To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Controlled low-strength materials.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Controlled low-strength materials'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Controlled low-strength materials.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Du, Lianxiang. "Laboratory investigations of controlled low-strength material." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3031045.
Full text
2
Bouzalakos, Steve. "Controlled Low-Strength Materials Containing Solid Waste from Minerals Bioleaching." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/4265.
Full textAbstract:
Sustainable treatment and disposal of mine waste is a serious environmental issue faced by the mining industry worldwide. Conventional methods of mine waste management predominantly involve indefinite retention in engineered tailings dams. The cost and liability of such surface storage facilities have increased significantly in recent years as an outcome of stringent environmental legislation and mine closure requirements gradually transforming the economics of mine waste disposal. Backfill methods, particularly cemented paste backfill, are increasingly perceived as sustainable, environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternatives as they put waste material to practical use. Controlled low-strength materials (CLSM) offer an effective and practical alternative to similar analogues - requiring minimal compaction, being self-levelling and excavatable in the future if necessary. The aim of this research was to develop and evaluate CLSM, previously un-tested at mines, in which novel utilisation of bioleach waste is maximised and Portland cement content minimised while satisfying performance requirements for classification as CLSM. Leachability of toxic substances was minimised through encapsulating CLSM within a coating of relatively inert CLSM. Formulation and optimisation of CLSM using statistical mixture design and response surface analysis has ensured proper understanding of component interactions and influence on mechanical strength with a minimum amount of experiments. Optimised CLSM formulations were tested for their mechanical, physical, micro-structural, mineralogical and chemical properties. Effects of encapsulation were determined by assessing chemical leaching. The work indicated that bioleach waste could be beneficially reformed as CLSM of appropriate compressive strength for application in groundwork as loadbearing materials. Porosity and hydraulic conductivity were correspondingly high. Leachability of arsenic, barium, chromium, lead and zinc was significant (levels varied depending on waste type). Encapsulation significantly reduced leachability indicating promising potential for implementation of this technology in the mining industry. The research presented in this thesis substantiated the need for, and potential of, sustainable novel alternative technologies such as CLSM to augment future waste management strategies in the mining industry via safe emplacement of solid bioleach waste in the sub-surface.
3
Halmen, Ceki. "Physiochemical characteristics of controlled low strength materials influencing the electrochemical performance and service life of metallic materials." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4840.
Full textAbstract:
Controlled Low Strength Materials (CLSM) are cementitious self-compacting
materials, comprised of low cement content, supplementary cementing materials, fine
aggregates, and water. CLSM is typically used as an alternative to conventional
compacted granular backfill in applications, such as pavement bases, erosion control,
bridge abutments, retaining walls, bedding and backfilling of pipelines. This dissertation
presents the findings of an extensive study carried out to determine the corrosivity of
CLSM on ductile iron and galvanized steel pipelines. The study was performed in two
phases and evaluated more than 40 different CLSM mixture proportions for their
corrosivity. An extensive literature survey was performed on corrosion of metals in soils
and corrosion of reinforcement in concrete environments to determine possible
influential factors. These factors were used as explanatory variables with multiple levels
to identify the statistically significant factors. Empirical models were developed for
percent mass loss of metals embedded in CLSM and exposed to different environments.
The first and only service life models for ductile iron and galvanized steel pipes embedded in CLSM mixtures were developed. Models indicated that properly designed
CLSM mixtures can provide an equal or longer service life for completely embedded
ductile iron pipes. However, the service life of galvanized pipes embedded in CLSM
should not be expected to be more than the service life provided by corrosive soils.
4
Wagstaff, Kevin Bjorn. "Evaluation of Passive Force on Skewed Bridge Abutments with Controlled Low-Strength Material Backfill." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5824.
Full textAbstract:
Although its use has become more widespread, controlled low-strength material, or CLSM, has fallen through the crack between geotechnical engineering and materials engineering research. The National Ready Mix Association states that CLSM is not a low strength concrete, and geotechnical engineers do not consider it as a conventional aggregate backfill. The use of CLSM as a bridge abutment backfill material brings up the need to understand the passive force versus backwall displacement relationship for this application. To safely account for forces generated due to seismic activity and thermal expansion in bridge design, it is important to understand the passive force versus backwall displacement relationship. Previous researchers have pointed out the fallacy of designing skewed bridges the same as non-skewed bridges. They observed that as the bridge skew angle increases, the peak passive force is significantly diminished which could lead to poor or even unsafe performance. The literature agrees that a displacement of 3-5% of the wall height is required to mobilize the peak passive resistance. The shape of the passive force displacement curve is best represented as hyperbolic in shape, and the Log Spiral method has been confirmed to be the most accurate at predicting the peak passive force and the shape of the failure plane. All of the previous research on this topic, whether full-scale field tests or large-scale laboratory tests, has been done with dense compacted sand, dense granular backfill, or computer modeling of these types of conventional backfill materials. However, the use of CLSM is increasing because of the product's satisfactory performance as a conventional backfill replacement and the time saving, or economic, benefits. To determine the relationship of passive force versus backwall displacement for a CLSM backfilled bridge abutment, two laboratory large-scale lateral load tests were conducted at skew angles of 0 and 30°. The model backwall was a 4.13 ft (1.26 m) wide and 2 ft (0.61 m) tall reinforced concrete block skewed to either 0 or 30°. The passive force-displacement curves for the two tests were hyperbolic in shape, and the displacement required to reach the peak passive resistance was approximately 0.75-2% of the wall height. The effect of skew angle on the magnitude of passive resistance in the CLSM backfill was much less significant than for conventional backfill materials. However, within displacements of 4-5% of the backwall height, the passive force-displacement curve reached a relatively constant residual or ultimate strength. The residual strength ranged from 20-40% of the measured peak passive resistance. The failure plane did not follow the logarithmic spiral pattern as the conventional backfill materials did. Instead, the failure plane was nearly linear and the failed wedge was displaced more like a block with very low compressive strains.
5
Das, Shagata. "Performance Enhancement Of Controlled Low-Strength Grout Material (CLSM) For Annulus Voids Of Sliplined Culverts." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron162828626290938.
Full text
6
Shah, Jigar. "Laboratory Characterization of controlled low-strength material and its application to construction of flexible pipe drainage system." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1172866182.
Full text
7
Black, Rebecca Eileen. "Large-Scale Testing of Low-Strength Cellular Concrete for Skewed Bridge Abutments." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7708.
Full textAbstract:
Low-strength cellular concrete is a type of controlled low-strength material (CLSM) which is increasingly being used for various modern construction applications. Benefits of the material include its ease of placement due to the ability of cellular concrete to self-level and self-compact. It is also extremely lightweight compared to traditional concrete, enabling the concrete to be used in fill applications as a compacted soil would customarily be used. Testing of this material is not extensive, especially in the form of large-scale tests. Additionally, effects of skew on passive force resistance help to understand performance of a material when it is used in an application where skew is present. Two passive force-deflection tests were conducted in the structures lab of Brigham Young University. A 4-ft x 4-ft x 12-ft framed box was built with a steel reaction frame on one end a 120-kip capacity actuator on the other. For the first test a non-skewed concrete block, referred to as the backwall, was placed in the test box in front of the actuator. For the second test a backwall with a 30° skew angle was used. To evaluate the large-scale test a grid was painted on the concrete surface and each point was surveyed before and after testing. The large-scale sample was compressed a distance of approximately three inches, providing a clear surface failure in the sample. The actuator provided data on the load applied, enabling the creation of the passive force-deflection curves. Several concrete cylinders were cast with the same material at the time of pouring for each test and tested periodically to observed strength increase.The cellular concrete for the 0° skew test had an average wet density of 29 pounds per cubic foot and a 28-day compressive strength of 120 pounds per square inch. The cellular concrete for the 30° skew test had an average wet density of 31 pounds per cubic foot and a 28-day compressive strength of 132 pounds per square inch. It was observed from the passive force deflection curves of the two tests that skew decreased the peak passive resistance by 29%, from 52.1 kips to 37 kips. Various methods were used to predict the peak passive resistance and compared with observed behavior to verify the validity of each method.
