Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Contrôle social médical'
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Marche, Hélène. "Le travail relationnel au cœur de l’expérience du cancer : mises en forme ordinaires et institutionnelles de cette épreuve." Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20034.
Full textIn the transformation context of medical institutions and techniques of cure and care, the promoting of cancer-striken persons’ quality of life has been considered with a more and more careful attention, in the field of public health as in the one of the oncological world. At the participation at stake of the ill and their families in the field of medical activities is added the personalization of care and the quality of the relationship with the patient. Through the inductive analysis of an ethnographic survey directed in services of cancerology and palliative home care, as well as through interviews with patients, their close relationships, professionals and voluntary helpers, this thesis aims at underlining the cancer experience from the viewpoint of the resources that the ill persons use to control it and the relationship work implemented by the professionals. What are the normative proceedings that appear in the social construction of the experience of cancer, either in the medical world or in daily life? What are the tactics used by patients, informal carers, doctors and nursing persons in the negotiation of the context of this experience? Does the relationship work implemented by the professionals correspond with an ordinary shaping of the experience of cancer? This study reveals the possible forms of relations between patients, informal carers and professionals, as well as the consensual or heterogeneous figures of adversity wich are spreading out, emphasing the power at stake which constitutes the social control of the trial of serious illness
Stamm, Eric. "La transmission des données personnelles de santé : analyse et proposition d'évolution. Le cas du contrôle de l'assurance maladie." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30045/document.
Full textMedical secrecy is moving towards a professional secrecy, which concerns numerous professions, raising the question of transmission of personnel health data.This thesis, based on practical examples taken from professional activities of practitioners advisers in the Health insurance, studies legal foundations of this transmission and develops individual rights on how to control secrecy and possibilities of transmission of data according to the respect of the rights of other people such as eligible parties and employers. The fact that a society can be more prominent than a person is contemplated in the context of health protection, justice and economic management of health spending.Evolutions of practices and legislation are suggested and aim at allowing the supervision of transmission of personal health data according to people’s rights
Ogorzelec, Laetitia. "Le miracle et l'enquête : Analyse sociologique de l'expertise médicale des guérisons déclarées "miraculeuses" à Lourdes." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1014.
Full textNot to invite the critics, the Church shows a big caution towards the declarations of "supernatural cure". It’s in this perspective that she attempts to decide between the "authentic" and between the "not authentic" among the demonstrations of the religious life and that she considers that " the false miracles must be discerned by the truths ". These distinctions are not obvious. They require investigation procedures the functioning of which remains widely unexplored by the human sciences. If, for the XIth century, the catholic magistery exercises a right to inspect, going widening, the miracles declared by the believers, it is doubtless following the events of Lourdes ("appearances" and "cures" from 1858) that this will of control expresses himself under a new shape. In a time which excites the virtues of the scientific rationality, at the precise moment when the Parisian medicine reaches the summit of its fame for its works on the hysteria, dreading the caused controversies by " the epidemic of cure " which follows the visions of Bernadette Soubirous, numerous members of the French catholic hierarchy wish to give more respectable forms to what we can consider as a explosion of popular worship not orthodox and with difficulty controllable. It is within the framework of this strategy of frame of the events that joins, in 1883, within the sanctuary of Lourdes, the creation of a medical authority asked to control the claiming of supernatural cures. By attempting to analyze this control procedure, this thesis would like to allow to understand better the way are produced the miracles in Lourdes. Our work wishes to show that it is produced, on the contrary, collectively by a set of actors (witnesses, doctors, clerics) committed in a joint activity of complex investigation to the uncertain result
Sirois-Marcil, Justin. "L'érection sans prescription." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27378.
Full textPoltronieri, Carlos Cristiano. "Um estudo sobre controles internos em pequenas e médias empresas de TI." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2012. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/923.
Full textThis study was aimed at investigating the internal controls in the Small and Medium-Size Enterprises (SMEs) of information technology. Responses were sought on: How adherent is the said SMEs to the conceptual framework proposed by COSO? Our assumptions were based on the studies conducted in other countries, which expatiated on the quality and effectiveness of internal controls. By adopting a qualitative method interviews were focus on those responsible financial statements of seven IT-Based SMEs in the region of Campinas. Of these, six had independent auditors. The research methodology used was content analysis, being operated through the Nvivo Sofware for Qualitative Analysis, Version 9. The results show eleven categories, with eighty-six units of meaning. Research suggests that internal control is perceived by those responsible for financial statements in IT-Based SMEs as instruments or operational processes, and, in many situations the control environment, among other aspects are left aside. The surveyed companies are seeking knowledge on the subject in consulting and literature. Two aspects indicate that a forward-looking strategy positively affect internal controls, a situation applicable to IT company in view of the instability of its existing operations and growth in a short time. Concerning the aspects proposed by COSO, most of the SMEs are adherent to the framework, however, in respect to actions of the board of directors, quality of information systems, existence of internal audit, these are still in the process of improvement or even lacking.
O estudo objetivou investigar os controles internos nas pequenas e médias empresas de tecnologia da informação. Buscaram-se respostas quanto à indagação: Quão aderente é a estrutura conceitual proposta por COSO às pequenas e médias empresas de TI? Partiu-se de pressupostos presentes em pesquisas realizadas em outros países, as quais estudaram qualidade e efetividade dos controles internos. Adotando-se um enfoque qualitativo foram realizadas entrevistas com responsáveis pelas áreas financeiras de sete pequenas e médias empresas de tecnologia da informação, sendo que dessas, seis possuem auditoria externa independente. A metodologia da pesquisa utilizada é a análise de conteúdo, sendo operacionalizada através do NVIVO, versão 9. Os resultados apresentam onze categorias, dentre as oitenta e seis unidades de significado. A pesquisa sugere que a percepção dos responsáveis pelos controles internos em pequenas e médias empresas de TI como instrumentos ou processos operacionais, sendo que, em muitas situações o ambiente de controle, entre outros aspectos são deixados de lado. As empresas pesquisadas buscam conhecimento sobre o assunto em consultorias e na literatura. Dois dos aspectos apontam que uma estratégia prospectiva influenciam positivamente os controles internos, uma situação aplicável as empresa de TI tendo em vista a instabilidade de suas operações e os crescimentos existentes em curto espaço de tempo. Dentre os aspectos propostos por COSO, os aspectos relacionados com a atuação do conselho de administração, qualidades dos sistemas de informação, existência de auditoria interna, ainda estão em fase de aprimoramento ou mesmo, ainda inexistentes.
Barlet, Christophe. "Place et rôle de l’inspection-contrôle dans le champ des établissements et services sanitaires, sociaux et médico-sociaux." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN1G007.
Full textInspection-control has undergone several changes that question its place and role, particularly in the scope of this study. The multiplicity of actors and inspection-control procedures makes it complex to understand and questions the legal nature and legal regime applicable to the different types of controls. Furthermore, inspection and control now appears to be called into question by the standardization of professional practices and new approaches to support and continuously improve quality in the establishments and services in the field under study. These approaches, devolved to public authorities or private organizations, take the form of certification of health care institutions, accreditation of professionals in health care, evaluation of social and medico-social institutions and services, or auditing. They are largely based on licensing and contractualization law. It is thus necessary to investigate whether a good activity of the State is only rule-making or also regulation, whether control has changed in nature, whether it has diversified or whether it has regressed to the benefit of other, more flexible activities under the influence of competition law, Community law and the State's budgetary situation. The question of the legality of inspection as a particular control and its articulation with quality approaches guide this research
Rivard, Andrée. "L'enfantement dans un Québec moderne : générations, mémoires, histoire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27368/27368.pdf.
Full textHoule, Jean-Sébastien. "La médicalisation de la mort par les médecins hygiénistes de 1887 à 1922 : le Conseil d'hygiène de la province de Québec et l'encadrement des rites et des lieux funéraires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24986/24986.pdf.
Full textGeorgescu, Irène. "La Pression Financière Interne, ses déterminants et ses effets sur les attitudes et comportements: le cas de l'hôpital public français." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00560745.
Full textChabane, Brahim. "Optimisation de plans d’actions multi-objectifs dans le secteur social et médico-social." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0035/document.
Full textSince the early 2000s, the social and medico-social sector is experiencing significant evolutions and mutations. On the one hand, the number of persons taken over is constantly increasing. On the other hand, the finances and budgets available to the structures are constantly decreasing. This forces decision-makers to adapt and find new solutions to do more with fewer resources. In this thesis, we study a practical problem that is often faced by the decision-makers, which is the elaboration of optimal action plans. An action plan is a set of actions that are realized to improve both the performance of the structure and the quality of service offred to its residents. Elaborating an optimal action plan consists of identifying and selecting the best actions that improve all the objectives of the plan while respecting some constraints. After presenting the practical and theoretical context, we provide a formal modeling of the problem as a multi-objective knapsack problem. Then, we present a number of solution methods based on quality indicators and Lorenz dominance. We show that combining IBMOLS method with R2 indicator allows obtaining efficient solutions and easily integrating the decision-maker preferences. We also show that in a context where decision-maker preferences are not known or all the objectives are considered equals, Lorenz dominance is a very efficient tool to incorporate equity into the search process and reduce the number of non-dominated solutions as well as the algorithm runtime
Assumpção, Bruno Gomes de. "Regulação da política pública de saúde suplementar : desafios socioeconômicos das Unimeds - Sociedades Cooperativas de Trabalho Médico." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2017. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/6838.
