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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Controlled low-strength materials

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Academic literature on the topic 'Controlled low-strength materials'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Controlled low-strength materials"

1

Qian, Jinsong, Xiang Shu, Qiao Dong, Jianming Ling, and Baoshan Huang. "Laboratory characterization of controlled low-strength materials." Materials & Design (1980-2015) 65 (January 2015): 806–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.012.

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Türkel, S. "Strength properties of fly ash based controlled low strength materials." Journal of Hazardous Materials 147, no. 3 (August 2007): 1015–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.132.

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GREEN, B. H. "Technical Note: Soil-Based Controlled Low-Strength Materials." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/10.2.169.

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Alizadeh, Vahid. "Finite element analysis of controlled low strength materials." Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 13, no. 5 (July 13, 2019): 1243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11709-019-0553-3.

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Ahadzadeh Ghanad, D., A. Soliman, S. Godbout, and J. Palacios. "Properties of bio-based controlled low strength materials." Construction and Building Materials 262 (November 2020): 120742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120742.

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Trejo, David, Kevin Folliard, and Lianxiang Du. "Alternative Cap Materials for Evaluating the Compressive Strength of Controlled Low-Strength Materials." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 15, no. 5 (October 2003): 484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2003)15:5(484).

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Alizadeh, Vahid. "New approach for proportioning of controlled low strength materials." Construction and Building Materials 201 (March 2019): 871–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.041.

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Chen, Shin Jen, Chao Shi Chen, Jyun Yong Jhan, and Ruei Fu Chen. "Utilization of Brine Sludge in Controlled Low Strength Materials (CLSM)." Key Engineering Materials 801 (May 2019): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.801.436.

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Controlled low-strength materials (CLSM) have begun to apply in a lot of countries because CLSM could distribute randomly in complex sites. Manufacturing from chlor-alkali industry, the brine sludge was used to replace the composition in CLSM for resource application. In this study, the mix composition of brine sludge replaced only the fine aggregates or all of the aggregates. Examining the suitable composition, the ball drop test and the compressive strength test were carried out. The ball drop test was applied to determine the readiness of the CLSM to accept loads prior, and the bearing capacity at different ages were measured by the compressive strength test. The results of the ball drop test in different replacements was 7 - 11.5 cm. The replacement of fine aggregates satisified the rule of CLSM. Replacing all of the aggregates, the mixtures were over 7.6 cm, which meant that the early strength at 1 day were not sufficient. The value of compressive strength at 28 days was 1.709 - 21.37 kgf/cm2, conforming the requirement of CLSM. Overall, the mixture which replaced the fine aggregates met all the specified values of CLSM. In particular, the composition of coarse aggregates reduce to 250 kg/m3, the utalization of the brine sludge could be the most.

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Taha, R. A., A. S. Alnuaimi, K. S. Al-Jabri, and A. S. Al-Harthy. "Evaluation of controlled low strength materials containing industrial by-products." Building and Environment 42, no. 9 (September 2007): 3366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.07.028.

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Lachemi, M., K. M. A. Hossain, M. Shehata, and W. Thaha. "Characteristics of controlled low-strength materials incorporating cement kiln dust." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 485–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l06-136.

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This paper presents a study that focuses on evaluating the feasibility of incorporating cement kiln dust (CKD) in the development of controlled low-strength materials (CLSM). A preliminary study (phase I) was conducted (based on fresh and strength properties) to understand the behaviour of 12 selected CLSM mixtures where CKD and cement content varied from 4% to 45% and from 2% to 4% of total mass, respectively. Subsequently, four best CLSM mixes were selected for a detailed study (phase II), which investigated fresh and hardened properties, addressed durability issues, and made recommendations for suitable mix designs for field applications. The research suggests that CLSM with acceptable properties can be developed using moderate volumes of CKD (up to 15% by mass). A combination of 2% cement and 10% CKD or 15% CKD and no cement can provide a mix that satisfies the requirements of a CLSM. Sustainable development in the cement industry can be partly achieved by producing CKD-based CLSM, as it consumes cogenerated products from the cement manufacturing process.Key words: cement kiln dust, controlled low-strength material, mix design, fresh–mechanical properties, durability.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Controlled low-strength materials"

1

Du, Lianxiang. "Laboratory investigations of controlled low-strength material." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3031045.