8
Remund, Tyler Kirk. "Large-Scale Testing of Low-Strength Cellular Concrete for Skewed Bridge Abutments." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7213.
Full textAbstract:
Low-strength cellular concrete consists of a cement slurry that is aerated prior to placement. It remains a largely untested material with properties somewhere between those of soil, geofoam, and typical controlled low-strength material (CLSM). The benefits of using this material include its low density, ease of placement, and ability to self-compact. Although the basic laboratory properties of this material have been investigated, little information exists about the performance of this material in the field, much less the passive resistance behavior of this material in the field.In order to evaluate the use of cellular concrete as a backfill material behind bridge abutments, two large-scale tests were conducted. These tests sought to better understand the passive resistance, the movement required to reach this resistance, the failure mechanism, and skew effects for a cellular concrete backfill. The tests used a pile cap with a backwall face 5.5 ft (1.68 m) tall and 11 ft (3.35 m) wide. The backfill area had walls on either side running parallel to the sides of the pile cap to allow the material to fail in a 2D fashion. The cellular concrete backfill for the 30° skew test had an average wet density of 29.6 pcf (474 kg/m3) and a compressive strength of 57.6 psi (397 kPa). The backfill for the 0° skew test had an average wet density of 28.6 pcf (458 kg/m3) and a compressive strength of 50.9 psi (351 kPa). The pile cap was displaced into the backfill area until failure occurred. A total of two tests were conducted, one with a 30° skew wedge attached to the pile cap and one with no skew wedge attached.It was observed that the cellular concrete backfill mainly compressed under loading with no visible failure at the surface. The passive-force curves showed the material reaching an initial peak resistance after movement equal to 1.7-2.6% of the backwall height and then remaining near this strength or increasing in strength with any further deflection. No skew effects were observed; any difference between the two tests is most likely due to the difference in concrete placement and testing.
9
Miner, Dustin David. "The Effect of Flowable Fill on the Lateral Resistance of Driven-Pile Foundations." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3308.pdf.
Full text
10
Wu, Wen-Po, and 吳文伯. "Assessment of Application of Recycled Materials in Controlled Low Strength Materials." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35764672654103648710.
Full text
11
Hou, Chang-Chen, and 侯昌辰. "Application of Recycled Aggregates on Controlled Low Strength Materials." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88879867831816756430.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
98
This research attempts to substitute waste concrete recycled aggregate to natural aggregate used in controlled low strength material. Make the workability and compressive strength experiments in different design, in order to understand the feasibility that recycled aggregate used in CLSM. In the mixing process, added the natural sand to adjust the workability of recycled aggregate used in CLSM. The results showed that the workability and compressive strength were met the design requirements. This research also investigated the workability of fly ash effect on CLSM. The results showed that fly ash is added to CLSM can improve the workability. From this research of recycled aggregate substitute natural aggregate on CLSM is indeed feasible.
12
Su, Yi-Mei, and 蘇梅怡. "Application of Waste Glass in Controlled Low Strength Materials." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96340548265249033400.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
土木工程學系
92
Waste glass has a characteristic that it can be recycled. Benefits of recycling waste glass include saving of energy and reduction of air and water pollution. Recycling waste glass not only increases additional value but also help to solve the problem of disposal. Waste glass gone through classification, washing, breaking and screening process was obtained from local recycled dealer and used in this study. Waste glass was added to substitute fine aggregate in predetermined ratio to make high early strength and normal CLSM in laboratory. Workability, setting time, unit weight, air content and compressive strength tests were performed in this study to evaluate the engineering properties of CLSM containing waste glass. Major findings based on the results of this study were summarized as follows: 1.Waste glass has property of hard, fragile and low water absorption. When used for substituting natural aggregate, waste glass is better to replace fine aggregate. 2.For application in high early strength CLSM, flow values were ranged between 17∼22.5 cm. The results showed that the more waste glass substituted in CLSM the higher workability were. Setting time and compressive strength results fulfilled requirements of both specifications of the Ministry of Interior (3∼5 hours) and the Taipei Municipal Government (3.5 hours). The results showed that setting and early strength development of CLSM were accelerated up to 50% of waste glass substitute percentage. 3.For application in normal CLSM, all test results met both specifications. Workability achieved its best when substitute ratio of waste glass was 100%. The 28-day compression strengths (ranged between 5 and 30 kg/cm2) with the highest strength shown at 50% of waste glass substitute percentage also met specs of the Ministry of Interior. 4.The laboratory results of this study showed that using waste glass as fine aggregate replacement in making high early strength and normal CLSM were feasible. The percentage of waste glass replacement could be up to 100%. However, the best substitute percentage was 50% according to our results.
13
HIEN, LE DUC, and 黎德顯. "ENGINEERING PROPERTIES AND STRENGTH PREDICTION OF SOIL-BASED CONTROLLED LOW-STRENGTH MATERIALS." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/483m29.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
103
Recently, controlled low-strength material (CLSM) has been popularly used in construction for backfilling applications instead of granulated compacted soil due to its inherent benefits. It is a kind of cementitious materials typically comprised of a small minority of Portland cement, large amount of fine aggregate and tap water. The aim of this research is to investigate the CLSM engineering properties by changing components of excavatable CLSM mixtures made of residual soil. Blended cement including ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and mineral admixtures (stainless steel reducing slag (SSRS) or Class F fly ash (FA)) were employed in mixtures with different dosages (i.e. 80-, 100, and 130 kg/m3). As a result, a total of 40 selected CLSM mixtures were developed and batched in a laboratory to evaluate the fresh parameters. Most of mixtures have the flow consistency within the acceptable range. The flowability and setting time increased as either cement substitution ratio or water-binder ratio increases. The compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity were tested on the same groups of 100200-mm cylindrical specimens. The results indicate that when SSRS or FA substitute for OPC up to 30% in producing CLSM with compressive strength of 0.331.67 MPa. The higher SSRS/ FA ratio, the lower strength will be. Moreover, at one-day age, the proposed CLSM behaves as a soil but it acts more like concrete with longer ages. Finally, shearing strength parameters obtaining on the direct shearing test revealed that friction force mainly controls the shear strength of the soil-based CLSM. In addition, based on the testing data obtaining in the laboratory study, two mathematical models were proposed to predict the development of compressive strength. First, Model-A1, the strength is assumed to be a function of mixture proportion and the testing ages. Second, Model-A2, the strength can be estimated from the measured ultrasonic pulse velocity. For model establishment, two mathematical approaches are considered to analyze, i.e. multiple linear regression and artificial neural network. Statistical analysis results of the performance show that all developed models have a well-predicted capacity for the CLSM strength. Among them, the ANN with back propagation learning gives the best predicted strength capacity. In conclusion, from both the experimental investigation on the engineering properties and the analytical works on the functional relationships of compressive strength, the findings are expected to provide an effective use of residual soil in construction works instead of removal for landfills.