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A Constituição brasileira de 1988 foi o primeiro texto constitucional pátrio a consagrar o direito à saúde como direito fundamental, estabelecendo que, além de ser direito de todos e dever do Estado, a assistência à saúde é livre à iniciativa privada. A novidade trazida foi a adoção de um sistema universal de acesso aos serviços públicos de saúde, acentuando a solidariedade entre as pessoas jurídicas de direito público interno, estabelecendo a igualdade da assistência à saúde. Diante disso, tem-se que a política pública de saúde suplementar é um desdobramento da política de saúde, pois as instituições privadas poderão participar de forma complementar do sistema único de saúde e segundo as diretrizes deste. Sendo assim, verificase uma forte influência social e econômica na regulação da política pública de saúde suplementar, o que é materializado nas obrigações impostas às Operadoras de Planos de Saúde, gerando importante discussão socioeconômica acerca do aumento de obrigações repassadas ao setor privado. À vista disso, destaca-se que a função estatal de proteção do interesse público diante das estratégias econômicas dos agentes privados é atribuição da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar – ANS, tendo por base a concepção de um Estado regulador epor missão, a promoção da defesa do interesse público na assistência suplementar à saúde. Relevante ainda se faz salientar que o processo de regulação está inserido num cenário de disputas de interesses conflitantes que especificam o seu formato e extensão.Diante dessa realidade, a articulação entre os setores público e privado na assistência à saúde é um tema relevante para o sistema de saúde no Brasil, eis que a saúde coletiva constituiu-se fundamentalmente da análise das relações entre a medicina como prática social, e a estrutura das sociedades concretas em que ela cresce. A saúde não pode ser compreendida fora de seu contexto, pois fatores sociais, econômicos, políticos, culturais, comportamentais e ambientais causam influência tanto na ocorrência de problemas de saúde, quanto na concepção e estrutura da política e dos serviços ofertados.Nessa perspectiva, compreende-se o Sistema Cooperativo Unimed, que consiste na maior rede de assistência médica do Brasil e no maior sistema cooperativista de trabalho médico do mundo, além das tensões que surgem nas relações entre operadoras de planos de saúde, beneficiários e Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar.Há dificuldades de diálogo entre os setores público e privado para o desdobramento de uma eficiente política de saúde suplementar.Na busca da prestação dos serviços assistenciais, por sua vez, observa-se a necessidade da ampliação dos espaços de diálogo entre a ANS e as operadoras de plano de saúde, com o fito de aprimorar o entendimento sobre o ideário da promoção da saúde e sobre as possíveis estratégias de implantação de práticas sustentadas nos princípios norteadores e que dizem respeito à concepção holística, equidade, intersetorialidade, participação social e sustentabilidade.
Brazilian Constitution of 1988 was the first constitutional text to recognize the right to health as a fundamental right, establishing that, besides being the right of everyone and the duty of the State, health care is free to private initiative. The novelty was the adoption of a universal system of access to public health services, intensifying solidarity among legal entities under domestic public law, establishing equality of health care. Supplementary public health policy is an unfolding of health policy, since private institutions may participate in a complementary way to the single health system and according to their latter's guidelines. There is a strong social and economic influence in the regulation of the supplementary public health policy, which is materialized in the obligations imposed on the Health Plan Operators, causing an important socioeconomic discussion about the increase of obligations passed on to the private sector. The State function of protecting public interest before economic strategies of private agents is attributed by the National Agency of Supplementary Health (ANS), based on the conception of a regulatory State and, by mission, the promotion of public interest defense in supplementary health care. The regulatory process is embedded in a scenario of conflicting interests disputes that specify its shape and extension. The articulation between the public and private sectors in health care is a relevant theme for the health system in Brazil, since collective health was constituted fundamentally by analyzing the relations between medicine as a social practice, and the structure of concrete societies in which it grows. Health can not be understood outside its context, since social, economic, political, cultural, behavioral and environmental factors influence both the occurrence of health problems and the design and structure of policy and services offered. The Unimed Cooperative System consists of Brazil's largest healthcare network and the largest cooperative medical work system in the world. There are tensions in the relations between health plan operators, beneficiaries and the National Supplementary Health Agency. There are difficulties in dialogue between the public and private sectors to unfold an efficient supplementary health policy. In the search to provide healthcare services, it is necessary to expand the spaces for dialogue between ANS and health plan operators, in order to improve the understanding of health promotion ideals and possible strategies of practices implementation based on guiding principles that are related to the holistic conception, equity, intersectoriality, social participation and sustainability.
Barbot, Janine. "Recherche médicale et mobilisations collectives : le cas des associations de lutte contre le sida." Paris, EHESS, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EHES0039.
Full textSeignalet, Catherine. "Problèmes sociaux et médicaux posés par l'installation de 10 000 réfugiés en Guyane française." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR25183.
Full textMensch, Nicolas. "L'art transgressif du graffiti : pratiques et contrôle social." Thesis, Besançon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BESA1029/document.
Full textHip-hop graffiti is a study object which mixes urban, art, youth and right sociologies. Concerning this object, representations diverge, between art and vandalism. The assumption is that, in terms of the criteria used to authenticate the value of a graffiti, transgressive approach of the author is as important as its pictorial qualities. There would be a dialogic relationship between “artistic” practices and “vandal” practices. The first part of this thesis explains how teenagers enter the graffiti movement and its standards. This practice is widespread in various social worlds and it palliates failure of integration mechanisms. Graffiti also expresses a rejection of social assignment. Infringment become a way to conquer a place, on walls as in society. Deviance is always risky, graffitists are labeled as being. The second part of this work focuses on the relationship between graffiti and the “feeling of insecurity”. To solve problems, three verbs describe the ordinary repression of graffiti and its actors: punish, discredit and erase. These devices tend to reinforce graffitists in their commitments. The third part shows the links between the worlds of art and graffiti, from the inclusion of graffitists in cultural mediation to their professionalization. Independence, experience and transgression keep invoked as authentication of “artistic” value of graffiti
Haddad, Maria Aparecida Onuki. "Habilitação e reabilitação visual de escolares com baixa visão: aspectos médico-sociais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5149/tde-23112006-133322/.
Full textINTRODUCTION: Low vision in childhood can limit experiences, speed in performing daily activities, sensory and motor development, educational, social and emotional improvement and compromise quality of life. Knowledge of medical and social features can cooperate to the development of effective actions to educational inclusion and visual rehabilitation. OBJECTIVES: 1. to identify clinical features of a population of school age children with low vision evaluated at the low vision service of the University of São Paulo Ophthalmology Department and the Brazilian Association for the Visually Impaired. (Laramara) concerning causes of low vision, anatomical site of the abnormality, classes of visual impairment, visual functions, use of optical correction, low vision devices and rehabiliattion needs. 2. to evaluate perceptions of mothers or the persons responsible concerning detection of the visual impairment, procedures of the professionals involved, access to low vision services and to the prescribed low vision aids. 3. to contribute to improve actions of habilitation or rehabilitation of visually impaired school children. METHODS: a population of 115 school children with visual impairment was submitted to ophthalmologic low vision evaluation and a semistructured questionnaire was applied to the mother or person responsible. RESULTS: main causes of visual impairment were presumed toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis(27,8%), congenital cataracts (11,3%), albinism (7,8%) and congenital glaucoma (6,1%). Retina (54,8%) was the main affected area and the main causes involved heredity (36,5%) or pre-natal infections (32,1%). Moderated (67,8%) and Severe (27,0%) low vision were more frequent. Glasses for refractive errors were prescribed to all with bilateral macular retinochoroiditis, Leber congenital amaurosis and albinism. Mothers were the first to notice visual impairment in the majority of cases (53,0%) and the school was also important (6,1%). Pediatricians were not very efficient in the detection of visual impaiment in these children. Low vision was detected in the first year of life in 83% and referral to visual rehabilitation unit ocurred chiefly at school age (53,9%), being the ophthalmologist the professional responsible for the majority of referrals(60%). These children, in general, never had a prior low vision examination (73%) and the mothers or responsibles had little knowledge of other available rehabilitation units in the area (67,0%). CONCLUSIONS: early detection programs for visual impairment in children and capacitation of pediatricians is important as well as the screening for refractive errors of children at school age. Regular school teachers should receive information on basic eye health and low vision. Improved access to low vision aids and increased awareness on the subject among ophthalmologists is a necessity as well as more information on community services and visual impairment should be available to the population.
Ferla, Luis Antonio Coelho. "\"Feios, sujos e malvados sob medida - do crime ao trabalho, a utopia médica do biodeterminismo em São Paulo (1920-1945)\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-26052005-184255/.
Full textMaes, Blandine. "Représentations professionnelles et accréditation : entre recherche de sens et contrôle." Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20083.
Full textToday, no passing through for health institutions development without quality. This concept appeared in the course of time in the health context with a legislation, norms more accurate and restricting, in ordre to comply with requirements of regulations stated by the various hospitals related reforms, especially the one of 1996 which obliges any health institution to proceed with an accreditation approach implementation. The objective of this work is to identify the representations of accreditation with its own principles (quality, quality approach) to different professional groups in health institutions (private, public, semi-public). The statistics analysis of 89 interviews and 175 questionnaires, enable us to comprehend the conmmitments nature on accreditation in function of the context of various health institutions, of social positions, of values and cultures of the groups they belong to. This idea means for somme professionals regulation's action, a technocratic procedure of control, for others, a process, a research of sense, a fundamental step in the continuing search to improve the quality of medical care
Lehmann, Hélène. "Le médicament à base de plantes en Europe : statut, enregistrement, contrôles." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00936734.
Full textLima, Amadeu Nascimento. "UM ESTUDO SOBRE A IMPORTÂNCIA DO USO DAS FERRAMENTAS DE CONTROLE GERENCIAL NAS MICRO, PEQUENAS E MÉDIAS EMPRESAS INDUSTRIAIS NO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO CAETANO DO SUL." Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, 2007. http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/93.