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Bouzalakos, Steve. "Controlled Low-Strength Materials Containing Solid Waste from Minerals Bioleaching." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/4265.

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Sustainable treatment and disposal of mine waste is a serious environmental issue faced by the mining industry worldwide. Conventional methods of mine waste management predominantly involve indefinite retention in engineered tailings dams. The cost and liability of such surface storage facilities have increased significantly in recent years as an outcome of stringent environmental legislation and mine closure requirements gradually transforming the economics of mine waste disposal. Backfill methods, particularly cemented paste backfill, are increasingly perceived as sustainable, environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternatives as they put waste material to practical use. Controlled low-strength materials (CLSM) offer an effective and practical alternative to similar analogues - requiring minimal compaction, being self-levelling and excavatable in the future if necessary. The aim of this research was to develop and evaluate CLSM, previously un-tested at mines, in which novel utilisation of bioleach waste is maximised and Portland cement content minimised while satisfying performance requirements for classification as CLSM. Leachability of toxic substances was minimised through encapsulating CLSM within a coating of relatively inert CLSM. Formulation and optimisation of CLSM using statistical mixture design and response surface analysis has ensured proper understanding of component interactions and influence on mechanical strength with a minimum amount of experiments. Optimised CLSM formulations were tested for their mechanical, physical, micro-structural, mineralogical and chemical properties. Effects of encapsulation were determined by assessing chemical leaching. The work indicated that bioleach waste could be beneficially reformed as CLSM of appropriate compressive strength for application in groundwork as loadbearing materials. Porosity and hydraulic conductivity were correspondingly high. Leachability of arsenic, barium, chromium, lead and zinc was significant (levels varied depending on waste type). Encapsulation significantly reduced leachability indicating promising potential for implementation of this technology in the mining industry. The research presented in this thesis substantiated the need for, and potential of, sustainable novel alternative technologies such as CLSM to augment future waste management strategies in the mining industry via safe emplacement of solid bioleach waste in the sub-surface.

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Halmen, Ceki. "Physiochemical characteristics of controlled low strength materials influencing the electrochemical performance and service life of metallic materials." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4840.

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Controlled Low Strength Materials (CLSM) are cementitious self-compacting materials, comprised of low cement content, supplementary cementing materials, fine aggregates, and water. CLSM is typically used as an alternative to conventional compacted granular backfill in applications, such as pavement bases, erosion control, bridge abutments, retaining walls, bedding and backfilling of pipelines. This dissertation presents the findings of an extensive study carried out to determine the corrosivity of CLSM on ductile iron and galvanized steel pipelines. The study was performed in two phases and evaluated more than 40 different CLSM mixture proportions for their corrosivity. An extensive literature survey was performed on corrosion of metals in soils and corrosion of reinforcement in concrete environments to determine possible influential factors. These factors were used as explanatory variables with multiple levels to identify the statistically significant factors. Empirical models were developed for percent mass loss of metals embedded in CLSM and exposed to different environments. The first and only service life models for ductile iron and galvanized steel pipes embedded in CLSM mixtures were developed. Models indicated that properly designed CLSM mixtures can provide an equal or longer service life for completely embedded ductile iron pipes. However, the service life of galvanized pipes embedded in CLSM should not be expected to be more than the service life provided by corrosive soils.

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Wagstaff, Kevin Bjorn. "Evaluation of Passive Force on Skewed Bridge Abutments with Controlled Low-Strength Material Backfill." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5824.