14
Wen-Hao, Chung, and 鍾文豪. "Basic Property of Controlled Low Strength Materials consist of Stainless Steel SlagBasic Property of Controlled Low Strength Materials consist of Stainless Steel Slag." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/p5jj2r.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
93
The purpose of the research is to explore the feasibility and property of the CLSM (Slump>20cm) when the SSOS replace the fine aggregate and the SSRS replace the binder. The variables of research include the ordinary shape(compressive strength in the twenty-eighth day＜30 kg/cm2) and the early shape(compressive strength in the first day＞5 kg/cm2). The value of the binder is about 130 kg/m3 to result that W/B is 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5, respectively. The weight ratios of SSOS replacing the fine aggregate are 0%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The weight ratios of the SSRS replacing the binder are 0%, 25%, and 50%. The results shows utilizing the SSOS and the SSRS can produce the CLSM meeting the requirement of the engineering property. Whether W/B is 1.1, 1.3 or 1.5, the property of the ordinary shape stainless steel slag CLSM will meet the goal when the ratio of SSRS replacing binder is 50% and the ratio of the SSOS replacing the fine aggregate is 50% or 100%. In terms of workability, the heavy specific gravity of the fine aggregate deposit easily to cause the segregation of the fine aggregate when the SSOS replacing fine aggregate will reach 100%. Whether W/B is 1.1, 1.3 or 1.5, the property of the early shape in stainless steel slag CLSM will meet the property of engineering when the ratio of SSRS replacing binder is 0% and the ratio of the SSOS replacing the fine aggregate is 50%. In the engineering property, the twenty-eighth day of compressive strength in stainless steel slag CLSM mostly conforms to prospected 30kg/cm2. As the SSOS replace the fine aggregate more, the unit weight and pulse velocity of CLSM raise, but the setting time reduce. As the SSRS replace the binder more, the pulse velocity and the compressive strength of CLSM reduce, but the setting time raise. Form the study results, it is found that the pulse velocity, rebound hammer and compressive strength have a good correlation.
15
tseng, han-tung, and 曾漢東. "Study of Producing Controlled Low Strength Materials by Foaming Technology." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89164415336107779587.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
河海工程學系
93
Abstract This study is aimed to evaluate the production process of controlled low strength material（CLSM）using foaming technology. Testing variables include air content（30%,45%）, water/binder ratio（0.45,0.60）and replacement percentage of cement by fly ash（0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%）. Test results indicate that for meeting the requirements of general type CLSM and appropriate economic efficiency, Air content of 45%, water/binder ratio of 0.45~0.60, and cement replacement percentage of is 40%~80% Would be selected for CLSM. For early strength type CLSM, initial setting should be controlled within 3~5hr. The air content of CLSM can be set at 30%, water/binder at 0.45, content of calcium chloride at 5%（by weight of binder）, In case of the chloride ion content is not limited in CLSM application. The CLSM prepared by this study provides light weight, high flowability, Cost effectiveness （reduction of material cost at least 30%）, and high water permeability.
16
Yeou-tsai, Tsao, and 曹有財. "Study of Controlled Low Strength Materials on Trench-Reinstatement of Road." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09640234870804509427.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災技術研究所
90
Due to urban development and increase in resident population, extension of underground facilities results in constant earth works on roads, streets and sidewalks. To reduce the excavation impacts on traffic, Taipei Municipal Government (TMG) restricts the excavations only from 0:00 am to 6:00 am. Because of insufficient working time and hence poor backfill and compaction of subbase material, bumpiness and/or indentations often happen after the roads are burdened with heavy traffic or aggressively settled by its self-weight, thus leading to uncomfortableness of users and even some accidents. During the backfill compaction and patching of facility trenches, the quality of backfill and compaction does greatly affect the smoothness of pavement. As mentioned above, insufficient working time and poor construction quality bring the bumpiness all the time. Although the Road Maintenance Department of TMG has been devoting to the patching of the indentations and the prosecution against excavators for the bumpiness, there still are some accidents or official reimbursements at times, which are severely criticized by city council and citizens. To improve the quality of roads, since 2001, TMG has requested the contractors to use the controlled low-strength materials (CLSM) as backfilled materials. CLSM is a kind of cement mixture or cement with the high water/cement ratio and high flowability. Besides, CLSM has some other advantages including good self-filling, low strength after harden, small shrinkage, diggablility and pavement without settlement. Field practice has testified that the roads backfilled with CLSM are smoother than those with aggregate. Moreover, the use of CLSM as backfilled material may simplify the construction procedure and improve the construction accuracy, which will enhance the quality of roads. Purpose of this study is to investigate the properties of CLSM and the use of CLSM, to promote the CLSM after testifying its effects in field practice, and the influences upon road users and Road Maintenance Department. Moreover, it is suggested that CLSM mix proportion be studied so as to reduce the strength of CLSM and its initial setting time, thus make trenches more diggable and reduce construction time. It also concludes that using recycled and reprocessed materials as aggregates to lower the cost of the CLSM is a improved way to encourage the application.
17
Pan, Yung-Sheng, and 潘永生. "Study of Controlled Low Strength Materials Using Water Treatment Plant Sludge." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71637508182265614391.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
河海工程學系
97
Abstract In Taiwan, water treatment sludge has reached 180,000 tons annually and most of sludge was sent for landfill. Considering the shortage of land and environmental protection, it is a need to investigate the properties of sludge and to develop a possible technique to reuse or recycle sludge in construction sector. In this study, the water treatment plant sludge is used in controlled low strength materials (CLSM) by partially replacing coarse or fine aggregates. The slump test, slump-flow test, flowability test, setting time test and compressive strength test were conducted. Experimental results show that (1) the water treatment plant sludge would satisfy the requirements of specified CLSM (flowability > 15 cm and slump-flow > 40 cm); (2) the workability of water treatment plant sludge tends to decrease with an increasing replacement percentage; (3) for early-strength CLSM, the water-cementitious ratio can be set at 1.1 or 1.2, cement content at 250 kg/cm3, calcium chloride (CaCl2) at 4% (by weight of binder), the replacement percentage of water treatment plant sludge is below 40%, the initial setting can be controlled in 4 hr; (4) the use of water treatment plant sludge would decrease the compressive strength of cement–based composite significantly; (5) for non-early-strength CLSM, the water-cementitious ratio can be set around 1.1~1.2, the replacement percentages is below 60%; (6) the use of water treatment plant sludge can reduce the cost of CLSM and fulfill the sustainability requirement. Keyword：water treatment plant sludge, CLSM, replacement percentage, recycling
18
Liu, Yen-Liang, and 劉彥良. "Engineering Properties of Controlled Low-Strength Materials Containing Co-firing Ash." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22qv95.
Full text
19
PO-YU, HUANG, and 黃博裕. "Study on Mixed Properties of Green Controlled Low Strength Cementitious Materials." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4f6qns.
Full text
20
Chen, Yen-Hui, and 陳彥暉. "Energy Efficient and Waste Recycling Study of Controlled Low Strength Materials." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w86qu5.
Full textAbstract:
碩士朝陽科技大學
營建工程系碩士班
92
The study is to save national energy by reusing waste residue (construction sludge) on controlled low strength materials (CLSM), and make CLSM become a material which could really meet the requirements of ecological engineering. The improvement and research of CLSM for ecological engineering is to use fly ash, slag or lime instead of cement content and add waste residue (construction sludge) for recycling. Hoping it make the best offer of appliance and reference of the various engineering in the future. The test results show that the maximum percentage of construction sludge instead of fine aggregate in the CLSM mix is 24%, and the volume limit of lime or cement is 3% (60kg/m3) as saving energy concern. When the ratio of F-class fly ash and slag is 2.0, the slump flow was more than 400mm and the 28-day compressive strength was between 10kg/cm2 and 90kg/cm2. The CLSM with lime also could remove from mold within 36 hours for curing and it could reach the target of final set within 6 hours by adding water glass. Both early set and reducing settlement were possessed. Finally, the CLSM by adding construction sludge in the freeze-thaw durable test should be a feasible project.
21
Huang, Chen-yu, and 黃陳佑. "Study on Prescriptions of Add Waste Glass to Controlled Low Strength Materials." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91007482969775203649.