Full textThe objective of this study was to evidence the use of the tools of management control that assist in the process of decision-taking in micros, Small and Medium Scale Enterprises, in the City of SCSul. One understands that in the present days these instruments must be aligned with the reality of these organizations and the information extracted for these must be the basis for decision-taking. The applied methodological procedure was chose by convenience, using the method deductive reasoning, through application of a questionnaire in 296 companies, for which 18,6% promised to respond the questionnaire. The companies were been classified in accordance with the annual Income established by the Federal Rules. Upon analysis of the results, we observed that about 41% of these organizations were more than 20 years in the market, which demonstrates a better consolidation in the market. It was also detected, that these entrepreneur-managers possess a strong educational background: 22.22%, graduated and 31.27% postgraduates, such that this represents a competitive edge in the act of business management. As our premise was to investigate how the MSME in the city of SCSul are using the tools of managerial control in its process of management for decision taking, based on our analysis, we conclude that decision taking process in these companies is based on the control tools and that they possess a good control of its businesses, contrary to our expectations.
O objetivo desse estudo foi evidenciar o uso das ferramentas de controle gerencial que auxiliam no processo de tomada de decisão nas Micros, Pequenas e Médias Empresas, no município de SCSul. Entende-se, que na atualidade esses instrumentos devem ser alinhados com a realidade dessas organizações e as informações extraídas por estas devem ser a base para a tomada de decisão que perpetuem a riqueza dos investidores. O procedimento metodológico aplicado na escolha das empresas pesquisadas foi o critério de conveniência, utilizando o método de raciocínio dedutivo, através de aplicação de um questionário em 296 empresas, pelo a qual 18,6% destas se depuseram a responder o questionário. As empresas foram classificadas de acordo com o faturamento bruto anual estabelecido pela Receita Federal. Após a análise dos resultados, foi possível detectar que cerca de 41% dessas organizações estão a mais de 20 anos no mercado, o que demonstra uma boa consolidação no mercado. Detecta-se, também, que estes empresários-gerentes possuem uma forte formação superior: 31,27% pós-graduados e 22,22% graduados, o que pode ser um diferencial na gestão desses negócios. Como o pressuposto dessa pesquisa foi de analisar: se as MPME s industriais no município de SCSul estão utilizando as ferramentas de controle gerencial em seu processo de gestão para tomada de decisão, diante das análises efetuadas, tanto pelo o estudo de campo com bibliográfica, conclui-se que a tomada de decisão nessas empresas está baseada nas ferramentas de controle e que estas possuem um bom controle dos seus negócios contrariando o que se esperava.
Lemaire, Célia. "Le processus de construction d'un outil de contrôle de gestion inter-organisationnel : le cas de l'expérimentation d'un outil de pilotage de la performance dans le secteur médico-social." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAB013/document.
Full textThe aim of the thesis is to analyze an inter-organizational management control system construction, mobilizing multiple public and private organizations in the process. Our research is based on a field research involving PhD in experimental project of the first common tool for all social-medical sector: a management control system called "performance management Dashboard" by the institution which support the project (ANAP). Symmetrical anthropology reading grid, a part of the theory of translation, can provide results on three themes: the management control trajectory, the role of actors and actants in the construction process and actors’ strategies. All these results lead us to suggest ways of improving the process. Among these recommendations, it is offered to select the most critical controversies and deal with transparency to avoid actors’ demobilization, promote unanticipated but desirable roles and adapt the modalities of participation for actors based on strategies they deploy
Carvalho, Janaína de Cássia. "Controle social e responsabilização familiar : a administração da emergência psiquiátrica em Brasília e na Cidade do México." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2006. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/3348.
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O objetivo desta tese é comparar a administração das emergências psiquiátricas em Brasília e na Cidade do México. A partir da observação do atendimento às emergências psiquiátricas em instituições de saúde e segurança, em ambas as cidades, serão analisadas a forma processual da crise familiar e/ou comunitária, as perturbações físico-morais associadas à loucura, manejadas por familiares, pacientes e agentes institucionais no âmbito do atendimento, e a resposta das instituições e sua eficácia ante a demanda por atenção. A comparação da forma processual da crise familiar indica que seu surgimento se dá em função de um evento crítico, notadamente, um comportamento agressivo, sendo que a singularidade de cada evento reside na noção do que se considera estar dentro das margens do permitido e do normal, a qual está conformada por um conjunto de crenças e práticas culturais particulares. Semelhante também é o fato de que, em todos os casos que envolviam comportamentos agressivos, as famílias e grupos comunitários acionaram uma instituição em busca de auxílio com uma demanda específica, a saber: o encaminhamento e internação do paciente em uma unidade de saúde. O exame das perturbações físico-morais associadas à loucura revela que estas têm importância fundamental, na medida em que apóiam o procedimento classificatório com base no qual familiares e agentes institucionais reconhecem aquele caso como uma emergência psiquiátrica e decidem qual será o tipo de resolução e/ou atenção prestadas a ele. Essa análise apresenta um importante contraste: a associação entre embriagues e agressividade é considerada, em Brasília, por familiares e agentes institucionais, como emergência que deve receber atendimento no âmbito da saúde; já na Cidade do México, não há essa consideração nem pelos familiares e tampouco pelos agentes institucionais. As respostas das instituições às emergências psiquiátricas são diferentes, em Brasília e na Cidade do México. Em Brasília, a resposta dada aos casos está baseada na contenção física, na internação e na extinção dos sintomas, através da intervenção química. Na Cidade do México, baseia-se na devolução do "problema" para a família, indicando que ela deve agir por seus próprios meios. Comum a ambas encontra-se o fato de que tais respostas estão diretamente relacionadas às concepções de administração da loucura e do louco que já são seculares em cada uma dessas sociedades, revelando a permanência e continuidade de determinados saberes e práticas nesse âmbito. Não seria possível analisar as respostas institucionais às emergências psiquiátricas sem mencionar o atual momento de reforma dos serviços de atenção a saúde mental, pautado pelo paradigma da desinstitucionalização. De modo que, sob este ponto de vista, mas também com base nessa continuidade de determinadas formas de administração da loucura, é possível afirmar que tais respostas institucionais são restritas. _______________________________________________________________________________ RESUMEN
El objetivo de esta tesis es comparar la administración de las urgencias siquiátricas en Brasília y en Ciudad de México. Desde la observación de las atenciones a las urgencias psiquiátricas en instituciones de salud y seguridad, en ambas las ciudades, serán analizadas la forma procesal de la crisis familiar y/o comunitaria, las perturbaciones físico-morales asociadas a la locura, manejadas por familiares, pacientes y agentes institucionales en el ámbito de las atenciones, y la respuesta de las instituciones y su eficacia ante la demanda por atención. La comparación de la forma procesal de la crisis familiar indica que su surgimiento ocurre en función de un evento critico, precisamente, el comportamiento agresivo, siendo que la singularidad de cada evento estriba en la noción de lo que considerase estar dentro de las márgenes del permitido y del normal, la cual está conformada por un conyunto de creencias y prácticas culturales particulares. Semejante también es el hecho de que, en todos los casos que involucraban comportamientos agresivos, las familias y grupos comunitarios accionaran una institución en la búsqueda de asistencia con una demanda específica, es decir: el encaminamiento y internamiento del paciente en una unidad de salud. El examen de las perturbaciones físico-morales asociadas a la locura revela que estas tienen importancia fundamental, en la medida en que apoyan el procedimiento clasificatorio a base de lo cual familiares y agentes institucionales reconocen aquel caso como una urgencia siquiátrica y deliberan cual será el tipo de resolución y/o atención brindadas a él. Esa análisis presenta un importante contraste: la asociación entre embriaguez y agresividad es considerada, en Brasilia, por los familiares y agentes institucionales, como urgencia que debe recibir atención en el ámbito de la salud; ya en la Ciudad de México, no hay esa consideración ni por lo familiares y tampoco por los agentes institucionales. Las respuestas institucionales a las emergencias siquiátricas son diferentes, en Brasilia y en Ciudad de México. En Brasilia, la respuesta concedida a los casos está fundada en la contención física, en el internamiento y en la extinción de lo síntomas, a través de la intervención química. En Ciudad de México, está apoyada en la devolución del “problema” para la familia, indicando que deben proceder por sus propios medios. Común a ambas encuentra el hecho de que tales repuestas están directamente relacionadas a las concepciones de administración de la locura y del loco, las cuales son seculares en cada una de las sociedades, revelando la permanencia y a la continuidad de determinados conocimientos y prácticas en ese ámbito. No sería posible analizar las respuestas institucionales a las urgencias siquiátricas sin mencionar el actual momento de reforma de los servicios de atención a la salud mental, pautado por el paradigma de la desintitucionalización. De manera que, bajo este punto de vista, pero también basados en esta continuidad de determinadas formas de administración de la locura, es posible decir que tales respuestas institucionales son restrictas. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The objective of this thesis is to compare the administration psychiatric emergencies in Brasilia, Brazil, and Mexico City, Mexico. From the observation of psychiatric emergencies in health and security institutions in both cities, this work will analyze the procedural format of family and/or communitarian crisis, as well the physical-moral perturbations associated to folly, as maneuvered by families, patients and institutional agents in the ambit of services, and the response of institutions and the effectiveness in relation to a demand for attention. Comparison of the procedural format of family crisis indicates that its coming into being happens as a function of a critical event, notably, an aggressive behavior, and the uniqueness of each event resides in the notion of what is considered as being inside the margins of what is permitted or normal, which is conformed by a set of particular beliefs and cultural practices. Also similar is the fact that, in all cases that involved aggressive behaviors, families and communitarian groups resorted to an institution for help relating to a specific demand, that is to say: presentation and internment of the patient in a health unit. Examination of the physical-moral perturbation associated to folly reveals that such perturbation has a fundamental importance, to the extent that they support the classificatory procedures on the basis of which families and institutional agents recognize such a case as a psychiatric emergency and decide the type of resolution and/or attention rendered to the patient. This analysis presents an important contrast: the association between drunkenness and aggressiveness is considered, in Brasilia, by families and institutional agents, as emergencie that should receive attention in the ambit of health; in Mexico City, on the other hand, there is not this kind of consideration by family members or by the institutional agents. The responses of the institutions to psychiatric emergencies, in Brasília and in México City, are different. In Brasilia, the response given to cases is based on physical contention, in internment and the extinction of symptoms by means of chemical intervention. In Mexico City, the response is based on returning the “problem” to the family, by indicating that the family should act by its own means. Common to both is the fact that such responses are directly related to the concepts of administration of madness and of the mad person already existing for centuries in both societies, indicating the permanence and continuity of certain knowledge and practices in such ambit. It would not be possible to analyze the institutional responses to psychiatric emergencies without mentioning the current situation of the reform in the attention services to mental health, attended as they are by the de- institutionalizing paradigm. Thus, according to this point of view, and also on the basis of the continuity of certain forms of the administration of madness, it is possible to affirm that such institutional responses are restricted.
