Dissertations / Theses: 'Controlled attention'

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Bleckley, M. Kathryn. "Working memory capacity as controlled attention : implications for visual selective attention." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28885.

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Garforth, Jason P. "Executive attention, action selection and attention-based learning in neurally controlled autonomous agents." Thesis, Open University, 2006. http://oro.open.ac.uk/22333/.

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I describe the design and implementation of an integrated neural architecture, modelled on human executive attention, which is used to control both automatic (reactive) and willed action selection in a simulated robot. The model, based upon Norman and Shallice's supervisory attention system, incorporates important features of human attentional control: selection of an intended task over a more salient automatic task; priming of future tasks that are anticipated; and appropriate levels of persistence of focus of attention. Recognising that attention-based learning, mediated by the limbic system, and the hippocampus in particular, plays an important role in adaptive learning, I extend the Norman and Shallice model, introducing an intrinsic, attention-based learning mechanism that enhances the automaticity of willed actions and reduces future need for attentional effort required for dealing with distractions. These enhanced features support a new level of attentional autonomy in the operation of the simulated robot. Some properties of the model are explored using lesion studies, leading to the identification of a correspondence between the behavioural pathologies of the simulated robot and those seen in human patients suffering dysfunction of executive attention.

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Callinan, Sheila. "Attention training and traumatic stress symptoms : a controlled evaluation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/attention-training-and-traumatic-stress-symptoms-a-controlled-evaluation(e72491ae-ac30-4556-a76a-2e533277593a).html.

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Many of the symptoms characteristic of PTSD such as hypervigiliance towards threat, involve attentional processes. The first part of this thesis explored the role of attentional processes in the maintenance and treatment of PTSD. Although general models of anxiety give attentional processes central prominence cognitive models of PTSD (e.g., Foa & Riggs, 1993; Brewin, Dalgleish, & Joseph, 1996; Ehlers & Clark, 2000) assign an important role to trauma memory and place little or no emphasis on the role of attentional processes in maintaining symptoms. Models of anxiety have suggested that attentional bias is automatic (Mathews & Macleod, 2002) or strategic (Wells & Mathews, 1994). Wells' (2000) Metacognitive Model of PTSD is one of the few models to emphasis thinking style and attention rather then memory. In this model attentional bias is thought to be strategic in nature. The evidence reviewed supports a role of attention in PTSD and suggests it may be beneficial to modify this process. Two different attention techniques based on models of bias are reviewed.The second part of the thesis described a randomized controlled evaluation of attentional training technique (ATT; Wells, 1990) on traumatic stress symptoms in a sample of 60 university students, who had previously experienced a stressful life event. ATT is a technique used in metacognitive therapy to modify the control of attention. Participants were randomly assigned to either an ATT group (n = 29) or a control group (n = 31). An emotional attention set shifting task was included as an objective measure of attention. The results supported the hypotheses, ATT reduced intrusions and negative affect, increased self-report attention flexibility and modified performance on the attention set shifting task. The results are consistent with the metacognitive model of PTSD. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed and the results add to studies suggesting positive effects of the technique across a range of disorders.The third part critically reflected on methodological and ethical issues from the above research study. The interpretation of the findings is limited by the student population. It is acknowledged that the results are preliminary in nature but it is believed that the study provides useful insights into the role of attentional processes in the development and treatment of traumatic stress symptoms and provides a basis for studies in the future.

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Namazi, Mahchid. "Working memory and controlled attention in bilingual children with and without language impairment." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86722.

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This thesis consists of three studies with the general aim of investigating controlled attention and working memory in the visual and auditory modalities in monolingual and bilingual children equated in visual and verbal working memory as well in bilingual children with and without language impairment. The first study attempts a replication of previous research findings showing a bilingual advantage in controlled attention by altering the methodology to equate children on measures of verbal and visual working memory, as well as adequately measuring language knowledge in each of the bilingual child's languages. In the second study, we performed a preliminary investigation of bilingual children's ability to ignore meaningful speech in one language while attending to and processing sentences in the other language. The regular experience with this latter skill has been put forward as the explanation for the bilingual child's domain general advantage in controlled attention. A second general aim of the studies was to explore the relationship between verbal memory and auditory controlled attention, as well as visual memory and visual controlled attention. The third and final study extended the aims of the first two studies to bilingual children with language impairment in comparison to an age- and nonverbal IQ-matched group with similar bilingual exposure. The findings from all three studies confirmed the lack of a bilingual advantage in visual controlled attention. Furthermore, even in children with language impairment, performance was similar to their peers. As for the relationship between working memory and controlled attention, when children were split into high and low visual working memory groups, those with higher spans were more accurate and faster on the visual controlled attention task. In the case of auditory controlled attention, children with higher verbal working memory scores were more accurate than those with lower working memory scores. This
Cette thèse est constituée de trois articles dont le but général est l'investigation du contrôle de l'attention et de la mémoire de travail dans les modalités visuelle et auditive chez les enfants bilingues et monolingues appariés en mémoire de travail visuelle et auditive ainsi que chez les enfants avec et sans trouble de langage. La première étude vise à répliquer des données antérieures démontrant un avantage cognitif chez les enfants bilingues dans le domaine de l'attention sélective, mais en changeant la méthodologie pour comparer des enfants bilingues et monolingues appariés au niveau de la mémoire de travail visuelle et auditive. De plus, le développement langagier chez tous les enfants a été mesuré de façon approfondie. Le deuxième article est une investigation préliminaire de la capacité des enfants bilingues à faire attention à une tâche auditive-verbale dans une de leurs langues tout en ne pas se laissant distraire par un discours verbal dans la même ou dans l'autre langue. Il a été proposé que l'expérience régulière des enfants bilingues avec une telle alternance entre les deux langues pourrait expliquer l'avantage observé chez les enfants bilingues dans le domaine général du contrôle attentionnel. Un deuxième but général de cette recherche est d'explorer la relation entre la mémoire de travail verbale et l'attention sélective auditive-verbale ainsi que la mémoire visuelle et l'attention sélective visuelle. Le troisième et dernier article cible les objectifs des deux premières études chez des enfants bilingues présentant une dysphasie en comparaison avec des enfants du même âge, même niveau cognitif non verbal et même degré d'exposition au bilinguisme ayant un développement langagier normal. Les résultats des trois articles mènent tous à la conclusion qu'il n'existe pas un avantage cognitif dans l'attention sélective visuelle chez les enfants bilingues. Deuxièmement, Les enfant

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Joshi, Aditi A. "Effects of meditation training on attentional networks : a randomized controlled trial examining psychometric and electrophysiological (EEG) measures /." Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1453198271&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-133). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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Dezsi, Szilveszter, and Sejdic Benjamin. "Attention Guidance for Immersive Virtual Environments." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20451.

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The current push from the industry for Head-Mounted Display based wearable computers to the masses for everyday use suggests that academia's goals of a tight human and computer integration is achievable. Although promising, many interaction challenges remain to achieve a deep integration. Primarily that of active cognitive support in the form of focusing user attention. This thesis investigates to what degree a system can unobtrusively, perhaps even subliminally, guide attention of a user by directing their gaze from a current point to a selected point in a virtual environment. A subjective evaluation is made regarding the characteristics of visual sensory stimuli in order to possibly achieve an unobtrusive (or even subliminal) gaze guidance. The attention guidance system developed is deployed in a controlled experiment with 30 participants. Participants are asked to fire a longbow at targets in a virtual reality environment while their point of gaze is monitored with an eye-tracker. The experiment produced interesting results, but no conclusive evidence that the system was able actively guide a user's attention nor influence their choice could be observed. The conclusion of this thesis is that further development is needed towards a system that is capable of objectively calibrating the stimuli characteristics for each individual participant.

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Aiello, Megan. "The Impact of Brief Mindfulness Interventions on Attentional Control in Anxious Undergraduates: A Randomized Controlled Study." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1287.

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Mindfulness practice is associated with reduced anxiety, enhanced tolerance of negative affect, lower stress reactivity, improved task concentration, increased cognitive flexibility, and enhanced neurological functioning. However, mindfulness-based treatments are highly varied in duration, type and extent or training provided, and treatment focus. Studies of mindfulness interventions also often fail to operationally define mindfulness, which poses a challenging for understanding the mechanism(s) of change involved in its anxiolytic effects. In the current study, attentional control was examined as a possible mechanism of change, as it is largely deficient in individuals with anxiety yet necessary for extinction learning in treatment. In theory, mindfulness interventions can facilitate increased attentional control during exposure tasks, thereby enhancing new learning and eventually improving treatment outcomes. Using a randomized controlled design, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of mindfulness on attentional control for anxious individuals, with a specific examination of two types of mindfulness exercises: mindful physiological awareness and mindful acceptance. 142 participants were recruited from undergraduate psychology classes at Southern Illinois University, of which 63 had moderate-high trait anxiety and 79 had low trait anxiety (per STAI-Trait score). All participants completed baseline self-report questionnaires, after which they completed a mixed saccade task followed by listening to a 15-minute audio-recorded intervention based on group assignment. Finally, they completed a post-test mixed saccade task and post-test self-report questionnaires. It was hypothesized that both mindfulness groups would demonstrate significantly improved inhibition and shifting processing efficiencies compared to a mind wandering control, and that the mindful acceptance group would demonstrate significantly greater gains than the mindful physiological awareness group. Minimal differences in performance effectiveness were expected among all groups. Contrary to hypotheses, results indicated no significant effects of group on inhibition and shifting processing efficiencies or performance effectiveness in the anxious subsample. However, in the non-anxious subsample, the mindful acceptance group had shorter reaction times than the other two groups and the mindful physiological awareness group had higher accuracy rates than the control group. Findings suggest anxious individuals may need more extensive mindfulness practice to improve attentional control, as they tend to display greater attention deficits than non-anxious individuals. However, the study was limited in sample size and further research and study replication is needed prior to making conclusions about whether attentional control is a true mechanism of change. Study limitations, strengths, and future directions for study are also discussed.

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Joshi, Aditi A. "Effects of meditation training on attentional networks: A randomized controlled trial examining psychometric and electro-physiological (EEG) measures." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/8452.

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x, 133 p. ; ill. (some col.) A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: SCIENCE QP405 .J67 2007
Meditation has been defined as a "group of practices that self-regulate the body and mind, thereby affecting mental events by engaging a specific attentional set" (Cahn & Polich, 2006). We conducted a randomized, longitudinal trial to examine the effects of concentrative meditation training (40 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks) on top-down, voluntary control of attention with a progressive muscle relaxation training group as a control. To determine if training produced changes in attentional network efficiency we compared, pre- and post-training, mean validity effect scores (difference between invalid cue and center cue reaction time) in the contingent capture paradigm (Folk et al., 1992). The meditation group showed a trend towards improvement of top-down attention while the relaxation group did not. Using EEG we assessed the changes in amplitudes of wavelets during periods of mind-wandering and meditation. Periods in which subjects were on- vs. off-focus during the meditation task were identified by asking subjects to make button presses whenever the mind wandered and also at probe tones, if they were off-focus. After training, the episodes of mind-wandering were significantly lower in the meditation group as compared to the relaxation group. Increased amplitudes of alpha and theta EEG frequencies in the occipital and right parietal areas were seen during the meditation task for the meditation but not the relaxation group as an effect of training. A baseline EEG trait effect of reduced mental activity was seen (meditation training: occipital and right parietal areas; relaxation training: only occipital areas). Within a given meditation session, prior to training, alpha and theta activity was lower in on-focus conditions (occurring immediately after subjects discovered they were off-focus and returned to active focus on the breath/syllable) compared to meditative focus segments. After training, we found higher alpha amplitude in periods of meditative focus as compared to periods of mind wandering for both groups. However, the meditation group showed significantly higher theta amplitude than the relaxation group during the meditative state segments.
Adviser: Marjorie Woollacott

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Rogers, Jeffrey Michael. "Electrophysiological and neuropsychological assessment of automatic and controlled processing aspects of attention after mild traumatic brain injury." University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0191.

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[Truncated abstract] Controlled and automatic processing are broad categories, and how best to measure these constructs and their impact on functioning after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains uncertain. The purpose of this thesis was to examine automatic and controlled processing aspects of attention after mild TBI using the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) and event-related potentials (ERPs). The PASAT is one of the most frequently used tests to evaluate attentional functioning. It has been demonstrated to be a measure sensitive to both acute and longer-term effects of mild TBI, presumably due to demands for rapid processing and executive attentional control. ERPs provide a noninvasive neurophysiological index of sensory processing and cognitive functions and have demonstrated sensitivity to even minor cognitive dysfunction. The parameters provided by this functional technique may be those most likely to distinguish individuals with mild TBI from controls. Initially, it was hypothesized that successful novice PASAT performance requires the engagement of executive attention to establish novel controlled information processing strategies. Ten individuals who had suffered a mild TBI an average of 15.20 months previously were therefore expected to demonstrate processing abnormalities on the PASAT, relative to 10 healthy matched controls. Although the mild TBI group reported significant intensification of subjective symptoms since their injury, compared to controls, the mild TBI group provided a similar amount of correct PASAT responses. ... In the first experiment a visual search task consisting of an automatic detection and a controlled search condition was developed. In the second experiment the search task was performed concurrently with the PASAT task in a dual-task paradigm. In the mild TBI group, prior failure to establish more efficient forms of information processing with practice was found to significantly interfere with simultaneous performance of the PASAT task and the attention demanding condition of the search task. The pattern of impaired performance was considered to reflect a reduction in processing resources rather than a deficit in resource allocation. Dual-task performance in the control group was not associated with a large interference effect. In general, the results of this thesis suggest that individuals with mild TBI are impaired in their ability to progress from the stage of effortful controlled information processing to a stage of more efficient, automatic processing, and thus suffer a subtle attentional deficit. Following mild TBI, performance levels equivalent to controls may only be achieved with an abnormal expenditure of cognitive effort. As a result of the neuropathologic consequences of injury, individuals who have sustained a mild TBI are less able to benefit from practice, experience difficulty coping with simultaneous performance of secondary task, and are susceptible to distressing subjective symptomatology.

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Mückel, Simone, and Jan Mehrholz. "Immediate effects of two attention strategies on trunk control on patients after stroke: A randomized controlled pilot trial." Sage, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35472.

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Objective: To compare the immediate effects of an external focus to enhance lateral body weight shift after stroke. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Inpatient rehabilitation hospital. Subjects: Twenty patients after stroke (11 males; mean (SD) age 72.2 (7.4) years; duration of illness 56 (14) days; there were 9 (45%) left-sided strokes) with impaired sitting balance were randomly allocated into two groups either external focus (n = 10) or internal focus (n = 10). Intervention: Patients in the external focus group, while sitting, were instructed to shift as much weight as they could sidewards to an external point next to their hip. Patients in the internal focus group were instructed to shift as much weight as they could sidewards to their hip. Main outcome measures: Immediate lateral body weight shift as well as anterior–posterior deviation was measured in centimetres with a sensor mat. Results: Patients in the external focus group achieved greater lateral body weight shift than those in the internal focus group (mean shift (SD) 8.7 (2.6) cm vs. 4.5 (3.3) cm, respectively; P = 0.006). However, there were no significant differences in anterior–posterior deviation (mean shift (SD) 2.3 (1.3) cm vs. 1.2 (1.2) cm, respectively; P = 0.08). Conclusion: Using an external focus may lead immediately to an enhanced lateral body weight shift while sitting, without increasing anterior–posterior deviation.

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Ingram, Sara Alison. "Preliminary follow-up study of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder who participated in a controlled multimodal treatment study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0027/MQ50797.pdf.

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Plummer-D'Amato, Prudence, Anastasia Kyvelidou, Dagmar Sternad, Bijan Najafi, Raymond Villalobos, and David Zurakowski. "Training dual-task walking in community-dwelling adults within 1 year of stroke: a protocol for a single-blind randomized controlled trial." BioMed Central, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610064.