Full textAbstract:
碩士嘉南藥理科技大學
環境工程與科學系碩士班
95
Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) is a self-compacted, flowable material. Present paper mostly used waste glass replace different parts of fine aggregates. The stress-strain curves are obtained by the uniaxial compression test. And added a medicine、decreased different parts of coarse aggregates、take different ratio of admixture, fly ash、slag、soil, into binders、used soil and waste glass replace all of the fine aggregates to conferred the influence of each variable. Correlated compress strength with slump and economy, and try to find a better range to supply to engineering field. The results show that the rate of fine aggregates replace with waste glass higher, the slump will be lower and the compress strength will be better. Decrease coarse aggregates is good to slump. Different binders have different effect on compress strength. But if we take economy into account, use soil and waste glass replace all of the fine aggregates is development.
22
邱啟東. "Study on Practicability Assessment of Controlled Low Strength Materials with Construction Sludge." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39815527984879404535.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
89
Study on Practicability Assessment of Controlled Low Strength Materials with Construction Sludge Thesis Advisor：Der-Hsien Shen Graduate Student：Chi-Dong Chiu ABSTRACT This study is to investigate if construction sludge can be applied to the source of controlled low-strength materials (CLSM), to improve the quality of the trench backfilling and to improve environmental protection. The construction sludge is a mixture of clay and water. During the study, first of all, for the quality of CLSM control groups, we set the slump flow greater than 20 cm and the compressive strength of 28 days not more than 30kgf/cm2.Then,to make the control groups be the basic. Replacing the fine aggregate to clay groups by the clay with designed ratio. From the clay groups, choose some portions according to the fluidity and compressive strength to simulate construction sludge, and to conduct the mixture proportions. And then , perform the tests of slump flow, air content , unit weight , compressive strength , bending strength and settlement etc. The results have shown；for clay groups, the clay content increase, and the slump flow and the air content decrease, compliant with upper limit of clay content of high fluidity,15% in middle-low aggregate content,10% in high aggregate content. The unit weight increase with clay content. The compressive strength of 28 days decrease with clay content increase in middle-low aggregate content. In high aggregate content, there is no obvious tendency, but the compressive strength is in 10~30 kgf/cm2.The tendency of the bending strength is similar to the compressive strength, but not more than 4 kgf/cm2,and the settlement no obvious variance. For construction sludge groups, comparing with clay groups in low fine aggregate content, the slump flow, unit weight , compressive strength and bending strength are higher, but air content is lower. In high aggregate content, the both values are close. To sum up, construction sludge applied to CLSM is feasible.
23
Yu-KaiCheng and 鄭煜愷. "Reuse of Boiler ash as Aggregate for the Controlled Low-Strength Materials." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/twew33.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
資源工程學系
106
This study discusses the feasibility of CLSM (Controlled Low-Strength Materials) with using boiler ash. Test results showed that all boiler ash samples have high water absorption. Water-binder ratio of CLSM are particularly prone to errors due to the high water absorption of boiler ash, and the engineering characteristics of CLSM can be affected too.The Slump flow diameter is more than 40 cm, the compressive strength is less than 90 kgf/cm2, and the sample MC-B20, MC-B40, LC-B20, LC-B40A05, HC-B40C100, HC-B40C50 and HC-B40C0 meets the diameter of the indentation formed during the ball drop test were less than 7.6 cm, and all the ratios of expansion are non-expanded. The ratio of chloride ion content does not meet the specification of 0.15 kg/m3, so it cannot be applied to steel bars, otherwise there will be corrosion effect. The optimum ratio of boiler ash to CLSM is MC-B40, LC-B40A05, HC-B40C100 and HC-B40C50. Otherwise, the unit price of the CLSM in this study is between $535 to $968 NT dollars. The CLSM in this study is more cost-effective than other CLSM
24
Gao, Wei-Chieh, and 高偉傑. "Reuse of water treatment sludge cake in controlled low strength materials(CLSM)." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85289290061325320087.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系碩士班
99
This study investigates the feasibility of reusing water treatment sludge cake in controlled low strength materials (CLSM). The sludge cake is from Chihtan water purification plant, Taipei water department. The objectives to this study are to investigate: (1) the characteristics of sludge cake, (2) the effects of water-to-binder ratio, (cement) replacement ratio and early strength agent addition to CLSM, and (3) the characteristics of CLSM been made. The characteristics of either sludge cake or CLSM are determined by physiochemical characters, leaching characters and microscopic phenomena. The inductively coupled plasma (ICP), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) are applied for measuring physiochemical and microscopic features. In addition, the feasibility of reusing sludge cake as CLSM is also determined by measuring their workability (flow consistency, slump and slump flow) and compressive strength. The results showed that the water treatment sludge cake mainly composed of SiO2 (53.2%) and Al2O3 (23.2%), which is consistent to the results from FTIR and XRD analysis. The results from toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) indicate that the water treatment sludge cake is safe to the environment by regulations. At 10% replacement ratio, the workability of CLSM increases with water-to-binder ratio, and at the water-to-binder ratio of 1.00, the CLSM could meet the requirement of construction specification. However, the compressive strength decreases with increasing water-to-binder ratio and it decreases to 1.12 kgf/cm2 which fails to meet the construction specification (7.0 kgf/cm2). The effect of water-to-binder ratio on CLSM workability is more significant than that of replacement ratio. For replacement ratio ranging from 0% to 10%, the CLSM workability increases from 3.2% to 53.8%, when water-to-binder ratio decreases from 1.30 to 1.00. this results show that CLSM workability increases with decreaing water-to-binder ratio. Even though the CLSM workability can meet the specifications at the optimum condition in this study which water-to-binder ration is 1.15 and replacement ratio is 10%, the 1-day compressive strength cannot. In order to increase the compressive strength, 100 kg/m3 of early strength agent is added to the CLSM at 0.85 water-to-binder ratio and 10% replacement ratio. The 1-day compressive strength increases to 19.6 kgf/cm2 and the initial setting time decreases to 3.82 hours which can meet the specification. However, the addition of early strength agent should be lower than 5% for reducing the risk of corrosion to the pipeline.
