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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Controlled released

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Academic literature on the topic 'Controlled released'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Controlled released"

1

Broschat, Timothy K. "Release Rates of Controlled-Release and Soluble Magnesium Fertilizers." HortTechnology 7, no. 1 (1997): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.7.1.58.

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Release rates at 21 °C were determined in sand columns for 12 commercially available soluble and controlled-release Mg fertilizers. Lutz Mg spikes, K2SO4, MgSO4, MgSO4·H2O, and MgSO4·7H2O released their Mg within 2 to 3 weeks. Within the first 6 weeks, MgO·MgSO4 released its soluble Mg fraction, but little release occurred thereafter. Dolomite and MgO released <5% of their Mg over 2 years while MagAmp released <20% of its Mg. Florikan 1N-0P-26K-4Mg types 100 and 180 exhibited typical controlled-release fertilizer characteristics, with most of their Mg release occurring during the first 15 weeks.

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Zhao, Xin, Baolin Zhang, Sancai Liu, and Xiushi Yang. "Evaluation of efficiency of controlled-release N fertiliser on tartary buckwheat production." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 7 (2021): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/32/2021-pse.

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To provide reference for scientific management of nitrogen (N) fertiliser on tartary buckwheat, the effects of the mixed application of controlled-release N fertiliser (a kind of thermoplastic polymer-coated urea types that are characterised by a semi-permeable membrane) and common urea was studied in the main tartary buckwheat production area in China. In 2018 and 2019, a two-year field experiment was conducted a randomised block design with five treatments: (1) no nitrogen fertilisation (CK); (2) 100% N from common urea (T1); (3) 15% N from controlled-released urea fertiliser (plastic coated) + 85% N from common urea (T2); (4) 30% N from controlled-released fertiliser + 70% N from urea (T3); (5) 45% N from controlled-released fertiliser + 55% N of urea (T4). The N fertilisation rate was 90 kg N/ha in all fertilisation treatments. The results showed: (1) the mixed application of controlled-release N fertiliser and common urea was conductive to enhance the yield, dry mass, N uptake and apparent N fertiliser efficiency (NFE), compared with a single application of common urea. In two seasons, NFE was 38.6% (T1), 48.6% (T2), 53.6% (T3) and 53% (T4), separately; (2) the mixed application of controlled-release N fertiliser and common urea could significantly increase the soil inorganic N content in the soil surface layer and decreased the leaching loss of N; (3) with the increasing ration of controlled-release N fertiliser, the tendency of increasing N content of crop uptake and soil residual and decreasing rate of N loss and N surplus was visible. Overall, considered the indicators of grain yield, input cost, N utilisation and N balance, the suitable N fertilisation mode for tartary buckwheat production is the mixed application of 30% controlled-release N fertiliser and 70% common urea when 90 kg N/ha is applied.

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Broschat, Timothy K. "Release Rates of Soluble and Controlled-release Boron Fertilizers." HortTechnology 18, no. 3 (2008): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.18.3.471.

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The relative release rates of boron (B) from nine soluble and controlled-release B fertilizer sources were determined in sand leaching columns at 21 °C. Solubor was almost completely leached from the sand within 5 weeks. Boric oxide released the majority of its B within 7 weeks, whereas Dehybor provided B for up to 13 weeks. Granubor release rates were linear through ≈12 weeks. The five products containing calcium or sodium calcium borates released B much more slowly, with probertite and ulexite being the most rapid followed by B32 G, colemanite, and B38 G. B38 G released only ≈40% of its B content during the 104-week leaching study. The rapid release and high B concentrations associated with Solubor suggest a greater potential for phytotoxicity with this source than other slower-release sources.

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4

BUONOCORE, G. G., M. SINIGAGLIA, M. R. CORBO, A. BEVILACQUA, E. LA NOTTE, and M. A. DEL NOBILE. "Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Compounds from Highly Swellable Polymers." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 6 (2004): 1190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.6.1190.

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The suitability of antimicrobial release films made from highly swellable polymers for use in food packaging was evaluated. The possibility of modulating the release kinetics of active compounds either by regulating the degree of cross-link of the polymer matrix or by using multilayer structures was addressed. The release kinetics of lysozyme, nisin, and sodium benzoate (active compounds with different molecular weights) were determined at ambient temperature (25°C). The effectiveness of the proposed active films in inhibiting microbial growth was addressed by determining the antimicrobial efficiency of the released active compounds. Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, and Saccharomycescerevisiaewere used to test the antimicrobial efficiency of released lysozyme, nisin, and sodium benzoate, respectively. Results indicate that the release kinetics of both lysozyme and nisin can be modulated through the degree of cross-link of the polymer matrix, whereas multilayer structures need to be used to control the release kinetics of sodium benzoate. All the active compounds released from the investigated active films were effective in inhibiting microbial growth.

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5

Mutagond, Chetankumar, Vinod M R, Vijapure V M, et al. "Formulation and Evaluation of Spray Dried Microspheres of Controlled Release Ramipril." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 11, no. 2 (2018): 4059–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2018.11.2.8.

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The present study sought to develop and evaluate spray-dried microspheres of chitosan and xanthan gum for controlled release of ramipril, a widely used antihypertensive drug. The prepared microspheres were characterized by particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopic studies, differential scanning calorimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction studies, drug entrapment efficiency, and in-vitro drug release study. The prepared microspheres were spherical in shape and freely flowing. The size of the microspheres was in the range of 25.7 to 47.4 µm and the drug entrapment efficiency was in the range of 74.68% to 90.44%. TheDSC analysis and X-ray diffraction studies indicated that the drug was uniformly dispersed in amorphous state in the microspheres. The in-vitro drug release indicated that the spray-dried microspheres prepared with chitosan alone were not suitable for controlled released delivery of drug as maximum amount of drug was released within 5 hrs. Whereas microspheres prepared by xanthan gum released small amount of drug within 5 hrs and more amount of drug was controlled released that fit the therapeutic needs. Drug release mechanism followed non-Fickian transport. These suggest the formulation potential of chitosan and xanthan gum for spray-dried microspheres for controlled release of ramipril

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6

Reddy, Shiv K. "A Novel Test for Evaluation of Controlled-release Fertilizers." HortScience 31, no. 4 (1996): 675b—675. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.675b.

