Academic literature on the topic 'Convenience sample'

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Journal articles on the topic "Convenience sample"

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Murray, Gregg R., Cynthia R. Rugeley, Dona-Gene Mitchell, and Jeffery J. Mondak. "Convenient yet not a convenience sample: Jury pools as experimental subject pools." Social Science Research 42, no. 1 (January 2013): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.06.002.

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Alessi, Mark G., and Craig A. Miller. "Comparing a Convenience Sample Against a Random Sample of Duck Hunters." Human Dimensions of Wildlife 17, no. 2 (March 2012): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2012.618941.

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Raeburn, Susan D., John Hipple, William Delaney, and Kris Chesky. "Surveying Popular Musicians’ Health Status Using Convenience Samples." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 18, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2003.3020.

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This article describes findings from two separate convenience samples of popular musicians’ health status, access to and use of health care, health habits, and related attitudes surveyed in 1996-1997. Sample 1 consisted of 111 musicians attending one of three regional music conferences (in Portland, OR, Austin, TX, or San Francisco, CA). The findings from sample 1 consist of demographics and music career-related information; current medical problems; nonmusculoskeletal (N-MS) and musculoskeletal (MS) problems that affected performance in the previous year; access to and use of health care; health habits related to alcohol, drug use, and smoking, use of hearing protection; and several health-related attitudes. Sample 2 consisted of 115 musicians surveyed in 1996 by mail from a random sample of a musicians’ union list, by face-to-face interview during music club jobs in Dallas, Texas, or at a music conference in New Orleans, Louisiana. The findings from sample 2 are generally limited to N-MS and MS problems that affected performance in the previous year, health habits, and some health-related attitudes. Basic findings for sample 1 were as follows: 26% cited a current medical problem, 49% had at least one N-MS problem, 74% had at least one MS problem, and 42% reported hearing loss. In sample 2, 37% of the musicians reported hearing loss. Overall percentages for N-MS and MS problems for sample 2 were not available, but percentages for specific problems are delineated. Depression and anxiety were among the most frequently cited N-MS problems for both samples. Pain and stiffness were the most frequently reported MS problems for both samples. Ten percent of sample 1 musicians and 16% of sample 2 musicians indicated that alcohol or drug use had hurt their performance in the previous year. More than half of the musicians in sample 1 and sample 2 had health insurance, but most obtained it through non-music-related jobs or family coverage. Although the generalizability of the findings is limited significantly by the nonrandom nature of the samples and generally low response rates, this study nonetheless contributes provisional information on popular musicians’ health status. The findings are compared with other musician samples where possible, including some previously unpublished health findings from the University of North Texas Musicians’ Health Survey on the Internet. Specific concerns and strategies for future research on popular musicians’ health status are suggested.
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Thatcher, W. Gregory, and J. Wanzer Drane. "On Treating A Survey Of Convenience Sample As A Simple Random Sample." Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods 2, no. 2 (November 1, 2003): 478–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1067646060.

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Mullinix, Kevin J., Thomas J. Leeper, James N. Druckman, and Jeremy Freese. "The Generalizability of Survey Experiments." Journal of Experimental Political Science 2, no. 2 (2015): 109–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2015.19.

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AbstractSurvey experiments have become a central methodology across the social sciences. Researchers can combine experiments’ causal power with the generalizability of population-based samples. Yet, due to the expense of population-based samples, much research relies on convenience samples (e.g. students, online opt-in samples). The emergence of affordable, but non-representative online samples has reinvigorated debates about the external validity of experiments. We conduct two studies of how experimental treatment effects obtained from convenience samples compare to effects produced by population samples. In Study 1, we compare effect estimates from four different types of convenience samples and a population-based sample. In Study 2, we analyze treatment effects obtained from 20 experiments implemented on a population-based sample and Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk). The results reveal considerable similarity between many treatment effects obtained from convenience and nationally representative population-based samples. While the results thus bolster confidence in the utility of convenience samples, we conclude with guidance for the use of a multitude of samples for advancing scientific knowledge.
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Hultsch, David F., Stuart W. S. MacDonald, Michael A. Hunter, Scott B. Maitland, and Roger A. Dixon. "Sampling and generalisability in developmental research: Comparison of random and convenience samples of older adults." International Journal of Behavioral Development 26, no. 4 (July 2002): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250143000247.

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Research in the developmental sciences is based largely on samples of convenience rather than samples drawn at random from the population. The important question of whether results observed in samples of convenience generalise to the larger population has not been studied directly. Because of demographic growth in the proportion of older adults in the population and increases in diversity across the lifespan, it is especially important to address this issue in aging adults. We compared the performance of older adults (65–100 years) on demographic and psychological measures for a random sample of community dwelling adults and two samples of convenience. Significant differences were observed on less than half the variables. When differences were present, participants in the convenience samples were advantaged compared to participants from the random sample. Differences were larger in some domains than others but remained small to moderate in magnitude. There were minimal differences in between-person variability and patterns of correlations among variables between the convenience and random samples. Results indicate the need for additional studies contrasting random and convenience samples to explore the parameters of external validity in psychological aging research.
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Pernice, Regina E., Reidar Ommundsen, Kees Van Der Veer, and Knud Larsen. "On use of Student Samples for Scale Construction." Psychological Reports 102, no. 2 (April 2008): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.102.2.459-464.