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BACKGROUND:Community ambulation is a highly complex skill requiring the ability to adapt to increased environmental complexity and perform multiple tasks simultaneously. After stroke, individuals demonstrate a diminished ability to perform dual-tasks. Current evidence suggests that conventional rehabilitation does not adequately address gait-related dual-task impairments after stroke, which may be contributing to low levels of participation and physical inactivity in community-dwelling stroke survivors. The objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of dual-task gait training in community-dwelling adults within 1 year of stroke. Specifically, we will compare the effects of dual-task gait training and single-task gait training on cognitive-motor interference during walking at preferred speed and at fastest comfortable speed (Aim 1), locomotor control during obstacle negotiation (Aim 2), and spontaneous physical activity (Aim 3).METHODS/DESIGN:This single-blind randomized controlled trial will involve 44 individuals within 12 months of stroke. Following baseline evaluation, participants will be randomly allocated to single- or dual-task gait training. Both groups will receive 12, 30-minute sessions provided one-on-one over 4-6 weeks in an outpatient therapy setting. Single-task gait training involves practice of gait activities incorporating motor relearning principles. Dual-task gait training involves an identical gait training protocol
the critical difference being that the dual-task gait training group will practice the gait activities while simultaneously performing a cognitive task for 75% of the repetitions. Blinded assessors will measure outcomes at baseline, post-intervention, and 6 months after completion of the intervention. The primary outcome measure will be dual-task effects on gait speed and cognition during unobstructed walking. Secondary outcomes include spatiotemporal and kinetic gait parameters during unobstructed single- and dual-task walking at preferred and fastest comfortable walking speeds, gait parameters during high and low obstacle crossing, spontaneous physical activity, executive function, lower extremity motor function, Timed Up and Go, balance self-efficacy, number of falls, and stroke-related disability. Hypotheses for each aim will be tested using an intention-to-treat analysis with repeated measures ANOVA design.DISCUSSION:This trial will provide evidence to help clinicians make decisions about the types of activities to include in rehabilitation to improve dual-task walking after stroke.TRIAL REGISTRATION:ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01568957

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Pramme, Lisa [Verfasser], and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Frings. "Cardiovascular Modulation of Selective Attention in Vision - The Impact of Baroreceptor Activity on Perceptual Selection and Controlled Distractor Processing / Lisa Pramme ; Betreuer: Christian Frings." Trier : Universität Trier, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1197702598/34.

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Watson, Graham. "Ask a Busy Person? A Reexamination of Cognitive Performance Under Load." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3237.

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A longstanding folk belief suggests that 'busy' people possess the ability to get more done than others. Busyness, defined as the demands of everyday life, has been shown to generate cognitive load, which has been called 'cognitive busyness.' Although most cognitive theory would deny the possibility that cognitive load may enhance performance, some recent research may support the possibility. Cowan's 1988 information-processing model was used to study how measures of everyday busyness correlated with performance on cognitive tasks. The research question addressed whether any combination of such measures, in combination with working memory, could predict performance on such tasks. 92 participants, paid workers with Amazon Mechanical Turk, engaged in an online process, starting with completion of a validated self-report instrument to measure busyness. They then participated in 2 activities, structured as games and designed to measure working memory and cognitive performance. Multiple regressions, linear and nonlinear, were used to identify significant predictors of performance. Results of the analyses did not reveal any evidence for significant relationships between the variables. Additionally, 'volitional busyness' did not appear to enhance, or even affect, performance on a planning task. Further research exploring the effect of these variables on a working memory-based task may be worthwhile, if only to confirm the present findings. This project might benefit linguists tracking semantic change, showing how a term may adopt an entirely different meaning and suggesting further refinement in identifying such shifts over the years; psychologists exploring cognitive load and its effects; and social psychologists interested in making corrections to popular perceptions of the value of tradition gender-associated tasks.

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Biermann, Jeanette S. "Improving Cognition in Normally Aging Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness Meditation (Samatha) as a Treatment for Attentional Inhibitory Deficits." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1310147941.

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Walker, Marina. "Psychologie cognitive des processus d’attention sélective : fonctionnement, développement normal et dysfonctionnement chez des enfants traités pour une tumeur du cervelet." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21912/document.

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L’attention est sollicitée quotidiennement et peut être définie comme l’action de se concentrer sur quelque chose. Dès le plus jeune âge nous développons cette fonction cognitive, indispensable pour nos interactions avec le monde.Dans ce travail, la compréhension du fonctionnement des processus attentionnels est abordée à travers deux questions : comment les processus attentionnels se développent chez l’enfant sain et comment sont-ils atteints chez les enfants traités pour une tumeur du cervelet ? Plus précisément, cette thèse a pour objectif l’étude de la dissociation entre des processus automatiques et contrôlés de l’attention sélective visuelle dans le développement cognitif normal d’une part, et d’autre part dans leur atteinte chez des enfants ayant été traités pour une tumeur du cervelet. En intégrant une approche comportementale et une approche en imagerie fonctionnelle afin de répondre de façon complémentaire à cet objectif, ce travail interdisciplinaire se situe au carrefour de la psychologie, de la neuropsychologie et des neurosciences cognitives.Ce manuscrit comporte deux parties. Dans l’introduction théorique, une revue de la littérature se décomposant en trois chapitres est proposée ; elle porte précisément sur le fonctionnement de l’attention, son développement et ses déficits chez des enfants traités pour une tumeur du cervelet. Dans la partie expérimentale, deux chapitres sont présentées. Le premier chapitre concerne une étude sur la maturation de l’attention chez des enfants de 7 ans à l’âge adulte à travers une approche comportementale et en imagerie fonctionnelle. Le second chapitre étudie à l’aide de cette double approche les déficits attentionnels chez les enfants ayant été traités pour une tumeur du cervelet. Les résultats de nos expériences ont montré qu’entre les processus attentionnels automatiques et contrôlés, il existait une dissociation d’une part dans leur développement à un niveau comportemental et fonctionnel, et d’autre part dans la compensation des réseaux cérébraux sous-tendant une préservation comportementale chez des enfants traités pour une tumeur du cervelet. Ces données suggèrent un fonctionnement distinct de ces processus de par leur développement normal et leur dysfonctionnement en pathologie
Attention can be defined as the act of focusing on something. We develop this cognitive function necessary to adjust our interactions with the world since birth.The general goal of this research is to understand the functioning of attentional processes through two questions: how attentional processes are developed in healthy children and how they are altered in children treated for a cerebellar tumor. This thesis specifically aims to study the dissociation between automatic and controlled processes of visual selective attention, firstly in normal cognitive development and secondly in their impairment in children treated for a cerebellar tumor. By incorporating in parallel a behavioral approach and an approach in functional imaging, this interdisciplinary work is at the crossroads of cognitive psychology, cognitive neuropsychology and cognitive neurosciences.This manuscript has two parts. The theory part is composed of three chapters: the functioning, the normal development and the deficits of attention in children treated for a cerebellar tumor. The experimental part includes two chapters. The first one concerns the attentional development in participants from seven years old to an adult age, with a behavioral approach using two experimental paradigms and an approach in functional imaging. The second chapter, with the help of this double approach, presents an alteration of attention in children treated for a posterior fossa tumor. The results showed on one side that automatic and controlled attentional processes were dissociated in their development at a behavioral and a functional level. And on the other side, the results revealed that although the automatic and controlled attentional processes are behaviorally preserved in children treated for a cerebellar tumor, they were subtended by a different modification of the functional network. Taken together these data suggest a distinct functioning of these processes in their normal development and their impairment in disease

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Menezes, Carolina Baptista. "Controle emocional e cognitivo após treino de meditação da atenção focada." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/70050.

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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar se o treino de meditação da atenção focada promoveria melhoras em variáveis emocionais e cognitivas. Foram realizadas duas intervenções de diferentes durações, as quais foram avaliadas antes e depois através de um paradigma experimental que permitiu analisar a interferência emocional e o controle cognitivo, assim como de medidas de autorrelato avaliando variáveis de ansiedade, afeto, dificuldades de regulação emocional e atenção concentrada. A primeira intervenção compreendeu um ensaio randomizado de seis semanas, com encontros semanais e com dois grupos controle - relaxamento progressivo e lista de espera. A segunda compreendeu um ensaio de cinco dias consecutivos, com apenas um grupo controle de lista de espera. Os resultados de ambas intervenções indicaram que a meditação da atenção focada pode ajudar na modulação da interferência emocional, no controle cognitivo, assim como na melhora de aspectos emocionais, tal como redução de ansiedade e afeto negativo, e melhora na atenção concentrada. Além disso, estes resultados foram superiores àqueles observados nos grupos controle. Ressalta-se que apesar de complementares, os achados da intervenção mais curta foram menos robustos, indicando que um treino curto já pode produzir mudanças, mas que estas ganham maior magnitude à medida que o tempo de prática aumenta. Discute-se o papel da interrelação entre as variáveis investigadas para a regulação emocional, sugerindo-se que a meditação pode ser caracterizada como um tipo particular de estratégia regulatória.
The present work aimed to evaluate whether a focused attention meditation training would promote enhancements in emotional and cognitive variables. Two interventions with distinct durations were carried out, which were evaluated before and afterwards through an experimental paradigm that allowed the analysis of emotion intereference and cognitive control, as well self-report measures assessing variables such as anxiety, affect, difficulties in emotion regulation, and concentrated attention. The first intervention comprised of a six-week randomized trial, with weekly meetings and two control groups - progressive relaxation and wait list control. The second comprised a five-consecutive-day randomized trial, with only a wait list control group. Results from both interventions indicated that focused attention meditation can help modulating emotion interference, enhance cognitive control, as well as improve emotional aspects, such as reducing anxiety, negative affect, and increasing concentrated attention. In addition, these findings were superior to those observed in the control groups. We highlight that despite being complementary, the results from the short intervention were less robust, indicating that a short-term training can already promote some changes, but that the extent of their magnitude seems to be related to the amount of practice. We discuss the role of the interrelationship between the investigated variables for emotion regulation, suggesting that meditation can be considered a particular type of regulatory strategy.

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Begh, Rachna Aziz. "Randomised controlled trials of attentional bias retraining in smokers." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4949/.

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Smokers attend preferentially to smoking-related cues in the environment, known as attentional bias. Evidence suggests that attentional bias is related to craving and relapse. Attentional retraining (AR) procedures have been used in laboratory studies to modify attentional bias and processes related to drug use, but investigations on the clinical value of AR in addiction are scarce. This thesis reports on two randomised controlled trials investigating the efficacy of AR with modified visual probe tasks in smokers. The first study explored the effects of varying the length of AR on attentional bias, craving, mood and withdrawal in current smokers. No retraining effects were observed after either a short, medium or long block of AR. The second study explored the efficacy of AR on attentional bias and smoking cessation outcomes in treatment-seeking smokers. While AR procedures were feasible to deliver within smoking cessation clinics, the intervention did not significantly reduce attentional bias, craving, withdrawal symptoms or the likelihood of relapse. These results and the literature in general show that there is no clear association between attentional bias and craving and relapse. Current AR procedures are not effective in smokers and should not be used in smoking cessation treatments, as they currently stand.

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Rolfs, Martin, Ralf Engbert, and Reinhold Kliegl. "Crossmodal coupling of oculomotor controland spatial attention in vision and audition." Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5680/.

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Fixational eye movements occur involuntarily during visual fixation of stationary scenes. The fastest components of these miniature eye movements are microsaccades, which can be observed about once per second. Recent studies demonstrated that microsaccades are linked to covert shifts of visual attention [e.g., Engbert & Kliegl (2003), Vision Res 43:1035-1045]. Here,we generalized this finding in two ways. First, we used peripheral cues, rather than the centrally presented cues of earlier studies. Second, we spatially cued attention in vision and audition to visual and auditory targets. An analysis of microsaccade responses revealed an equivalent impact of visual and auditory cues on microsaccade-rate signature (i.e., an initial inhibition followed by an overshoot and a final return to the pre-cue baseline rate). With visual cues or visual targets,microsaccades were briefly aligned with cue direction and then opposite to cue direction during the overshoot epoch, probably as a result of an inhibition of an automatic saccade to the peripheral cue. With left auditory cues and auditory targets microsaccades oriented in cue direction. Thus, microsaccades can be used to study crossmodal integration of sensory information and to map the time course of saccade preparation during covert shifts of visual and auditory attention.

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Boffino, Catarina Costa. "Medo de altura: desempenho cognitivo e controle postural." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47135/tde-10122009-114247/.

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Fobia específica de altura ou acrofobia é um transtorno de ansiedade caracterizado pelo medo intenso e desproporcional de locais altos, levando à esquiva de situações e capaz de gerar sofrimento. Os diversos tipos de fobias parecem estar ligados a diferentes mecanismos de aquisição de medos. Mais do que experiências de aprendizado ou condicionamento, existem evidências de que anormalidades no controle da postura possam estar envolvidas na gênese do medo de altura. Deficiências na função vestibular podem levar um indivíduo a depender mais de sua visão ou de sua propriocepção para manter o controle postural. Lugares altos são um tipo de situação limite onde a falta de tais referências poderiam, em tese, desencadear reações de defesa e sintomas ansiosos. Além disso, o aumento de demanda por recursos cognitivos para a compensação do equilíbrio poderia deixar indivíduos acrofóbicos mais susceptíveis a interações entre o controle postural e atividades que demandem atenção. Esta dissertação testou a hipótese de que indivíduos com fobia específica de altura apresentam pior controle postural e maior interferência entre o controle do equilíbrio e o desempenho em tarefas que demandem atenção. Foram comparados 31 acrofóbicos (23 mulheres, 36,4±12 anos) e 34 controles não-fóbicos (22 mulheres, 32,4±12 anos). O desempenho da estabilidade postural em plataforma de posturografia dinâmica e o desempenho atencional foram simultaneamente avaliados através de teste em computador envolvendo o rastreio visual de um alvo em movimento imprevisível. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: ÁREA (área delimitada da excursão do centro de pressão em cm²); CPx e CPy (deslocamento total do centro de pressão na base de suporte em cm, na direção látero-lateral (eixo x) e ântero-posterior (eixo y)); VMx e VMy (velocidade média com a qual ocorre o deslocamento do centro de pressão em cm/s) e RMSx e RMSy (quadrado da média da raiz do deslocamento do centro de pressão, em cm, a partir da coordenada central (0,0) da base de apoio). O teste de atenção foi avaliado pela porcentagem de tempo em que o sujeito conseguia seguir anualmente o movimento do alvo. Indivíduos com acrofobia apresentaram uma pior estabilidade postural e um pior desempenho no teste atencional, além de uma maior interferência entre as tarefas. Estes resultados são compatíveis com a hipótese de que anormalidades do controle postural possam exercer um papel importante na gênese e na perpetuação dos sintomas de medo de altura.
INTRODUCTION: Fear of heights or acrophobia, is one of the most frequent subtypes of specific phobia frequently associated to depression and other anxiety disorders. Previous evidence suggests a correlation between acrophobia and abnormalities in balance control, particularly involving the use of visual information to keep postural stability. This study investigates the hypotheses that (1) abnormalities in balance control are more frequent in individuals with acrophobia even when not exposed to heights; (2) acrophobic symptoms are associated to abnormalities in visual perception of movement; and (3) individuals with acrophobia are more sensitive to balance-cognition interactions. METHOD: Thirty-one individuals with specific phobia of heights (23 women, 36.4±12 years) and thirty one non-phobic controls (22 women, 32.4±12 years) were compared using dynamic posturography and a manual tracking task. RESULTS: Acrophobics had poorer performance in both tasks, especially when carried out simultaneously. Previously described interference between posture control and cognitive activity seems to play a major role in these individuals. DISCUSSION: The presence of physiologic abnormalities is compatible with the hypothesis of a non-associative acquisition of fear of heights, i.e., not associated to previous traumatic events or other learning experiences. Clinically, this preliminary study corroborates the hypothesis that vestibular physical therapy can be particularly useful in treating individuals with fear of heights.