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Various methods are used to evaluate the release characteristics of coated, controlled-release fertilizers. These methods include measuring the nutrients released into water or remaining in the prills or measuring the growth and nutrient content of the plants grown. Such methods do not show the release mechanism of the fertilizers. A simple test was developed that actually shows how nutrients are released from coated fertilizer prills that contain potassium. When prills of commercial products were placed in 1.5% aqueous solution of sodium tetraphenyl boron, potassium released from the prills combined with sodium tetraphenyl boron and formed a white precipitate. The precipitate patterns revealed that some new prills had large cracks or imperfect coating, thus releasing their nutrients instantly and prematurely. Over time, individual prills within the same fertilizer showed different release behaviors—from no release to release through tiny holes in the coating to release by rupture or bursting of the coating. This test is particularly useful for detecting coating defects during manufacture or subsequent damage to coating, as during incorporation of the prills into growing media. (Provisional patent application filed for this method.)

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7

Liu, Lu, Tianlin Shen, Yuechao Yang, et al. "Bio-based Large Tablet Controlled-Release Urea: Synthesis, Characterization, and Controlled-Released Mechanisms." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66, no. 43 (2018): 11265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04042.

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8

Chen, Lei, Robert Nixon, and Guillaume De Bo. "Force-controlled release of small molecules with a rotaxane actuator." Nature 628, no. 8007 (2024): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07154-0.

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AbstractForce-controlled release of small molecules offers great promise for the delivery of drugs and the release of healing or reporting agents in a medical or materials context1–3. In polymer mechanochemistry, polymers are used as actuators to stretch mechanosensitive molecules (mechanophores)4. This technique has enabled the release of molecular cargo by rearrangement, as a direct5,6 or indirect7–10 consequence of bond scission in a mechanophore, or by dissociation of cage11, supramolecular12 or metal complexes13,14, and even by ‘flex activation’15,16. However, the systems described so far are limited in the diversity and/or quantity of the molecules released per stretching event1,2. This is due to the difficulty in iteratively activating scissile mechanophores, as the actuating polymers will dissociate after the first activation. Physical encapsulation strategies can be used to deliver a larger cargo load, but these are often subject to non-specific (that is, non-mechanical) release3. Here we show that a rotaxane (an interlocked molecule in which a macrocycle is trapped on a stoppered axle) acts as an efficient actuator to trigger the release of cargo molecules appended to its axle. The release of up to five cargo molecules per rotaxane actuator was demonstrated in solution, by ultrasonication, and in bulk, by compression, achieving a release efficiency of up to 71% and 30%, respectively, which places this rotaxane device among the most efficient release systems achieved so far1. We also demonstrate the release of three representative functional molecules (a drug, a fluorescent tag and an organocatalyst), and we anticipate that a large variety of cargo molecules could be released with this device. This rotaxane actuator provides a versatile platform for various force-controlled release applications.

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Sunil, Songa Ambedkar, Meka Venkata Srikanth, Nali Sreenivasa Rao, Sakamuri Balaji, and Kolapalli Venkata Ramana Murthy. "Design and evaluation of lornoxicam bilayered tablets for biphasic release." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 48, no. 4 (2012): 609–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502012000400004.

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The objective of the present investigation was to develop bilayered tablets of lornoxicam to achieve biphasic release pattern. A bilayered tablet, consisting of an immediate and controlled release layer, was prepared by direct compression technique. The controlled release effect was achieved by using various hydrophilic natural, semi synthetic and synthetic controlled release polymers such as xanthan gum, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) to modulate the release of the drug. The in vitro drug release profiles showed the biphasic release behavior in which the immediate release (IR) layer containing the lornoxicam was released within 15 minutes, whereas the controlled release (CR) layer controlled the drug release for up to 24 h. All the bilayered tablets formulated have followed the zero order release with non-Fickian diffusion controlled release mechanism after the initial burst release. FTIR studies revealed that there was no interaction between the drug and polymers used in the study. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed no significant difference in the cumulative amount of drug release after 15 min, but significant difference (p < 0.05) in the amount of drug released after 24 h from optimized formulations was observed. Based on the release kinetic parameters obtained, it can be concluded that xanthan gum polymer was suitable for providing a biphasic release of lornoxicam.

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10

Muharam, Salih, Afria Fitri, Lela Mukmilah Yuningsih, Yulia Mariana Tessa Ayudia Putri, and Isnaini Rahmawati. "Synthesis and Characterization of Controlled-Release Urea Fertilizer from Superabsorbent Hydrogels." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 20, no. 3 (2020): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.44230.

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It is very important to develop controlled-release fertilizers to ensure efficiency and environmental protection. This study aims to make a superabsorbent hydrogel-based controlled-release urea fertilizer. Superabsorbent hydrogels were prepared from the cellulose of corn cobs cross-linking with epichlorohydrin, and then an amount of urea as a fertilizer was stored inside the hydrogels (GEL-A). The GEL-A functionalization with carboxy-methyl was also carried out in this study to improve the hydrophilicity of hydrogels (GEL-B). GEL-A and GEL-B were immersed in water at a certain pH and temperature range and the urea concentration released from the hydrogels was monitored by a spectrophotometer. The results showed that the urea released by GEL-A and GEL-B was not much different. Respectively, the urea efficiency of GEL-A and GEL-Bwas around 5.29% and 5.56% for 180 min. The urea released from both hydrogels was not significantly affected by changes in the temperature of the solution. Urea release was influenced by pH, and the rate of urea release of GEL-B was faster than GEL-A, so pH control was needed in the application of this slow-release fertilizer.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Controlled released"

1

Knight, Paul Edward. "Evaluation of binding agents for the preparation of spherical granules by extrusion/spheronisation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266631.