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Although its use has become more widespread, controlled low-strength material, or CLSM, has fallen through the crack between geotechnical engineering and materials engineering research. The National Ready Mix Association states that CLSM is not a low strength concrete, and geotechnical engineers do not consider it as a conventional aggregate backfill. The use of CLSM as a bridge abutment backfill material brings up the need to understand the passive force versus backwall displacement relationship for this application. To safely account for forces generated due to seismic activity and thermal expansion in bridge design, it is important to understand the passive force versus backwall displacement relationship. Previous researchers have pointed out the fallacy of designing skewed bridges the same as non-skewed bridges. They observed that as the bridge skew angle increases, the peak passive force is significantly diminished which could lead to poor or even unsafe performance. The literature agrees that a displacement of 3-5% of the wall height is required to mobilize the peak passive resistance. The shape of the passive force displacement curve is best represented as hyperbolic in shape, and the Log Spiral method has been confirmed to be the most accurate at predicting the peak passive force and the shape of the failure plane. All of the previous research on this topic, whether full-scale field tests or large-scale laboratory tests, has been done with dense compacted sand, dense granular backfill, or computer modeling of these types of conventional backfill materials. However, the use of CLSM is increasing because of the product's satisfactory performance as a conventional backfill replacement and the time saving, or economic, benefits. To determine the relationship of passive force versus backwall displacement for a CLSM backfilled bridge abutment, two laboratory large-scale lateral load tests were conducted at skew angles of 0 and 30°. The model backwall was a 4.13 ft (1.26 m) wide and 2 ft (0.61 m) tall reinforced concrete block skewed to either 0 or 30°. The passive force-displacement curves for the two tests were hyperbolic in shape, and the displacement required to reach the peak passive resistance was approximately 0.75-2% of the wall height. The effect of skew angle on the magnitude of passive resistance in the CLSM backfill was much less significant than for conventional backfill materials. However, within displacements of 4-5% of the backwall height, the passive force-displacement curve reached a relatively constant residual or ultimate strength. The residual strength ranged from 20-40% of the measured peak passive resistance. The failure plane did not follow the logarithmic spiral pattern as the conventional backfill materials did. Instead, the failure plane was nearly linear and the failed wedge was displaced more like a block with very low compressive strains.

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Das, Shagata. "Performance Enhancement Of Controlled Low-Strength Grout Material (CLSM) For Annulus Voids Of Sliplined Culverts." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron162828626290938.

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Shah, Jigar. "Laboratory Characterization of controlled low-strength material and its application to construction of flexible pipe drainage system." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1172866182.

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Black, Rebecca Eileen. "Large-Scale Testing of Low-Strength Cellular Concrete for Skewed Bridge Abutments." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7708.

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Low-strength cellular concrete is a type of controlled low-strength material (CLSM) which is increasingly being used for various modern construction applications. Benefits of the material include its ease of placement due to the ability of cellular concrete to self-level and self-compact. It is also extremely lightweight compared to traditional concrete, enabling the concrete to be used in fill applications as a compacted soil would customarily be used. Testing of this material is not extensive, especially in the form of large-scale tests. Additionally, effects of skew on passive force resistance help to understand performance of a material when it is used in an application where skew is present. Two passive force-deflection tests were conducted in the structures lab of Brigham Young University. A 4-ft x 4-ft x 12-ft framed box was built with a steel reaction frame on one end a 120-kip capacity actuator on the other. For the first test a non-skewed concrete block, referred to as the backwall, was placed in the test box in front of the actuator. For the second test a backwall with a 30° skew angle was used. To evaluate the large-scale test a grid was painted on the concrete surface and each point was surveyed before and after testing. The large-scale sample was compressed a distance of approximately three inches, providing a clear surface failure in the sample. The actuator provided data on the load applied, enabling the creation of the passive force-deflection curves. Several concrete cylinders were cast with the same material at the time of pouring for each test and tested periodically to observed strength increase.The cellular concrete for the 0° skew test had an average wet density of 29 pounds per cubic foot and a 28-day compressive strength of 120 pounds per square inch. The cellular concrete for the 30° skew test had an average wet density of 31 pounds per cubic foot and a 28-day compressive strength of 132 pounds per square inch. It was observed from the passive force deflection curves of the two tests that skew decreased the peak passive resistance by 29%, from 52.1 kips to 37 kips. Various methods were used to predict the peak passive resistance and compared with observed behavior to verify the validity of each method.

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Remund, Tyler Kirk. "Large-Scale Testing of Low-Strength Cellular Concrete for Skewed Bridge Abutments." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7213.