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This research note responds to the question of whether a convenience sample of undergraduate students may be successfully utilized in concept development and in scale construction, and in what way the results are comparable to the findings of a representative national sample. The results of a Mokken analysis in both samples support the hypothesis that convenience samples have utility in concept development and in developing measures that can also be used in representative samples.
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Zhao, Mingyan, Guanqun Chen, Taoran Li, Can Sheng, Yuxia Li, and Ying Han. "The Impact of Study Setting on Clinical Characteristics in Older Chinese Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline: Baseline Investigation of Convenience and Population-Based Samples." BioMed Research International 2021 (June 4, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5538323.

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Background. Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is the earliest symptom stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Previous studies have shown that the study setting is an important influence factor of SCD. However, the effect of this factor among a Chinese population with SCD is not clear. Here, we aim to compare the clinical characteristics of SCD between a convenience and a population-based sample in China. Methods. We included a convenience sample of 212 SCD subjects and a population-based sample of 110 SCD subjects. We performed univariate analysis to evaluate the between-group differences in sociodemographic characteristics, neuropsychological performance, psychiatric conditions, different cognitive domains, and the SCD-plus criteria. Multiple linear regression model was established, adjusted for sex, age, and education, and compared the neuropsychological performance between the groups. Results. The convenience sample had more years of education, a higher family history of dementia, and higher neuropsychological and anxiety depression score than the population-based sample. Using sex, age, education, group as the independent variables, and neuropsychological score as the dependent variable, multiple linear regression model was established; a statistically significant neuropsychological score difference (MoCA-B, AVLT-H-N4, AVLT-H-N5, AVLT-H-N7, AFT, and STT-B) was found between the two samples. In the SCD cognitive domains, the population-based sample had more complaints about declines in their language and planning domains. For SCD-plus criteria in memory domain, the convenience sample had more complaints, worry, and cognitive decline within the last 5 years, along with medical help-seeking. Conclusion. There were some different characteristics among SCD individuals between convenience samples and population-based samples in China.
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LeCroy, Craig Winston, and Skyler Milligan-LeCroy. "Public perceptions of child maltreatment: A national convenience sample." Children and Youth Services Review 119 (December 2020): 105677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105677.

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S, Dr Devarajappa. "Empirical Study On Challenges Of Dalit Households Towards Their Economic Development." Think India 22, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i2.8413.

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The main aim of the present study is to examine the problems among dalit families. In this study convenience sampling designs are selected. Convenience sampling is obtained by selecting convenient population being investigated which is selected neither by probability nor by judgment but by convenience. In the present study a sample size of 120 Dalit families. For this purpose statistical tools like, mean, percentage, correlation coefficient have been used. It is observed in the study that, seventy years after independence, dalits are suffering from landlessness, unemployment, Nutrition, lack of communication, therefore, in this regard governments and other welfare corporations has to make serious efforts for upliftment of dalits economically
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Convenience sample"

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Pfaff, Christine. "Sleep Habits and Caffeine Use In College Students: A Convenience Sample." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1374513108.

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Cho, Alyssa Marie. "Feasibility and acceptability of different web-based dietary tools in an outpatient convenience sample of participants with Parkinson's disease." Thesis, Rush University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10648541.

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Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was two-fold: 1) to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a web-based food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and web-based Mediterranean Eating Pattern for Americans III (MEPA III) dietary screener and 2) to perform preliminary validation of the screener in terms of accordance to a Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDAc) among individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods: A convenience sample of 26 participants with PD completed a web-based FFQ and screener, both of which were assessed for feasibility and acceptability. Feasibility was defined as >74% of participants completing tools and meeting specified criteria. Acceptability was defined on the basis of responses to exit questionnaires as 80% acceptable to 70% of participants. For validation, FFQ-derived food and nutrient intakes characteristic of a Mediterranean pattern were compared between participants assessed as MDAc (with scores greater than or equal to the median screener score), and those considered non-MDAc.