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Qutachi, Omar. "A three domensional model for osteogenesis using controlled released simvastatin loaded polylactide-co-glycolide microparticles within embryoid bodies." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.582000.

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To some extent formation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from embryonic stem cells (ES) mimics the events during embryonal development and can be a useful model for studying lineage commitment. However, due to morphological and structural features, the effects of direct supplementation of a molecule of interest (MOl) on EBs in cell culture to study differentiation are often limited to the superficial layers. The use of biodegradable microparticles (MPs) to deliver the MOl directly within EBs might be a promising approach for controlling ES differentiation. This study aimed to develop a 3-D model combining cells and MPs loaded with osteo-inductive molecules including simvastatin and BMP2 for ES cell-derived osteogenesis within an EB model. The steps towards achieving this aim involved; i) establishing a reliable approach for producing human and / or mouse ES cell derived EBs; ii) evaluating the osteo-inductive potential for simvastatin iii) establishing a 3-D construct of ES cell derived EBs containing simvastatin loaded MPs followed by evaluation for osteogenesis through studying different markers during formation of /osteoblast- like cells/ bone-like tissue. It was found that mouse and human ES cells could readily form EBs in a controllable manner. Simvastatin pro and! or active drug were found to induce osteogenesis of ES cells in a 2-D environment over a concentration range of 0.1 and 1 ~M. A controlled simvastin release model from MPs loaded with either the prodrug or active drug was fabricated using an emulsion method. The MPs with average diameter of 12-13 urn were designed to be distributed within EBs and provide release of the MOl over a period of three weeks. A reliable method for creating 3-D constructs of ES cell derived EBs containing MPs was tested under static or with centrifugation as well as mass suspension with avidin coated- lyophilised MPs. In this study, improved incorporation of MPs within hES cells derived EBs has been presented by coating MPs with hES cell lysate before EB formation by ~ •.......................-- centrifugation method. EBs containing MPs loaded with osteo-inductive molecules (simvastatin prodrug, active drug or BMP-2) provided a robust and reproducible 3D model for osteogenesis and the lineage commitment of HUES- 7 cells into bone cells. Results were confirmed by positive expression of major osteogenic markers at the gene level (Runx-2, Osterix and osteocalcin) and protein level (Runx-2 and osteocalcin). Extracellular matrix (ECM) formation was confirmed by Picro-sirius red staining for collagen formation and matrix mineralisation by alizarin red staining. In conclusion, the model presented in this study mimics, to some extent, the spatiotemporal presentation of locally released growth factors of early development and can be beneficial for tissue engineering purposes through achieving better presentation of the molecule of interest within the multi-cellular EB model.

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3

Pakalapati, Lalita Varma V. (Lalita Varma Venkata) 1976. "Controlled release microchip." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7976.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2003.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaf 34).<br>Microchips for constant release are not a new concept, but a controlled release chip, which does pulsatile release at variable time intervals, is clearly more efficient and useful. The process was completely understood about the theory of operation, the manufacturing procedure and the robustness of the controlled release microchip. The complete application analysis has been done along with the intellectual property study. The study involved finding out the industry opinion of the device and the usefulness of the device and all the people who might have intellectual property rights in the field. As a result numerous applications of the device have been found out along with the important parameters the device should be concentrating on have been suggested.<br>by Lalita Varma V. Pakalapati.<br>M.Eng.

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Pirone, Domenico. "Smart Controlled Release Membranes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671550.

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L’objectiu d’aquest projecte de doctorat és millorar el rendiment dels dispositius Air Care que desenvolupen una membrana que pot alliberar les matèries primeres de perfum carregades a l’interior de l’embassament sense ser extremadament afectades per les fluctuacions de temperatura del medi extern, sent així menys significatives. sensible a la temperatura que la membrana actual usada en els productes actuals. Per fer-ho, la membrana principal es recobrirà amb un polímer modificat amb nous fragments d’azobenzen. Aquest sistema es pot desencadenar per la llum perquè actuï com una porta intel·ligent per a la difusió del perfum, millorant tant la selectivitat com alliberant el control de les matèries primeres de perfum a l’entorn de la llar / cotxe. A més, mitjançant un disseny adequat de la unitat funcionalitzadora, la temperatura podria actuar com a estímul extern addicional, capaç de desencadenar convenientment (és a dir, reduir) la permeabilitat de la membrana mitjançant una isomerització tèrmica posterior.<br>El objetivo de este proyecto de doctorado es mejorar el rendimiento de los dispositivos Air Care que desarrollan una membrana que puede liberar las materias primas de perfume cargadas dentro del depósito sin verse extremadamente afectadas por las fluctuaciones de temperatura del ambiente externo, por lo tanto, ser significativamente menos sensible a la temperatura que la membrana actual utilizada en los productos actuales. Para hacer esto, la membrana principal se recubrirá con un polímero modificado con nuevos restos de azobenceno. La luz podría activar este sistema para que actúe como una puerta inteligente para la difusión del perfume, mejorando tanto la selectividad como liberando el control de las materias primas del perfume en el entorno del hogar / automóvil. Además, mediante un diseño adecuado de la unidad funcionalizadora, la temperatura podría actuar como un estímulo externo adicional, capaz de disparar convenientemente (es decir, reducir) la permeabilidad de la membrana a través de la isomerización térmica.<br>The objective of this PhD project is to improve the performance of Air Care devices developing a membrane that can release the perfume raw materials charged inside the reservoir without being extremely affected by temperature fluctuations of the external environment, thus, being significantly less temperature sensitive than the current membrane used in nowadays products. In order to do this the main membrane will be coated with a polymer modified with novel azobenzene moieties. This system could be triggered by light to act as an intelligent gate for the perfume diffusion, improving both selectivity and releasing control of the perfume raw materials in the home/car environment. In addition, by a proper design of the functionalizing unit, temperature could act as an additional external stimulus, able to conveniently trigger (i.e. reduce) membrane permeability through thermal back-isomerization.