25
林志杰. "Utilization of electric arc furnace oxidizing slag in controlled low strength materials." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93506607069572949679.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
土木工程學系
92
This study was focused on the feasibility of utilization of electric arc furnace oxidizing slag in controlled low strength materials (CLSM). Electric arc furnace oxidizing slag was added as fine aggregate replacement to make normal CLSM and high early strength CLSM, respectively. Effects of water/cement ratio and replacement percentage of slag on CLSM’s engineering properties were examined according to the specifications of the Ministry of the Interior and the Taipei Municipal Government. For application in normal CLSM water/cement ratios were set at 1.5, 1.7 and 2.0 and replacement percentages were set at 0%, 25%, 50% and 100%. For application in high early strength CLSM water/cement ratios were set at 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 and replacement percentages were set at 0%, 25%, 50% and 100%. Based on the results of this study major findings were summarized as follows： 1.Workability was decreased with increasing electric arc furnace oxidizing slag proportion for both normal CLSM and high early strength CLSM. 2.Utilization of electric arc furnace oxidizing slag in controlled low strength materials resulted in increasd unit weight and decreased air content of CLSM. 3.Utilization of electric arc furnace oxidizing slag in high early strength CLSM resulted in delayed initial setting time. 4.Compressive strength was increased with increasing of electric arc furnace oxidizing slag proportion for both normal CLSM and high early strength CLSM. 5.For application in normal CLSM when water/cement ratio is between 1.5 and 2.0 the replacement percentage of slag can be up to 100%. For high early strength CLSM when water/cement ratio is between 0.7 and 0.8 the replacement percentage of slag can be up to 50%. 6.The results of this study showed that the material’s cost was decreased with the utilization of electric arc furnace oxidizing slag in CLSM. Keywords：Electric Arc Furnace Oxidizing Slag, Controlled Low Strength Materials, CLSM
26
Chang, Ching-Chung, and 張靜忠. "Study on Practicability Assessment of Controlled Low Strength Materials with Waste Concrete." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86161714317388156001.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
91
This study is to investigate the feasibility of using waste concrete in controlled low strength materials (CLSM). Control group using natural aggregate to make CLSM and termed natural group. Then waste concrete is used as replacement of natural aggregate to make CLSM, and termed testing group. At last the test results of testing group were compared with natural group, and evaluate the effects of waste concrete replacement method on CLSM. The design of CLSM in this study followed the high performance CLSM specification of the Taipei Government Maintenance Engineering Department. Test items included slump flow, setting time, unit weight, absorption, compressive strength, shear strength, tension strength, bending strength, electric resistance, ultrasonic velocity, dry shrinkage, sulfate resistance, MIP, SEM, and EDS etc. The result shows that in engineering property of CLSM among various replacement method, the slump flow reduce with an increase in the content of waste concrete. Initial setting time reduce with an increase in the content of waste concrete. The unit weight of CLSM is slight lower than normal concrete. The absorption increase with the content of waste concrete. In the compressive strength, the 12 hours compressive strength of each group ranged between 7.14~13.49kgf/cm2, which satisfy the specification requirement of exceeding 7kgf/cm2 at 12 hours, 28 days compressive strength of CLSM mixed with waste concrete ranged between 25.62~30.32kgf/cm2, this also satisfied the specification requirement that 28 days strength should be controlled within 90kgf/cm2. At 28 days, the shear strength is between 10.03~13.30 kgf/cm2, the tension strength is between 3.01~3.90kgf/cm2,the bending strength is between 11.30~12.30kgf/cm2, the electric resistance is between 4.10~4.99KΩ-cm, the ultrasonic velocity is between 2876.85~2991.90m/sec. In dry shrinkage, natural group has the smallest shrinkage, and there is a positive trend of increased shrinkage with increased content of waste concrete. The ability to resist sulfate reduces with increase in the content of waste concrete. In MIP, CLSM with waste concrete shows a trend of increasing void. From SEM observation, CLSM with waste concrete shows loose structure. In the EDS composition analysis, all groups showed O, Si, Al, Mg, and Ca is main content. Therefore CLSM mixed with waste concrete is feasible. In consideration of economic and sustainable, development of the earth, it is recommended, when mixing CLSM using waste concrete, the order of use is WC20>WC40>WC60>WC80>WC100.
27
Jhang, Yu-Jin, and 張裕家. "Effect of Engineering Properties on Controlled Low Strength Materials with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49342751790870514837.
Full textAbstract:
碩士雲林科技大學
營建工程系碩士班
98
The objective of this research main discussion regards RAP and makes RAP Applies of feasibility study in the Controlled Low Strength Material, control group using natural aggregate to make CLSM and termed natural group. Carries on respectively becomes three broad headings by the RAP：(1) RAP coarse aggregate substitution natural coarse aggregate (2) RAP fine aggregate substitution natural fine aggregate (3) RAP mixed aggregate substitution natural mixed aggregate. The design of CLSM in this study followed the high performance CLSM specification of the Construction and Planning of Agency Ministry of the interior department. Test items included slump flow, L-test, unit weight, Air content, compression strength, bending strength, absorption. asphalt pavement aggregate of natural aggregate as CLSM, CLSM can save costs and reduce the advantages of natural sand and gravel excavation, at the same time to avoid the disposal of the reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate may cause environmental pollution problems, it makes efficient use of resources. Test results show the workability of CLSM with the RAP aggregate content decreased, but their slump and slump flow still meet the specification by the Construction and Planning Agency (CPA). The CLSM samples with w/b = 1.6 and 1.7 increased about 20% slump flow than control group after 45 minutes from concrete placing and which is able to meet the requirements of CPA. The fresh unit weight of test group was slightly lower than control group, but the air content increased significantly. Portland Cement to replace the RAP aggregate in the early age compressive strength are higher than the control group about 3 to 20% but which decreased in later age compressive strength, but is able to meet the the CPA specification. The bending strength of the substituted groups with RAP aggregate is decreased than control group. In water absorption measurement, replace the RAP coarse aggregate is to increase water absorption, and a replacement fine aggregate, however, reduced RAP. In the conclusion, RAP aggregate mixing CLSM is feasible in concrete practice, for the consideration of recycling and sustainable development of the Earth, it is recommended to replace the natural aggregate amount not to exceed 30% of the subject with RAP.
28
Hsu, Hsiao-Tzu, and 許孝慈. "Durability of Controlled Low Strength Materials Blended with Hazardous Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03802357681293842785.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
101
In Taiwan the recovery of incineration bottom ash has usually been used as the construction material. However, the issue of durability is continually worth of research to study on the addition of hazardous waste incineration bottom ash regarding engineering construction products. Thus, the bottom ash in this study is divided into washed and unwashed samples. The total amount analysis of heavy metals in bottom ash used to understand the amount of heavy metals. Moreover, this study investigated for observing the failure behavior of controlled low strength materials under sulfate attack by using the sodium sulfate immersion test. The possibility of heavy metals leached from CLSM was observed by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure test. The results from the total amount analysis show that the largest amount of bottom ash added in CLSM is 45%. The result of sodium sulfate immersion test showed that CLSM has the ability of corrosion resistance. However, the addition of hazardous waste incineration bottom ash has below 30%. The result of leaching test showed that a small amount of copper is leached. Consequently, hazardous waste incinerator bottom ash added in CLSM is possessed of the long-term environmental friendliness.
29
Chang-YiKao and 高長義. "Reuse of Thermally Treated Sludge as Aggregate for the Controlled Low-Strength Materials." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/z3wj2s.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
資源工程學系
103
This study discusses the feasibility of CLSM (Controlled Low-Strength Materials) with using thermally treated sludge. Test results showed that all sludge ash samples have high water absorption. Water-binder ratio of CLSM are particularly prone to errors due to the high water absorption of sludge ash, and the engineering characteristics of CLSM can be affected too. On the other hand, we found pozzolanic materials and zinc components that may delay the setting time of CLSM. The most feasible replacement percentage are 5%, 10%, 15% in the workability; 5%, 10%, 15% in the setting time; 10%, 15%, and 20% in the compressive strength. Overall, the most feasible replacement percentages of this study case are 10% to 15%. Otherwise, the unit price of the CLSM in this study is between $597 to $647 NT dollars. The CLSM in this study is more cost-effective than other CLSM
30
Hey-Lin, Chen, and 陳惠琳. "The Mechanical Behaviors of the Controlled Low Strength Materials Using Fine-grained Soils." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18071379636961522989.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系碩士班
93
This study aimed at investigating the mechanical behaviors of fine-grained soils used as controlled low strength materials (CLSM) for backfill. The proportions of the soil amelioration and the water to cement ratio were used as the variables in the experimental design. This study was carried out by using different water to cement ratios and different ratios of the soil amelioration in place of cement. Cylindrical test objects of 7.5 15 cm in size were examined for their single axial pressure resistance after curing for 7 and 28 days. Results of the study were further used as a basis for determining the strength of the cylindrical test objects of CLSM. The stress-strain curve was employed to investigate the elastic modulus of the CLSM. The study revealed that 1) using fine-grained soils as CLSM, the pressure resistance strength after curing for 28 days did not exceed 84 . This strength met the design objective; 2) using soil amelioration as adhesive material in CLSM for backfill. The strength was greater with a larger amount of the soil amelioration used. The same was also true for the water to cement ratio; 3) using fine-grained soils in CLSM, the elastic modulus appeared to be lower as compared to that of river sands, when the cylindrical test objects were cured for only 7 days. It shows that using fine-grained soils in CLSM for backfill after a short curing period negatively affected the elastic modulus.