Results: Of participants (mean age 67.8 ± 7.9, 73.1% Hoehn and Yahr stage 2) who completed the questionnaires, exactly 86% found the screener feasible. The FFQ was not considered feasible (only 73% met the criteria). The FFQ was acceptable to 19 (73%) participants and therefore considered overall acceptable (≥ 70% sample). The screener was not considered acceptable as only 17 (65%) participants rated it acceptable (<70% of the sample). Mean MEPA III score was 10.9; the median, 11. A total of 15 of 26 participants were deemed MDAc. Compared to the non-MDAc, MDAc participants consumed 1 oz more servings of fish per week (p=.05) and less trans fatty acids (0.7% less than non-MDAc, p=.02). MEPA III scores correlated with FFQ estimates of fish (r=.39, p=.05), dark leafy greens (r=.58, p=.002), vitamin C (r=.53, p=.005), and vitamin K (r=.40, p=.05), and inversely with saturated fats (r=-.41, p=.04) and trans fats (r=-.66, p<.001). Kappa statistics for individual components of the MEPA III indicated that servings of fish (&kgr; =.34, p=.05), alcohol (&kgr;=.44, p=.02), whole grains (&kgr; =.36, p=.02), and fast food (&kgr; =.48, p=.01) were consistent with MDAc.

Conclusions: A web-based FFQ and dietary screener are feasible to complete by individuals with PD, but the screener requires further refinement to enhance acceptability of both the content and format. After these improvements can further validation of the screener occur.

Implications for individuals with Parkinson's Disease: It is imperative to provide a dietary assessment tool that is feasible and acceptable to this patient population in order to best understand dietary patterns for future research.

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Sefela, Fred. "The relationship between emotional intelligence and changeoriented leadership style of managers and the OCB of non-academic staff members at a tertiary institution in the Western Cape." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6438.

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Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom (IPS)
Organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) has been documented as an important work outcome that correlates positively with positive job performance. Engagement in OCBs is not a random event, and it depends on a myriad of factors that include the organisation's ability to put in place measures to develop employees' emotional intelligence. Change-oriented leadership plays a pivotal role in fostering emotional intelligence and the engagement in OCBs as the 21st century organisation strives to adapt to changes in the external environment. The primary goal of the study was to conduct an investigation of the relationships between change-oriented leadership, emotional intelligence and OCB. The secondary aim of the study was to validate a theoretical model explaining the structural relationships between these variables in a South African University. A convenience sample consisting of 206 support staff at a selected university in the Western Cape Province was drawn. Generally, high levels of reliability were found in the sub-scales of the latent variables. In addition, the unidimensionality of the sub-scales was tested using exploratory factor analyses (EFA). The overall measurement and structural models were ascertained using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural modelling, respectively, using the LISREL 8.80 software. The Reasonable model fit was found for the overall measurement model of the specific latent variables through confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Structural equation modelling (SEM) also showed reasonable model fit for the structural model.
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Rabon-Stith, Karma Melisa. "The Relationship Between Select Variables and the Breast Cancer Screening Practices of a Convenient Sample of African-American Women From Grambling State University and the Willis-Knighton Neighborhood Clinic." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27239.

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One of the leading causes of mortality for African-American women is breast cancer. The national breast cancer mortality rate for African-American women is 28.0 per 100,000. However, African-American women residing in Northwest Louisiana have a breast cancer mortality rate of 34.5 per 100,000 (American Cancer Society; National Cancer Institute; Landis, Murry, Boldern & Wingo, 1998). This is the fourth highest of all women living in the United States (Early Cancer Detection Program, Annual Report, 1999). Breast cancer mortality is correlated to the stage at diagnosis. The earlier breast cancer is diagnosed and treated, the more likely women can survive the disease (Davis, Axelrod, Osborne & Telang, 1997). African-American women are frequently diagnosed with breast cancer at an advanced stage (Phillips, Cohen, & Moses, 1999). The frequent advanced stage diagnosis may be due to African-American women breast cancer screening practices. When done correctly and as recommended, breast cancer screening can help women detect breast cancer at an early stage, when it is most treatable. Since African-American women residing in Northwest Louisiana have the fourth highest national mortality rate, and little is known about their compliance with the recommendations of the American Cancer Society regarding breast cancer screening, there is a need to identify these practices of African-American women in Northwest Louisiana.The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between select variables and breast cancer screening practice. A questionnaire was used to gather information from a convenient sample of 273 African-American women recruited from two sites located in Northwest Louisiana -- Grambling State University and the Willis-Knighton Neighborhood Clinic. The questionnaire was used to gather information about: demographics, knowledge, and individual breast cancer risk factors (age of menarche, full term pregnancy, history of breast condition or disease, type of breast condition or disease, age when gave birth to first child, menopause, age menopause began). Andersen's theoretical framework served as the guiding theory for the study. The hypotheses were analyzed by the chi square test of independence and logistic regression.Results from the chi-square test of independence indicated that breast cancer screening is dependent upon age, education, income, age when gave birth to first child, menopause, and age menopause began. In contrast, breast cancer screening is independent of breast cancer knowledge, age of menarche, full term pregnancy, history of breast condition or disease, type of breast condition or disease, and family history of breast cancer. Logistic regression was used to predict the odds of breast cancer screening compliance by the women in this study. The analysis found that having an annual income of 25,000 - 39,999 as the strongest income predictor of non-compliance. Logistic regression analysis found that having a Master's degree was the strongest educational attainment predictor of non-compliance.
Ph. D.
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TAI, CHIAO-JUNG, and 戴巧蓉. "Exploring Consumer's Intentions Towards Using Convenience Store APP--An Example of Family-Mart Sample." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yum78v.