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Stockwell, A. F. "Oral controlled release formulations." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355630.

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Santini, John Thomas 1972. "A controlled release microchip." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8742.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1999.<br>"September 1999."<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>It is well known that the method by which a drug is delivered can have a significant effect on the drug's therapeutic efficacy. There exist numerous cases where constant release is not the optimal method of drug delivery; instead, delivery of pulses of drug at variable time intervals is the preferred method. This method is commonly referred to as pulsatile delivery, and it is preferred in some cases because it closely mimics the way in which the human body naturally produces the compounds. The objectives of this thesis were to design, fabricate, and characterize a microchip capable of achieving both pulsatile and continuous release of multiple chemical substances on demand. Each prototype microchip consisted of an array of reservoirs etched into and extending through a silicon wafer. Each reservoir was covered on one end by a thin conductive membrane that served as the anode in an electrochemical reaction. The reservoir was filled with chemicals through the other side of the reservoir and was then sealed. The proposed release mechanism had no moving parts and was based on the electrochemical dissolution of a thin anode membrane covering each reservoir. Each reservoir was independently addressable, and the electric potential was applied to an anode membrane using wires and a potentiostat. Future integration of microelectronic components may allow reservoirs to be opened on demand by a preprogrammed microprocessor, remote control, or by biosensors and biofeedback controllers. Potential advantages of the microchip for the release of drugs and other chemicals may include its small size, low power consumption, and the absence of moving parts. Such microchips may find application in a wide array of fields such as drug delivery, medical diagnostics, chemical detection. industrial process monitoring and control, and micro-scale chemical synthesis. A process was developed for producing prototype microchips using microfabrication methods such as ultraviolet photolithography, chemical vapor deposition (CYD), reactive ion etching (RTE), and electron beam evaporation. An important component of this process was a procedure for making thin ( I 000-3000 [angstroms]), unsupported, metal membrane anodes on silicon. In addition, the fabrication process was designed so that the chemicals to be released would !lever be exposed to solvents, acids, bases, or high temperatures. This was accomplished by completing all device fabrication steps before reservoir filling. This important process feature would be especially useful when dealing with easily denatured molecules such as proteins or DNA. Gold was selected as the model membrane and electrode material for the prototype controlled release microchips primarily due to its unique electrochemical properties. It is easily deposited and patterned, has a low reactivity with other substances, and resists spontaneous corrosion in most aqueous solutions over the entire pH range. However, the presence of a small amount of chloride ion in solution creates an electric potential/pH region that thermodynamically favors the dissolution of gold as water soluble gold chloride complexes. Experiments showed that gold thin films are rapidly corroded in saline solution and that corrosion occurs preferentially in the grain boundaries. Release studies were conducted to demonstrate that single and multiple substances could be released from microchip devices on demand. Sodium fluorescein (a fluorescent dye) and radioactive calcium (in the form, 45CaCI) were chosen as model substances for release due to their simplicity of detection in solution. Prototype devices were filled with one or both substances, sealed, and submerged in either phosphate buffered saline or 0.145 M NaCl solution. A potential of+ 1.04 volts relative to a saturated calomel reference electrode (SCE) was applied between a gold membrane anode covering a filled reservoir and a cathode. Electrochemical dissolution of the gold membrane anode typically occurred within 10-20 seconds of application of the potential. Once the reservoir was opened, the compound in the reservoir was able to diffuse into the surrounding solution and was detected by fluorescence spectroscopy or scintillation counting. This process was repeated to obtain multiple releases from a single device. Disintegration refers to the "falling apart" of a gold membrane over a reservoir resulting from gold corrosion and possibly. applied physical stresses. The visualization of the membrane disintegration process was achieved by videotaping the corrosion of gold membranes through a microscope. The observations from these in situ membrane disintegration experiments were then combined with gold corrosion concepts and data to develop a qualitative mechanism for the disintegration of thin. gold membranes covering chemical reservoirs. Future work should focus on materials science issues, microelectronics fabrication and packaging, and in vivo studies.<br>by John Thomas Santini, Jr.<br>Ph.D.

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Learoyd, Tristan P. "Controlled release in inhalation." Thesis, Aston University, 2007. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/11061/.

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Inhalation has become an increasingly viable alternate route to oral dosing, with the advantage of treating local disease with minimal systemic side effects (Hickey, 1992). However, increasingly complicated medication regimens associated with the necessity of the repeated dosing of multiple agents used in treating pulmonary disease has been shown to compromise both disease management and patient convenience. In this study the viability of spray drying to introduce controlled release vectors into dry powders for inhalation was investigated. The first experimental section highlights the use of leucine in producing highly respirable spray dried powders, with in vitro respirable fractions (Fine particle fraction, FPF: F < 5µm) exceeding 80% of the total dose. The second experimental chapter introduces the biocompatible polymer chitosan (mw 190 – 310 kDa) to formulations containing leucine with findings of increased FPF with increasing leucine concentration (up to 82%) and the prolonged release of the active markers terbulataline sulfate (up to 2 hours) and beclometasone dipropionate (BDP: up to 12 hours) with increasing chitosan molecular weight. Next, the thesis details the use of a double emulsion format in delivering the active markers salbutamol sulfate and BDP at differing rates; using the polymers poly-lactide co-glycolide (PLGA 50:50 and PLGA 75:25) and/or chitosan incorporating leucine as an aerosolisation enhancer the duration of in vitro release of both agents reaching 19 days with FPF exceeding 60%. The final experimental chapter involves dual aqueous and organic closed loop spray drying to create controlled release dry powders for inhalation with in vitro sustained release exceeding 28 days and FPF surpassing 55% of total loaded dose. In conclusion, potentially highly respirable sustained release dry powders for inhalation have been produced by this research using the polymers chitosan and/or PLGA as drug release modifiers and leucine as an aerosolisation enhancer.