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Colombini, Esther Luna. "An attentional model for intelligent robotics agents." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2014. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3201.

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As the field of autonomous robotics grows and its applications broaden up, an enormous amount of sensors and actuators, sometimes redundant, have been added to mobile robots. These now fully equipped entities are expected to perceive and act in their surrounding world in a human-like fashion, through perception, reasoning, planning and decision making processes. The higher complexity level of the resulting system and the nature of the environments where autonomous robots are usually expected to operate - continuous, partially unknown and usually unpredictable - demand the application of techniques to deal with this overload of data. In humans, that face the same problem when sounds, images and smells are presented to their sensors in a daily scene, a natural filter is applied: Attention. Although there are many computational models that apply attentive systems to Robotics, they usually are restricted to two classes of systems: a) those that have complex biologically-based attentional visual systems and b) those that have simpler attentional mechanisms with a larger variety of sensors. In order to evaluate an attentional system that operates with other robotics sensors than visual ones, this work presents a biologically inspired computational attentional model that can handle both top-down and bottom-up attention and that is able to learn how to re-distribute its limited resources over time and space. Experiments performed on a high fidelity simulator demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed attentional model and its capability on performing decision making and learning processes over attentional modulated data. The proposed system promotes a significant reduction on the original state space (96%) that was created over multiple sensory systems.

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Moreira, Eduardo Antonio. "Memória de trabalho e atenção dividida : um estudo do processamento de frases." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2007. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/17273.

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The present study had as an objective the analysis of the role of attention in the encoding of sentences and stories based on the working memory model and the Hebb Effect paradigm. The study tried to determine whether there were significant differences between of immediate serial recall in the presence or absence of an attentional concurrent task. The work hypothesis was that attention would act differently in the processing of sentences and stories. 40 students, 18 years or older, participated on the study. The results indicate that attention is primordial for the processing of sentences, but as far as stories go, the processing is done in a relatively automatic way, with little use of attention. The best support for long-term memory for the processing of the stories occurs in an automatic way. The study of the Hebb effect showed that learning occurred in a more efficient way with the stories. As far as the theoretical models, the data match the concept of the Episodic Buffer proposed by Baddeley (2000) and to the Embedded-Processes Model proposed by Cowan (1999).
O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o papel da atenção no processamento de frases à luz do conceito de Memória de Trabalho e do paradigma do Efeito Hebb. Buscouse verificar se existiam diferenças significativas entre provas de recordação imediata serial quando da presença ou não de uma tarefa concorrente atencional. A hipótese de trabalho foi que a atenção atuaria de maneira diferenciada no processamento das frases quando estas possuíam ou não relação de significado entre si. Participaram do estudo 40 estudantes, todos com idade acima de 18 anos. Os resultados apontam que a atenção é primordial ao processamento das seqüências de frases sem relação de significado entre si, mas que para aquelas com relação de significado, o processamento é feito de forma relativamente automática, com pouco uso da atenção. O maior suporte da memória de longo prazo ao processamento das seqüências de frases com relação de significado entre si ocorre de forma automática. O estudo do Efeito Hebb mostrou que o aprendizado ocorre de maneira mais eficiente nas seqüências de frases com significado. No que tange aos modelos teóricos, os dados vão de encontro ao conceito de funcionamento do buffer episódico proposto por Baddeley (2000) e ao processamento de informações proposto por Cowan (1999).
Mestre em Psicologia Aplicada

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Saylik, Rahmi. "Neuroticism related differences during porcessing of controlled congnitive tasks." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14594.

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It is suggested that neuroticism impairs cognitive performance mostly in difficult tasks i.e. WM tasks, but not so much in easier tasks. However, behavioural, and functional neuroanatomical correlates of detrimental effect of neuroticism in relation to central executive system (CES) during cognitive tasks particularly in multitasking still unknown. I aim at investigating behavioural and functional neuroanatomical correlates of single- and dual-task performance in high and low neurotics. The general hypothesis is that high neurotics will show a poorer performance on processing of cognitive tasks as compared to low neurotics. From a screened population, I select low neurotics (below 6) and high neurotics (over 16) on 24 item Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) neuroticism scale. First empirical study was consisted of three standard WM tests. The result of this study showed that high neurotics had lower performance when the task heavily requires CES such as switching and inhibition. Next empirical studies were consisted of dual tasks based on PRP paradigm. In dual task studies, in addition to SOA manipulation SOA (0 and1000ms), task demand manipulated either by presentation of task order or task set maintenance. The results show that high neurotics considerably slower when SOA is short. Further, it has been observed dual task cost differences between high and low neurotics increase as the demand increase either by random tasks or task set maintenance as evident by lower processing efficiency in high neurotics. Also, high neurotics perceived higher stress level as the task demand increase. In the final study, I assessed brain activity by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in low and high neurotics while they were performing a demanding dual-task and the less demanding component tasks as single-tasks. Imaging data showed that high neurotics showed less dual-task specific activation in lateral and medial prefrontal cortices. In conclusion, I conclude that high levels of neuroticism impair behavioural performance in demanding tasks with higher perceived stress level, and that this impairment is accompanied by reduced activation of the task-associated brain areas. Key words: Neuroticism, Personality, Multitasking, dual-task performance, prefrontal cortex attentional control theory, working memory.

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Samimy, Shaadee Miwa. "Impact of Mindfulness Training on In-the-Moment Attentional Control and Emotion Dysregulation in Older Adults: Secondary Analysis of a Pilot, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Controlled Trial." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1553170195353484.

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Anlló, Hernán. "Hypnosis through the lens of attention." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC203/document.

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Dans le présent travail, nous proposons qu'un aperçu plus clair de l'interaction entre la suggestion hypnotique et l'attention aiderait à établir le point précis du chronogramme perceptif auquel les effets de l'hypnose interviennent, comment modulent-ils exactement le contrôle cognitif et dans quelle mesure la réponse hypnotique dépend-elle des ressources attentionnelles. Afin de répondre à ces questions expérimentales, nous avons développé trois projets de recherche: (1) les données normatives sur notre traduction en français pour l'Échelle de Susceptibilité Hypnotique de Groupe Harvard, (2) une évaluation des effets de la suggestion posthypnotique sur l'attention visuo-spatiale et (3) une évaluation sur la capacité de la suggestion hypnotique de moduler l'allocation automatique de l'attention accordée par le Anger Superiority Effect. Les résultats de notre première étude nous ont permis de noter avec fiabilité la susceptibilité hypnotique de plus de 500 participants pour les études qui ont suivi. Les résultats de notre deuxième étude indiquent que, pour les participants hautement susceptibles, la suggestion posthypnotique a perturbé avec succès les mécanismes d'attention précoce nécessaires à la stimulation de l'amorçage, ainsi que des jugements de visibilité subjectifs tardifs. Notre troisième étude a révélé que, grâce à une suggestion hypnotique, les participants hautement hypnotizables ont pu empêcher l'allocation automatique de l'attention vers des expressions de colère par un découplage stratégique du contrôle cognitif, mais seulement lorsque les ressources attentionnelles n'avaient pas été cooptées par des processus concurrents. Ensemble, nos résultats appuient les idées selon lesquelles l'hypnose émet ses effets grâce au contrôle cognitif, qui peut perturber les mécanismes attentionnels précoces et tardifs de manières distinctes et que la disponibilité des ressources attentionnelles détermine l'éventail d'action de l'induction et de la suggestion hypnotiques
In the present work, we posit that a clearer outline of the interaction between hypnotic suggestion and attention would help establishing the precise point in the perceptual timeline at which hypnosis effects intervene, how exactly do they modulate cognitive control, and to what extent is hypnotic responding dependent on attentional resources. In order to tend to these experimental questions, we developed three research projects: (1) the normative data on our French translation for the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, (2) an evaluation of the effects of posthypnotic suggestion on visuospatial attention, and (3) an evaluation on the capability of hypnotic suggestion to modulate the automatic attention allocation granted by the anger-saliency effect. The results from our first study allowed us to reliably score the hypnotic susceptibility of over 500 participants for the studies that ensued. Results from our second study indicated that for highly susceptible participants, posthypnotic suggestion successfully disrupted the early attentional mechanisms necessary for the fostering of priming, as well as late subjective visual awareness judgments. Our third study revealed that, through hypnotic suggestion, highly susceptible participants were able to deflect automatic attention allocation towards targets’ task-irrelevant angry features through strategic decoupling of cognitive control, but only when attentional resources were not coopted by competing processes. Pooled together, our findings support the ideas that hypnosis enacts its effects through cognitive control, that these can disrupt both early and late attentional mechanisms in distinct manners, and that the availability of attentional resources determines the range of action of hypnotic induction and suggestion

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Khalife, Natasha, Vivette Glover, Anna-Liisa Hartikainen, Anja Taanila, Hanna Ebeling, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, and Alina Rodriguez. "Placental Size Is Associated with Mental Health in Children and Adolescents." Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-17060.

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Background: The role of the placenta in fetal programming has been recognized as a highly significant, yet often neglected area of study. We investigated placental size in relation to psychopathology, in particular attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, in children at 8 years of age, and later as adolescents at 16 years. Methodology/Principal Findings: Prospective data were obtained from The Northern Finland Birth Cohort (NFBC) 1986. Placental weight, surface area and birth weight were measured according to standard procedures, within 30 minutes after birth. ADHD symptoms, probable psychiatric disturbance, antisocial disorder and neurotic disorder were assessed at 8 years (n = 8101), and ADHD symptoms were assessed again at 16 years (n = 6607), by teachers and parents respectively. We used logistic regression analyses to investigate the association between placental size and mental health outcomes, and controlled for gestational age, birth weight, socio-demographic factors and medical factors, during gestation. There were significant positive associations between placental size (weight, surface area and placental-to-birth-weight ratio) and mental health problems in boys at 8 and 16 years of age. Increased placental weight was linked with overall probable psychiatric disturbance (at 8y, OR = 1.14 [95% CI = 1.04-1.25]), antisocial behavior (at 8 y, OR = 1.14 [95% CI = 1.03-1.27]) and ADHD symptoms (inattention-hyperactivity at 16y, OR = 1.19 [95% CI = 1.02-1.38]). No significant associations were detected among girls. Conclusions/Significance: Compensatory placental growth may occur in response to prenatal insults. Such overgrowth may affect fetal development, including brain development, and ultimately contribute to psychopathology.

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LOZANO, MIRNA DELPOSO. "O EFEITO DO CONTROLE RESPIRATÓRIO EM VARIÁVEIS ELETROFISIOLÓGICAS DA ATENÇÃO." Universidade Metodista de Sao Paulo, 2016. http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/1466.

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The practice of yoga has become more popular increasingly not only for the physical benefits, but mostly for the psychological well-being brought by its practice. One of the components of yoga is Prãnãyama, or breath control. Attention and breathing are two physiological and involuntary mechanisms required for the implementation of Prãnãyama. The aim of this study was to determine whether continuous variables of EEG (power of different groups that compose it) would be modulated by the respiratory control, comparing both phases, inspiration and expiration, separately. The participants were 19 subjects (7 men/12 women, mean age 36.89, SD = ± 14.46), who were invited to participate in the research at the Faculdade de Saúde da Universidade Metodista de São Paulo. For the record of the EEG a positioning system of five electrodes Ag AgCl (Fpz, Fz, Cz, Pz and Oz) was used, fixed to a fast positioning cap (Quick-Cap, Neuromedical Supplies®) in 10-20 system. Maximum range of power values were obtained (power spectrum in the frequency domain) in theta frequencies, alpha, beta and delta and theta/beta ratio was calculated in the different phases of the respiratory cycle (inspiration and expiration), separately, in spontaneous breathing conditions and respiratory control. For the record of the respiratory cycle, a respiratory effort belt M01 (plethysmograph) was used. The results show significant differences between the conditions of spontaneous and controlled breathing with higher mean values of theta/beta ratio in the inspiration of spontaneous breathing than in controlled breathing, and mean values of alpha power higher in controlled breathing. Significant differences were found in the comparison between inspiration and expiration of controlled breathing with decreased values of the mean of theta/beta ratio in inspiration and an increase in mean values of alpha power in expiration. The findings of this study provide evidence that the respiratory control modulates electrophysiological variables related to attention, reflecting an alert status, but more relaxed compared to the spontaneous breathing situation.
A prática do ioga tem se tornado cada vez mais popular, não apenas pelos benefícios físicos, mas principalmente pelo bem-estar psicológico trazido pela sua prática. Um dos componentes do ioga é o Prãnãyama, ou controle da respiração. A atenção e a respiração são dois mecanismos fisiológicos e involuntários requeridos para a execução do Prãnãyama. O principal objetivo desse estudo foi verificar se variáveis contínuas do EEG (potência de diferentes faixas que o compõem) seriam moduladas pelo controle respiratório, comparando-se separadamente as duas fases do ciclo respiratório (inspiração e expiração), na situação de respiração espontânea e controlada. Fizeram parte do estudo 19 sujeitos (7 homens/12 mulheres, idade média de 36,89 e DP = ± 14,46) que foram convidados a participar da pesquisa nas dependências da Faculdade de Saúde da Universidade Metodista de São Paulo. Para o registro do eletroencefalograma foi utilizado um sistema de posicionamento de cinco eletrodos Ag AgCl (FPz, Fz, Cz, Pz e Oz) fixados a uma touca de posicionamento rápido (Quick-Cap, Neuromedical Supplies®), em sistema 10-20. Foram obtidos valores de máxima amplitude de potência (espectro de potência no domínio da frequência) nas frequências teta, alfa e beta e delta e calculada a razão teta/beta nas diferentes fases do ciclo respiratório (inspiração e expiração), separadamente, nas condições de respiração espontânea e de controle respiratório. Para o registro do ciclo respiratório, foi utilizada uma cinta de esforço respiratório M01 (Pletismógrafo). Os resultados mostram diferenças significativas entre as condições de respiração espontânea e de controle com valores das médias da razão teta/beta menores na respiração controlada do que na respiração espontânea e valores de média da potência alfa sempre maiores no controle respiratório. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas na comparação entre inspiração e expiração da respiração controlada com diminuição dos valores das médias da razão teta/beta na inspiração e aumento nos valores das médias da potência alfa, sobretudo na expiração. Os achados deste estudo trazem evidências de que o controle respiratório modula variáveis eletrofisiológicas relativas à atenção refletindo um estado de alerta, porém mais relaxado do que na situação de respiração espontânea.

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Hope, Ryan M. "The predictive utility of the Model of Multiple Identity Tracking in air traffic control performance /." Online version of thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10642.

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Boulinguez, Philippe. "Attention et asymétries manuelles dans le contrôle du mouvement." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10135.

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L'accomplissement d'un mouvement volontaire spatialement dirige suppose la mise en jeu de processus de controle et d'ajustement sensori-moteur qui determinent l'habilete visuo-manuelle des sujets et permettent de reveler les mecanismes centraux impliques de facon generale dans la motricite humaine. Cette recherche a pour ambition d'evaluer les effets des processus attentionnels et des asymetries cerebrales fonctionnelles sur les capacites de controle du mouvement volontaire. Une premiere serie d'experiences est menee de facon a confirmer l'intervention de processus attentionnels dans le controle sensori-moteur d'un geste de pointage et preciser les stades de traitement auxquels ils operent. Ainsi, il est demontre que les capacites de correction motrice de mouvements rapides peuvent etre optimisees par le biais de l'adoption prealable de strategies d'orientation de l'attention vers une localisation de l'espace autre que celle vers laquelle est initialement dirige le mouvement. Toutefois, l'etude du comportement d'escrimeurs experts lors d'une tache experimentale similaire revele que l'adoption de telles strategies attentionnelles depend de la preference manuelle des sujets. L'observation d'une intervention differenciee de l'attention dans les capacites de controle en ligne du mouvement selon la main utilisee pose le probleme de l'asymetrie hemispherique des fonctions de traitement mises en jeu dans le controle moteur. Une nouvelle serie d'experiences suggere que ce sont des differences dans les capacites de controle en ligne du mouvement, plutot que des differences de capacites attentionnelles proprement dites, qui pourraient etre a l'origine des strategies d'orientation attentionnelle differenciees adoptees par les escrimeurs. Enfin, des travaux complementaires, realises avec des sujets d'un niveau commun d'habilete, confirment l'existence d'asymetries hemispheriques fonctionnelles independantes de la preference manuelle des sujets. Ces experiences revelent en outre que ces asymetries sont fonction des contraintes de controle du mouvement. Ainsi, il est soutenu que les interactions sensori-motrices, a la base des performances visuo-manuelles, sont a la fois dependantes d'asymetries hemispheriques fonctionnelles et supervisees attentionnellement.