Lux, Gulliver. "Adoption et usage(s) des outils de gestion par les directeurs d’établissement et services médico-sociaux : état des lieux et facteurs explicatifs." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1G021/document.
Full textThe medico-social sector today produces a large number of management tools at the national "state" level through the ANAP (National Support Agency for Performance) and ANESM (National Agency for the Assessment and Quality of Medico-social Services and Institutions) at the national "sector" level through large associations and federations, at the regional level by the supervisory authorities which are the Regional Health Agencies, at the level of head offices of associations, or on the ground within the Medico-Social Institutions and Services (ESMS).We study the future of this management tool at the operational level: within medico-social institutions and services (ESMS). More specifically, we study the management practices of directors of ESMS' in the field of disability belonging to administrative associations. The methodology used is twofold. A first qualitative approach allows us to identify the management tools that may be seen without ESMS', to draw up an inventory of the uses of these tools and to identify key explanatory and predictive factors of the variability of statutes for the adoption and use of tools. To do this, we focus on 32 semi-structured interviews of directors of medico-social institutions and services. A second quantitative approach which allows us to confirm the importance of the attitude of the individual towards the tool, and the perceived social norms characterizing the attitude vis-à-vis the management tool of stakeholders. The pervasiveness of attitudes emphasizes the importance of meaning (or schema) carried by the tool. Within this confirmatory stage we focus on 351 responses to a questionnaire sent to ESMS directors
Lambiasi, Eduardo. "Implantação de controles financeiros em pequenas e médias empresas usando a abordagem intervencionista." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2013. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/926.
Full textThrough an interventionist approach, this research modifies the reality of three SMEs, specifically in the management aspect. SMEs, as the vast literature suggests worldwide, have some difficulties in surviving, as one of the main causes the management and financing control. The researcher mediated in the reality of three companies associated to SINAFER, Iron Crafts, Metals and Tools Companies Union in São Paulo State, mainly the cash flow, not only in its operational aspect, as well the management view, as to the itemized ordination, separating the operational generation of investments and financial events, as well the prospective aspect, developing cash flow projections. It was exploited a working capital tool, facing to a comparison of EBITDA with a cash operational generation and variation analysis. The used methodology considered an initial phase which consisted in training sections and later field intervention sections. The main output results showed an increase of the financial controls of the researched companies, generating knowledge which allowed them to have more adequate information to take decision, disclosing to the researchers the adherence of the theme for this company profile, something that may be replied in a major scale. The results also showed that the problems of the research, despite planned, emerge from the field as a result of the interaction among the researches and the managers of the studied companies, which is a characteristic that differ from the consultant reports, where the issues are previously defined by the company managers.
A presente pesquisa se propôs, utilizando uma abordagem intervencionista, a modificar a realidade de três pequenas empresas, especificamente no aspecto da gestão financeira. Pequenas empresas, como sugere a vasta literatura existente tanto no âmbito nacional como internacional, têm dificuldades de sobrevivência, sendo uma das principais causas o Controle e Gestão Financeira. O pesquisador interveio na realidade dessas empresas ― associadas ao SINAFER, Sindicato das Empresas de Artefatos de Ferro, Metais e Ferramentas em Geral do Estado de São Paulo―, notadamente no fluxo de caixa, não só em seu aspecto operacional, como também na visão gerencial, tanto no que se refere à ordenação das rubricas, separando-se a geração operacional dos eventos de financiamentos e investimentos, como também ao aspecto prospectivo, desenvolvendo projeções de fluxo de caixa. Explorou-se uma ferramenta para controle do capital de giro, mediante a comparação do EBITDA com a geração operacional de caixa e análise das variações. A metodologia adotada contemplou uma fase inicial que consistiu em sessões de treinamento e, posteriormente, sessões de intervenção em campo. Os principais resultados mostram um aprimoramento dos controles financeiros das empresas pesquisadas, gerando conhecimento e permitindo que elas tivessem informações mais adequadas para tomada de decisão, o que revelou aos pesquisadores a aderência do tema para esse perfil de empresa, algo que pode ser replicado em maior escala. Os resultados também mostraram que os problemas de pesquisa, apesar de serem planejados, emergem do campo como fruto da interação entre pesquisadores e os gestores das empresas estudadas, o que já é uma característica que diferencia de relatos de consultoria, em que os problemas são previamente definidos pelos gestores da empresa.
Cahen, Fabrice. "Lutter contre l'avortement illégal : les politiques de la vie au défi du contrôle des moeurs (France, 1890-1950)." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0001.
Full textThis doctoral research deals about the struggle against illegal abortion in France, between the late XIXth Century and the early 1950's. Its main purpose is to show - on the basis of empirical findings - how such "biopolitical" undertaking to manage and govern life and bodies confronted the impossibility to control human behaviours in the field of reproduction practices. After examining the genesis of a collective project to fight abortion, this research tries to enlight its various institutional expressions. The carrying out of a global survey of the political strategies and means of governement wich were elaborated and/or implemented enables to show how cœrcion was associated to more subtile techniques (tending to reframe moral landmarks, to create self-care and even to produce emotions). Through a historical presentation showing the dynamic balance between these different instruments, we connect three historical elements : the evolution of the anti-abortion networks, the successive forms of the Franch State and the professional norms wich could facilitate or prevent the control and the overviewing of intimacy. Then we observe the concrete interactions between civil servants, private actors like the physicians, and the population itself. Faced to the traditional skepticism as the "effectiveness" of such an "utopian" project, we prefer to assume that the anti-abortion policies during the XXth Century did produce many effects, at different levels, even though these policies did not reach the goals wich were ascribed to them explicitly
Lensing-Hebben, Caroline. "La médiatisation des chercheurs en sciences sociales : éthique professionnelle contre emprise médiatique." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0048.
Full textThe focus of contemporary media (radio and television) on scientific knowledge is a relatively recent phenomenon. Most importantly, media exploitation of expert opinion and the modes of transmission of scientific knowledge within the public domain of the media have been the object of very few empirical studies up to now. This research examines the use of television by the scientific community, and more specifically, specialists in social sciences, from the previously unexplored standpoint of researchers currently in the spotlight. This work is based on interviews with ‘visible scientists’ from France, Germany and USA. An analysis of the perceptions of popularising science on television is complemented by systematic quantitative research into the media appearances. The thesis also examines thoroughly the political exploitation of scientific research in the media and how it wavers between ideology and expertise, generating confusion between the authoritative role of science and that of politics. On the other hand, feedback from researchers' peers allowed to examine the state of the relation between academic and media credentials. Finally, in order not to neglect the effects of media notoriety on many researchers who up till now have worked in a closed academic environment, we also take stock of existing dialectic relationships between the opening up to new markets, to new powers and symbolic and financial rewards, and the nature of the scientific opinions broadcast in the media
Lemaire, Celia. "Le processus de construction d'un outil de contrôle de gestion inter-organisationnel : le cas de l'expérimentation d'un outil de pilotage de la performance dans le secteur médico-social." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01015444.
Full textCélia, Lemaire. "Le processus de construction d'un outil de contrôle de gestion inter-organisationnel. Le cas de l'expérimentation d'un outil de pilotage de la performance dans le secteur médico-social." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00919679.
Full textD'Avila, Marcos Zahler. "Um estudo exploratório sobre a aplicabilidade do método de controes internos do COSO para as empresas brasileiras de pequeno porte." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2005. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1708.