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8

Hussey, Jeremy Steven. "Wood in controlled release technology." Thesis, Bangor University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263193.

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9

Feely, L. C. "Controlled release hydroxypropylmethylcellulose mini-matrices." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373348.

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Holland, Simon J. "Novel polymeric controlled release systems." Thesis, Aston University, 1986. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14511/.

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Books on the topic "Controlled released"

1

Blair, W. R. Characterization of long term controlled release dynamics and identification of butyltin species released from OMP impregnated wood pilings. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1987.

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Blair, W. R. Characterization of long term controlled release dynamics and identification of butyltin species released from OMP impregnated wood pilings. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1987.

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Morton, Rosoff, ed. Controlled release of drugs: Polymers and aggregate systems. VCH Publishers, 1989.

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Fan, Liang-tseng, and Satish Kumar Singh. Controlled Release. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74507-2.

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International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials. (19th 1992 Orlando, Fla.). Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials: July 26-31, 1992, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A. Edited by Janes George, Kopeček Jindřich, and Controlled Release Society. Controlled Release Society, 1992.

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International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials. (18th 1991 Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Proceedings and program of the 18th International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials: July 8-11, 1991, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Edited by Junginger Hans E, Kellaway Ian W, and Controlled Release Society. Controlled Release Society, 1991.

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International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials. (16th 1989 Chicago, Ill.). Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials: August 6-9, 1989, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. Edited by Janes George, Miller James A, Pearlman Rodney, and Controlled Release Society. Controlled Release Society, 1989.

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International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials. (17th 1990 Reno, Nevada). Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials: July 22-25, 1990, Reno, Nevada, U.S.A. Edited by Lee, Vincent H. L., 1951- and Controlled Release Society. Controlled Release Society, 1990.

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International Pharmaceutical Technology Symposium (5th 1990 Ankara, Turkey). New approaches to controlled drug delivery: Minutes of the Fifth International Technology Symposium, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 10 to 13 September 1990 : satellite symposium of the 50th Congress of the FIP. Edited by Hıncal A. Atilla, Kaş H. Süheyla, Şumnu Murat, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, and International Congress of Pharmaceutical Sciences of F.I.P. Editions de Santé, 1990.

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International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials. (12th 1985 Geneva, Switzerland). Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials: July 8-12, 1985, Geneva, Switzerland. Edited by Haluska Robert J and Peppas Nicholas A. 1948-. Controlled Released Society, Inc., 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Controlled released"

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Fan, Liang-tseng, and Satish Kumar Singh. "Introduction." In Controlled Release. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74507-2_1.

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Fan, Liang-tseng, and Satish Kumar Singh. "Diffusion-Controlled Release." In Controlled Release. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74507-2_2.

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Fan, Liang-tseng, and Satish Kumar Singh. "Chemical Reaction Controlled Release." In Controlled Release. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74507-2_3.

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Fan, Liang-tseng, and Satish Kumar Singh. "Swelling-Controlled Release." In Controlled Release. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74507-2_4.

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Fan, Liang-tseng, and Satish Kumar Singh. "Special Controlled-Release Systems." In Controlled Release. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74507-2_5.

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Fan, Liang-tseng, and Satish Kumar Singh. "Stochastic Model for Diffusion in Porous or Heterogeneous Polymer Matrix." In Controlled Release. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74507-2_6.

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Fan, Liang-tseng, and Satish Kumar Singh. "Epilogue." In Controlled Release. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74507-2_7.

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Brahma, Sandipan, and Steven Henikoff. "CUT&RUN Profiling of the Budding Yeast Epigenome." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2257-5_9.

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AbstractMapping the epigenome is key to describe the relationship between chromatin landscapes and the control of DNA-based cellular processes such as transcription. Cleavage under targets and release using nuclease (CUT&RUN) is an in situ chromatin profiling strategy in which controlled cleavage by antibody-targeted Micrococcal Nuclease solubilizes specific protein-DNA complexes for paired-end DNA sequencing. When applied to budding yeast, CUT&RUN profiling yields precise genome-wide maps of histone modifications, histone variants, transcription factors, and ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, while avoiding cross-linking and solubilization issues associated with the most commonly used chromatin profiling technique Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Furthermore, targeted chromatin complexes cleanly released by CUT&RUN can be used as input for a subsequent native immunoprecipitation step (CUT&RUN.ChIP) to simultaneously map two epitopes in single molecules genome-wide. The intrinsically low background and high resolution of CUT&RUN and CUT&RUN.ChIP allows for identification of transient genomic features such as dynamic nucleosome-remodeling intermediates. Starting from cells, one can perform CUT&RUN or CUT&RUN.ChIP and obtain purified DNA for sequencing library preparation in 2 days.

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Tadros, Tharwat. "Controlled Release." In Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20665-8_56.

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Huynh, Cong Truc, and Doo Sung Lee. "Controlled Release." In Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36199-9_314-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Controlled released"

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Ramachandran, Sunder, Kirk Miner, Michael Greaves, Jason Thomas, and Vladimir Jovancicevic. "Optimizing the Treatment of Low Flow Pipelines Using a Time-Released Product with the Use of Residence Time Distribution Models." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10328.