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Low-strength cellular concrete consists of a cement slurry that is aerated prior to placement. It remains a largely untested material with properties somewhere between those of soil, geofoam, and typical controlled low-strength material (CLSM). The benefits of using this material include its low density, ease of placement, and ability to self-compact. Although the basic laboratory properties of this material have been investigated, little information exists about the performance of this material in the field, much less the passive resistance behavior of this material in the field.In order to evaluate the use of cellular concrete as a backfill material behind bridge abutments, two large-scale tests were conducted. These tests sought to better understand the passive resistance, the movement required to reach this resistance, the failure mechanism, and skew effects for a cellular concrete backfill. The tests used a pile cap with a backwall face 5.5 ft (1.68 m) tall and 11 ft (3.35 m) wide. The backfill area had walls on either side running parallel to the sides of the pile cap to allow the material to fail in a 2D fashion. The cellular concrete backfill for the 30° skew test had an average wet density of 29.6 pcf (474 kg/m3) and a compressive strength of 57.6 psi (397 kPa). The backfill for the 0° skew test had an average wet density of 28.6 pcf (458 kg/m3) and a compressive strength of 50.9 psi (351 kPa). The pile cap was displaced into the backfill area until failure occurred. A total of two tests were conducted, one with a 30° skew wedge attached to the pile cap and one with no skew wedge attached.It was observed that the cellular concrete backfill mainly compressed under loading with no visible failure at the surface. The passive-force curves showed the material reaching an initial peak resistance after movement equal to 1.7-2.6% of the backwall height and then remaining near this strength or increasing in strength with any further deflection. No skew effects were observed; any difference between the two tests is most likely due to the difference in concrete placement and testing.

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Miner, Dustin David. "The Effect of Flowable Fill on the Lateral Resistance of Driven-Pile Foundations." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3308.pdf.

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Wu, Wen-Po, and 吳文伯. "Assessment of Application of Recycled Materials in Controlled Low Strength Materials." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35764672654103648710.

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Books on the topic "Controlled low-strength materials"

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Howard, A., and J. Hitch, eds. The Design and Application of Controlled Low-Strength Materials (Flowable Fill). 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp1331-eb.

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Institute, American Concrete. Specifications for structural concrete, ACI 301-05, with selected ACI references: Field reference manual. Farmington Hills: American Concrete Institute, 2005.

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Weber, L. Controlled density low strength material backfill in Illinois. S.l: s.n, 1987.

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Hitch, JL, AK Howard, and WP Baas, eds. Innovations in Controlled Low-Strength Material (Flowable Fill). 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp1459-eb.

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Controlled low-strength materials: Wayne S. Adaska, editor. Detroit, Mich: American Concrete Institute, 1994.

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S, Adaska Wayne, ed. Controlled low-strength materials: Wayne S. Adaska, editor. Detroit, Mich: American Concrete Institute, 1994.

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Innovations in Controlled Low-Strength Material (Flowable Fill). ASTM International, 2004.

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K, Howard Amster, and Hitch Jennifer L. 1960-, eds. The design and application of controlled low-strength materials (flowable fill). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 1998.

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J, Folliard Kevin, National Cooperative Highway Research Program., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials., United States. Federal Highway Administration., and National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board., eds. Development of a recommended practice for use of controlled low-strength material in highway construction. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, 2008.

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Development of a Recommended Practice for Use of Controlled Low-Strength Material in Highway Construction. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/13900.

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Book chapters on the topic "Controlled low-strength materials"

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C, Udayashankar B., and Raghavendra T. "Proportioning Controlled Low Strength Materials Using Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 13–25. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118996652.ch2.

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Hanson, James L., Gregory M. Stone, and Nazli Yesiller. "Use of Post-Consumer Corrugated Fiberboard as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Controlled Low-Strength Materials." In Testing and Specification of Recycled Materials for Sustainable Geotechnical Construction, 562–79. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp49489t.

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Hanson, James L., Gregory M. Stone, and Nazli Yesiller. "Use of Post-Consumer Corrugated Fiberboard as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Controlled Low-Strength Materials." In Testing and Specification of Recycled Materials for Sustainable Geotechnical Construction, 562–79. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp154020120028.

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Skanda Kumar, B. N., M. P. Naveena, Anil Kumar, A. Shashishankar, and S. K. Darshan. "Experimental Studies on Controlled Low Strength Materials Using Black Cotton Soils and Comparison of Results with Taguchi Model." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 483–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0890-5_40.