31
PENG, CHI-CHENG, and 彭繼正. "Study on Durability of Controlled Low Strength Materials with Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Ash." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61210276923935491230.
Full textAbstract:
碩士明志科技大學
化學工程系碩士班
104
Electricity and Steel are the most important industry in economic development. However, pollutants generating during manufacturing process, if such industry wastes are not handled properly, environmental pollution and healthy problem will take place. In this study the Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) ash of Formosa Plastics, F type fly ash of Taiwan Power Company, slag powder of CHC Resources Corporation and cement are added as the binder, and slag of China Steel Corporation and CFBC hydration ash are reused as the Filler. Research on durability of Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) for underground pipe engineering, nine mixtures of design for Slump, Ball Drop, Length Change, Compressive Strength and Sulfate Attack, verifying the CLSM engineering properties, and analyzing microstructure by SEM/EDS, XRD, TGA/DSC, FTIR. Test results are presented as follows: (1)The slump of all mixtures comply with specification, under coarse aggregate to fine aggregate of 1:1 condition. (2)Ball Drop of most binder ratios achieve criteria, except for S4M2F15C25. (3)28-day Compressive strength of all samples are between 1.96 MPa to 8.83 MPa. Moreover, CFBC ash increasing as compressive strength decreasing. (4)After sulfate attack all of the sample strength were reduced, but Compressive Strength still comply with specification. (5)TGA/DSC and FTIR show that CLSM will not generate the new hydrates under different kinds of binder ratio mixtures. In TGA/DSC peak at 90℃ and 140℃ which are dehydration of AFt and gypsum. Weight loss the range of 150℃ to 700℃ is due to dehydration of C-S-H colloid. After 700℃ calcium carbonate is decomposed into CaO and O2. In FTIR the vibrations which in the region1600–3700 cm-1 are assigned to the presence of the H2O and OH stretching bands. Peak 3440 cm-1 is about water molecules hydrogen bonding to the surface of the oxygen. Peak 1640 cm-1 is about the mode of water bends. Peak 1100 cm-1 to 1500 cm-1 is about vibrations of S-O. Peak 670 cm-1 is assigned to the presence of SiO6 bends, which also proves the emergence of the hydration of C-S-H gel. The peak at 850 cm-1 with AlO6, which are attributed to the formation of AFt. The characteristic peaks of carbonates are 1430 cm-1 C-O stretching vibration peak. (6)XRD show that the most obvious peak is gypsum, secondly is AFt, C-S-H, and CH. In addition AFt, C-S-H, CH, and few undissolved fly ash in SEM/EDS.
32
Chen, Chien-Chi, and 陳建棋. "Study of Controlled Low Strength Materials (CLSM) on Early- Strength Properties Using Fly Ash Mixed with Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45951751646171626081.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
100
The purpose of this research was to use two materials “Fly ash” and “Bottom ash” that coal-fired power plant produced, using three water-binder ratios (0.70, 0.87, and 1.09), replacing cement doped with fly ash(40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%) and replacing fines content ratios with bottom ash (0%, 12.5 ﹪, 25 ﹪, and 37.5 ﹪) to test early strength CLSM design. Through a series of tests, the research investigated the effects of new mix portions and solid portions of CLSM under different mixed portion conditions and verified the feasibility of the application of coal ash in urban trench backfill project. The results of research showed that : (1) The proportion of early strength ash CLSM, the amount of cement is about 120 ~ 150kg with accelerate coagulation dose about cementing material of 5%-doped reached initial setting in a short period of time and complied with the earlier hard-solid strength requirements. (2) The material-bottom ash with high water absorption characteristics, in the process of mixed portion, the water was easily absorbed by bottom ash lead to poor liquidity. The test found that the rate of the bottom ash was less than 25%, it filled the specifications of the research settings. (3)Since compressive strength depends on the water-binder ratios, compressive strength and water-binder rations varied in inverse portion. With the increase of fly ash replaced cement proportion, the strength reduced obviously. Because the effects of the fly ash changed a lot, the research recommended that the work would work better under these conditions of the water binder ratio 0.7and fly ash ratio among 60~70%, water binder ration 0.87 and fly ash ration among 50~60%, or water binder ratio 1.09 and fly ash ration among 40~50% to meet early strength needs and feasibility. Based on the research of mixed portion design and test results, it was feasible to make ash production become early-strength CLSM. The properties of ash could meet the city pipe trench backfill engineering applications.
33
Ya, Yu-Ting, and 楊育庭. "Engineering properties of high amount of bottom ash blended in Controlled Low Strength Materials (CLSM)." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81298505027489312171.
Full text
34
Chen, Yung-Cheng, and 陳永承. "Application of ANSYS to Static Analysis of Bridge Abutment Backfilled with Controlled Low Strength Materials." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k67q34.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
104
Recently the Controlled Low-Strength Materials (CLSM) have been widely applied to civil engineering considering the environmental and sustainable benefit. Many applications have been attempted such as retaining walls, trenched ducts and bridge abutments.However, analytical and experimental studies of the practical cases are difficult or costly, while the numerical schemes such as finite element methods provides efficient and adequate solutions. In the displacement and stress analysis of elastic solids, planar deformation assumptions are often employed for special situations to simplify the problems, but the three-dimensional behavior of embankments with CLSM were not well-known. In this research we attempt to employ software ANSYS V17 to investigate the three-dimensional effects within the embankments of retaining walls, trenched ducts and bridge abutments, under three kinds of vertical surface surcharges. 2D PLANE183 and 3D SOLID186 elements are employed, respectively; while three kinds of embankment materials are analyzed: graded sands, CLSM-B80/30% and CLSM-B130/30%. Results depict that when the depth-to-height ratio ranges within 1 to 5 ( ), three dimensional models should be employed and SOLID186 of ANSYS can be employed in FEM analysis.
35
Chang, Hu Sheng, and 胡勝菖. "The Study of Applying Recycled Aggregate to the Feasible Proportion Design with Controlled Low Strength Materials." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50267062460128336463.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國科技大學
土木與防災應用科技研究所
97
By means of DOE (Design of Experiment), this research studies how the factors and the factor interaction in the proportion design of applying recycled aggregates to CLSM (Controlled Low-Strength Material) will affect the workability and compressive resistance of these materials. Waste concrete from the demolition of buildings in an earth-rock recovery plant is used as the material in the study. Here, the experiment and the analysis were configured via DOE, and five factors were set in the experiment as follows: (A: water cement ratio), (B: recycled coarse aggregate dosage), (C: recycled fine aggregate dosage), (D: CaCl2), and (E: air entraining agent); we then chose two levels for every factor. Assuming that the five factors has an interaction effect on each other, we configured the experiment using an L16215 orthogonal table, after which we tested the slump strengths and the compressive resistance levels at the 1-day and 28-day ages. The experimental data were verified for significance via ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance). Afterwards, through the interaction response chart, we assessed the data to prove if the interaction effect really existed. Doing so allowed us to determine the most feasible combination of conditions. Upon analyzing each characteristic by cross tabulation, it was found that the most feasible combination was A2 B2 C1 D1 E2, namely, (A) water cement ratio 0.95, (B) recycled coarse aggregate dosage 400 kg/m3, (C) recycled fine aggregate dosage 1160 kg/m3, (D) CaCl2 5 kg/m3, and (E) air entraining agent 6%. To verify the reproducibility, the most feasible combination of conditions we obtained was then tested for validation. This study demonstrates that the workability and compressive resistance accord with the standards well, thus proving that DOE saves time and cost for the experiment. Likewise, the study also found that the factors and the factor interaction both affect the quality characteristics.