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Abstract Many shallow gas systems in North America experience a large decline in production with time. Flow rates are often low and liquid residence times are long in such systems. A new time-released, encapsulated product has been developed for such systems. Residence time distribution functions are often used to understand reactant conversion in non-ideal reactors and it is believed that their use in understanding the transport of chemicals can be applicable in corrosion control of slow moving systems. There are many parameters that affect the deliverability, effectiveness and control of the time-release of products in an oilfield system. One factor is the diffusion of inhibitor within the polymer matrix (i.e. pellet). This can be controlled by particle size. Other factors are related to the mass transfer to an external fluid phase and the intrinsic residence time of fluids within the system. Some factors can be controlled by the design of the product while others are controlled by the system conditions. In many pipeline-gathering systems for sour gas, the residence time of fluids is relatively long. In this presentation, the factors controlling time release of the product are discussed. Laboratory results on product release are best fit to an appropriate diffusion-mass transfer model of the product. A residence-time distribution model for an existing field in Canada is developed based on the best fit of an earlier field trial. The residence-time distribution with a model of time release of a newly developed product has been used to predict the time release in a field trial. The predictions and the actual experimental results of the field trial will be compared in different systems in terms of long-term inhibitor release profile.

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Lyublinskii, E. Ya. "Copper-Based Antifouling Coatings with Controlled Efficiency." In CORROSION 1995. NACE International, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1995-95215.

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Abstract Copper and its compounds are the active ingredients most used in antifouling marine paints today. The efficiency of these antifouling coatings, however, is typically only 30 to 40 percent, and their useful life two years or less. By properly optimizing a thermal spray copper-bearing coating system, however, it is possible to create an antifouling coating with an efficiency of 80 to 90 percent and a useful life of up to twenty years. The antifouling properties of such a coating are a function of the type and concentration of copper compounds released at the surface. They are also a function of the biological activity of the sea water. Optimization of a coating is accomplished by controlling four factors: coating composition, application method, treatment of the coating following application, and surface potential of the coating relative to the structural material being coated. Full optimization also extends coating life by limiting dissolution of the copper during periods of high water flow rate, when macrofouling is not normally a concern but dissolution tends to be at a maximum.

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Weghorn, Steven J., Clyde W. Reese, and Bill Oliver. "Field Evaluation of an Encapsulated Time-Release Corrosion Inhibitor." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07321.

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Abstract An encapsulated time-release corrosion inhibitor has proven to be highly effective against CO2 corrosion in a field trial on 20 oil producing wells. The field trial ran from June 2005 through March 2006 in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California. The technology relies upon a product delivery mode in which the corrosion inhibitor is released in a time-controlled manner from the water-hydrocarbon interfacial region in the annulus of the well. This mode of product delivery successfully afforded a near-continuous corrosion inhibitor treatment while using a conventional batch-type application technique. A two-fold to seven-fold increase in inhibitor usage efficiency was realized during this trial, as was a minimum two-month treatment interval. The technology proved effective in both rod pumped and electric submersible pumped (ESP) wells.

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Viglione, Jennavieve F., and Ali Kiapour. "Controlled Release Transdermal Patch." In 2024 IEEE MIT Undergraduate Research Technology Conference (URTC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/urtc65039.2024.10937605.

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Li, Wenyan, and Luz M. Calle. "Controlled Release Microcapsules for Smart Coatings." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07228.

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Abstract Corrosion in service is a serious problem for most military operations. The cost of corrosion includes manpower, materials used to repair corrosion damage, equipment downtime, and reduced capacity due to corrosion damage. A considerable number of corrosion problems can be solved by coatings. However, even the best protective coatings can fail by allowing the slow diffusion of oxygen and moisture to the metal surface. Corrosion accelerates when a coating delaminates. Often, the problems start when microscopic nicks or pits on the surface develop during manufacturing or through wear and tear. This problem can be solved by the incorporation of a self-healing function into the coating. Several new concepts are currently under development to incorporate this function into a coating. Conductive polymers, nanoparticles, and microcapsules are used to release corrosion-inhibiting ions at a defect site. The objective of this investigation is to develop a smart coating for the early detection and inhibition of corrosion. The dual function of this new smart coating system is performed by pH-triggered release microcapsules. The microcapsules can be used to deliver healing agents to terminate the corrosion process at its early stage or as corrosion indicators by releasing dyes at the localized corrosion sites. The dyes can be color dyes or fluorescent dyes, with or without pH sensitivity. Corrosion indicator (pH indicator) and corrosion inhibitor containing microcapsules were formed and incorporated into paint systems. Test panels of selected steels and aluminum alloys were coated using these paints. Testing of compatibility between the microcapsule system and different paint systems are in progress. Initial experiments with the microcapsule containing paint show visible color changes at induced corrosion sites and improvement of corrosion protection. Further investigation of the performance of the coating using electrochemical techniques and long-term exposure is currently underway.

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Phang, Siew Wei, Lee Tin Sin, Soo-Tueen Bee, and Tiam-Ting Tee. "Release kinetic model of nitrogen released encapsulated in starch-alginate controlled released urea: Diffusion and its decay release." In 13TH INTERNATIONAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CONFERENCE (13TH EURECA 2019). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0001499.

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Norudin, Norsyazwani Solehah, Hajaratul Najwa Mohamed, and Nor Aisyah Mat Yahya. "Controlled released alginate-inulin hydrogel: Development and in-vitro characterization." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (ICAST’18). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5055515.

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Zeimer, Ran C., Bahram Khoobehi, Gholam A. Peyman, Richard L. Magin, and Michael R. Niesman. "Externally Controlled Delivery of Dyes in the Eye: A Potential New Method to Assess Retinal Blood Circulation." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1988.thb1.