Full textPontificia Universidade de São Paulo
The Brazilian firms growth is the challenge to be considered within the microeconomic agenda in order to include the country in the global competition s context. For such growth to happen, it is necessary to overcome external barriers, such as taxation, financing, regulation and technological policies. Besides, internal barriers should also be overcome, such as organizational culture and management. This work discusses the management of such firms regarding its growth phase, from the use of the COSO Committee of Sponsoring Organizations internal control method. The purpose is to assess the applicability of such method over the brazilian small business, meanly at the moment in which the small firm become a medium sized company, considering that at this point a strict and on going oversight became impossible. Such applicability has been evaluated through analysis of writings describing the brazilian small business features in comparison with the COSO internal control method and also through inquiry to small business experts. The conclusions obtained indicates that the COSO internal control method is applicable for the brazilian small business if changes are carried out. Required changes includes a replacement of the focus on disclosure of financial statements to a new focus on management accounting, pointed out as a need by the experts, and also a higher degree of details and examples of practical cases, meanly about the identification of a set of usual risks for small business
O crescimento do porte das empresas brasileiras é o desafio que se impõe na agenda microeconômica para inserir o Brasil no contexto da competição globalizada. Para que este crescimento ocorra, é necessário que barreiras externas à empresa sejam superadas: os aspectos da tributação, o acesso a financiamentos, regulamentação e políticas tecnológicas. Além disso, barreiras internas também precisam ser vencidas, como os aspectos de gerenciamento e de cultura organizacional. Este trabalho aborda a questão do gerenciamento dessas empresas em relação à sua fase de crescimento, a partir da utilização do método de controles internos do COSO Committee of Sponsoring Organizations. Propõe avaliar a aplicabilidade deste método em relação às empresas brasileiras de pequeno porte, principalmente no momento em que a pequena empresa se torna uma empresa de médio porte, momento este em que a supervisão direta e contínua do proprietário sobre as operações se torna impraticável. Tal aplicabilidade é avaliada através de análises de textos que descrevem as características dos pequenos negócios no Brasil em comparação com o método de controles do COSO, e também através de consulta a especialistas sobre pequenos negócios no Brasil. As conclusões obtidas indicam que o método de controles do COSO pode ser aplicado para empresas brasileiras de pequeno porte mediante adaptações. Dentre as adaptações necessárias, deve-se alterar o foco na divulgação externa de demonstrações financeiras pelo foco em uma boa contabilidade gerencial, apontado como uma carência pelos especialistas consultados, além de haver maior detalhamento e exemplificações, principalmente sobre a identificação de um conjunto de riscos que sejam comuns aos pequenos negócios
Kita, Rogério Massami. "A RELAÇÃO ENTRE O USO DOS CONTROLES DE GESTÃO E A CONTINUIDADE DAS PEQUENAS E MÉDIAS EMPRESAS." Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, 2009. http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/147.
Full textThe work is to search for control of key business management for all enterprises, including so-called small businesses, seeking their excellence and continuity to good economic performance, financial and social. Several studies have been conducted to highlight the importance of management controls for organizations, but a major difficulty encountered in these companies is to apply the theory in practice. Thus, will be presented in this work, a survey among small and medium enterprises located in the municipalities of Sao Bernardo do Campo, Santo André, São Caetano do Sul and Diadema and such companies have management controls used in business management. In the context of small and medium enterprises, we can notice that the process is restricted and limited to certain people, therefore, the degree of responsibility in the decisions for these companies has a great level of importance in family businesses is also possible to identify characteristics similar to the process, finally, the search will analyze the relation of the I use of controls gerenciais & the continuity of that companies. The methodology used was descriptive and quantitative, using a questionnaire and the results were presented only as the companies that research and can be identified for the use of management controls and what controls are most used.(AU)
O trabalho tem como finalidade à pesquisa de controles de gestão empresarial essencial a todas as empresas, inclusive as chamadas pequenas e médias, que buscam sua excelência e continuidade para um bom desempenho econômico, financeiro e social. Diversos estudos já foram realizados a fim de evidenciar a importância dos controles gerenciais para as organizações, porém uma grande dificuldade encontrada nestas empresas é aplicar a teoria na prática. Sendo assim, será apresentada neste trabalho uma pesquisa entre pequenas e médias empresas localizadas nos municípios de São Bernardo do Campo, Santo André, São Caetano do Sul e Diadema e como estas empresas têm utilizado controles gerenciais no processo de gestão empresarial. No contexto das pequenas e médias empresas, pode-se perceber que o processo decisório é restrito e limitado a determinadas pessoas, portanto, o grau de responsabilidade nas decisões para estas empresas tem um grande teor de importância. Nas empresas familiares também é possível identificar características semelhantes ao processo decisório, por fim, a pesquisa irá analisar a relação do uso de controles gerenciais e a continuidade dessas empresas. A metodologia utilizada foi a descritiva e a quantitativa, através do uso de questionário e os resultados obtidos foram apresentados apenas como das empresas participantes da pesquisa, podendo ser identificados a relação do uso de controles de gestão e quais os controles mais utilizados.(AU)
Otárola, De la Torre Ruth Nilda. "Factores culturales, personales, institucionales y médicos asociados al abandono al control prenatal en centros y puestos de salud - San Juan de Lurigancho - 2012." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/5896.
Full textAnaliza la asociación entre los factores culturales, personales, institucionales y médicos y el abandono del control prenatal en pacientes de centros y puestos de salud. Utiliza una muestra de 175 pacientes atendidas en el Hospital de San Juan de Lurigancho, 87 con abandono al control prenatal y 88 sin abandono al control prenatal. Aplica una entrevista estructurada y analiza los datos obtenidos mediante la estadística descriptiva e inferencial con un nivel de significación estadístico p<0,05, emplea OR con IC 95% y regresión logística. Encuentra que el 88,6% de pacientes tienen una edad entre los 20 a 35 años. La mediana de controles prenatales son 4 (abandono) y 8 (no abandono). Entre los factores culturales, el empleo de medicina tradicional, no practicar deporte, no tener casa propia se asociaron al abandono; en los personales, la dificultad en el cuidado de hijos, quehaceres domésticos, olvido de citas, falta de apoyo de la pareja; en los institucionales, el tiempo de espera largo; en los factores médicos, miedo al examen ginecológico y calidad inadecuada del control prenatal. Los factores ajustados son el no tener casa propia (ORc 2,5 IC 95%1,1:6,1), dificultades por quehaceres domésticos (ORa: 4,6 IC95% 2,1:9,9), olvido de las citas (ORa: 5 IC95% 2,3:10,7), así como el miedo al examen ginecológico (ORa: 3,1 IC95% 1,4:6,5); de esa manera se explica el 28,9% a 38,5% del problema del abandono al control prenatal (R2 Cox y Snell= 0,289, R2 Nagelkerke=0,385). Así mismo para poder determinar el poder predictivo de los factores ajustados emplea la Curva ROC la cual arroja que el modelo predice bien el evento del abandono al control prenatal Área= 0,820 IC95% 0,757-0,883. Concluye que los factores culturales, personales, institucionales y médicos están asociados al abandono al control prenatal.
Tesis
Achata, Salas Tulio Américo. "Eficacia del control de la calidad del otorgamiento de prestaciones asistenciales en centros asistenciales del Seguro Social de Salud." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/11124.
Full textDetermina la eficacia del control de la calidad del otorgamiento de las prestaciones asistenciales en centros asistenciales del Seguro Social de Salud. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y de corte transversal aplicado a una muestra de prestaciones asistenciales otorgadas en los servicios de obstetricia, urgencia y emergencia de tres centros asistenciales del Seguro Social de Salud, durante los 2000- 2002. La calidad del otorgamiento de las prestaciones asistenciales se midió mediante: encuestas de satisfacción del usuario externo en 88 pacientes, la auditoría médica en 599 historias clínicas y la identificación de complicaciones intrahospitalarias en 2939 atenciones. Se valoró la eficacia de los controles realizados según la concordancia de los resultados obtenidos con los indicadores institucionales. Encuentra que la satisfacción general del usuario externo por las prestaciones recibidas en el servicio de obstetricia fue de un 80% y de un 63.7% en el servicio de emergencia. Los registros de las historias clínicas en los servicios de obstetricia, emergencia y urgencia, estuvieron completos en un 72%, 16% y 42%, respectivamente. Se presentaron 8 (11,9%) complicaciones puerperales en las atenciones obstétricas, 12 (0.6%) complicaciones quirúrgicas en las atenciones de emergencia y 9 (0.9%) reingresos en las atenciones de urgencia. Concluye que la encuesta de satisfacción del usuario externo, la auditoria médica y la identificación de complicaciones intrahospitalarias permiten cuantificar la calidad del otorgamiento de las prestaciones asistenciales.
Tesis
Simon, Jean-Michel. "Evaluation du médicament et économie de la santé." Dijon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995DIJOE008.
Full textThe economic evaluation of drugs is referred to increasingly in the context of scientific and economic approaches to achieving more effective health expenditure. The first part of this thesis sets out the basis for, and methodology employed in the economic evaluation of drugs. It describes briefly its limitations and the main criticisms levelled against it, giving details of the analytical options available as well as the differences between methods. In the second part, the author examines the possible role of pharmaco-economic criteria within the regulatory mechanisms of the French pharmaceutical market. It shows that they conflict with other decision-making criteria which at the present time carry, relatively speaking, more weight. The third part examines the relevance of pharmaco-economic evaluation in a practical setting, on the basis of studies of the new active substances which appeared within the five year period 1989-1993. It points out the problems inherent in these studies examines the general characteristics of the method adopted. It draws attention to the most frequently occuring faults, examines the validity, and assesses their overall contribution
Laforest, Karine. "Travailler avec un interprète : représentations sociales de médecins de famille." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29975/29975.pdf.
Full textNavazhylava, Kseniya. "A Transparency Perspective on the Implementation of New Information and Communication Technology : the Case of Social Media Use in Organizational Context." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLH010.
Full textThis dissertation is a multi-perspective inquiry into the phenomenon of social media use in organizational context. It focuses on the processes of enactment of this new technology and investigates how these developments are embedded in the context of occupational norms, social roles, organizational control and autonomy. The research setting is based on the 19-month social media implementation campaign by a central European media organization as a means of enhancing communication and coordination within the organization. The implementation encompassed two departments, journalists and advertising agents, who were asked to create and open their online social media profiles and befriend their colleagues. The dissertation comprises four research papers each taking a separate perspective on the phenomenon. Methodologically, the dissertation builds on qualitative case-study approach and abductive and inductive reasonings. The thesis provides theoretical and practical contributions to the understanding normative prerequisites, process and consequences of social media use in organizational context for occupational norms, online knowledge collaboration and organizational control while presenting co-evolution of the technology meaning and use
Lux, Gulliver. "Adoption et usage(s) des outils de gestion par les directeurs d'Établissements et Services Médico- Sociaux : état des lieux et facteurs explicatifs." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00941277.