36
Wang, Cheng-Jung, and 汪承融. "A Study of Sludge Thermo-treatment Residues Utilized as Fine Aggregates of Controlled Low Strength Materials." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g9qp23.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
資源工程研究所
105
In this study, physical properties, mechanical properties, chemical properties and leaching properties of sludge residues and modified sludge residues were investigated. The engineering properties of controlled low strength materials (CLSM) produced by sludge residues or modified sludge residues replacing natural fine aggregates in different ratios were also investigated. A main focus of this research is to develop a CLSM admixture in which the sludge residues or modified sludge residues utilization is maximized while satisfying workability and compressive strength requirements. For physical properties, the higher water absorption of sludge residues and modified sludge residues would need more water to reach regulatory workability when practically mixing CLSM. CBR value of sludge residues and modified sludge residues was 4.2% and 4.62% respectively, and cohesion of them was 0.34 and 0.38 respectively. For chemical properties, sludge residues and modified sludge residues were classified a neutral material, the chloride content of sludge residues and modified sludge residues was 0.90% and 0.65% respectively. The ignition loss of them was 33.5% and 14.6% respectively that indicated the organic content of them was high. For leaching properties, all the results of leaching tests were conformed to the regulatory limit in Taiwan and Japan. CLSM mixture cementation showed that the higher replacing ratio of sludge residues was, the more difficult CLSM mixture cementation was. For sludge residues, the CLSM mixture would not be cemented when the replacing ratio exceeded 10%. For modified sludge residues, the CLSM mixtures would be cemented till the replacing ratio reached 100% and it could be cemented when the cement usage was 300 kg/m3 (FS-100-2). A CLSM mixture of S-10, A-10, FS-25, FS-50, FS-75, FS-100-2 could satisfy compressive strength values within the range of 20-90 kgf/cm2 for regulatory requirements of CLSM. These CLSM mixtures could also satisfy the excavatability and workability requirements. The results of tank leaching test showed that all the CLSM mixtures conformed to the BMD regulatory limit and the results of durability tests showed that the durability of CLSM mixtures was also acceptable. Based on described above, the modified sludge residues could improve the performance of physical, mechanical, chemical properties. However, the modified sludge residues utilized as fine aggregates of CLSM could not only increase the replacing ratio of natural fine aggregates but also increase the performance of sludge residues.
37
Ruei-FuChen and 陳睿甫. "Reuse of Brine Sludge and MSWI Bottom Ash as Aggregate for the Controlled Low Strength Materials." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/xg5gs2.
Full text
38
Lin, Chin-Chang, and 林金蒼. "The Model for Mechanical Behavior of Controlled Low Strength Materials Using the Cohesive Soils Adding Sands." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70925035335415924715.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系所
95
The global natural resources become scanty of the overuse, however, the large-scale public constructions in Taiwan are under construction continually in the recent years. All types of the construction material have a huge demand of the sources. Henceforward, it causes a quite impact on the domestic ecological environment. In consideration of this issue, the efficiency use of these limited sources will become more important. Hence, the promotion and development of the recycle use of construction material sources and the construction technique for maintaining the ecological environment will become one of the important factors. Controlled low strength materials (CLSM) has been used rapidly, especially the pipeline backfill constructions. For this materials have no special request and restriction, most of the construction such as waste land, incinerator fragment and etc use these materials often to meet the purpose of the sources recycle use and environmental protection. This research studied the mechanics behavior of the CLSM by adding different percentage of the river gravel sand into the viscosity soil to product different cement mortar ratio and then we proceed the experiment of resist compression to the test object by using the W/S single axle. At the meantime, this experiment will operate with the digital signal micrometer to collect the deformed quantity of the test object. Consequently, the result presents the cement mortar ratio and the gravel sand content will affect the resist compression intensity of the CLSM. However the revise of Popovics model and after standardization, it could simulate the mechanics behavior adequately.
39
CHIEN, JUI-TSUN, and 簡瑞村. "Grading of Ready Mixed Concrete plant-The subject is Controlled Low Strength Materials Ready Mixed Concrete plant." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fj87k3.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
土木工程學系在職專班
107
The quality of concrete is directly related to the quality of the engineering project. The ready-mixed plants should strengthen the control of concrete quality, ensure the stability of material quality, and do a good job in concrete production process control and product inspection. In order to solve the problem of concrete quality control, Public Construction Commission established a factory inspection procedure to check the concrete performance and quality of the ready-mixed plants with the impartial and objective position of the third party verification, as the basis for the various agencies. Among concrete types, the controlled low strength materials(CLSM) has not yet been clearly applicable to the factory inspection specifications. This study aims to establish the inspection mechanism of the CLSM manufacturers and to develop a classification system for ready-mixed plants. Through the literature review and integration analysis of the factory inspection requirements and procedures, relevant specifications and current conditions of ready-mixed concrete, the self-management mechanism of CLSM is proposed. Establish the structure and strategy of the ready-mixed plants classification system, set up the appropriate quality threshold, assist the overall improvement of the pre-mixing plant, and promote the quality of the domestic pipeline engineering quality.
40
Gao, Zhen-Chang, and 高振昌. "Washing Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash and Water Filter Silt Resource Used as Controlled Low-Strength Materials." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9whvb5.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
103
In this study is intended to produce controlled low-strength materials by the municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) to replace the natural aggregates, and water filter silt (WFS). Water-cement ratio was 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 and 2.0. The rest of the volume will be 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of the fine MSWI instead of natural aggregates, and fine aggregate then were with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% of the instead of water filter silt. Due to replace the amount of water filter silt 20%, will absorb too much mixing water, so adjust Water-cement ratio to 2.0. Explore the fresh properties of slump, slump flow, tube flow, setting time and hardened properties compressive strength, ball drop. The results showed that all samples are in compliance with ASTM D6103 standards of slump/slump flow, flow consistency, slump flow are between 50-90 cm; tube flow are between 20-30 cm; ball drop test diameter were less than 7.6 cm, 28 days compressive strength are less 8.4MPa. All samples, with the addition 10% of water filter silt of lower early strength, setting time is longer, and Ball Drop in the critical value of test results. According to their fresh and hardened properties, the MSWI CLSM are feasible, but not add excessive water filter silt.
41
Yu, Te Chuan, and 余德全. "The Controlled Low Strength Materials for Surplus Soil Mixing in Backfill Construction Study for The Southern Taiwan Region." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94161969939606852991.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系碩士班
90
Controlled low strength material (CLSM), also known as flowable fill, is a cementitious fill placed withoutcompaction, typically by mixer truck. It is prepared by mixing a variety of materials such as hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, fly ash or other similar by-products, and water. There are many uses of this type of fill including utility and manhole backfill and roadwaybedding, wall backfill, and void filling. The possibility for using on-site excavated materials obtained from roadway constructions to mix of CLSM was investigated in the study. The results of the study indicated that roadway excavated materials are an adequate for mixing of CLSM. The residual settlement for using CLSM as roadway bedding materials was found to be less than 5 mm. Thus, using roadway-excavated material to mix CLSM is an excellent recycling application. The results of the study also indicated that the work ability of CLSM is depended by its flow ability, which is controlled by the water and solid (W/S) ratio of the mixture. The flow ability increases as increasing the W/S ratio. In general, W/S ratio of 0.12 for CLSM without mixing with early strength additive would provide satisfied workability. The compression strength of CLSM is controlled its water cement (W/C) ratio. For constant W/C ratio, its strength is dependent on the cement content in the mixture. The initial and final setting times for CLSM are 2.8 to 8.6 hours and 7.0 to 21.2 hours, respectively. The CBR value for 28-day CLSM is more than 98, which can be used as a suitable base material.