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碩士
南華大學
資訊管理學系
107
In Taiwan, convenience store compete with each other. In order to have more sales, differentmarketing strategies for promotion are brought out, such as set points, buy on get one free, pre-order sale, etc. However, it's not very convenient for customers to collect points by collecting stickers or record their pre-orders by paper and cross out one point each time. In order to conquer these difficulties, Family Mart developed the APPs for members to collect points and to record their pre-orders that they can check up easily and make transaction quickly.   The study exploes the customers' intention of using Family Mart's APP through technology acceptance model. It aims people who have installed the Family Mart's APP. Samples are collected ramdomly on the internet. After collecting the questionaires, data are analyzed in order to exploare the factors that influence users' intention.
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Lin, Li Chun, and 林莉純. "Measurement and An Empirical Study on Services Convenience: Taking National Science and Technology Museum and Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts as samples." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79834708887913213113.

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碩士
義守大學
管理科學研究所
92
The importance of service industry is undoubted. Service convenience, particularly, attracts a lot of discussions in recent years, nevertheless, rare related empirical researches. Berry, Seiders and Grewal (2002) address a conceptual structure of “service convenience” which explains the spirit of service convenience. As a result, this research selects service convenience, service characteristics, individual consumer differences, and service evaluation from the model as the concepts to be examined. The research also selects two important social education institutions in the lifelong learning environment supported by the Government, i.e., Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts and National Science and Technology Museum, as the research subjects. This research was implemented during winter vacation in 2004. This research uses survey research as the research method, systematic sampling as the sampling method. With a sampling rate of 1/10, 420 samples are collected, in which 406 are valid samples. The return rate is 96.67%. The primary research results have been exhibited as the follows: A. In the dimension of “service characteristics” and “service convenience”, the research finds that the higher the labor intensiveness, the more important the decision convenience; the higher the inseparability, the more important the access convenience. B. In the dimension of “service convenience”, the research finds that consumers pay more attention to the cost of time of transaction convenience than decision convenience and access convenience. It also finds that consumers tend to have higher negative impact on the negative perception of benefit convenience than the negative perception of decision convenience, access convenience or transaction convenience. C. In the dimension of “individual consumer differences” and “service convenience”, the research finds that respondents who get more empathy service tend to perceive higher service convenience. It also finds that respondents who are more familiar with the system provider, tend to perceive higher service convenience. D. “Service convenience” is positive related with “quality”, “satisfaction” and “fairness”. E. The respondents think that Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts has higher supply constraints and labor intensiveness than National Science and Technology Museum. The respondents of National Science and Technology Museum perceive higher postbenefit convenience (message feedback) than the respondents of Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts. Key words: service marketing, service convenience, satisfaction, service quality, museum marketing
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Bukula, Thembani. "A pilot study on the influence of educational interventions on domestic electricity consumers." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13825.

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This pilot study consists of two parts. The first part investigates the extent to which the domestic electricity consumers intend to use and use energy efficiently using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. The second part investigates the extent to which the Energy @ Home educational intervention changed the domestic electricity consumers’ behaviour. For the first part of the study an advertisement was published and a convenience stratified sample of 61 domestic electricity consumers were selected from the 290 respondents. Data was collected from the domestic electricity consumers via a questionnaire and a telephone response log. The co-relational research design was used to investigate the relationship between the predictor variables the independent variables in the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Simple linear regression analysis resulted in F statistic for the predicted behavioural intention was 29.74 with a p value less than 0.0001 which indicates significant statistical evidence of a linear relation between the predictor variables and the independent variables. The r2 of 0.87 implies that data points that fall closely along the best fit line. Therefore the predictor variables were good predictors of the response variable. All the participants that intended to use electricity efficiently confirmed via the telephone that they were using electricity efficiently. In the second part of the study 11 out of the 61 participants were chosen to participate in the Energy @ Home educational intervention and television program. Data was collected via the Energy audit log and the electricity consumption log. The participants intended to save between 2% and 35% of their electricity consumption and the actual electricity consumption savings were between 2% and 30%.
Science and Technology Education
M. Sc. (Mathematics, Physics & Technology Education (Physics Education))
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Books on the topic "Convenience sample"

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Kaoma, Kapya J. The Marriage of Convenience. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037726.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses how the myth that sexual rights are Western impositions has taken solid root in African theological and political discourse, in spite of the established fact that homosexuality was practiced in traditional societies. Right-leaning American and African religious and political leaders unabashedly claim that homosexual behaviors were introduced by Western progressives—giving them a neocolonial nexus. Sadly, scapegoating the West for what is essentially African diversity in sexual behaviors increases the culture of silence that surrounds sexuality across the continent. However, there is undoubtedly a very public outcry or countermobilization against homosexuality in today's Africa. Postcolonial Africa is highly critical of colonial laws and values, but one colonial legacy is the English law that reads the same across Anglophone Africa.
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Ryan, Renee, Regina Scott, and Louise M. Gouge. LIH - Lone Star Cowboy League - The Founding Years Sampler: Stand-In Rancher Daddy a Family for the Rancher a Rancher of Convenience. Harlequin Enterprises, Limited, 2016.