Full textRojas-, Sánchez Ahuitz. "La relation entre la stigmatisation du poids et la pratique et le maintien de l'activité physique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS036.
Full textObesity has been increasing worldwide for the last couple of decades. This increase has led to worldwide concern about the health of our population, prompting increases in health promotion programs that aim at improving lifestyle choices, like increasing the practice of physical activity. Even though physical activity is particularly beneficial for individuals with obesity, studies show that people with high BMI are less likely to practice it than those with low BMI. This is likely due to weight stigma. In the case of the targets of stigma current literature does not provide an understanding of the mechanisms by which stigma affects physical activity through its different processes. Moreover, studies on the perceiver perspective rarely examine behaviors and contextually relevant scenarios like social media. The main goal of this doctoral work is to understand how stigma affects the practice of physical activity at a macroscopic level (social media), an interpersonal level (perceivers), and an individual level (targets).Our findings suggest that current research on the perception of stigma limits the construct to face-to-face interactions and explicit discrimination ignoring social context. Specifically, social media could be a context where there is a clustering of stigmatizing communities overlapping with exercise promoting ones which could affect individuals receiving information from these websites. These communities are formed by people promoting weight loss and exercise, a population in which we found that weight stigma might influence intentions and automatic behaviors differently depending on type of stigma, intention, and sex of target. This could lead to escape-oriented behavior from stigmatized individuals, which depending on their resources, could have positive or negative effects on health. These results emphasize the importance of considering contextual information when exploring the effects of stigma on health. This doctoral dissertation also highlights avenues of research that should be explored in order to understand more accurately this relationship
Abou, El Kalam Anas. "Modèles et politiques de sécurité pour les domaines de la santé et des affaires sociales." Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT043H.
Full textLenoir, christophe. "Télévision et convergence des médias : vers un nouvel espace public ?, 2000-2005 : usages économiques et politiques de la convergence, conditions d'acceptabilité des énoncés et des moyens de contrôle dans un cadre de communication dématérialisé." Paris 3, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00683153v1.
Full textHow can one assess the impact of the new digital framework of communication on the Public Sphere, on regulation bodies, on acceptability standards and on the autonomy of cultural audiovisual fields ? This thesis is organized in five parts, successively tackling the symbolic, economic, lawful and legal aspects of Convergence in relation to the specificities of cultural industries, especially television, with an aesthetic and political focus
Aiss, Alexandre. "Une institution face à l'autisme : La psychothérapie institutionnelle comme outil thérapeutique." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA070121.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to rethink reconsider the institution taking people with autism into account. How can one be in an encounter while facing someone who precludes the very possibility of relationship? The difficulties faced by caregivers for people with autism need ongoing and diligent investment. Is Institutional Psychotherapy a good enough tool to provide the setting required for a shared life-space? We will attempt, from within a life-space setting for adults with autism and through the discourse of its staff of caregivers, to understand how an institution reinvents and redesigns itself from moment to moment so as to ensure the integrity of this encounter. At this time has psychiatrie system is going through massive reform bringing into the question the place of the subject under care. It is this subject that we will refer, so that tomorrow our institutional work may maintain the spirit of harmony
Aguilar, Ocaña Gissel Teresa. "Título de los anticuerpos naturales anti-A y anti-B, en donantes de plaquetas por aféresis, en un hospital de la Seguridad Social de Lima." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/10962.
Full textTesis
Garcia, Anaïs. "Ligatures : la reproduction des femmes indigènes au Guatemala, entre contrôles et résistances." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20093.
Full textIn 1996, the government of Guatemala put an end to 36 years of civil war by signing the peace accords. This war specifically affected the country’s indigenous populations. The two Truth commissions concluded that the army and paramilitaries carried out acts of genocide against the Mayan populations, in part because of the widespread use of sexual violence against women. Over the next two decades, many development projects led by the State as well as various foundations and NGOs sought to alleviate the extreme poverty affecting rural indigenous populations. One of these projects is the dissemination of family planning programs. It is Indigenous women who are the main targets of the medical and educational devices that are implemented in this context. Their objective is to drastically reduce these women’s fertility, through sustainable and permanent methods such as female sterilization. This objective is accompanied by the establishment of a set of standards of good maternal and reproductive practices. The medico-social staff that is mobilized towards the integration of these standards sometimes goes so far as to use violence in order to ensure that the indigenous women comply with them. In the exercise of their mission, the medical staff believes to be working for the common good not only of the nation but of those women as well. However, the constraints faced by women in managing family planning make it difficult for them to fully access reproductive rights. In addition, many women liken the violence and discrimination they experience in these programs to the violence of war and the violence that they experience in other social spaces. The poverty the live in and the oppression and multiple forms of violence they face are particularly related to neoliberal policies.The aim of this thesis is to decipher certain issues around the promotion of targeted sterilization of indigenous women, in a post-conflict context where renewed violence against these women is developing. The research work conducted with institutions and medical staff in family planning programs, as well as with women from several indigenous communities, reveals the complex relationships that exist between indigenous women and different actors: institutional, professional, community and family. These relationships, which reveal the hierarchical positions of gender, ethnicity and class at local, national and international levels, have impacts on reproductive trajectories, and by extension on life trajectories. At the intersection of these many issues of power, the thesis will show how indigenous women find themselves at the heart of a tense reproductive issue, with which they must deal in order to negotiate their status as citizens
Depauw, Jeremy. "Qualité de l'information et vigilance collective sur le web: étude des stratégies d'évaluation des sources en ligne par les professionnels de la gestion de l'information dans les organisations." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210263.
Full textCette thèse examine la remise en cause des processus habituels de vigilance collective, et en particulier celle de l'adaptation, chez les spécialistes de l'information, des stratégies d'évaluation de la qualité de l'information provenant des sources en ligne. La question de recherche mobilise trois éléments principaux :les professionnels de la gestion de l'information, l'évaluation de la qualité de l'information et l'évolution du paysage informationnel, qu'on appelle communément le Web 2.0. Pour répondre à cette question, une enquête de terrain a été menée auprès de 53 professionnels de la gestion de l'information en Belgique, entre novembre 2007 et juillet 2008. En l'absence de bases théoriques stables et largement acceptées, un cadre conceptuel spécifique a été développé pour assurer l'adéquation entre les éléments de la question de recherche et le dispositif. Ce cadre conceptuel a permis de faire la lumière sur ces éléments. Le recours à une approche sociopsychologique a permis de les articuler, notamment par emprunt aux travaux de Karl Weick et au concept de sensemaking.
La gestion de l'information (GI), considérée comme un processus de vigilance collective, est un concept générique, comprenant les activités de surveillance, de veille ou encore d'intelligence (économique, stratégique, compétitive, etc.).
Sa conceptualisation, construite par une analyse de définitions des principaux termes qui lui sont associés, a mis en évidence l'importance de son rôle de médiateur d'information dans l'organisation, qui s'articule autour des étapes récurrentes de collecte, de traitement et de distribution de l'information. Le recours au concept d'organizational learning a permis de dépasser les approches purement mécaniques, mettant en évidence sa capacité à créer du de sens.
C'est au coeur de cette médiation, à l'intersection de la collecte et du traitement de l'information, qu'intervient un autre type de sensemaking: l'évaluation de la qualité de l'information. Elle est envisagée comme un processus de réduction de l'ambiguïté, dont l'action permet la sélection (ou non) d'une source ou d'une information dans la suite de la médiation. La qualité de l'information est abordée sous l'angle de l'information seeking qui permet de faire la lumière sur cette création de sens. Elle est généralement traitée dans la littérature en termes de pertinence, de crédibilité ou de fitness for use. Des études de terrain et des contributions émanant des praticiens ont permis de mettre en évidence les attributs et les critères de la qualité qui peuvent être mobilisés pour construire un jugement de qualité des sources en ligne. Dans le cadre de l'enquête de terrain, une check-list composée de 72 critères renvoyant à 9 attributs a été choisie comme cadre de référence pour l'observer: les objectifs de la source, sa couverture, son autorité et sa réputation, sa précision, sa mise à jour, son accessibilité, sa présentation, sa facilité d'utilisation et sa comparaison avec d'autres sources.
Pour pouvoir mettre en évidence de manière concrète les aspects du paysage informationnel en transformation, une analyse des définitions et descriptions du Web 2.0 a permis de construire une description morphologique qui reprend ses caractéristiques principales. Il peut ainsi être considéré comme un ensemble d'outils, de pratiques et de tendances. Les outils permettent d'identifier cinq types de sources qui lui sont spécifiques: les blogs, les wikis, les podcasts, les plates-formes de partage de fichiers et les sites de réseaux sociaux. Ces types de sources sont éclairés dans cette recherche sous l'angle du concept de genre et, ensemble, sont positionnés en tant que répertoire, qu'il est nécessaire de comparer avec celui des genres "classiques" de sources en ligne.
L'examen du changement des stratégies d'évaluation de la qualité de l'information a été concrétisé à l'aide d'un questionnaire administré par téléphone, qui visait à croiser les critères de qualité de la liste choisie comme référence avec les cinq genres typiques du Web 2.0. C'est l'importance relative accordée à un critère pour évaluer une information qui a été choisie comme indicateur à observer. Les répondants ont été invités à indiquer s'ils considèrent que l'importance des critères "change" ("≠") ou "ne change pas" ("=") quand ils évaluent un de ces genres, en comparaison de celle qu'ils accorderaient à un genre classique de source en ligne. En cas de changement, le questionnaire a prévu la possibilité de noter s'il s'agissait d'une hausse (">") ou d'une baisse ("<") d'importance. Pour compléter ce dispositif, 14 entretiens semi-dirigés en face à face ont été menés avec des répondants à ce questionnaire, de manière à pouvoir saisir les éléments explicatifs de leurs réponses.