42
Li, Wan-Jhen, and 李婉禎. "Study on Using Industrial Wastes of Petrochemical Industry and Steel Mill as Binder and Filler of Controlled Low Strength Materials." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38948725476818520781.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
103
Energy saving and recycling play an important role in civil engineering. It’s important to use industrial waste to replace the traditional material in civil engineering. It can not only reduce the use of aggregate and cement but also lower the impact of nature. In recent years, The recycled utilization of circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC), furnace slag from iron and steel making, fly ash from thermal power generation to make the controlled low strength material (CLSM) have been under high attention by public, such that the study on its properties and applications has become an important subject. In this study, different combinations of the blast furance slag and CFBC hydrated ash were used as the filler to replace the fine and coarse aggregates to make (CLSM). Whereas various combinations of four kinds of powders of CFBC unhydrated ash, Portland cement, blast furnace slag powder and fly ash were used as the cementituous binder of CLSM. There are 36 CLSM mixture groups in this study with a fixed water to binder ratio of 0.69 and a fixed weight ratio of water glass to binder of 4%. The binder at each CLSM mixture group has different ratios of varius powder combinations. Experimental variables include the slump flow test, falling drop strength test, chloride ion content test, microscopic test, water absorption test, sulfate attack test, ultrasonic test and compressive strength test. The results show that 80% replacement of CFBC hydrated ash and 50% replacement of blast slag are the upper limits, respectively, as the filler part of CLSM. The slump flow values of all 36 CLSM groups reach 40 cm in diameter. As the ratio of fly ash is more than 25%, the slump flow values begin to reduce. Only the mixtures with 60% slag , have the values of falling drop test lower than 76 mm in diameter in 24 hours according to the standard of ASTM D6024. The 28-day compressive strengths of all 36 groups are less than 90 kgf/cm2. As the addition of CFBC hydrated ash increases, the compressive strength decreases, however, 20% of cement addition enhances the compressive strength. The chloride ion contents of all 36 groups are lower than the half of specified ceiling value of 0.3 kg/ m3 according to CNS 13465 standard. Moreover, this study shows that the higher quantities of fly ash and slag lower the water absorption of CLSM specimens. As the CFBC ash increases, the expansion also increases. The compressive strength and ultrasonic wave speed beame lower after sulfate corrosion.
43
Chen, Jyun-Sheng, and 陳俊升. "A study on the mix proportion and properties of wasted LCD glass applied to controlled low strength materials concrete (CLSM)." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74061265842323656343.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
96
The domestic production of TFT-LCD front-panel has global share of 39.2%, the number 1 occupation rate in the world. A great amount of wastes was produced in the making process. The controlled low strength material has been applied extensively to pipeline refill and pavement foundations world-wide. The objective of this research is to apply the wasted LCD glasses to CLSM to reach the purpose of recycling. In this research, we use 100 kg/m3 cement as a fixed dosage. The designed water-binder ratio are 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5%, the glass replace sand ratio are 0, 10, 20 and 30%. Fly ash and glass powder was added to produce a general type of specimen while early strong type was added to manufacture early strength high Silicon contained CLSM specimen. Both were tested for their compressive strength, supersonic test, electrical resistance value and shrinkage for curing age of 1, 3, 7, 28, 56 and 90 days respectively. Results show that slump range from 200 to 250 mm for general types of WGCSLM and 190 to 210 mm for early strong type whose W/B = 1.1. Slump flow reach 420~450 mm for every control set except for 10% glass sand replace under W/B=1.1. Their unit weights range from 2130 to 2180 kg/m3, slightly lighter than the normal concrete. Air content for three W/B ratios are 0.6~0.8% for general type and 1.4~2.0% for early strong type. Setting time of normal type for 10% glass sand replacement is the shortest while 30% is the longest. Bleeding range from 84.5~177.6 ml for normal and 90.9~137.7 ml for early strong type. Compressive strength of 28 days are 2.87~2.40 MPa for normal and 3.12~2.88 for early strong type. The ultrasonic pulse velocity of general type is between 1267~3104 ms/s, while the early types are faster. Electrical resistance of 28 days for general type is 6.7~8.2 kΩ -cm, and twice as much for early strong type. Permeability Ratio is 1.03%~2.02% for normal and 0.35%~0.75% for early strong type. The shrinkage of WGCLSM was below 0.025% for all kinds of proportions, which indicate change in volume is very stable. By different water glue ratio and glass sand replacement, this research find out applicability and usage mechanism for discarded LCD glass in the low controlled strength concrete so that industrial wasted glass can be reduce and recycling purpose can be achieved.
44
白智榮. "Research on difference between leftovers of constructional waste mixing in controlled-low-strength-materials and aggregate-an application of back fills for trenched roads." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61134569040343730913.
Full text
45
Kochyil, Sasidharan Nair Syam Kumar. "Sulfate Induced Heave: Addressing Ettringite Behavior in Lime Treated Soils and in Cementitious Materials." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-12-8905.
Full textAbstract:
Civil engineers are at times required to stabilize sulfate bearing clay soils with calcium based stabilizers. Deleterious heaving in these stabilized soils may result over time. This dissertation addresses critical questions regarding the consequences of treating sulfate laden soils with calcium-based stabilizers. The use of a differential scanning calorimeter was introduced in this research as a tool to quantify the amount of ettringite formed in stabilized soils.
The first part of this dissertation provides a case history analysis of the expansion history compared to the ettringite growth history of three controlled low strength mixtures containing fly ash with relatively high sulfate contents. Ettringite growth and measurable volume changes were monitored simultaneously for mixtures subjected to different environmental conditions. The observations verified the role of water in causing expansion when ettringite mineral is present. Sorption of water by the ettringite molecule was found to be a part of the reason for expansion.
The second part of this dissertation evaluates the existence of threshold sulfate levels in soils as well as the role of soil mineralogy in defining the sensitivity of soils to sulfate-induced damage. A differential scanning calorimeter and thermodynamics based phase diagram approach are used to evaluate the role of soil minerals. The observations substantiated the difference in sensitivity of soils to ettringite formation, and also verified the existence of a threshold level of soluble sulfates in soils that can trigger substantial ettringite growth.
The third part of this dissertation identifies alternative, probable mechanisms of swelling when sulfate laden soils are stabilized with lime. The swelling distress observed in stabilized soils is found to be due to one or a combination of three separate mechanisms: (1) volumetric expansion during ettringite formation, (2) water movement triggered by a high osmotic suction caused by sulfate salts, and (3) the ability of the ettringite mineral to absorb water and contribute to the swelling process.
46
Hsieh, Wei-Chi, and 謝偉祺. "Study of Controlled Low Strength Material Properties." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18896924141635776660.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
98
For the pipeline backfill material, to improve the road using CLSM backfill quality of service, monitoring the Settlement amount of CLSM to compare the usefulness. CLSM is a material with high water-cement mixture, higher than normal concrete big settlement. CLSM settlement amount due on time has not been established, testing understanding in this experiment. The purpose of this study but to have different mixture CLSM, shrinkage and water cement ratio and loaded with or without compared to the settlement amount. Research the relationship between the mixture at the subsidence and construction quality. The results show that, the settlement amount will tend to gradually slow after 5 to 7 days, load carrying capacity of the CLSM in the settlement not much impact.
47
CHING, TSENG YU, and 曾玉卿. "Producing controlled low strength material using water purification sludge." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47611863724770689619.
Full textAbstract:
碩士正修科技大學
營建工程研究所
103
Controlled low strength material (CLSM) is composed of water, cementitious materials (cement and pozzolan), coarse and fine aggregates (or other by-products), and other chemical admixtures. It is flowable, self compacting, and used primarily as a backfill instead of a compacted fill in trenches or numerous applications.
48
Dingrando, Jeffrey Scott. "Beneficial reuse of foundry sands in controlled low strength material." 1999. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/48043591.html.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1999.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-106).
49
Jun-JieLin and 林俊傑. "Application of Slags to the Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM)." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/v5gf9v.
Full text
50
Chang, Hsien-Chang, and 張憲章. "The Feasibility Study of Using Desulfurization Gypsumfor Controlled Low Strength Material." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/694mp4.
Full text