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Barbarini, Tatiana Andrade 1984. "O controle da infância = caminhos da medicalização." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/278993.

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Orientador: Maria Lygia Quartim de Moraes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) é um transtorno mental infantil que tem ganhado evidência nos ambulatórios e consultórios médicos, escolas e mídia. Não parar, parecer estar no "mundo da lua" e não obedecer às ordens dos adultos são alguns indícios, entre tantos outros, de que a criança é uma potencial portadora de TDAH. Ao considerar-se que o TDAH tem origem em disfunções genéticas e neurológicas, encerra-se o problema no corpo individual, em sua constituição biológica, o que dá autoridade aos médicos psiquiatras para diagnosticar e propor tratamentos - sendo o uso de medicamentos psicoestimulantes o método mais utilizado - e deixam-se de lado questões sociais, históricas, culturais, econômicas e políticas importantes. Assim, nesta dissertação pretende-se analisar e interpretar o TDAH, seu diagnóstico e seu tratamento médico (psiquiátrico) e medicamentoso designados a crianças, a fim de desnaturalizá-los e desvendar suas relações com a sociedade contemporânea. Nesse sentido, são explorados temas como a definição clínica do transtorno, os processos de medicalização social, patologização e estigmatização de comportamentos infantis e as imagens da criança com TDAH, estabelecendo o diálogo entre TDAH, sociedade e infância. A metodologia escolhida engloba uma pesquisa qualitativa etnográfica, dispondo de métodos e técnicas de observação participativa no Ambulatório de Psiquiatria Infantil do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas; de entrevistas semiestruturadas com profissionais de saúde atuantes no referido ambulatório, crianças, entre seis e doze anos de idade, diagnosticadas como portadoras do TDAH e atendidas no local, e seus pais ou representantes legais; e de produção e interpretação de desenhos infantis. Portanto, a partir das pesquisas bibliográfica e de campo, entende-se que o TDAH e seu tratamento psiquiátrico e medicamentoso definem-se como fenômenos complexos que ultrapassam os limites do campo da biologia e medicina por possuírem raízes sociais, históricas e culturais ligadas a uma sociedade que valoriza as crianças como vir-a-ser, como seres em formação para a vida adulta ativa, e que as enquadra em normas e regras socialmente definidas sobre comportamentos adequados. A partir dessa conformação, além de se fornecer pouco espaço à expressão infantil, classificam-se, punem-se e tenta-se corrigir as crianças que se desviam, entre elas, as crianças com TDAH. Portanto, é possível entender o TDAH e seu tratamento (especialmente o medicamentoso) como mecanismos de biopoder
Abstract: Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is a child mental disorder which has been increasingly drawing attention from medical clinics, schools and media. Being in constant active, seeming aloof and not obeying adults' orders are some signs, along with so many others, that indicate a child is a potential ADHD bearer. When it is considered that ADHD has a genetic neurological dysfunction cause, the problem becomes restricted to the individual, in his/her biological constitution. This gives psychiatrists authority to diagnose and prescribe treatments - the use of psycho stimulant drugs being the main one. However this approach disregards important social, historical, cultural, economical, and political questions. Therefore, in this dissertation I aim to analyze and understand ADHD, its diagnosis, its drugs and the medical (psychiatric) treatment given to children in order to denaturalize them and reveal their relations with contemporary society. In this way, some themes are investigated, such as the disorder clinical definition, the processes of social medicalization and the pathologization and stigmatization of some children's behaviors, and these children's images, establishing the dialogue among ADHD, society, and childhood. The methodology chosen covers an ethnographic qualitative research, with methods and techniques of participative observation at "Ambulatório de Psiquiatria Infantil do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas"; semi-structured interviews with health professionals from the above-mentioned clinic, children from six to twelve years old diagnosed as ADHD bearers and treated there, and their parents or legal guardians; as well as by interpreting children's drawings. Thus, from bibliographic and field research, it is understood that ADHD and its medicamental and psychiatric treatment are complex phenomena which surpass Biology and Medicine field limits because of their social, historical, and cultural roots. They are connected to a society which values the child as a developing human being into an active adult life, and conforms them to socially defined principles and rules about proper behaviors. This conformation gives little room to child expression and, moreover, label, punish, and try to correct deviant children, among them, children with ADHD. Hence, it is possible to understand ADHD and its treatment (especially medicamental one) as mechanisms of bio-power
Mestrado
Sociologia
Mestre em Sociologia

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Bourlinova, Catarina. "Efeito de diferentes tipos de tarefa suprapostural em respostas posturais reativas a uma perturbação mecânica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47135/tde-12112015-124529/.

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Pouco se conhece ainda sobre as demandas atencionais necessárias para o equilíbrio em condições desafiantes, como em situação de postura perturbada. Respostas posturais podem ser influenciadas por tarefas supraposturais. Tarefas de estabilidade manual parecem induzir respostas posturais mais eficientes. Já as tarefas supraposturais cognitivas apresentam resultados incongruentes nos efeitos em tarefa postural perturbada. Este estudo procurou determinar os efeitos de realizar diferentes tipos de tarefa suprapostural nas respostas posturais reativas a uma perturbação mecânica. Vinte e cinco adultos jovens foram sujeitos a uma perturbação mecânica, com liberação de carga, imprevisível. Concomitantemente com essa tarefa postural, realizaram uma tarefa de estabilidade manual, que requeria segurar uma bandeja com cilindro, em uma de duas variantes: com superfície plana para baixo, ou com superfície redonda para baixo. Os participantes realizaram ainda uma tarefa cognitiva, de contagem decrescente de três em três. Essa tarefa foi desempenhada em conjunto com a tarefa dual descrita anteriormente e ainda de forma isolada. A realização da multitarefa prejudicou o desempenho na tarefa cognitiva e também na tarefa postural. Foi observado maior número de erros e maior tempo médio para responder à tarefa cognitiva. Na tarefa postural foram encontradas diferenças nas estratégias motoras quando foi solicitada a tarefa cognitiva: maiores amplitudes de flexão articular no quadril e ombro, maior deslocamento linear do tronco, maior velocidade do tronco e da bandeja bem como menor magnitude do gastrocnêmio. Nesta condição os participantes também demoraram mais para reverter a oscilação anterior e assim retornar a uma posição mais estável. Assim a integração entre as tarefas não foi bem sucedida, por interferência nos processos e/ou recursos atencionais necessários para realizar as tarefas. É possível que tenha ocorrido afastamento de recursos atencionais do processamento de inputs sensoriais associados ao controle postural. Tal afetaria o central set, produzindo uma influência imprecisa nas respostas posturais à perturbação. A tarefa manual produziu efeito positivo na tarefa postural. Observou-se que a condição de maior restrição da tarefa manual induziu uma resposta postural mais eficiente, com menor amplitude articular do ombro, quadril e tornozelo. Verificou-se ainda que as medidas referentes à mobilização do tronco: amplitude linear, velocidade e verticalidade, bem como a velocidade da bandeja, também foram menores. Este estudo indica que o central set é elaborado a partir de restrições funcionais impostas por tarefas supra-posturais e consegue exercer algum controle na tarefa postural, mesmo com um processamento paralelo para realizar uma tarefa cognitiva. A competição entre os processos e\\ou recursos para realizar as tarefas propostas no presente estudo afeta o equilíbrio, de forma negativa quando uma tarefa cognitiva está presente, e de forma positiva quando existe uma restrição funcional manual
Attentional demands on posture challenging conditions still present many questions. Postural answers can be influenced by suprapostural tasks. Motor tasks and, specifically, manual stability tasks induce more efficient postural answers. Cognitive suprapostural tasks present incongruent effects on perturbed posture. This study aimed to determine the effects of performing different suprapostural task types on reactive postural answers. Twenty five received a mechanical perturbation through unpedictable load liberation. Concurrently to this postural task, they performed a manual stability task, to hold a cylinder on a tray, with two variations: with the flat surface down or with the round surface down. Participants also performed a cognitive task, the n-back 3 task. This task was performed as a single task and concomitantly with the dual task. Performing multitask impaired cognitive and postural task performance. More errors and greater mean time to answer to the cognitive task were observed. At the postural task we found differences on motor strategies on the cognitive task condition: greater joint flexion at hip and shoulder, greater trunk linear displacement, greater trunk and tray velocity, as well as a reduction on gastrocnemius magnitude. At this condition we also found that the participants took longer to revert the anterior oscilation to return to a more stable position. Therefore the integration between tasks was successful, given the interference between the attentional processes and/or necessary resources to accomplish the tasks. It is possible that may have been withdrawal of attentional resources form the sensorial inputs processing associated with the postural control. That would affect central set, producing an inaccurate influence on postural answers to perturbation. Manual task produced positive effect on postural task. On the higher restriction condition it was found a more efficient postural answer, with less joint range on shoulder, hip and ankle. Additionally, the trunk variables: linear displacement, velocity and verticality, as well as tray velocity, also were inferior. This study indicates that central set is elaborated based on functional restrictions imposed by suprapostural tasks and it can influence postural task, even with a parallel processing in order to execute a concomitant cognitive task. Competition between processes and/or resources to accomplish the proposed tasks affects balance, with negative results when a cognitive task is present, and with positive results when there is a manual restriction

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Alvarez, Alvaro Arturo Clavijo. "O papel dos aspectos não correlacionados com a consequência no estabelecimento do controle de estímulos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-26032015-102224/.

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Pelo menos uma parte do ambiente no qual uma resposta produz uma consequência ganha controle sobre a resposta. Geralmente, a parte que ganha o controle correlaciona com a consequência. Partes não correlacionadas podem dificultar ou facilitar a aquisição do controle por as partes correlacionadas e até mesmo ganhar controle por si mesmas. Esta tese trata sobre o papel que partes do ambiente não correlacionadas com a consequência têm no estabelecimento de controle de estímulos. O capítulo 1 é uma revisão sobre o estabelecimento de controle com ênfase nas propriedades do ambiente. O Capítulo 2 descreve dois experimentos que avaliaram controle por porções do ambiente não correlacionadas com a consequência. Experimentos anteriores com uma tarefa de reconhecimento sugeriram controle por partes de estímulos com forma humana não correlacionadas com a consequência. Os resultados do Experimento 2 mostraram com uma tarefa operante que o teste de reconhecimento mede controle por aspectos do ambiente não correlacionadas com a consequência e que o controle de porções não correlacionadas podem dificultar ou até impedir o controle pelas partes correlacionadas. O Capítulo 3 descreve três experimentos que avaliaram a influência da forma dos estímulos no controle por estímulos não correlacionadas. Os resultados mostraram que porções não correlacionadas de estímulos em formato humano tinham uma chance maior de controlar o responder do que estímulos com os mesmos componentes em formato não-humano. O capítulo 4 descreve três experimentos que avaliaram controle por porções do ambiente não correlacionadas com a consequência com cruzes formadas por quadrados que tinham contato uns aos outros ou que tinham uma pequena distância entre eles. Os resultados mostraram que partes dos estímulos formados por quadrados desconectados ganhou controle sobre a responder, mas não ganharam controle quando as cruzes estavam formadas por estímulos unidos
At least part of the environment in which a response produces a consequence always gains control over the response. As a rule, the portion that gains control correlates with the consequence. Uncorrelated portions may hinder or facilitate the acquisition of control by the correlated ones and even gain control by themselves. The present dissertation deals with the role that portions of the environment uncorrelated with the consequence play on the establishment of stimulus control. Chapter 1 is a review on the establishment of control with emphases on the properties of the environment. Chapter 2 describes two experiments that evaluated control by portions of the environment uncorrelated with the consequence. Previous experiments with a recognition task suggested control over responding by portions of human-like stimuli uncorrelated with the consequence. Results from Experiment 2 demonstrated with an operant task that the recognition task measures control by aspects of the environment uncorrelated with the consequence and that control by uncorrelated portions of the stimuli may hinder or prevent control by the correlated portions. Chapter 3 describes three experiments that evaluated the influence of the stimulis shape on the acquisition of control by uncorrelated features. Results showed that uncorrelated portions of stimuli in human format had a greater chance of gaining control over responding than stimuli with the same components in nonhuman format. Chapter 4 describe two experiments that evaluated control by portions of the environment uncorrelated with the consequence with crosses formed by squares that touched each other or that had a small distance between them. Results showed that portions of the stimuli formed by disconnected squares gained control over responding, but they did not gain control when the crosses were formed by united stimuli

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Marcon, Roberta Maia. "O Comportamento Verbal do Esquizofrênico sob Múltiplas Condições de Controle." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2010. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2064.

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This study aimed at functionally analyzing the verbal behavior of a person diagnosed with schizophrenia undergoing treatment in a specialized service. The participant is a female, diagnosed with simple schizophrenia, 27 years old, from the state of Bahia, single, incomplete elementary school, low social-economic status, and presenting a history of treatment in several institutions. To control the procedures, we used the design of multiple conditions with three main conditions: condition attention (A), condition alone (S), and condition control (C). Condition (A) was manipulated in four sub-conditions: (A1) attention, eye contact (inappropriate speech was followed by 10 seconds of eye contact); (A2) attention, physical contact (inappropriate speech was followed by 10 seconds of physical contact); (A3) attention, comment (inappropriate speech was followed by the comment It is difficult to understand when you talk like this ); and (A4) attention, task execution (appropriate speech was followed by social attention in the form of signs of approval); condition (S) was manipulated in two sub-conditions: (S1) alone, without demand (participant remained in the room in the absence of the researcher) and (S2) alone, with demand (participant remained in the room in the absence of the researcher, with demand); and condition (C) (participant remained in the room composed by reinforcers, in the presence of the researcher, who was writing on a sheet of paper). Under the conditions studied, we also aimed at observing some emotional behaviors of the participant, such as annoyance, anger, pleasure, elation, anxiety, sadness, and relief inferred from the intonation of her voice and her behavioral topography. The results demonstrated that the social attention manipulated under the different conditions controlled the participant s inappropriate speech, which may have worked as a motivational operation for the occurrence of her verbalization. They also demonstrated that under condition (A) there were more manifestations of emotional phenomena, and rage (attention, eye contact, and alone, without demands) was the most frequent emotion, followed by elation (attention, comment), whereas the least frequent emotions were pleasure and relief (attention, comment, and eye contact, respectively). These findings are discussed in terms of the implications of the effects of a motivational operation as a component for the functional analysis of the verbal behavior of the participant in the present investigation.
O presente estudo objetivou analisar funcionalmente o comportamento verbal de uma pessoa esquizofrênica, que se encontrava em tratamento especializado em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS), fazendo uso de uma metodologia de análise funcional. A participante era do sexo feminino, diagnosticada com esquizofrenia simples, 27 anos de idade à época, natural do estado da Bahia, solteira, primeiro grau incompleto, de nível socioeconômico baixo e com histórico de internação em várias instituições. Para essa finalidade foi empregado o delineamento de múltiplas condições com três condições principais: condição atenção (A), condição sozinha (S) e condição controle (C). A condição (A) incluiu quatro subcondições: (A1) atenção, contato olho a olho (a fala inapropriada foi seguida por 10 segundos de contato olho a olho); (A2) atenção, contato físico (a fala inapropriada foi seguida por 10 segundos de contato físico); (A3) atenção, comentário (a fala inapropriada foi seguida pelo comentário Fica difícil compreender quando você fala assim ); e (A4) atenção, executar tarefa (o comportamento apropriado foi seguido pela atenção social sob a forma de sinais de aprovação); a condição (S) incluiu duas subcondições: (S1) sozinha, sem demanda (a participante permaneceu na sala na ausência da pesquisadora) e (S2) sozinha, com demanda (a participante permaneceu na sala na ausência da pesquisadora, com demanda); e a condição (C) (a participante permaneceu na sala composta por reforçadores, na presença da pesquisadora, que escrevia em uma folha de papel). Dentro das condições estudadas foi também objeto deste estudo observar alguns comportamentos emocionais da participante, tais como aborrecimento, raiva, prazer, elação, ansiedade, tristeza e alívio inferidos das entonações de sua voz e de suas topografias comportamentais. Os resultados demonstraram que a atenção social manipulada nas diferentes condições exerceu controle sobre o comportamento verbal da participante, o que pode ter funcionado como uma operação motivadora para a ocorrência de suas verbalizações. Demonstraram, ainda, que na condição atenção (A) houve maiores manifestações dos comportamentos emocionais, sendo a raiva a emoção mais frequente, seguida pela elação, enquanto as de menores ocorrências foram prazer e alívio. Esses achados foram discutidos em termos das implicações dos efeitos de uma operação motivadora como componente para a análise funcional do comportamento verbal da participante da presente investigação.