L'analyse des données a montré qu'une majorité des réponses (57% de "=") indiquent que l'importance des critères d'évaluation ne change pas quand une information est mise à disposition par l'intermédiaire d'un genre Web 2.0, plutôt que par celui d'un genre classique de source en ligne. Pourtant, cela implique que 43% des critères changent d'une manière ou d'une autre. C'est sur base de ce constat que cette recherche soutient l'existence d'un changement perçu qui, s'il ne remet pas fondamentalement en cause le processus de jugement de qualité, suscite néanmoins une adaptation de ce dernier par les professionnels de la GI interrogés. La lecture des données à l'aide de variables secondaires a montré notamment une forte disparité des distributions de réponses entre les répondants; ce qui plaide en faveur du caractère subjectif, personnel et dépendant du contexte du processus d'évaluation. De même, elle a permis de déterminer l'existence de deux groupes d'attributs qui se différencient par le fait que le premier comporte des attributs liés au contenu de la source (les objectifs, l'autorité, la précision, etc.) alors que le second est composé d'attributs liés à la forme (présentation, facilité, etc.).
Les entretiens de la seconde phase de l'enquête ont permis d'affiner l'analyse en éclairant, d'une part, sur la nature du changement et, d'autre part, sur les raisons de celui-ci. Les répondants ont indiqué que fondamentalement le processus d'évaluation est identique quel que soit le répertoire envisagé. Ils admettent toutefois que les genres typiques du Web 2.0 peuvent être à l'origine d'une perte de repères. Elle s'explique par la perception d'une familiarité moins grande à l'égard des sources et se traduit par une perte de la confiance qu'ils accordent aux sources et à leur jugement. Le changement perçu se manifeste donc par une hausse d'importance de certains attributs, qui aide les répondants à restaurer cette confiance. L'élément explicatif de ce changement peut être considéré comme un flou dans les modalités de création de contenu. Ce flou comporte trois dimensions: la façon dont est créé le contenu (How?), l'identité de celui qui le crée (Who?) et sa nature (What?). Ces dimensions peuvent être synthétisées par l'idée selon laquelle n'importe qui peut publier n'importe quoi.
Les entretiens approfondis confirment que les groupes d'attributs liés au contenu d'une part, et ceux liés à la forme d'autre part, sont bien des éléments explicatifs de la manière dont se manifeste le changement. Dans le cas des attributs qui augmentent d'importance, les raisons invoquées renvoient au fait que la facilité de création de contenu à l'aide de ces genres permet à "n'importe qui" de créer du contenu. C'est pour cette raison que l'autorité et les objectifs de la source peuvent faire l'objet d'une attention plus forte que sur les genres classiques de sources en ligne. Le fait que n'importe qui puisse publier "n'importe quoi" renvoie à la nature du contenu créé par ces genres. Il est considéré comme dynamique, personnel, indicateur de tendances, source de signaux faibles, subjectifs, etc. Cela pousse les répondants qui sont sensibles à ces questions à remettre plus sérieusement en cause la précision par exemple. C'est aussi en raison de la facilité de création de contenu, et du fait que les outils du Web 2.0 réduisent la responsabilité de l'auteur dans la qualité de la conception de sa source, que des attributs de forme, quand ils changent d'importance, voient leur niveau baisser. Le second groupe a été signalé par les répondants comme étant davantage des indicateurs de sérieux et des arbitres dans leur processus d'évaluation.
Que ce soit pour discuter des divergences de vue entre répondants ou pour déterminer les spécificités des genres, il apparaît qu'un aspect capital de la qualité de l'information tient à sa capacité à répondre aux besoins du moment, le fitness for use. Cette notion est intimement liée à celle de pertinence et toutes deux ont été résolument présentées comme déterminantes dans les stratégies, à la fois du point de vue du jugement d'une information ponctuelle, que dans l'attitude face à aux sources en général. Dans tous les cas, c'est d'abord les besoins d'information qui guident le choix. Toutes observations permettent d'apporter une réponse claire, riche et nuancée à la question de recherche.
Doctorat en Information et communication
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Billand, Jan. "Comment dialoguer avec des hommes auteurs de violence contre des femmes ? : Ethnographie d’un groupe réflexif." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCD012/document.
Full textThis study aims to investigate the modalities and conditions of practical success in an intervention with male perpetrators of violence against women, within the perspective of gender equity promotion. METHODS. We study the work of three male professionals, who organize a reflexive group for sued male perpetrators. Following a qualitative approach, the ethnographic method was employed, combining participant observation, in-depth interviewing with the three facilitators, and document analysis. Results were analysed by contrast with a theoretical reference frame which articulated the frame of vulnerability and human rights in health, the concept of hegemonic masculinity, the feminist perspective on care, and psychodynamic approach of work. RESULTS. The results and its discussion were organized according to four axes of analysis: first, we analyze the social context and its impacts on the work process (opportunities and challenges); second, we describe and discuss forms of practical success identified within the professionals’ work; third, we focus on the subjective dimension of this work, analyzing problems encountered by the researcher and the group facilitators in interpersonal relationships with the group participants, and coping strategies developed by the facilitators; and finally, we expand the discussion of the results to understand possible contributions of health policies to the prevention of violence against women and the promotion of gender equity. CONCLUSION. Two contradictory tendencies pervade the relationship of these professionals to their work. On one side, their raised awareness of women’s viewpoints leads to their engagement as allies to feminist movements. They seek to dialogue with male perpetrators, putting their own masculine socialization at the service of the prevention of violence against women; yet on the other side, this work within masculine socialization’s typical “language games” demands a selective indifference to women’s viewpoints, especially when they don’t match male felicity projects: this cleavage is requested to maintain the empathy towards men requested to achieve successful dialogue. Paradoxically, this results in a loss of the professionals’ empathy towards women, which contradicts the (profeminist) political meaning of their work. Thus, regarding dialogue with male perpetrators of violence against women, profeminism stands simultaneously as a pre-requisite and a cumber. Although they never get rid of this paradox, the studied workers find solutions to it through their practice, hence achieving specific forms of success. The strategies developed for this purpose can inspire new care practices aimed at male perpetrators of violence against women within health services
Robert, Sarah. "Santé et recours aux soins des jeunes en insertion socio-professionnelle : une recherche interventionnelle multicentrique Santé et recours aux soins des jeunes en insertion âgés de 18 à 25 ans suivis en mission locale Effects of systematically offered social and preventive medicine consultation on training and health attitudes of young people not in employment, education or training (NEETs) : an interventional study in France." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS038.
Full textIn France, ‘‘Missions locales’’ are public assistance sites for young people aged 16–25 years who are not in employment, in education or training (NEET). More than 1.4 million NEETs – i.e. ten to fifteen percent of the youth – participate in these sites each year. The main goal of ‘‘Missions locales’’ is to enhance both professional and social insertion – since education, employment, housing and health issues are inseperable. Several international studies have shown that NEETs have poor health status. In France, there were very few quantitative studies on this topic until the PRESAJE survey in 2011, which took place in five ‘’Missions locales’’. Based on data from this survey, we showed that the overall social profile of the NEET population was diverse, with more difficult living conditions than in the general population. Health-related vulnerability factors identified were: low education level; social isolation; insufficient health insurance; low self-esteem; and, low level of trust in institutions. Some of their health indicators were remarkably poor compared to other youth of the same age: more often, they had chronic disease, were overweight or obese, and their mental health status was poor. Despite their poor health, NEETs had less access to health care than the youth of the same age in the general population. This work also has highlighted the importance of having health sites inside ‘‘Missions locales’’. Social and preventive medicine consultations that are fully integrated into the social services for NEETs have an impact on their access to training (and we hope subsequently on their employment), and contribute to changing some of their health-related behaviours
Thiong-Kay, Laurent. "La production médiatique de l'opposition au barrage de Sivens sur internet : entre reconfigurations info-communicationnelles et repolitisation de l'enjeu local." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30131.
Full textThis research concerns the potential of digital practices within development and visibility of a mobilization against a public policy project. Focused on the Sivens dam controversy, this investigation studies all characteristics of an informal network, constituted by activists and journalists who have worked together in order to cover the opposition through informational, communicational and participative uses of the Internet. This public arena consists of media producers occupies a central place within construction and finally in publicizing the grievances of this mobilization. In other words, this research aims to penetrate opacity that often reigns, on the Internet, between activist communication and radical journalism. Basically, it questions the changes in the media sphere. Based on a methodology combining semi-structured interviews approach with different qualitative analysis methods of productions, this thesis returns to the dynamics of controversy at the beginning of the arena studied. Then its takes a closer look at the media reconfigurations implemented, testifying attempts ambiguity to empower new social movements regarding the journalistic field and the potential of digital technologies within the organization of collective action. But the birth of a protest movement characterized by originality of actions for the zone to defend (ZAD) aroused interest for alternative media appearing in the continuity of alterglobalist media criticism. Sharing part of the reasons for activists' distrust regarding the way dominant media operates, journalists who working for pure information players cover the event, by working on relationships nature which link them to their sources, both online and offline. Hybrid network then stabilizes on both sides of the Internet, reinforced by the richness of actors' digital practices which allows refinement of militant and journalistic identities between communication and information's borders. However, structuring such actors arena depends on social factors which influence back political criticism its formalize. This study lets understand that the construction of event depends on specific modalities, between action of the activists wishing to overcome cleavages which traditionally separate them within left political spectrum and the journalists wishing to assert a partial identity break regarding injunction of professional neutrality / objectivity. Event fabrication leads us to an interpretation of the controversy contesting legitimacy and suitability of the spatial planning consistency. Finally, it values political criticism in action closely dependent with episodes of the controversy. The Internet-Sivens thus gives birth to a certain repoliticization of local scale challenges. Therefore, this research uses Communication and Information Sciences interest about online media-political practices as ways to analyse public problems construction
Montrichard, Cyrielle. "La presse de tranchées : un espace discursif de mise en scène d’un contre-discours combattant ?" Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCC015.