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Hartmann, Andrea S., and Ulrike Buhlmann. Prevalence and Underrecognition of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0005.

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Large epidemiologic studies across Western countries that used DSM-IV and DSM-5 diagnostic criteria have found a point prevalence rate of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) of 1.7% to 2.9%. The prevalence of BDD is higher in clinical samples. Gender ratios in epidemiologic studies show a slight preponderance of females, which is confirmed in most convenience and clinical samples. Prevalence rates appear to be highest in younger (adolescent) subsamples. Other demographic correlates include a lower likelihood of being in a committed relationship, less education, lower household income, and higher unemployment rates. Key clinical correlates from epidemiologic studies are greater depression, anxiety, and somatoform symptoms and more frequent suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Reasons for the underrecognition of BDD include shame, fear of not being understood by the clinician, lack of readiness for treatment, skepticism about treatment or belief in the superiority of other forms of treatment (such as cosmetic treatment), and lack of financial coverage for treatment.
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Gazzarrini, Denise, and Giulio Perugi. Gender and Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0015.

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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) in females and males appears to have more similarities than differences; however, gender-related factors appear to influence some aspects of BDD’s clinical expression and prevalence. In epidemiologic studies, BDD is slightly more common in females than in males, but in clinical samples and samples of convenience, the gender ratio is more variable. Gender seems to influence some specific body parts of concern (e.g., men are more likely to be concerned about their genitals, women their breasts and legs). Women appear more likely than men to use certain camouflaging techniques and to pick their skin in response to skin concerns. Differences in comorbidity have also been reported, with substance use disorders more common in males and eating disorders more common in females. Men and women are equally likely to seek cosmetic treatment for BDD, which differs from the general population, but women are more likely to receive it. The possible influence of gender on treatment response deserves further research.
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Ritter, Michael, and Caroline J. Tolbert. Accessible Elections. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197537251.001.0001.

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This book explores the wide variation across states in convenience voting methods—absentee/mail voting, in-person early voting, same day registration—and provides new empirical analysis of the beneficial effects of these policies, not only in increasing voter turnout overall, but for disadvantaged groups. By measuring both convenience methods and implementation of the laws, the book improves on previous research. It draws generalizable conclusions about how these laws affect voter turnout by using population data from the fifty state voter files. Using individual vote histories, the design helps avoid bias in non-random assignment of states in adopting the laws. Many scholars and public officials have dismissed state election reform laws as failing to significantly increase turnout or address inequality in who votes. Accessible Elections underscores how state governments can modernize their election procedures to increase voter turnout and influence campaign and party mobilization strategies. Mail voting and in-person early voting are particularly important in the wake of Covid-19 to avoid election day crowds and ensure successful and equitable elections in states with large populations; the results of this study can help state governments more rapidly update voting for the 2020 general election and beyond.
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MacEacheron, Melanie, and Lorne Campbell. Moderation of Female–Female Competition for Matings by Competitors’ Age and Parity. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.27.

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Previous research on female intrasexual competition, especially but not only for matings or mateships, has largely been conducted using convenience samples of women of undergraduate status and therefore generally between the ages of 17 and 22. Even among such articles including women over 25, the majority do not focus on mate competition. There is a priori reason, however, to believe that intrasexual competition for matings and mateships would extend and change beyond this life stage. This chapter provides an overview of the literature on female intrasexual competition over women’s reproductive careers, discusses factors that should result in predictable changes in female intrasexual competition as women age, and proposes testable hypotheses that should help guide future research in this area of research. Based on this analysis, new theories concerning reproductive advantage derivable from acquiring the status of successful mother are proposed.
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Bhering, Leonardo Lopes. Estatística Experimental no Rbio. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-360-2.

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This book deals with a set of analyzes that can help the student / researcher to analyze the data of their academic and professional research. With theory and application, in a small and didactic example. Along with this presented step by step, it is shown how to proceed with the analysis of the same example in the Rbio software, so that the user is able to assimilate the theoretical and practical teachings at the same time. As statistical software is used in practice, due to its speed and convenience, this interface with the software was emphasized in this material. The Rbio software presented is free software owned by one of the authors of the work, with the capacity for several biometric-statistical analyzes. In this work only those analyzes related to experimentation were addressed.
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Furst, Eric M., and Todd M. Squires. Magnetic bead microrheology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655205.003.0008.