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Bonito, Maria Amélia Gonçalves. "Um procedimento para medir o estabelecimento de controle de estímulos em uma discriminação simples, baseado em Touchette (1971)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2005. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16635.

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Behavior analysts interpret attention as a case of operant stimulus control. Therefore the study of the variables and procedures that promote discrimination are taken as important if one is interested in attention. This interpretation guide many experimental studies on discrimination where experimental concern was the implementation of effective procedures for the establishment of discriminations and the implementation of procedures that showed how and when given stimuli or stimuli dimensions became controlling variables of the discriminative response. The present experiment tested the viability of a procedure that established a series of simple discriminations without errors and that at the same time showed the moment of stimulus control transfer and the kind of control (by S+ and/ or S-) established during training. Six children ages 4 to 5 years with typical development participated in the study. Participants worked in computer equipped with a software that controlled the experimental events and recorded the participant s behavior of interest, as well as other events. The experimental response was to click with the computer mouse at one of two stimuli presented at the computer screen. Initially, a discrimination between two colors (one of them assigned as S+ and the other as S-) was established through differential reinforcement. In the 3 following phases 3 new discrimination pairs (of arbitrary unknown stimuli) were trained, using a procedure of delayed cue, where the cue were the colors (as the background) already established as S+ and S-. The colors were presented as the background of the stimulus pair at each trial and after ach correct trial the time delay for the color presentation was increased, until the child responded systematically to the new S+ stimulus alone. Each training of a new discrimination as followed by a test of the control exerted by the S+ and the S-. In each test in extinction the trained S+ was presented with a new stimulus, or the S- was presented with another new stimulus. Each pair of stimulus was presented 3 times. Results showed that for 4 of the 6 subjects the delayed cue procedure lead to discriminations without errors. The test results suggest that 4 of the 6 subjects emitted discriminative responses under the joint control of S+ and S- and one of them seemed to respond under the exclusive control of the S+. Results are discussed in terms of the effectiveness of the procedure employed
Discriminação e generalização estão envolvidas no estabelecimento de controle de estímulos sobre comportamento operante e, do ponto de vista da análise do comportamento, a compreensão de fenômenos como atenção envolve a compreensão de processos envolvidos no estabelecimento de controle de estímulos. Essa interpretação foi a base para estudos experimentais sobre discriminação nos quais se discute diversos aspectos de tal controle. No presente trabalho testou-se a viabilidade de um procedimento para o estabelecimento de discriminações simples sem erros e que permitisse ao experimentador acompanhar o processo de estabelecimento do controle por estímulos envolvidos nessas discriminações. Seis crianças, entre 4 e 5 nos de idade, com desenvolvimento típico participaram do estudo. As crianças trabalhavam em um computador, as respostas solicitadas eram de arrastar e clicar o mouse sobre estímulos dispostos na tela do computador. Os participantes trabalhavam em um computador equipado com um programa que controlava as condições do experimento e registrava as respostas e eventos de interesse. Inicialmente estabeleceu-se, via reforçamento diferencial, uma discriminação simultânea simples entre dois estímulos cuja dimensão relevante era a cor dos estímulos. Em outras 3 fases experimentais foram estabelecidas 3 novas discriminações entre estímulos arbitrários com um procedimento de dica atrasada, no qual se atrasava a cada tentativa correta a apresentação desses SD e SΔ (as cores) sobre os novos estímulos, até que o participante respondesse diferencialmente aos novos estímulos sem a apresentação das cores como fundo. Cada fase de treino foi seguida de um teste em extinção o qual estímulos novos eram apresentados com o SD ou como SΔ recém estabelecidos. Os resultados dos treinos mostraram que houve discriminação sem erro para 4 dos 6 participantes em todos os 3 treinos. Os resultados dos testes mostraram que o desempenho de 4 dos 6 participantes, depois do treino discriminativo parece ter se dado tanto pela seleção do SD como pela exclusão do SΔ, enquanto que um quinto participante teve um desempenho indicativo de controle exclusivo pelo SD. Os resultados são discutidos em termos da efetividade do procedimento para detectar o que vem sendo chamado na literatura de transferência do controle de estímulos

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Trevisan, Bruna Tonietti. "Atenção e controle inibitório em pré-escolares e correlação com indicadores de desatenção e hiperatividade." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2010. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1537.

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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
Executive functions (EF) are characterized by a set of cognitive and metacognitive processes that allow individuals to regulate their behavior, allowing their engagement in direct actions to goals. During development, children gradually become more able to control their thoughts and actions. This change has been linked to the development of EF, because they are especially important in new situations, as in the learning process, and is therefore considered crucial in preschool. In addition, changes in these processes have been documented in several cases, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate attention and inhibitory control in preschool children, specifically: to verify the relationship between signs of inattention and hyperactivity and EF, verifying if the performances in the tests differ between groups of children with and without signs of inattention and hyperactivity, and the relation between EF and development of preschool children, examining if the abilities of attention and inhibitory control increase with the progression school grades. A total of 139 preschool children, aged between 4 and 7 years old, 65 males, from two public schools in a town in Sao Paulo state, were assessed with Trial Making Test, Cancellation Attention Test, Stroop Test for Preschoolers, Semantic Generation Test, Go/No-Go Task, Simon Task, Columbia Mental Maturity Scale, Scale for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and SNAP-IV. Nonparametric analysis of Mann-Whitney test revealed, in general, differences between extreme groups with and without inattention and hyperactivity indicators for measuring instruments in all of EF, especially for groups in the inattention domain. Spearman correlation analysis also revealed significant correlations between indicators and performance in EF, with changes in the patterns of correlation throughout the school grades, showing relation with more basic cognitive abilities in the initial grades and with more complex skills in the lasted grades. Through MANOVAS and Kruskal-Wallis were observed developmental trends of the skills of attention and inhibitory control over the school grades.
As funções executivas (FE) são caracterizadas por um conjunto de processos cognitivos e metacognitivos que permitem ao indivíduo regular seu comportamento, possibilitando seu engajamento em ações direcionadas a metas. Durante o desenvolvimento, crianças se tornam gradualmente mais hábeis para controlar seus pensamentos e ações. Esta mudança tem sido associada ao desenvolvimento das FE, isto porque elas são especialmente importantes em situações novas, como no processo de aprendizagem, sendo, portanto, consideradas cruciais na idade pré-escolar. Além disso, alterações nestes processos têm sido documentadas em diversos casos, como no Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH). Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar atenção e controle inibitório em crianças pré-escolares, mais especificamente: analisar a relação entre indicadores de desatenção e hiperatividade e FE, verificando se os desempenhos nos testes diferem entre os grupos de crianças com e sem sinais de desatenção e hiperatividade; e analisar a relação entre as FE e o desenvolvimento de crianças pré-escolares, verificando se as habilidades de atenção e controle inibitório aumentaram com a progressão séries escolares. Participaram 139 crianças pré-escolares, com idades entre 4 e 7 anos, sendo 65 do sexo masculino, de duas escolas municipais de uma cidade do interior de São Paulo. Foram utilizados: Teste de Trilhas, Teste de Atenção por Cancelamento, Teste de Stroop para Pré-escolares, Teste de Geração Semântica, Go/no-Go Task, Simon Task, Escala de Maturidade Mental Colúmbia, Escala de Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade e SNAP-IV. Análise não paramétrica de Mann-Whitney revelou, de modo geral, efeito entre os grupos extremos com e sem indicadores de desatenção e hiperatividade para medidas em todos os instrumentos de FE, especialmente para os grupos no domínio de desatenção. Análises de correlação de Spearman também revelaram correlações significativas entre os indicadores e os desempenhos em FE, com mudanças nos padrões de correlação ao longo das séries, verificando relação com habilidades cognitivas mais básicas na série inicial e com habilidades mais complexas nas séries posteriores. Por meio de MANOVAS e teste de Kruskal-Wallis foram verificadas tendências desenvolvimentais das habilidades de atenção e controle inibitório ao longo das séries escolares.

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Silva, Joelson Coelho da. "Uma proposta de controle neural adaptativo para a navegação de veículos autônomos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/18631.

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Os equipamentos robóticos foram inicialmente criados para atuarem em ambientes industriais fechados. Com o passar do tempo, melhorias foram conquistadas. Atualmente, não se limitam mais à realização de tarefas simples e repetitivas em locais especialmente preparados. Novos equipamentos, capazes de atuarem em ambientes abertos e de realizarem as mais diversas atividades, estão sendo desenvolvidos. Para tanto, é necessário que seus sistemas de controle realizem uma efetiva interação com o mundo onde estão inseridos. Fazem-se necessários, portanto, novos sistemas controladores com capacidade de uma contínua adaptação ao ambiente dinâmico onde operam. As redes neurais artificiais, devido a sua capacidade de tratamento de problemas não lineares – matematicamente difíceis de serem resolvidos, estão sendo empregadas no controle destes processos. O gerenciamento da trajetória de um veículo móvel em ambientes abertos ou fechados é um procedimento altamente não-linear, logo, a aplicação das redes neurais artificiais é bastante promissora. Apesar de sua grande versatilidade, as redes neurais artificiais têm sido utilizadas apenas como sistemas de mapeamento. A grande maioria delas necessita de uma fase de treinamento para que possam armazenar a diversidade de estados possíveis do sistema. Quando atuam, elas simplesmente mapeiam os seus valores de entrada (estado atual) nas soluções previamente armazenadas. Contudo, esta não é a melhor abordagem para os sistemas abertos, ou seja, para os processos cujas situações e possibilidades não podem ser totalmente enumeradas e que podem ser mutáveis no decorrer do tempo. Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de controle neural adaptativo para guiar um veículo móvel até o seu destino em ambientes contendo obstáculos fixos ou móveis. Diferentemente das abordagens tradicionais, não existe a necessidade de um treinamento prévio da rede. A rede neural artificial escolhida promove uma contínua adaptação do sistema enquanto atua. Neste processo, são utilizados sensores que fornecem subsídios para que a rede possa gerar, adaptativamente, soluções parciais que façam com que o veículo autônomo se aproxime cada vez mais do seu objetivo, até, finalmente, atingi-lo.
The robotic equipments were created initially to actuate in closed industrial environments. Improvements have been acquieved in this area. Nowadays, they are no longer limited to perform simple and repetitive tasks in controlled places. New equipments, capable of acting in open environments and doing the most several activities, are being developed. For so much, it is necessary that its control systems accomplish an effective interaction with the world where they are inserted. Therefore, new systems controllers with capacity of a continuous adaptation to the dynamic environments are essential. Artificial neural networks, due to their capacity of dealing wit non-linear problems – mathematically difficult to be solved – are being used to control these kind of processes. Guide a mobile vehicle through an open or controlled environments is a highly non-linear procedure; therefore, the use of an artificial neural nets is quite promising. In spite of its great versatility, they have just been used as mapping systems. Most of them need a training phase so that they can store the diversity of system’s possible states. When they actuate, they simply map their input values (current state) to the solutions previously stored. However, this is not the best approach for open systems, i.e. systems whose situations and possibilities cannot be totally enumerated and that can change in time. This work presents an adaptive neural control methodology to guide a mobile vehicle to its target in environments with fixed or mobile obstacles. Differently from the traditional approaches, the need of a previous training phase of the neural network doesn't exist. The chosen model of artificial neural net promotes a continuous adaptation of the system while it actuates. Sensors are used to provide informations to the net. This way it generates partial solutions that makes the autonomous vehicle gets closer of its goal, until, finally, reach it.

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Pheula, Gabriel Ferreira. "Existe associação entre o funcionamento familiar e o transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade: tipo predominantemente desatento? : um estudo de caso-controle." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/24664.

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Objetivo: Este estudo investigou se fatores ambientais familiares estão associados com o transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade, tipo predominantemente desatento (TDAH-D). Método: Estudo de caso-controle. A amostra foi composta de 100 crianças e adolescentes com TDAH-D e 100 controles sem o diagnóstico de transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH). A amostra foi composta de pacientes da comunidade, e todos foram avaliados de maneira sistemática, incluindo o diagnóstico feito por entrevista semi-estruturada, e revisão por psiquiatra de infância e adolescência. Os fatores familiares avaliados foram: índice de adversidade psicossocial de Rutter (discórdia marital, baixa classe social, tamanho familiar grande, criminalidade paterna, transtorno psiquiátrico materno), Family Environment Scale – FES (escores de coesão, expressividade e conflito) e Family Relationship Index – FRI (baseado nos escores acima). Resultados: Após o ajuste dos fatores confundidores (fobia social e presença de TDAH materno), a razão de chances (RC) para TDAH-D aumentou com o aumento progressivo da presença dos indicadores de adversidades de Rutter. A RC para TDAH-D foi 3,9 vezes maior em pacientes tendo 1 indicador de Rutter, quando comparado a pacientes que não tinham nenhum indicador (p=0,035; intervalo de confiança [IC] = 1.1-14). A chance de ter TDAH-D foi 7,9 vezes (p=0,002; IC=2.1- 28.9) e 8,9 vezes (p=0,006; IC=1,9-43) maior em crianças e adolescentes que tinham 2 e 3 indicadores, respectivamente. Famílias de crianças com menores escores de coesão apresentaram maior RC para TDAH-D (RC 1,24; 95% IC 1,05- 1,45). Valores menores do FRI, um índice geral do relacionamento familiar, também estiveram relacionados com uma chance maior de TDAH-D (RC 1,11; 95% IC 1,03- 1,21). Conclusões: Nós concluímos que adversidade familiar (em geral), e baixa coesão familiar, além de um baixo índice de relacionamento familiar (em particular), são associados com um aumento do risco para TDAH-D.
Objective: This study investigated whether family-environment risk factors are associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, inattentive type (ADHD-I). Method: In a case-control study, we assessed a nonreferred sample of 100 children and adolescents with ADHD-I and 100 non-ADHD controls (6-18 years old). They were systematically evaluated through structured diagnostic interviews. The following family adversity measures were used: Rutter’s family adversity index (marital discord, low social class, large family size, paternal criminality, maternal mental disorder), Family Environment Scale - FES (subscores of cohesion, expressiveness and conflict) and Family Relationship Index - FRI (based on the subscores above). Results: After adjusting for confounding factors (social phobia and maternal history of ADHD), the odds ratio (OD) for ADHD-I increased as the number of Rutter’s indicators increased. More specifically, the odds of having ADHD-I were 3.9 times greater in patients having one indicator compared with patients having none of Rutter’s indicators (p = .035; confidence interval [CI] = 1.1 – 14). The odds of having ADHD-I were 7.9 (p = .002; CI = 2.1 – 28.9) and 8.9 (p = .006; CI = 1.9 – 43) times greater in children and adolescents with 2 and 3 indicators, respectively. Families of children with lower FES cohesion subscores presented higher OR for ADHD-I (OR 1.24; 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.45). Lower levels of FRI, a general index of family relationship, also were related to higher risk of ADHD-I (OR 1.11; 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.21). Conclusions: We conclude that family adversity (in general), and low family cohesion and low family relationship index (in particular), are associated with an increase in the risk for ADHD-I.