Full textThis work offers an in-depth study of French soldiers’ discourse in the Trench Press (written by soldiers for soldiers) during the First World War. In the early beginning of the war, the public space is shaped by the sacred Union speech delivered by Raymond Poincaré, President of France. This constitutive speech (Grésillon & Maingueneau) builds an hegemonic discourse (Angenot) that becomes the only one that can be told in the public space at least until 1916. Between propaganda and censorship, is it possible to produce a counter-speech, an argumentation against the sacred Union and every representation (soldiers are happy and brave heroes ready to make the sacrifice of their life, german are barbarians, etc.) that comes with it? We first built a corpus of five journals (for about a half million words) which allow us to use textometric tools that offers, among other things, different angles of reading. By investing the argumentative dimension theory (Amossy) that sees discourse as a way, not only to convince but also, to show a point of view, our work is trying to reveal if the Trench Press can be consider as a counter-speech. To do so, we explore different paths such as the enunciative heterogeneity (Authier-Revuz) to see how and why the dominant discourse is exposed in the Trench press
Braud, Rosane. "Construction d'une catégorie de "migrants" dans les actions de lutte contre les inégalités face au diabète en France : analyse des configurations contemporaines des rapports sociaux inégalitaires." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC089/document.
Full textThis research questions the emergence, the uses and the direction of the resort to a category of “migrants”, in the French politics and the actions to reduce social inequalities in front of diabetes mellitus. The sociohistory of the emergence of the question about the diabetes of the "migrants", shows how the medical literature can, by pointing different risk factors according to the social groups, participate in the construction of categories of patients. The led analysis underlines the mixture between ethnic, racial and genetically groups, at the origin of the differentialist narrative about the causes of the diabetes. This reading is today mobilized by the public authorities to organize a specific distribution of health preventive care of diabetes and its complications. In health relation, the analysis of the practices, and in particular the therapeutic patient education, underlines that differential treatments exists, but all have no expected effects. The culturalist view making behavior of patients the main cause of their health condition, can impact the medical course, and also, increase the social inequalities. Guided by the directives of public health, the analysis of the margins of action of the professionals and patients, allows to see that these politics aim less to act on the social determinants of health inequalities that to order the individuals to reach the equality by adopting the majority social groups behaviors
Artadji, Attoumane. "Recul et persistance du paludisme en Union des Comores : une approche géographique pour déterminer l’importance des facteurs environnementaux et sociaux dans son maintien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0003/document.
Full textMalaria has been present in the Comoros archipelago since 1925, when a major epidemic was first recorded in Grande Comore. The islands have been favourable to the development of vectors causing malaria transmission (Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus) due to the high tropical rainfall, high hydrographic density, the suitable environment with forests and wetlands, as well as the construction of water reservoirs in households. This disease has been endemic since the 1970s and a major public health problem until the 2000s. From the end of the 1990s, the Comorian government has decided to implement a strategy to control malaria by anti-malaria vector control and population protection against mosquito bites. In the last twenty years, malaria control efforts have been intensified and for a first time, mass treatment with Artequick has been carried out in Mohéli (2007-2009), Anjouan (2012-2013) and Grande Comore (2013). There has since been a dramatic decline in malaria on all the islands, as Mohéli and Anjouan have entered a pre-elimination phase and Grande Comore is in the control phase. In the first part, this thesis describes the spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria before and after mass treatment in order to understand the impact of different control actions. A mapping of hospital prevalence and incidence of malaria at the district and village levels shows its decline in Anjouan and Mohéli and its persistence in Grande Comore. Spatial autocorrelation tests have revealed a similarity in malaria transmission between neighbouring localities that are forming clusters in Grande Comore. In the second part, it was demonstrated that environmental factors have an influence on malaria transmission, despite the greater importance of control actions. At the district level, simple and multiple linear regression models have been established between the incidence of malaria and land cover / land use patterns of islands and landscape indicators at the village level in Grande Comore. A survey on people's knowledge, practices and vulnerabilities was conducted among 1,288 households in the Union of the Comoros to assess factors of vulnerability that contribute to malaria transmission. Beyond having water reservoirs in households, the waste disposal location would also have an impact on malaria in Grande Comore. The survey revealed that several households on the large island did not take the 2013 mass treatment. This thesis provides a better understanding of the human and environmental aspects of malaria maintenance and thus aims to better target future control actions
Laokri, Samia. "Assessing cost-of-illness in a user's perspective: two bottom-up micro-costing studies towards evidence informed policy-making for tuberculosis control in Sub-saharan Africa." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209273.
Full textTo begin, filling a knowledge gap (Russell 2004), we have performed microeconomic research on the households’ costs-and-consequences-of-tuberculosis in Burkina Faso and Benin. The two case studies have been conducted both in rural and urban resource-poor settings between 2007 and 2009. This thesis provides new empirical findings on the remaining financial, social and ‘healthcare delivery related organizational’ barriers to access diagnosis and treatment services that are delivered free-of-charge to the population. The direct costs associated with illness incurred by the tuberculosis pulmonary smear-positive patients have constituted a severe economic burden for these households living in permanent budget constraints. Most of these people have spent catastrophic health expenditure to cure tuberculosis and, at the same time, have faced income loss caused by the care-seeking. To cope with the substantial direct and indirect costs of tuberculosis, the patients have shipped their families in impoverishing strategies to mobilize funds for health such as depleting savings, being indebted and even selling livestock and property. Damaging asset portfolios of the disease-affected households on the long run, the coping strategies result in a public health threat. In resource-poor settings, the lack of financial protection for health may impose inability to meet basic needs such as the rights to education, housing, food, social capital and access to primary healthcare. Special feature of our work lies in the breakdown of the information gathered. We have been able to demonstrate significant differences in the volume and nature of the amounts spent across the successive stages of the care-seeking pathway. Notably, pre-diagnosis spending has been proved critical both in the rural and urban contexts. Moreover, disaggregated cost data across income quintiles have highlighted inequities in relation to the direct costs and to the risk of incurring catastrophic health expenditure because of tuberculosis. As part of the case studies, the tuberculosis control strategies have failed to protect the most vulnerable care users from delayed diagnosis and treatment, from important spending even during treatment – including significant medical costs, and from hidden costs that might have been exacerbated by poor health systems. To such devastating situations, the tuberculosis patients have had to endure other difficulties; we mean intangible costs such as pain and suffering including stigmatization and social exclusion as a result of being ill or attending tuberculosis care facilities. The analysis of all the social and economic consequences for tuberculosis-affected households over the entire care-seeking pathway has been identified as an essential element of future cost-of-illness evaluations, as well as the need to conduct benefit incidence assessment to measure equity.
This work has allowed identifying a series of policy weaknesses related to the three dimensions of the universal health coverage for tuberculosis (healthcare services, population and financial protection coverage). The findings have highlighted a gap between the standard costs foreseen by the national programs and the costs in real life. This has suggested that the current strategies lack of patient-centered care, context-oriented approaches and systemic vision resulting in a quality issue in healthcare delivery system (e.g. hidden healthcare related costs). Besides, various adverse effects on households have been raised as potential consequences of illness; such as illness poverty trap, social stigma, possible exclusion from services and participation, and overburdened individuals. These effects have disclosed the lack of social protection at the country level and call for the inclusion of tuberculosis patients in national social schemes. A last policy gap refers to the lack of financial protection and remaining inequities with regards to catastrophic health expenditure still occurring under use fee exemptions strategies. Thereby, one year before 2015 – the deadline set for the Millennium Development Goals – it is a matter of priority for Benin and Burkina Faso and many other countries to tackle adverse effects of the remaining social, economic and health policy and system related barriers to tuberculosis control. These factors have led us to emphasize the need for countries to develop sustainable knowledge.
National decision-makers urgently need to document the failures and bottlenecks. Drawing on the findings, we have considered different ways to strengthen local capacity and generate bottom-up decision-making. To get there, we have shaped a decision framework intended to produce local evidence on the root causes of the lack of policy responsiveness, synthesize available evidence, develop data-driven policies, and translate them into actions.
Beyond this, we have demonstrated that controlling tuberculosis was much more complex than providing free services. The socio-economic context in which people affected by this disease live cannot be dissociated from health policy. The implications of microeconomic research on the households’ costs and responses to tuberculosis may have a larger scope than informing implementation and adaptation of national disease-specific strategies. They can be of great interest to support the definition of guiding principles for further research on social protection schemes, and to produce evidence-based targets and indicators for the reduction and the monitoring of economic burden of illness. In this thesis, we have build on prevailing debates in the field and formulated different assumptions and proposals to inform the WHO Global Strategy and Targets for Tuberculosis Prevention, Care and Control After 2015. For us, to reflect poor populations’ needs and experiences, global stakeholders should endorse bottom-up and systemic policy-making approaches towards sustainable people-centered health systems.
The findings of the thesis and the various global and national challenges that have emerged from case studies are crucial as the problems we have seen for tuberculosis in West Africa are not limited to this illness, and far outweigh the geographical context of developing countries.
Keywords: Catastrophic health expenditure, Coping strategies, Cost-of-illness studies, Direct, indirect and intangible costs, Evidence-based Public health, Financial and Social protection for health, Health Economics, Health Policy and Systems, Informed Decision-making, Knowledge translation, People-centered policy-making, Systemic approach, Universal Health Coverage
Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Kadlecová, Petra. "Analýza využití nových technologií pro vizuální komunikaci a jejich společenský dopad." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162505.
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