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Magnetism is a convenient force for actively pulling colloidal particles in a material. Many materials of interest in a microrheology experiment have a negligible magnetic susceptibility, and so embedded magnetic particles can be subject to relatively strong forces by fields imposed from outside of the sample. These are usually generated by electromagnets, but can also include the use of permanent magnets, or a combination of both. Such “magnetic tweezers” are used as sensitive force probes, capable of generating forces ranging from femtonewtons to nanonewtons. Magnetic forces and magnetic materials are reviewed and magnetic tweezer designs discussed. Linear and non-linear measurements using magnetic tweezers are presented, including studies yield stress and shear thinning. The operating regime of magnetic tweezer microrheology is presented, which enables microrheology experiments to access stiffer materials.
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Devos, Erik. Physical Commodities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656010.003.0007.

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Unlike other financial assets, commodities have a physical component that introduces additional complexities for valuation and hedging. Physical commodities are broadly classified into energy, metals, agricultural, and livestock with each having unique characteristics. Still, commodities of the same type are subject to varying degrees of quality. Commodity investments typically use futures contracts, as opposed to spot transactions. Most futures transactions are closed before expiration and physical delivery is infrequent. The futures price is rarely equal to the spot price, and the intertemporal difference is related to the carrying costs and benefits of possessing the underlying commodity. Carrying costs include transportation, insurance, storage, and opportunity costs, while benefits are reflected in convenience yield and lease rate. Speculators seek to profit from discrepancies between markets over time. Manufacturers and end users are more likely to conduct hedging transactions, while large-scale financial institutions are more likely to conduct speculative positions.
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Hausman, Laurence M. Office-Based Anesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0026.

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An anesthetic performed in a surgical or medical office, as opposed to a standard operating room within a hospital or ambulatory surgery center, is known as an office-based anesthetic. This venue for surgery and anesthesia has been widely utilized for past several decades. The practitioner generally has improved ease in scheduling of cases and convenience of performing surgery within the same office as preoperative and postoperative care; sometimes, the proceduralist will receive an enhanced professional fee from insurance companies. Surgery in an office has become increasingly overseen by both state and federal governmental agencies. This oversight often has been driven by concerns for patient safety and suitability of the patient and the procedure for this surgical venue. Three accrediting bodies can accredit an office for use as a surgical site. Ultimately, safety will rest on the preparedness of the anesthesiologist, proceduralist, office staff, and suitability of the office itself.
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Book chapters on the topic "Convenience sample"

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Rocco, Emilia. "Indicators for Monitoring the Survey Data Quality When Non-response or a Convenience Sample Occurs." In New Statistical Developments in Data Science, 233–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21158-5_18.

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Sozu, Takashi, Tomoyuki Sugimoto, Toshimitsu Hamasaki, and Scott R. Evans. "Convenient Sample Size Formula." In Sample Size Determination in Clinical Trials with Multiple Endpoints, 41–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22005-5_4.

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Cain, Lisa, and Katerina Berezina. "Robo-Tipping: Are Customers Game?" In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021, 222–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65785-7_20.

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AbstractThis study sought to investigate customer attitudes towards tipping robotic employees in bars. A convenience sample of participants who were 21 years of age or older and who had patronized a bar was recruited using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk platform. Of the 102 usable responses, only 15 participants had experienced robotic bartender service. Only 11 individuals (10.8%) in total said they would tip a robot; 10 of those were respondents who had acutally experienced robotic bartenders, representing 67% of that subsample. Participants listed efficiency and required maintenance as reasons for giving a tip to a robotic bartender. Out of 91 respondents who initially declined to tip a robotic bartender, 38 study participants (41.8%) agreed to tip if they knew that the collected funds would go to human employees. However, in the same group of respondents, only 14 (15.4%) agreed to tip in the scenario when tipping would serve as a learning experience for a robot to understand customer preferences. The rationale for not tipping included such reasoning as robots are machines that do not need extra income and cannot appreciate the gesture. This study suggests that explaining how the collected funds will be used may positively impact consumer intentions to tip a robotic bartender. This extra revenue may help offset the cost of the robot, and subsequently lower the prices of the drinks served at a robotic bar, thus making the product more affordable for a wider audience.
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Décieux, Jean Philippe. "Is There More Than the Answer to the Question? Device Use and Completion Time as Indicators for Selectivity Bias and Response Convenience in Online Surveys." In IMISCOE Research Series, 309–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_17.