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Silva, Gustavo Ramos. "Attentional control and biases towards threat : theoretical foundations and adaptation of experimental tasks." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2018. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/8089.

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A aten??o ? um construto multifacetado, que esteve historicamente por diversas vezes no centro de discuss?es filos?ficas e psicol?gicas. O car?ter influente da aten??o sobre diversos outros processos psicol?gicos (e.g., consci?ncia, mem?ria, tomada de decis?o) salienta sua import?ncia, e logicamente resulta em uma dificuldade na segrega??o de suas fronteiras te?ricas e na defini??o clara desse fen?meno. Em um campo de pesquisa emp?rica atual sobre aten??o, vieses da orienta??o atencional para est?mulos amea?adores s?o investigados. Por?m, falta aos modelos embasados em 10 achados emp?ricos nesse campo a sustenta??o em modelos te?ricos bem estabelecidos de aten??o, e existe confus?o nos estudos experimentais publicados. Al?m disso, tarefas experimentais para avaliar vieses da aten??o para a amea?a necessitam de integra??o com novas tecnologias e estrat?gias de an?lise, as quais podem gerar mais sensibilidade, validade e confiabilidade, como o rastreamento ocular e o novo ?ndice de variabilidade do vi?s atencional (ABV). Esta disserta??o est? inclu?da na sub?rea de n?mero 7.07.02.03-9 do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) ? Psicologia Experimental (Processos Cognitivos e Atencionais) ? a qual integra a grande ?rea de Psicologia. Dois estudos s?o apresentados para suprir a necessidade de avan?o no estudo sobre aten??o, controle atencional (AC) e vi?s atencional em rela??o ? amea?a (ABT). Em primeiro lugar, um estudo te?rico fornece uma vis?o hist?rica da pesquisa psicol?gica da aten??o, desde os fundadores da Psicologia moderna at? a pesquisa neuropsicol?gica integrativa atual e os modelos orientados empiricamente. Esta revis?o busca esclarecer conceitos da aten??o e diferenciar esses conceitos dos de outros dom?nios psicol?gicos. Em vez de segregar ?reas de pesquisa, ? prov?vel que essa estrat?gia promova um di?logo entre campos que pesquisam o mesmo fen?meno - mas o medem de forma diferente e atribuem-lhe nomes diferentes. Na sequ?ncia dessa revis?o te?rica, ? apresentado um estudo emp?rico, que prop?e duas adapta??es de tarefas experimentais cl?ssicas para medir o ABT: a Tarefa Dot-Probe (DPT) e a Tarefa Stroop Emocional (EST). Na EST, o desenho da tarefa foi alterado para levar em conta considera??es te?ricas importantes e para melhor adaptar a tarefa ? medida de ABV. Na DPT, uma integra??o surpreendentemente rara de tempos de rea??o e medidas de rastreamento ocular ? estabelecida, e novos ?ndices para calcular o ABT e o ABV s?o propostos. A confiabilidade e validade dos ?ndices em ambas as 11 tarefas foi investigada com estudantes universit?rios e atrav?s da diferencia??o dos mesmos ?ndices entre grupos de sintomas altos vs. baixos de ansiedade e estresse p?straum?tico. A import?ncia de progressivamente melhorar as qualidades psicom?tricas dessas tarefas experimentais ? discutida em profundidade levando em conta os achados do estudo, incluindo recomenda??es para futuras adapta??es dessas tarefas
Attention is a multifaceted construct, one that has been at the center of discussions across several moments in the history of philosophy and psychology. The characteristic of attention to influence and regulate many other psychological process (e.g., consciousness, memory, decision-making) stresses its importance, and logically results in a hardship in segregating its theoretical boundaries and clearly defining this phenomenon. In a current empirical field of research on attention, biases of attentional orientation to threatening stimuli are investigated. However, models generated from empirical findings lack sustentation on well-established theoretical models of attention, and confusion exists across published experimental studies. Furthermore, experimental tasks to assess biases towards threat require integration with new operationalization and analysis strategies, which can provide better sensitivity, validity and measurement reliability, such as eye tracking and the novel index of attentional bias variability (ABV). This dissertation is included in the subarea number 7.07.02.03-9 of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) ? Experimental Psychology (Attentional and Cognitive Processes) ? which integrates the broader area of Psychology. Two studies are presented to answer to the need of advancing research about attention, attentional control (AC) and attentional bias relative to threat (ABT). Firstly, a theoretical study provides a historical overview of psychological research on attention, from the founders of modern Psychology to current neuropsychological integrative research and empirically-oriented models. This review is expected to clarify constructs of attention and to differentiate these constructs from those of other Psychological domains. Instead of segregating research fields, this is likely to promote a 9 dialogue between fields that research the same phenomena ? but measure them differently and attribute to them different names. Following this theoretical review, an empirical study is presented, which proposes two adaptations of classical experimental tasks to measure ABT: the DotProbe Task (DPT) and the Emotional Stroop Task (EST). On the EST, task design is altered to account for important theoretical considerations and to better adapt the task to the measurement of ABV. On the DPT, a surprisingly rare integration of reaction times and eye tracking measures is established, and novel indices to calculate ABT and ABV are proposed. The reliability and validity of indices in both tasks is investigated with university students and through the differentiation of such indices between groups of high vs. low symptoms of anxiety and posttraumatic stress. The importance of pursuing the improvement of psychometric qualities of experimental tasks is discussed in depth upon the findings of the study, including recommendations to future experimental designs.

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Lahr, Juliana [UNESP]. "Controle motor em pacientes com doença de Parkinson: terapia do espelho, foco de atenção e tarefa dupla." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132427.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) presents asymmetric early motor symptoms, and those symptoms affect the processing and the integration of proprioceptive information. Due to that, the upper limb motor control is impaired even on single task (isolated manual task) and dual task (manual task and posture control). Because these sort of tasks are performed during activities of daily living, the role of asymmetry on those task must be clarified to elucidate the effects of disease on PD functionality and thus guide the therapists choose more effective interventions. Among strategies of intervention on PD motor impairments, two strategies that deserve special attention are the instruction of external focus of attention and mirror therapy (MT). Both interventions might be potentially effective to facilitate motor learning. Aims: to assess the role of PD asymmetry on upper limbs motor control and postural control in conditions of single versus dual task; and tasks with attentional focus with instructions versus external focus as well as to verify the effect of MT on upper limbs motor control more affected on postural control of PD patients. Methods: Twenty PD patients were submitted to assessments on: Upper Limb motor control (kinematic analysis) and postural control (kinetics analysis), in single and dual task conditions, with and without external focus of attention. Posteriorly, the subjects were distributed in two different groups: GI1 and GI2. The MT protocol consisted in a unilateral home therapy on less affected upper limb, performed 30 minutes a day, five days a week, during 6 consecutives weeks. To assist the subjects of GI1, they performed this protocol using a visual feedback (mirror therapy). Both groups were assessed before and after therapy protocol. Results: performance was not different between upper limbs and single and dual tasks, both in single and in dual task. After protocol period, both groups showed improvements on kinematic outcomes (manual dexterity, movement frequency of the hand, hesitation and task performance time improvements, independent of the sort of focus of attention that was used). Conclusion: Manual task is not affected by PD asymmetry on single and dual task. The external focus of attention was not effective to improve the task performance in PD patients, and it is not recommended to be performed during dynamic tasks. The therapy protocol with or without visual feedback promotes extended benefits on execution and planning of manual task of more affected upper limb independently of focus of attention, but it is not able to decrease the functional and motor impairments neither improve postural control. Therefore MT seems to be equally effective on manual tasks benefits, however more studies are necessary to confirm this efficacy.
Introdução: a doença de Parkinson (DP) tem o início assimétrico dos sintomas motores e afeta o processamento e a integração das informações proprioceptivas, comprometendo o controle motor dos membros superiores tanto em tarefa singular (tarefa manual isolada) quanto em tarefa dupla (tarefa manual e controle postural). Por estas tarefas serem frequentemente exigidas nas atividades de vida diária, esclarecimentos quanto ao papel da assimetria da doença nessas tarefas podem elucidar sobre os efeitos da doença na funcionalidade dos pacientes e nortear a decisão sobre estratégias de intervenção mais pertinentes. Dentre as estratégias de intervenção para esses comprometimentos encontram-se a instrução de foco de ação externo e a terapia do espelho (TE). Ambas as intervenções podem ser potencialmente eficazes na DP por facilitar a aprendizagem motora. Objetivos: avaliar o papel da assimetria da doença no controle dos membros superiores e do controle postural nas condições de tarefa singular versus dupla e de tarefa com instrução de foco de atenção livre versus foco externo, assim como verificar o efeito da TE no controle motor do membro superior afetado e no controle postural de pacientes com DP. Método: 20 pacientes foram avaliados quanto ao controle dos membros superiores (análise cinemática) e ao controle postural (análise cinética), nas condições de tarefa singular e dupla, foco de atenção livre e externo. Posteriormente, os pacientes foram distribuídos nos grupos GI1 e GI2 e realizaram a intervenção que consistiu de treino unilateral do membro superior menos afetado, com duração de 30 minutos diários, 5 dias consecutivos na semana, durante 6 semanas, em domicílio. Na intervenção somente o GI1 utilizou o feedback visual - TE. Os grupos foram avaliados pré- e pós-intervenção. Resultados: o desempenho não diferiu entre os membros superiores e entre as condições de tarefa singular e dupla. O foco de atenção externo reduziu o desempenho da tarefa manual, tanto na tarefa singular quanto na dupla. Após o período de intervenção, ambos os grupos melhoraram o desempenho nas variáveis cinemáticas – aumentaram a destreza manual e a frequência de movimento da mão, diminuíram a hesitação na realização do movimento e o tempo para realizar a tarefa, independente do foco de atenção empregado. Conclusão: a assimetria da doença não interfere no desempenho da tarefa manual nas condições de tarefa singular e dupla. O foco de atenção externo não foi eficaz em melhorar o desempenho da tarefa manual em pacientes com DP, não devendo ser utilizado em tarefas dinâmicas. A intervenção, com ou sem feedback visual, melhora a execução e o planejamento da tarefa manual do membro superior afetado independente do foco atencional empregado, mas não é capaz de reduzir o comprometimento funcional e motor, nem de melhorar o desempenho do controle postural. Portanto, a TE parece ser igualmente eficaz na melhora do desempenho da tarefa manual, porém, mais estudos são necessários para afirmar sua efetividade.
CNPq: 157894/2013-4

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Simon, Margarete Andreozzi Vaz Pereira. "Controle das emoções de crianças com transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade e validação do instrumento Expression and Emotion Scale for Children para o português." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5141/tde-19052015-155445/.

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INTRODUÇÃO: O Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) é um transtorno neurocomportamental caracterizado pela combinação de déficit de atenção, hiperatividade e impulsividade. Acarreta prejuízos à relação familiar, escolar e ao convívio social devido à impulsividade emocional aumentada e ausência de controle das em consequência do desenvolvimento cerebral tardio. OBJETIVO GERAL: Validar e traduzir para a língua portuguesa o instrumento Expression and Emotion Scale of Children - EESC. ESPECÍFICO: Avaliar a expressão emocional (EE) pelos pacientes com TDAH. MÉTODO: Aplicou-se a técnica Probe e testes psicométricos à validação. A avaliação da EE dos pacientes com TDAH, uma amostra de 126 sujeitos foi dividida em grupos quanto à comorbidade, idade e gênero. RESULTADOS: Diante da técnica Probe obteve-se 96,9% de compreensão à versão final traduzida e adaptada para o português. Cronbach alfa = 0,7597, CIC 0,66 e a acurácia 71%. Quando comparado amostra com TDAH e Controle, houve significância na EE favorável a amostra Controle. Não houve significância entre a amostra com TDAH com e sem comorbidade, em tratamento, e a mesma quanto ao gênero, na EE. Em relação à idade, a amostra de pacientes com TDAH obteve significância na mudança na EE favorável ao Controle, isto somente nos grupos de crianças/ adolescentes com mais de 9 anos de idade. CONCLUSÃO: Diante dos dados psicométricos, a Escala de Expressão e Emoção para Crianças demonstrou-se válida para ser aplicada a crianças e adolescentes com TDAH de 6 a 15 anos de idade. A avaliação possibilitou verificar diferencial na Expressão Emocional entre crianças/adolescentes com TDAH e Controle. Notou-se também que as fases do desenvolvimento psicológico influenciam na Expressão Emocional tanto em indivíduos saudáveis quanto naqueles com TDAH. A presença de comorbidades leves e o gênero não influenciam na mudança da Expressão Emocional quando comparados à amostra com TDAH
INTRODUCTION: The Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by combination of attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity. It was assumed that there is damage to family, school and relationship social due to emotional impulsivity increased and lack of the management because of the late brain development of the individual. GENERAL OBJECTIVE: Validate and translate for portuguese language the questionnaire Expression and Emotion Scale for Children - EESC. SPECIFIC: To evaluate the emotional expression (EE) by patients with ADHD. METHOD: It was applied the Probe technique and psychometric tests for the validation. The evaluation of the EE in patients with ADHD was to a sample of 126 subjects that were divided in groups of according to comorbidity, age and gender. RESULTS: On the Probe technique was obtained 96.9 % of understanding in the final version translated and adapted to Portuguese. Cronbach alfa = 0.7597, 0.66 CIC and the accuracy 71%. Compared with ADHD sample and Control, there was significance in the EE favorable sample Control. There was no significance in the EE between the sample with ADHD with and without comorbidity in treatment and in terms of gender. Regarding age, the sample of ADHD patients got significance in EE of in favor of Control, this only in groups of children / adolescents over 9 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Relative the psychometric data, the Expression and Emotion Scale for Children proved to valid to be applied for children and adolescents with ADHD of 6 to 15 years old. The assessment enabled us to verify differential in Emotional Expression among children / adolescents with ADHD and Control. It was also noted that the stages of psychological development influence the Emotional Expression in healthy individuals and in those with ADHD. And the presence of light comorbidities and gender did not influence the Emotional Expression when compared to the sample with ADHD

