vehicles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada629528.
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