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A new drug and dye delivery system is proposed to allow repeated release of substances in the ocular vasculature under external control. The substances are encapsulated in heat-sensitive liposomes1 which are lysed by locally applying a heat pulse produced by an argon laser. The feasibility of lysing heat-sensitive liposomes by laser irradiation was first tested in vitro by encapsulating carboxyfluorescein and monitoring its release. The liposomes’ suspension was dialyzed, to remove the dye that was not encapsulated, and diluted 400 times in calf serum to mimic the dilution factor expected in humans following a slow intravenous injection of about 12cc of liposomes. The preparation was placed in a cuvette and incubated in a bath at 37°C or 38.5°C. A commercial ophthalmic argon laser was used to deliver pulses of blue light at 488nm. The cuvette was placed away from the focal plane to obtain a beam spot 2 mm in diameter which covered the whole sample. The amount of carboxyfluorescein released was assessed by measuring its fluorescence with a commercial fluorophotometer. The release yield was calculated as the ratio between the fluorescence of the irradiated sample and that of a controlled sample heated at he liposome transition temperature of 41°C. The results indicated that up to 85% of the original liposome content could be released by the exposure to the laser. We verified that the system behaved as anticipated by varying the incubating temperature. As the incubation temperature approached the transition temperature of 41°C, less energy was required to lyse the liposomes. Moreover, the release yield changed with energy in a manner similar to that of liposomes lysed by slowly heating the medium,1 indicating that the mechanism of release was not influenced by the fact that short pulses are used (50 to 500 msec). Of special importance was the observation that the non-irradiated liposomes exhibited minimal fluorescence due to concentration quenching while an intense fluorescence was present where carboxyfluorescein was released and diluted in the plasma following the lysis of the liposomes.

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Divetia, Asheesh, Nolan Yoshimura, Guann-Pynn Li, Baruch D. Kuppermann, and Mark Bachman. "Controlled and Programmable Drug Delivery Using a Self-Powered MEMS Device." In ASME 2007 2nd Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2007-38054.

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Controlled and targeted drug delivery systems have gained a lot of interest as they offer numerous benefits such as precise dosing, reduced side-effects and increased patient compliance. We have designed a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) drug delivery device that is capable of releasing drugs in a controlled and programmable manner. This self-powered device does not require any external stimulation or control to achieve pulsatile release of drugs. The device consists of multiple reservoirs containing the drug embedded together with a water-swellable polymer. The swelling of the polymer upon contact with water and the resulting pressure generated is used as an actuation mechanism to release drugs from each reservoir. The programmable release of the drug from the device is achieved by controlling the diffusion rate of water from the surrounding environment into each reservoir. The drug is released from the reservoir when the swellable polymer absorbs water from the environment and generates enough pressure to break an overlying rupturable membrane. We have demonstrated that controlled and pulsatile drug delivery can be achieved using this delivery device, without any external power or control.

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Ozbolat, Ibrahim T., A. K. M. B. Khoda, and Bahattin Koc. "Bioadditive Manufacturing of Hybrid Tissue Scaffolds for Controlled Release Kinetics." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86218.

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Development of engineered tissue scaffolds with superior control over cell-protein interactions is still very much infancy. Advancing through heterogeneous multifold scaffolds with controlled release fashion enables synchronization of regenerating tissue with the release kinetics of loaded biomolecules. This might be an engineering challenge and promising approach for improved and efficient tissue regeneration. The most critical limitations: the selection of proper protein(s) incorporation, and precise control over concentration gradient and timing should be overcome. Hence, tissue scaffolds need to be fabricated in a way that proteins or growth factors should be incorporated and released in a specific spatial and temporal orientation to mimic the natural tissue regeneration process. Spatial and temporal control over heterogeneous porous tissue scaffolds can be achieved by controlling two important parameters: (i) internal architecture with enhanced fluid transport, and (ii) distribution of scaffold base material and loaded modifiers. In this research, heterogeneous tissue scaffolds are designed considering both the parameters. Firstly, the three-dimensional porous structures of the scaffold are geometrically partition into functionally uniform porosity regions and controlled spatial micro-architecture has been achieved using a functionally gradient porosity function. The bio-fabrication of the designed internal porous architecture has been performed using a single nozzle bioadditive manufacturing system. The internal architecture scheme is developed to enhance fluid transport with continuous base material deposition. Next, the hybrid tissue scaffolds are modeled with varying material characteristics to mediate the release of base material and enclosed biological modifiers are proposed based on tissue engineering requirements. The hybrid scaffolds are fabricated for spatial control of biomolecules and base material to synchronize the release kinetics with tissue regeneration. A pressure-assisted multi-chamber single nozzle bioadditive manufacturing system is used to fabricate hybrid scaffolds.

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Reports on the topic "Controlled released"

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Kromwijk, Arca, Bram van Haaster, and Johan Steenhuizen. Vermindering emissie van meststoffen met controlled released fertilizers (CRF) bij potorchidee (Phalaenopsis). Wageningen University & Research, BU Glastuinbouw, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/425039.

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Blair, W. R., G. J. Olson, and F. E. Brinckman. Characterization of long term controlled release dynamics and identification of butyltin species released from OMP impregnated wood pilings. National Bureau of Standards, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.87-3518.

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Kromwijk, Arca. Vermindering emissie van meststoffen met controlled released fertilizers (CRF) in combinatie met recirculatie : implementatie in de praktijk in teelt van potorchideeën (Phalaenopsis). Stichting Wageningen Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Business unit Glastuinbouw, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/537259.

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Zheng, You-you, Ning Liang, Long-kun Liu, et al. Effectiveness and Safety of Chinese Patent Medicine for Functional Constipation: A Systematic Review and Network-Meta Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0049.