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Rosa, Kélvia Carolina Ferreira. "Efeitos da exposição precoce ao etanol na atividade locomotora e na expressão dos genes de controle do ritmo circadiano de camundongos adolescentes em diferentes períodos do ciclo claro/escuro." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7467.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
A hiperatividade locomotora e as alterações nos ritmos circadianos têm sido descritas em roedores e humanos expostos ao etanol durante o desenvolvimento. Considerando que a atividade locomotora em camundongos é conhecida por variar ao longo das fases do ciclo claro escuro, é possível que o fenótipo hiperativo resultante da exposição precoce ao etanol também varie em função da hora do dia. Além disso, é possível que a hiperatividade apresentada pelos indivíduos expostos ao etanol durante o desenvolvimento esteja associada com distúrbios no sistema de controle do ritmo circadiano. Neste estudo, avaliamos estas duas possibilidades realizando uma análise circadiana da atividade locomotora e da expressão dos genes de relógio de camundongos adolescentes expostos ao etanol durante o período de surto de crescimento cerebral. Para tanto, camundongos suíços criados e mantidos em um ciclo claro/escuro de 12h (luzes acesas às 2:00h, apagadas as 14:00h) foram injetados com etanol (5g/kg ip, grupo ETOH) ou um volume equivalente de solução salina (grupo SAL) em dias alternados do segundo ao oitavo dias pós-natais. No 30 dia pós-natal, os animais foram testados em campo aberto por 15 minutos em diferentes momentos do ciclo claro/escuro: durante a fase clara entre 6:00 e 7:30h e entre12:00 e 13:30h; durante a fase escura entre 18:00 e 19:30h e entre 0:00 e 01:30h. Durante a fase escura os testes foram realizados sob iluminação com luz vermelha. Após os testes comportamentais, alguns animais foram randomicamente selecionados para as análises de imunofluorescência da expressão dos genes PER 1, 2 e 3 no núcleo supraquiasmático. Ao longo dos seis primeiros minutos, a atividade locomotora dos animais testados durante o período claro não mudou significativamente ou apresentou um leve aumento e a dos animais testados no período escuro apresentou uma marcante redução. Além disso, o grupo de animais testados entre 00:00 e 1:30h apresentou a maior atividade locomotora e o grupo dos animais testados entre 12:00 e 13:30h apresentou a menor atividade locomotora. De modo importante, a exposição neonatal ao etanol promoveu hiperatividade locomotora apenas no grupo de animais testados entre 00:00 e 1:30h. Em relação aos genes de controle do ritmo circadiano, a exposição precoce ao etanol afetou apenas a expressão do gene Per1 que foi menor entre 18:00 e 19:30h. O fato de que a expressão dos genes de controle do ritmo circadiano foi alterada no meio da fase escura e que a hiperatividade locomotora foi observada apenas no final da fase escura é compatível com a hipótese de que a hiperatividade induzida pelo etanol pode estar associada com as perturbações de controle do ritmo circadiano.
Locomotor hyperactivity and alterations of circadian rhythmicity have been described both in rodents and in humans exposed to ethanol during development. Considering that spontaneous locomotor activity in mice is known to vary as a function of the time of the day, it is conceivable that the expression of the locomotor hyperactivity phenotype resulting from developmental ethanol exposure also varies throughout the day. In addition, it is possible that the hyperactivity presented by individuals early exposed to ethanol is associated with a dysfunction in the control system of the circadian rhythm. In this study, we tested these two possibilities by performing a circadian analysis of the locomotor activity and the expression of clock genes in adolescent mice exposed to ethanol during the brain growth spurt period. Subjects were Swiss mice that were bred and maintained in our laboratory on a 12:12h light/dark cycle (lights on: 2:00, lights off: 14:00). From postnatal day 2 (PN2) to PN8, litters either received ethanol (5 l/g i.p., 25% in saline solution) or an equivalent volume of saline solution every other day. At PN30, locomotor activity was automatically assessed for 15 min in the open field test. During the light period, the animals were tested between 6:00 and 7:30 h or between 12:00 and 13:30 h whereas during the dark period the tests were performed between 18:00 and 19:30 h or between 0:00 and 1:30 h. During the dark period, the tests were conducted under red dim light illumination. After the behavioral tests, a sample of animals was randomly selected for the analysis by immunofluorescence of the expression of genes PER 1, 2 and 3 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Throughout the first 6 min, the locomotor activity of animals tested during the light period did not change or only increased slightly, while animals tested during the dark period presented a marked reduction. Furthermore, animals tested between 00:00 and 1:30 h presented the highest activity while animals tested between 12:00 and 13:30 h presented the lowest locomotor activity. Importantly, neonatal exposure to ethanol caused locomotor activity only in those animals tested between 00:00 and 1:30 h. As for the the clock genes, neonatal exposure to ethanol only affected the PER 1 expression, which was lowest between 18:00 and 19:30. Our data is in line with the idea that locomotor activity varies as a function of the time of the day. The fact that the expression of a clock gene was altered in then middle of the dark cycle and that locomotor hyperactivity was observed only at the end of this period is compatible with the hypothesis that the hyperactivity observed as result of ethanol exposure is associated with alterations in the control of the circadian rhythm.

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Sanchez, Alba Idaly Muñoz. "O tratamento diretamente observado \"dots\" e a adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose: significados para os trabalhadores de unidades de saúde da região central do município de São Paulo-São Paulo-Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7136/tde-19122007-163401/.

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A tuberculose ainda prevalece no cenário epidemiológico mundial e nacional e sua permanência relaciona-se a vários processos, dentre os quais, as desigualdades sociais. A adesão ao tratamento é um aspecto chave para o controle da doença, já que contribui para a diminuição da multirresistência aos fármacos e para o decréscimo da mortalidade. Em função desse panorama que evidencia ainda, a ineficácia dos programas de controle, a Organização Mundial da Saúde-OMS propôs um novo marco para controle da enfermidade, introduzindo a Estratégia do Tratamento Diretamente Observado-DOTS ou Tratamento Supervisionado (TS). Dada a carência de estudos qualitativos sobre o tema no Município de São Paulo, este estudo teve como objetivos: identificar os significados que trabalhadores da saúde manifestam em relação à tuberculose, à adesão ao tratamento e ao Tratamento Diretamente Supervisionado; identificar as potencialidades e os limites da estratégia DOTS numa região do Município de São Paulo; além de apontar alternativas que contribuam no aprimoramento do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose. Após aprovação do projeto por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, foram entrevistados 15 trabalhadores da saúde da Subprefeitura da Sé da Secretaria de Saúde do Município de São Paulo, de agosto a dezembro de 2004, por meio de roteiro semi-estruturado. O estudo foi conduzido sob o referencial da Hermenêutica-dialética, tendo sido aplicada técnica apropriada de análise de discurso. Os achados revelam persistência de preconceito, com impacto sobre a assistência e à adesão. Observou-se que esta ultima é influenciada por processos relacionados ao doente (que se referem à sua inserção social), aos serviços de saúde (principalmente quanto à acessibilidade e comunicação com os usuários). A DOTS é apreendida como estratégia que contribui na adesão ao tratamento, ainda que apresente algumas limitações, como a falta de flexibilidade em sua operacionalização em algumas unidades de saúde, assim como a irregularidade dos incentivos. Entretanto, aponta-se sua importante potencialidade, que se revela na perspectiva da formação de vínculo entre o doente e o trabalhador de saúde. Assim, propõe-se o DOTS como interface de encontro e conversa entre trabalhadores e usuários, no âmbito institucional e territorial, o que possibilita a identificação de necessidades de saúde, assim como o encaminhamento de intervenções apropriadas
Tuberculosis still remains in the national and world-wide epidemiological scene and its permanence becomes related to some processes, amongst others, the social inequities. The adhesion to the treatment is a key aspect for the control of the disease given the fact that it contributes to the reduction of the multi-resistance to the pharmacotherapy and to decrease the mortality. In function of this panorama that still evidences, the inefficacy of the control programs, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposes a new frame in order to control the disease, introducing the Strategy Observed Treatment (DOTS) or Strictly Supervised Treatment (SST). Given the lack of qualitative studies about this issue in the municipality of Sao Paulo, this study has as objectives: to identify the meaning that health workers express in relation to tuberculosis the adhesion to treatment, and Strictly Supervised Treatment; to identify the potential and limitations of the strategy in a region of the municipality of Sao Paulo; at the same time to point alternatives that contribute to the improvement of the Program of Control of Tuberculosis. After approval of the project by the Committee of Ethics in Research, 15 health workers of the Secretary of Health of the City of São Paulo were interviewed, from August to December 2004, by means of a half-structuralized survey. The study was lead under the referential of the hermeneutics dialectic applying an appropriate technique of speech analysis. The findings disclose the persistence of preconception, which shows an impact on the assistance and to the adhesion to the treatment. It was noticed that these findings are influenced by related processes to the ill person (which refers to their social insertion), and to the health services (mainly related to the accessibility and the communication with the users). The SST is understood as an strategy that contributes to the adhesion to the treatment, but still presents some limitations, as for example as the lack of flexibility in its operationalization in some health units, as well as the irregularity of the incentives. Meanwhile its important potential is pointed which reveals itself in the perspective. However, its important potentiality is pointed, that if disclosed in the perspective of the conformation of a bond between the ill person and the health worker. Thus, the SST is considered as an interface of meeting and colloquy between health workers and ill people at the institutional and territorial scope, which makes possible the identification of health necessities, as well as the guiding of appropriate interventions

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Bassi, Marcos Sidnei. "O processo de responsabilização da Administração Pública e sua relação a Atenção Primária à Saúde na região do ABC." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. http://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/2384.

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This dissertation analyses the relation between the accountability of the Public Administration, particularly the actions resulting from Social Control -, and the quality of the services of the APS (Primary Heath Attention), in five cities from the ABC region in São Paulo, Brazil. The subjects investigated were users from the UBS services (Basic Health Unities) who agreed to answer the PCA Tool (Primary Care Assessment Tool). The resulting data were compared with the analysis of the reports from the Municipal Councils for Health of each city. Multivariate Analysis and PLS (Partial Least Square) were used to check relationships
Este trabalho analisa a relação entre a responsabilização da Administração Pública, especificamente aquela exercida pelo Controle Social, e a qualidade dos serviços prestados na Atenção Primária à Saúde em cinco municípios na região do ABC. Para tanto, utilizou-se o instrumento de pesquisa denominado Primary Carê Assessment Tool - PCA Tool, junto aos usuários dos serviços nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde. Esses dados foram cotejados com a análise das Atas dos Conselhos Municipais de Saúde de cada município. As relações foram estabelecidas através da técnica de análise multivariada de dados denominada Partial Least Square - PLS

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Rodrigues, Lizandra Rutkoski. "Cognitive differences between monolinguals and bi/multilinguals: executive functions boosted by code-switching?" Universidade Catolica de Pelotas, 2013. http://tede.ucpel.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/284.

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The bilingual experience of code-switching using another language during speech production demands a greater executive and attentional control than that required from monolinguals, and seems to spread to other nonlinguistic cognitive domains. Studies on bilingualism have shown that bilinguals tend to outperform monolinguals on nonlinguistic interference tasks measuring different executive functions (EFs) (mental processes in charge of regulating, controlling and managing other cognitive processes, such as inhibition, attention, problem solving, etc.). However, recent research has shown that bilinguals tend to show a more robust advantage in overall reaction times (RTs), rather than an advantage on the magnitude of the interference effect. Irrespective of nature, the so-called bilingual advantage has been found in different age groups, among different types of bilinguals (e.g., Bialystok et al., 2004; Bialystok et al., 2005; Costa et al., 2008; Martin-Rhee & Bialystok, 2008), but sometimes, no bilingual advantage is actually found. The present study aims at replicating some of the experiments conducted previously with other populations of bilingual and monolingual participants regarding the EFs inhibitory control (Bialystok et al., 2004) and attentional networks (Costa et al., 2008). For that, I interviewed and tested 40 middle-aged businesspeople (20 bilinguals mean age 48.1 and 20 monolinguals mean age 47.2) in two nonlinguistic interference tasks: the Simon task (Simon & Wolf, 1963), and the Attentional Network Task (ANT) (Fan et al., 2002). Businesspeople are naturally faced with strong cognitive demands in their daily lives, constantly having to solve problems by making administrative and financial decisions that involve a lot of responsibility and a lot of people, regardless of product or service being sold or offered by the company. Thus, their professional activity could strengthen their inhibitory control and problem solving skills, which could compete with the cognitive advantages brought out by bilingualism. For this reason, I also included a control group with a different professional activity, consisting of 38 middle-aged teachers/professors (19 bilinguals mean age 46.6 and 19 monolinguals mean age 46.2), to be compared to the businesspeople in the Simon task. It is important to underscore the fact that no previous work has addressed such populations in these regards. Furthermore, I perceived that there are not enough studies on the effects of bilingualism on middle-aged adults regarding these EFs, as compared to the number of studies and findings on the bilingual advantage among other age groups. The results obtained with the businesspeople groups in both tasks showed no bilingual advantage in the interference effect or in overall RTs. However, I cannot assign the absence of a bilingual advantage to the variable Profession as a competitor with bilingualism, for the control group also presented equivalent performances across the mono and bilingual groups in the Simon task
A experiência bilíngue de troca de código o uso de uma outra língua no decorrer de uma conversação exige um maior controle executivo e atencional do que o exigido de monolíngues, e parece espraiar-se para outros domínios cognitivos não linguísticos. Os estudos sobre bilinguismo têm mostrado que bilíngues tendem a ter um melhor desempenho do que monolíngues em tarefas de interferência não linguística que medem diferentes funções executivas (FES) (processos mentais responsáveis pela regulação, controle e gestão de outros processos cognitivos, tais como inibição, atenção, resolução de problemas, etc.). No entanto, pesquisas recentes têm mostrado que bilíngues tendem a apresentar uma vantagem mais robusta em tempos de reação (TRs) globais, ao invés de uma vantagem na magnitude do efeito de interferência. Independentemente de sua natureza, a chamada vantagem bilíngue já foi encontrada em diferentes grupos etários e entre diferentes tipos de bilíngues (e.g., Bialystok et al., 2004; Bialystok et al., 2005; Costa et al., 2008; Martin-Rhee & Bialystok, 2008), porém, às vezes, nenhuma vantagem bilíngue é de fato encontrada. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de replicar alguns dos experimentos já conduzidos com outras populações de participantes bilíngues e monolíngues quanto às FEs controle inibitório (Bialystok et al., 2004) e redes de atenção (Costa et al., 2008). Para isso, entrevistei e testei 40 executivos(as) de meia-idade (20 bilíngues idade média 48,1 e 20 monolíngues idade média 47,2) em duas tarefas de interferência não linguística: a tarefa Simon (Simon & Wolf, 1963), e a tarefa de rede atencional (ANT na sigla em inglês) (Fan et al., 2002). Executivos(as) enfrentam, naturalmente, uma alta demanda cognitiva em suas vidas diárias, tendo que constantemente resolver problemas que requerem decisões administrativas e financeiras, as quais envolvem muita responsabilidade e muitas pessoas, independentemente do produto ou serviço vendido ou oferecido pela empresa. Dessa forma, sua atividade profissional poderia fortalecer suas habilidades de controle inibitório e de resolução de problemas, o que poderia competir com as vantagens cognitivas advindas do bilinguismo. Em função disso, incluí um grupo controle que tem uma atividade profissional diferente, composto de 38 professores(as) de meia-idade (19 bilíngues idade média 46,6 e 19 monolíngues idade média 46,2), a fim de serem comparados aos executivos(as) na tarefa Simon. É importante ressaltar que nenhum estudo anterior investigou essas duas populações com esses mesmos propósitos. Além disso, percebi que há poucos estudos sobre os efeitos do bilinguismo quanto a adultos de meia-idade no que se refere a essas FEs, se comparados ao número de estudos e achados a respeito da vantagem bilíngue relativa a outros grupos etários. Os resultados obtidos com os(as) executivos(as) em ambas as tarefas não mostraram quaisquer vantagens bilíngues, seja no efeito de interferência ou em TRs globais. No entanto, não posso atribuir a ausência de uma vantagem bilíngue à variável Profissão como concorrente do bilinguismo, já que o grupo controle apresentou desempenho equivalente por parte de bilíngues e monolíngues na tarefa

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Viana, Paulo Henrique Lopes. "Uso dos relatórios gerenciais por gerentes de varejo de rede multinacional." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2014. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/952.