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Das, Bijaya Kumar, S. K. Das, and Benu Gopal Mohapatra. "Red Mud as a Controlled Low Strength Material." In Recent Developments in Sustainable Infrastructure, 831–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4577-1_70.

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Singh, Suresh Prasad, K. Bhagya, and Manaswini Mishra. "Properties of Fly Ash-Based Controlled Low Strength Material." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 229–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6086-6_19.

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Dev, K. Lini, and R. G. Robinson. "Cyclic Behaviour of Pond Ash-Based Controlled Low Strength Material." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 609–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6086-6_50.

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Singh, Vinay Kumar, and Sarat Kumar Das. "Engineering Properties of Industrial By-Products-Based Controlled Low-Strength Material." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 277–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6237-2_24.

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Do, Tan Manh, Young-sang Kim, My Quoc Dang, and Ngan Thi Tuyet Vu. "Thermal Conductivity of Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) Made with Excavated Soil and Coal Ash." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 808–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6713-6_80.

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Guangyin, Zhen, and Zhao Youcai. "Making of Sewage Sludge-Derived Controlled Low-Strength Materials (CLSMs)." In Pollution Control and Resource Recovery, 161–80. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811639-5.00004-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Controlled low-strength materials"

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Gemperline, Claire S., and Stephan Durham. "Beneficial Use of Recycled Materials in Controlled Low Strength Materials." In International Conference on Pipelines and Trenchless Technology. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412619.133.

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Cheung, Tammie, Daniel C. Jansen, and James L. Hanson. "Engineering Controlled Low Strength Materials Using Scrap Tire Rubber." In GeoCongress 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40972(311)78.

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Chittoori, Bhaskar, Anand J. Puppala, Aravind Pedarla, and Durga Praveen Reddy Vanga. "Durability Studies on Native Soil-Based Controlled Low Strength Materials." In Geo-Shanghai 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413401.025.

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Alizadeh, Vahid. "Effect of Paste Volume on Performance of Controlled Low Strength Materials." In Fourth International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies. Coventry University, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18552/2016/scmt4s295.

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Samadi, Ahmad, and Richard Herbert. "Corrosiveness of Controlled Low Strength Materials vs. That of Encasement Sand." In Pipeline Engineering and Construction International Conference 2003. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40690(2003)34.

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Mohd Ridzuan, Ahmad Ruslan, Mohd Azrizal Fauzi, Ezliana Ghazali, Mohd Fadzil Arshad, and Mohd Afiq Mohd Fauzi. "Strength assessment of controlled low strength materials (CLSM) utilizing recycled concrete aggregate and waste paper sludge ash." In 2011 IEEE Colloquium on Humanities, Science and Engineering (CHUSER). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chuser.2011.6163718.

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Hasan, N., and T. P. Gardner. "Applications of Controlled Low-Strength Materials (CLSM) National Enrichment Facility, Eunice, New Mexico." In Pipelines Specialty Conference 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41069(360)60.

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Tu, Te-Wen, Her-Yung Wang, and Li-jeng Huang. "Finite Element Analysis of Cracked Flexible Pavements Embedded with Controlled Low-Strength Material Bases." In Second International Conference on Mechanics, Materials and Structural Engineering (ICMMSE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmmse-17.2017.39.

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Mirdamadi, Alireza, Shariar Sh Shamsabadi, M. G. Kashi, M. Nemati, and M. Shekarchizadeh. "Geotechnical Properties of Controlled Low Strength Materials (CLSM) Using Waste Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD)." In GeoHunan International Conference 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41049(356)13.

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Huang, Wen-Ling, Her-Yung Wang, and Li-Jeng Huang. "Viscoelastic Analysis of Flexible Pavements Embedded with Controlled Low-Strength Material Bases Using Finite Element Method." In Second International Conference on Mechanics, Materials and Structural Engineering (ICMMSE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmmse-17.2017.33.

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Reports on the topic "Controlled low-strength materials"

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Green, Brian H. Development of Soil-Based Controlled Low-Strength Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada374305.