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AbstractThe main objective of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) is to establish a longitudinal data set that provides information on life trajectories of international migrants. However, a large amount of paradata were also collected in order to obtain meta-information on respondents’ survey participation. This auxiliary information can help to optimize data quality at all stages of the survey process. By continuing the existing discussion in the field of online surveys, this chapter pursues a twofold objective: it reflects device usage (mobile vs. computer) and elucidates determinants of device choice. In particular, it analyses whether selectivity effects due to respondent’s device choices bias the sample. Moreover, this chapter investigates differences in response time between devices to detect differences in response burden. The analysis of response burden differences by device is an important issue, since an increased device-specific response burden can be a predictor of actual and further panel dropouts. In both device-specific selectivity and survey burden, only slight differences were found between mobile and desktop devices. Using these data, the following paper addresses the need to analyse potential sources of survey error and provides evidence that GERPS data do not appear to contain noteworthy bias attributed to device usage.
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Cleophas, Ton J., and Aeilko H. Zwinderman. "Fisher Exact Tests Convenient for Small Samples." In Clinical Data Analysis on a Pocket Calculator, 221–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27104-0_39.

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Zorn, Steffen, and Pedram Hayati. "The Captcha Conflict — A Consumer’S Choice Between Security and Convenience." In Marketing Dynamism & Sustainability: Things Change, Things Stay the Same…, 62–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10912-1_18.

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"Convenience Sample." In Encyclopedia of Biometrics, 203. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73003-5_787.

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"Convenience Sample." In Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures, 4178. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_5386.

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Dorsten, Linda Eberst. "Convenience Sample." In Interpreting Social and Behavioral Research, 111–14. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315266367-21.

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Machill, Marcel, Johannes Gerstner, and Sven Class. "Convenience Prevails Over Homemade." In Understanding the Interactive Digital Media Marketplace, 258–75. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61350-147-4.ch021.

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This contribution analyses the online video offer of local and regional daily newspapers. A sample of local and regional landscape press of 15 German newspaper1 websites offering online videos was investigated. The investigation was carried out with the method of a quantitative content analysis on the basis of an artificial week. The findings show that daily newspapers mainly place purchased videos of external providers (92 percent) in the local and regional area and hardly produced any material by themselves. The videos are themed accordingly: Only 16.2 percent of the videos deal with regional or local topics, and the lion’s share is taken by international topics (44.7 percent), while topics related to Germany in any way achieve about one third (31.5 percent). Almost half of the videos can be assorted to the “miscellaneous“ desk and, the reporting on political, economic, and social topics, as well as about sports and culture, is less comprehensive. It is also shown that videos are hardly used as a supplement of the remaining editorial offer of the Internet sites and that internal links to other pieces are hardly ever made. In conclusion, online videos are a fixed component of many local and regional news offers of daily newspapers on the Internet, today, but are however hardly used as an addition to the own local reporting competence.
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Conference papers on the topic "Convenience sample"

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Hammad, Mahmoud A., Sonja Mlaker Kac, Sandra S. G. Haddad, and Habiba S. El Rouby. "Investigation of energy resources and gas discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean region: the case of people’s expectations and social impacts in Egypt." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.v.2.

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This study discusses the expected social impacts due to the recent offshore gas findings and development in the Eastern Mediterranean region on human communities in Alexandrian in the North of Egypt. A sample of 401 respondents of ordinary people who are living in the Alexandria governorate were sampled for the study using a convenience non-random sampling approach. The study showed most people are somewhat familiar with the ongoing gas discoveries in the Mediterranean Sea. The study also revealed that the people in Egypt have relatively high expectations from these gas discoveries. The ordinary people in Egypt expected that such discoveries of gas would have many positive and negative social impacts side by side. They expected several social benefits of gas finds such as: the contribution to the diversification of the economy, infrastructural development, expanding social services, improvement of the standard of living, business and investment opportunities, employment.
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Wang, C. M., K. K. Ang, and C. Wang. "Vibration of Skew Sandwich Plates With Laminated Facings." In ASME 1997 Turbo Asia Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-aa-050.

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A Rayleigh-Ritz analysis is presented for the free vibration of skew sandwich plates composed of an orthotropic core and laminated facings. By proposing a set of Ritz functions consisting of the product of mathematically complete polynomial functions and the the boundary equations raised to appropriate powers, the Rayleigh-Ritz method can be automated to handle such composite plates with any combination of edge conditions. For convenience and better accurarcy, the Ritz formulation was derived in the skew coordinate system. Vibration frequencies of rectangular plates (a special case of skew plates) obtained via this method have been found to be in good agreement with previous researchers results. Owing to length limitation, only sample vibration frequencies for skew sandwich plates are presented.
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Vicente, Henrique, Alexandre Dias, Margarida Figueiredo, Humberto Chaves, and José Neves. "Assessment of Environmental Literacy." In Seventh International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head21.2021.13176.