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This paper investigated the associations between the usage of management reports for managers of business units from a retail company, the effectiveness of decisions and performance. To do this, we adopted the Mahama and Cheng (2013) model to measure the perceived benefits on usage of management reports, Widener (2007) to measure the intensity of usage of reports and cost of attention, and Baum and Wally (2003) to measuring the speed of decisions. We have also performed a quantitative analysis of the data obtained by combining survey data with historical data of the company. The results showed that there is a positive and significant statistical relationship between the perceived benefit of management reports and the intensity of their usage and the intensity of usage is positively associated with taking a more rapid, efficient and comprehensive decision. Moreover, most decision speed is related to improved financial performance and greater coverage of the decision is negatively associated with non-financial and financial performance. The main limitation of this study lies in the fact that the survey reflects the reality of a particular organization, so any generalizations should be avoided. Moreover, the results suggest that the company should invest in spreading the benefits of the use of management reports as a way to improve organizational performance.
Esta pesquisa estudou as associações entre o uso dos relatórios gerenciais por gestores das unidades de negócios de uma rede varejista, a eficácia das decisões e o desempenho. Para tanto, adotou-se o modelo Mahama e Cheng (2013) para se medir a percepção de benefícios do uso dos relatórios gerenciais, Widener (2007) para se medir a intensidade do uso dos relatórios e custo da atenção, e Baum e Wally (2003) para se medir a velocidade das decisões. Realizou-se também uma análise de dados quantitativa, combinando dados obtidos por survey com dados históricos da empresa. Os resultados apontaram que há uma relação estatística positiva e significante entre a percepção de benefício dos relatórios gerenciais e a intensidade de seu uso e que a intensidade de uso está positivamente associada a uma tomada de decisão mais veloz, eficiente e abrangente. Ademais, a maior velocidade de decisão está relacionada a melhores desempenhos financeiros e a maior abrangência da decisão está negativamente associada ao desempenho não financeiro e financeiro. A principal limitação do trabalho repousa no fato de que a pesquisa reflete a realidade de uma organização específica, portanto deve ser evitada qualquer generalização. Por outro lado, os resultados sugerem que a empresa deve investir na divulgação dos benefícios do uso dos relatórios gerenciais como forma de melhorar o desempenho organizacional.

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Amieva, Hélène. "Processus de contrôle, mécanismes d'inhibition et maladie d'Alzheimer." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28758.

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Silva, Leandra Fagundes da. "Acesso lexical na produção de fala bilíngue em região de fronteira Brasil/Uruguai." Universidade Catolica de Pelotas, 2013. http://tede.ucpel.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/309.

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The results of several studies on bilingualism suggest a cognitive advantage due to code-switching, which creates a need for greater inhibitory control, one of the cerebral executive functions (e. g. BIALYSTOK et al., 2004; BIALYSTOK et al., 2005; MARTIN-RHEE; BIALYSTOK, 2008; COSTA et al., 2008). However, this advantage is not as evident in some studies, mainly when extralinguistic factors are controlled more strictly (MORTON; HARPER, 2007) or when attentional and inhibitory control are analyzed separately (BIALYSTOK et al., 2009). Regardless of the situation, the bilingual advantage over monolinguals has been investigated considering different age groups (children, young adults and the elderly). This study aims at investigating cognitive differences between mono and bilingual children who live in a border region, where the languages Portuguese and Spanish coexist, not only in personal, but also in social interactions in the community. In this study two nonlinguistic tasks and a linguistic one, which have been used in other studies (BIALYSTOK et al., 2005b; COSTA et al., 2008; YANG; LUST, 2011; PREUSS, 2011), were replicated, although not together and not necessarily with the same age group, according to the literature found. The replicated tasks focused mainly at investigating processes of inhibitory control and lexical access in bilingual speech production in Aceguá, a city in the border region between Brazil and Uruguay, which had not been analyzed yet, including bilingual children, speakers of Uruguayan Portuguese (DPUs)(ELIZAINCÍN, 2001), Brazilian Portuguese (PB) and Spanish (E). In order to achieve this goal, 60 children aged nine and ten (20 bilinguals (Aceguá) and 40 monolinguals (Aceguá and a control group from Pelotas)) were interviewed and tested with the following nonlinguistic tasks, the Simon Task (SIMON; WOLF, 1963) and the child version of the Attentional Network Task (RUEDA, et al., 2004), and also with the Lexical Access linguistic task (COSTA et al., 2000; PREUSS, 2011). The results obtained in the nonlinguistic tasks did not show cognitive differences between bilingual and monolingual children from the same region. The bilinguals were actually slower than the control group, suggesting that extralinguistic factors considerably influence the reliability of the results found by research on bilingualism, as evidenced in other studies (e. g. HILCHEY; KLEIN, 2011). The data show that a bilingual advantage in conflict resolution is sporadic and may even is absent, depending on the groups under analysis. Also, the results found between the two bilingual groups (Portuguese/Spanish and Spanish/Portuguese) did not show significant differences in order to assume the existence of psycholinguistic differentiation between the languages used in Aceguá/RS, once the advantage was present randomly in both groups when investigating the interference effects present in the bilingual speech involving two languages with semantic proximity. The general results of this study suggest the need for further investigations involving border bilingualism, with a bigger number of participants and also with strict control of extralinguistic factors, which can dramatically affect the identification of the bilingual cognitive advantage
Os resultados de vários estudos sobre bilinguismo sugerem uma vantagem cognitiva decorrente da prática da troca de códigos (code switching), que gera uma necessidade de maior controle inibitório, uma das funções executivas cerebrais (ex. BIALYSTOK et al., 2004; BIALYSTOK et al., 2005; MARTIN-RHEE; BIALYSTOK, 2008; COSTA et al., 2008). No entanto, essa vantagem não é tão evidente em alguns estudos, principalmente quando fatores extralinguísticos são controlados com maior rigor (MORTON; HARPER, 2007) ou quando controle de atenção e inibição são analisados em separado (BIALYSTOK et al., 2009). Independentemente da situação, a vantagem computada aos bilíngues sobre os monolíngues já foi pesquisada em diferentes faixas etárias (crianças, jovens adultos e idosos). Esta pesquisa visa investigar diferenças cognitivas entre crianças mono e bilíngues de região de fronteira, onde os idiomas do português e do espanhol convivem, tanto nas relações pessoais como nas sociais da comunidade. Na presente pesquisa foram replicadas duas tarefas não linguísticas e uma linguística, as quais já haviam sido utilizadas em outros estudos (BIALYSTOK et al., 2005b; COSTA et al., 2008; YANG; LUST, 2011; PREUSS, 2011), porém não em conjunto e não necessariamente para o mesmo grupo etário, de acordo com a bibliografia encontrada. As tarefas replicadas tiveram como principal objetivo investigar os processos de controle inibitório e de acesso lexical na produção de fala bilíngue na fronteira entre Brasil e Uruguai, na região de Aceguá, a qual não havia sido analisada ainda, em crianças bilíngues, falantes do português uruguaio (DPUs) (ELIZAINCÍN, 2001), do português brasileiro (PB) e do espanhol (E). Para atingir esse objetivo, foram entrevistadas e testadas 60 crianças na faixa etária compreendida entre nove e dez anos (20 bilíngues (região) e 40 monolíngues (região e grupo controle de Pelotas)) nas seguintes tarefas não linguísticas: Tarefa de Simon (SIMON; WOLF, 1963) e Tarefa de redes de atenção - ANT infantil (RUEDA, et al., 2004) e na tarefa linguística de Acesso Lexical (COSTA et al., 2000; PREUSS, 2011). Os resultados encontrados nos testes não linguísticos não apontaram diferenças cognitivas entre crianças bilíngues e monolíngues da mesma região. Os bilíngues foram inclusive mais lentos na comparação com as crianças do grupo controle, sugerindo que os fatores extralinguísticos influenciam consideravelmente na confiabilidade dos resultados de pesquisa sobre bilinguismo, como evidenciado em outros estudos (ex. HILCHEY; KLEIN, 2011). Os dados revelam que a vantagem bilíngue na resolução de conflitos é esporádica e pode inclusive ser ausente, dependendo dos grupos analisados. Também, os resultados encontrados entre os dois grupos bilíngues (Português/Espanhol e Espanhol/Português) não revelam diferenças significativas para afirmar a existência de diferenciação psicolinguística entre os idiomas praticados na região de Aceguá/RS, uma vez que a vantagem pendeu aleatoriamente para os dois grupos na investigação dos efeitos de interferência presentes na fala bilíngue quando dois idiomas de proximidade semântica são avaliados. Os resultados gerais da presente pesquisa sugerem a necessidade de mais estudos envolvendo bilinguismo fronteiriço, com maior número de participantes e também com o controle rigoroso dos fatores extralinguísticos, os quais podem afetar drasticamente a identificação da vantagem cognitiva de bilíngues.

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Shinosaki, Jullyanna Sabrysna Morais. "Atenção e comportamento inibitório em adolescentes com diabetes tipo 1." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2016. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/18054.

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Introdução: o Diabetes Mellitus é uma epidemia mundial de incidência crescente e alta morbi-mortalidade. Apesar de a neuropatia diabética ser a complicação neurológica mais comum, é crescente o conhecimento de que existe um acometimento do sistema nervoso central, notadamente no que concerne às alterações cognitivas. Objetivos: investigar, por meio de duas tarefas cognitivas objetivas, simples, rápidas, de baixo custo e de fácil aplicação, diferenças entre pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 (DM1) e controles quanto a medidas de atenção e impulsividade, componentes-chave das funções executivas tradicionalmente avaliados por questionários subjetivos, longos, de difícil reprodutibilidade e que exigem psicólogos treinados; correlacionar as diferenças encontradas com características clínicas; explorar as correlações entre as duas tarefas. Métodos: Foram comparados os desempenhos de 20 pacientes com DM1 e 20 controles, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 12 e 15 anos, utilizando a tarefa Agir-Não Agir e uma tarefa de Labirintos, e verificadas correlações entre eles. Resultados: o grupo DM1 teve mais respostas antecipatórias (RA) na tarefa Agir-Não Agir (p<0,05) e fez mais mudanças de trajetória nos Labirintos (p <0,01). Houve correlação entre hipoglicemias não-graves e RA (p=0,01), e entre hipoglicemias graves e número de toques nas paredes dos labirintos (p <0,05). HbA1c> 9% correlacionou-se com um maior número de becos sem saída nos labirintos (p <0,05). Os parâmetros mostraram-se coerentes dentro de cada tarefa e entre elas. Conclusões: Encontramos indicadores de desatenção e impulsividade coexistindo no DM1, o primeiro estando mais relacionado à hiperglicemia, e o último à hipoglicemia. Investigações adicionais são necessárias para estudar o declínio cognitivo associado ao diabetes por meio de avaliações mais objetivas, e avaliar a confiabilidade e as propriedades psicométricas das tarefas aqui propostas.
Background : Diabetes Mellitus is a worldwide epidemic of increasing incidence and high morbidity and mortality. Although diabetic neuropathy is the most common neurological complication, the knowledge that there is an involvement of the central nervous system is increasing, especially in relation to cognitive changes. Aims: To investigate with two simple, inexpensive, rapid, objective and easy-to-apply tasks, differences between patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and controls in outcome measures of attention and impulsivity, key-executive function components traditionally assessed by subjective and long questionnaires of difficult reproducibility that require trained psychologists; to correlate the alterations with clinical characteristics; to explore correlations between the tasks. Methods: We compared the scores of 20 T1DM to 20 controls, both sexes, aged 12 to 15 years, using a Go-NoGo and a Maze task, and verified correlations between them. Results: T1DM group had more anticipatory answers (AA) in Go-NoGo task (p<0,05) and made more direction changes in Mazes (p<0,01). There was correlation between non-severe hypoglycaemias and AA (p=0,01), and between severe hypoglycaemias and number of touches in Mazes’ walls (p<0,05). HbA1c>9% correlated to a greater number of alleys in Mazes (p<0,05). The tasks’ parameters were coherent among each task and between them. Conclusions: We found indicators of inattention and impulsivity coexisting in T1DM, the first more related to hyperglycaemia and the later to hypoglycemia. Further research is needed to study diabetes-associated cognitive decline with more objective parameters and evaluate the reliability and psychometric properties of the tasks herein proposed.
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Gomes, Fátima Meirelles Pereira. "As interfaces entre a clínica, o complexo econômico-industrial da saúde e a organização dos serviços no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde: o caso da fase pré-clínica do câncer do colo do útero." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2009. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/2502.

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O presente estudo teve como objetivo contribuir na formulação da política de controle do câncer do colo do útero junto ao INCA no Brasil e teve como foco a análise das interfaces existentes entre a clínica, o complexo econômico-industrial da saúde (CEIS) e a organização dos serviços no SUS, utilizando como caso a fase pré-clínica do câncer do colo do útero, com ênfase ao tratamento e acompanhamento das lesões precursoras. As justificativas foram: a magnitude epidemiológica, econômica, social e política docâncer de colo do útero no Brasil; o papel estratégico do INCA na formulação da política nacional de câncer e a inserção das ações de controle do câncer do colo do úterono CEIS. O estudo consistiu em uma pesquisa exploratória de cunho descritivo, em que foram privilegiadas as técnicas de coleta e análise quantitativa de dados secundários. O material e método utilizados envolveram dados de sistemas de informações de domínio público divulgados na internet. Os resultados encontrados foram que os aspectos e recursos críticos envolvidos nessa fase pré-clínica estão relacionados às dificuldades de acesso ao rastreamento, à fragmentação da atenção especializada de média complexidade interferindo sobre o ciclo de atendimento que envolve o tratamento e acompanhamento das lesões precursoras e, por fim, ao tipo de financiamento do SUS para a atenção especializada que não contempla um ciclo de atendimento. O número de municípios com registro de produção no SUS (colposcopia, biópsia do colo do útero e CAF) mostrou uma evolução discreta entre os anos de 2000 e 2007, com predomínio do prestador público municipal em colposcopia e biópsia e uma migração para o prestador privado para CAF. Embora os procedimentos ocorram no mesmo município, isso não significa que eles ocorram na mesma unidade. Este fato gera uma fragmentação das ações relacionadas ao ciclo de atendimento. Através do mapeamento das indústrias, observou-se que grande parte delas é de origem brasileira e que seus equipamentos estão atrelados a um conjunto de acessórios para seu funcionamento. Isto caracterizauma relação de interdependência setorial que traz péssimas conseqüências para o SUS. Por fim, no Brasil, o desenvolvimento tecnológico aplicado às indústrias da saúde tornou-se distante da prática clínica, apresentando um modelo baseado em serviços de acompanhamento à doença, em que se mobilizam recursos para tratar as suas conseqüências o que muitas vezes não garante uma melhoria de saúde da população. Além do que, o tratamento e acompanhamento das lesões precursoras estão muito relacionados às dimensões que envolvem saúde e desenvolvimento.
The present study aimed at the contribution to INCA on the formulation of the policy on the control of uterine cervical neoplasms in Brazil. It focused on the analysis of the existing interfaces among clinic, health industrial and economic complex (CEIS) and health services organization and administration at SUS by using the preclinical phase of uterine cervical neoplasms with emphasis on the treatment and precursor lesions followup. The justifications were the epidemiological, economical, social and political magnitude of uterine cervical neoplasms in Brazil; the strategic role of INCA in the formulation of cancer national policy and the insertion of control actions of uterine cervical neoplasms in CEIS.The study consisted of an exploratory research with descriptive content, which priviledged the collection techiniques and quantitative analysis of secondary data. The material and the method used in the research involved data of information systems of public dominion available on the internet. The results were that the aspects and critical resources involved in this preclinical phase are related to the access dificulty to tracking of the illness, to the fragmented specialized attention of medium complexity – which interfers on the care cycle that involves the treatment and precursor lesions follow-up – and finally to the sort of SUS financial support to the specialized attention that does not embraces a care cycle. The number of municipalities with a production registration at SUS (colposcopy, uterine cervical biopsy and CAF) showed a slight evolution between years 2000 and 2007 with predominance of municipal public supplier in colposcopy and biopsy. In relation to CAF it was observed a migration to the private supplier. Although the procedures occur in the same municipality it does not mean that they occur at the same unit. This fact causes a fragmentation of the actions related to the care cycle. By maping the industries, it was observed that their majority is Brazilian and the equipment they produce is connected to a group of accessories to allow their operation. This characterizes an interdependent sectorial relation that brings terrible consequences for SUS. Finally, in Brazil, the technological development applied to health industries became distant of practical clinic, presenting a model based on the illness follow-up services in which resources are mobilized to treat its consequences – this fact does not mean a better population health. Besides, the treatment and precursor lesions follow-up are deeply related to the dimensions involving health and development.

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Haasch, Axel [Verfasser]. "Attention controlled acquisition of a qualitative scene model for mobile robots / vorgelegt von Axel Haasch." 2007. http://d-nb.info/985935340/34.

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