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Review question / Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese patent medicine in treatment of functional constipation by using the Network Meta-Analysis. 1. Types of participants: participants diagnosed as functional constipation according to Rome III, Rome IV or other published criteria or guidelines. No limitation on types of FC, age, sex, and nation. Children and pregnant women were excluded. Participants who had other constipation-related diseases including irritable bowel syndrome, functional defecation disorders and opioid-induced constipation were excluded. 2 Types of Interventions. Chinese patent medicine which have been registered with the approval batch number beginning with “Z,” approved by Chinese National Medical Product Administration (NMPA), used alone or in combination with Polyethylene Glycol, Lactulose, Bisacodyl, Prucalopride Succinate, probiotic, or Mosapride which recommended by latest clinical guidelines released by authorized organizations. The dosage, formulation, and route of administration of Chinese patent medicine were not limited. 3 Types of control. Registered Chinese patent medicines used alone, Polyethylene Glycol, Lactulose, Bisacodyl, Prucalopride Succinate, probiotic, Mosapride which recommended by latest clinical guidelines released by authorized organizations or placebo were eligible. 4 Types of outcomes. Primary outcomes were the clinical effect, score of dyschezia and defecation time. Secondary outcomes were adverse events and recurrence rate. 5 Types of study design. Parallel randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Conference abstracts were excluded if full articles were not available.

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Price, Donald. SM-403-148100-R01 Mineral Wells 2012 RAM Gas and Oil Leak Detection Field Study Results. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010851.

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In June 2012, the RAM Program conducted a comprehensive field study to evaluate the performance of current off the shelf sensor technologies for detecting gas and oil leaks on pipelines. This study had three key objectives: 1. Evaluate the capabilities of current technologies that are offered commercially for methane leak detection monitoring using standard pipeline patrol aircraft 2. Provide a test location for development of emerging technologies that are not yet commercially available for pipeline leak detection 3. Assess the feasibility of using airborne sensors to detect staged liquid oil leaks The field study was conducted on two of Enbridge�s operating pipelines located near Mineral Wells, Texas. This location provided realistic conditions for assessing the capabilities and limitations of automated sensor systems that are currently available for leak detection. Three airborne leak detection vendors (Lasen, Pergam, and New Era Technology), and one ground vehicle vendor (Picarro), completed the field study. The field study was performed as part of the 2012 PRCI RAM program that is primarily focused on leak detection technologies using aerial platforms. The study tested a range of sensors designed for gas leak detection using systems mounted on helicopters and fixed wing aircraft. Enbridge staged a series of controlled gas releases simulating pipeline gas leaks. Qualified operators released a series of prescribed natural gas leaks from 8 known locations along the pipelines in order to simulate transmission leaks of varying sizes. Additionally, Enbridge placed 8 liquid petroleum targets along the test pipelines. These gas and oil targets allowed for a direct comparison of technology performance against a known set of conditions. Standard leak patrol methods (ground survey with foot patrol) were also used to identify any emission sources other than the controlled releases. The results from the field study show that 3 of the 4 vendor sensor technologies tested are now feasible alternatives for gas leak detection. The findings for liquid leak detection were promising, but inconclusive due to plume overlaps between gas and oil targets. The sensors used by the vendors in this field test were optimized for detecting methane gas and not oil vapors. Therefore, until additional studies are performed on liquid hydrocarbon volatilization, it is premature to conclude that the tested technologies are or are not appropriate for oil leak detection.

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Randen, Neil A. Controlled-Release Personal Use Arthropod Repellent Formulation. Phase 2. Defense Technical Information Center, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/adb112150.

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Randen, Neil A. Controlled-Release Personal Use Arthropod Repellent Formulation. Phase 3. Defense Technical Information Center, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/adb116939.

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Wicker, Louise, and Nissim Garti. Entrapment and controlled release of nutraceuticals from double emulsions stabilized by pectin-protein hybrids. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695864.bard.

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Original Objectives Specific objectives are to: (1) modify charge and hydrophobicity of pectins to improve emulsion stabilizing properties (2) develop emulsions that can be sterically stabilized using modified pectins and/or pectin/protein hybrids (3) obtain submicronal inner emulsion droplets (10-50 nanometers) with small and monodispersed double emulsion (1-2 μm) droplets with long-term stability (possibly by emulsified microemulsions) and (4) trigger and control the release at will. Background Methodology for encapsulation and controlled release of selected addenda, e.g. drugs, vitamins, phytochemicals, flavors, is of major impact in the food industries. Stable double emulsions with desired solubilization and release properties of selected addenda are formed using charge modified pectin or pectin-protein hybrids. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements * We developed methodology to isolate PME isozymes and prepared modified pectins in sufficient quantity to characterize, form single and double emulsions and test stability. *Amino acid sequence of PME isozymes was estimated and will facilitate cloning of PME for commercial application * The contribution of total charge and distribution of charge of modified pectin was determined *Soluble complexes or modified pectins and whey isolates are formed * Stable W/O/W double emulsions were formed that did not cream, had small particle size * Inner phase of double emulsions are nano-sized and stable. These new structures were termed emulsified microemulsions (EME) * Release of bioactives were controlled between a few days to months depending on layering on droplets by hybrids * Commercial testing by Israeli company of stability and release of Vitamin C showed good chemical stability Implications Resolved the major stability limitation of W/O/W emulsions. Resolved the questions regarding citrus PMEs and tailored pilot scale modification of pectins.

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Killorn, Randy, Marianela Gonzalez, Jeffrey Moore, and David Haden. Effect of Controlled-Release N Fertilizer on Corn Grain Yield. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-621.

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Citarrella, Maria Clara, Emmanuel Fortunato Gulino, and Roberto Scaffaro. Green composites for fertilizer controlled release produced by compression molding and FDM. Peeref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54985/peeref.2303p8203188.

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