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Rajendran, N. Controlled low strength materials (CLSM), reported by ACI Committee 229. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/505263.

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Lux, Scott M., Charles P. Marsh, Christopher Olaes, Larry Clark, James B. Bushman, and Bopinder S. Phull. Demonstration and Validation of Controlled Low-Strength Materials for Corrosion Mitigation of Buried Steel Pipes: Final Report on Project F09-A17. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1001856.

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Langton, C. A. Bleed water testing program for controlled low strength material. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/561101.

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Langton, C. A., and N. Rajendran. Utilization of SRS pond ash in controlled low strength material. Technical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/501571.

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Tikalsky, Paul J., Hussain U. Bahia, An Deng, and Thomas Snyder. Excess Foundry Sand Characterization and Experimental Investigation in Controlled Low-Strength Material and Hot-Mixing Asphalt. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/861001.

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Pauul J. Tikalsky. Excess Foundry Sand Characterization and Experimental Investigation in Controlled Low-Strength Material and Hot-Mixing Asphalt. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/839309.

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Saldanha, Ian J., Wangnan Cao, Justin M. Broyles, Gaelen P. Adam, Monika Reddy Bhuma, Shivani Mehta, Laura S. Dominici, Andrea L. Pusic, and Ethan M. Balk. Breast Reconstruction After Mastectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer245.

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Abstract:

Objectives. This systematic review evaluates breast reconstruction options for women after mastectomy for breast cancer (or breast cancer prophylaxis). We addressed six Key Questions (KQs): (1) implant-based reconstruction (IBR) versus autologous reconstruction (AR), (2) timing of IBR and AR in relation to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, (3) comparisons of implant materials, (4) comparisons of anatomic planes for IBR, (5) use versus nonuse of human acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) during IBR, and (6) comparisons of AR flap types. Data sources and review methods. We searched Medline®, Embase®, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL®, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to March 23, 2021, to identify comparative and single group studies. We extracted study data into the Systematic Review Data Repository Plus (SRDR+). We assessed the risk of bias and evaluated the strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42020193183). Results. We found 8 randomized controlled trials, 83 nonrandomized comparative studies, and 69 single group studies. Risk of bias was moderate to high for most studies. KQ1: Compared with IBR, AR is probably associated with clinically better patient satisfaction with breasts and sexual well-being but comparable general quality of life and psychosocial well-being (moderate SoE, all outcomes). AR probably poses a greater risk of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (moderate SoE), but IBR probably poses a greater risk of reconstructive failure in the long term (1.5 to 4 years) (moderate SoE) and may pose a greater risk of breast seroma (low SoE). KQ 2: Conducting IBR either before or after radiation therapy may result in comparable physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, sexual well-being, and patient satisfaction with breasts (all low SoE), and probably results in comparable risks of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE). We found no evidence addressing timing of IBR or AR in relation to chemotherapy or timing of AR in relation to radiation therapy. KQ 3: Silicone and saline implants may result in clinically comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE). There is insufficient evidence regarding double lumen implants. KQ 4: Whether the implant is placed in the prepectoral or total submuscular plane may not be associated with risk of infections that are not explicitly implant related (low SoE). There is insufficient evidence addressing the comparisons between prepectoral and partial submuscular and between partial and total submuscular planes. KQ 5: The evidence is inconsistent regarding whether human ADM use during IBR impacts physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, or satisfaction with breasts. However, ADM use probably increases the risk of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE) and may increase the risk of infections not explicitly implant related (low SoE). Whether or not ADM is used probably is associated with comparable risks of seroma and unplanned repeat surgeries for revision (moderate SoE for both), and possibly necrosis (low SoE). KQ 6: AR with either transverse rectus abdominis (TRAM) or deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE), but TRAM flaps probably increase the risk of harms to the area of flap harvest (moderate SoE). AR with either DIEP or latissimus dorsi flaps may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE), but there is insufficient evidence regarding thromboembolic events and no evidence regarding other surgical complications. Conclusion. Evidence regarding surgical breast reconstruction options is largely insufficient or of only low or moderate SoE. New high-quality research is needed, especially for timing of IBR and AR in relation to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, for comparisons of implant materials, and for comparisons of anatomic planes of implant placement.

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