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Nowadays, the issues related with environment preservation assume an increasing importance. Progressively, more sustainable solutions/techniques are being developed to combat environmental destruction. The decision to include themes related to the environment in the curriculum of technological courses in higher education aims to promote more sustainable behaviors and in an indirect way, increase the environmental literacy of the population. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the environmental literacy focusing on four topics, i.e., air pollution, water pollution, global warming, and energy resources. For this purpose, a questionnaire was developed and applied to a convenience sample, formed by individuals of both genders, aged between 20 and 81 years old. The questionnaire intended to collect data to characterize the sample and assess the literacy regarding environmental issues. In order to carry out the environmental literacy assessment, the respondents were asked to express their degree of agreement with some statements related with the environmental themes mentioned above. The data collected was analyzed using data mining tools. The results suggest that the population’s literacy is satisfactory in relation to some issues, but insufficient in relation to others, equally important, but less disseminated.
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Martins, Rosa, Francisco Almeida, Susana Batista, and Nélia Carvalho. "KNOWING TO EMPOWER: STUDY OF THE DIFFICULTIES OF THE INFORMAL CAREGIVER." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end123.

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The Informal Caregiver (IC) faces multiple difficulties in caring for the dependent person. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the levels and dimensions of the difficulties experienced by ICs in caring for the dependent person. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive quantitative study, using a non-probability convenience sample composed of 119 ICs from the Central region Portugal. The measuring instrument used included a sociodemographic data form and an Informal Caregiver Difficulties Assessment Scale (EADCI). Results: Moderate difficulties were mostly observed, which were higher in the dimensions caring for myself and activities of daily living. On the other hand, health status/ risk prevention and community and social resources, were assessed in a more positive way. Conclusion: These results indicate that ICs have difficulties at various levels of caring for the dependent person, strengthening the need to implement new strategies capable of responding to these challenges.
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Unurlu, Çiğdem, and Selin Küçükkancabaş. "The Effects of Destination Personality Items on Destination Brand Image." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00830.

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The purpose of this research is to investigate the perceived destination brand personality of Istanbul and to examine the relationships among destination brand personality and destination brand image. A convenience sample of 200 visitors to Istanbul was surveyedvia face-to-face interviews. Initially, a series of exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were conducted for each measurement scales (brand personality and destination brand image) in order to identify the potential underlying factor structure of the data. Then multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between variables using PASW 18. The findings of this study indicate that destination brand personality has a positive impact on destination brand image. However, the results are not fully represent all personality traits associated with tourism destinations.While four dimensions of the destination brand personality scales (vibrancy, competence, contemporary and sincerity) are found to be significantly related to the destination brand image, sophistication dimension is not significant in predicting destination brand image.
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Burcik, Vladimir, Gary DeLorenzo, Fred Kohun, and Robert Skovira. "Analysis of Cultural Effects on Business Curricular Subject Matter." In InSITE 2008: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3284.

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It has been argued that culture effects how individuals implement, understand, and teach the curriculum of business courses within a society’s educational institutions (Burcik, Kohun, & Skovira, 2007; DeLorenzo, Kohun, & Skovira, 2006; Hofstede & Hofstede, 2005). The curricula and their subject matter of business faculties reflect the societies in which the curricula are developed and in which they are taught. The essay presents a rubric for analyzing this curricular phenomena based on Hofstede and Hofstede’s (2005) conception that a society’s culture constituted in and presented in individuals’ views and routines is determinate of professorial understandings and teachings of business subject matter. In particular, Hofstede’s indices on Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance is applied to select business curricula from the Slovak Republic and the United States. The analysis includes a rubric of curricular attributes from a convenience sample of select university business programs in the Slovak Republic and the United States for comparative purposes.
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Mrázková, Kristína, and Elena Lisá. "THE WORKPLACE ATTACHMENT STYLES QUESTIONNAIRE IN SHORTENED 9-ITEM VERSION." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact051.

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"Introduction: Place attachment is multi-dimensional and depends on a reciprocal relationship between behavior and experience. It comes from environmental psychology, and it has its roots in the theory of attachment because of an emotional link between an individual and a place. The present paper aims to describe the psychometric characteristics of the Slovak version of The Workplace Attachment Styles Questionnaire (Srima, 2018). Methods: The original questionnaire consists of 15 items with a Likert scale ranging from totally disagree to agree. The research sample consisted of 645 working adults of a convenience sample, aged from 16 to 78 years, consisting of 54.9% women, from various work fields (finance, sales, education). We randomly divided the sample into two halves for separate studies. Results: In the first study with 323 adult participants, we used exploratory factor analysis to examine its construct validity. According to exploratory factor analysis, we reduced the 15-item questionnaire to a 9-item structure with three original factors: secure (AM = 6.23, SD = 2.32), dismissive (AM = 3.64, SD = 2.54), and preoccupied (AM = 3.64, SD = 2.31) workplace attachment styles, with an average internal consistency of 0.75. In the second study with 322 participants, we executed the confirmatory factor analysis, which confirmed the three-factor structure, with an average internal consistency of 0.65. Discussion: The results confirmed the original three-factor structure of The Workplace Attachment Styles Questionnaire with 9 original items instead of 15. This paper contributes to the shorter version of the Workplace Attachment Styles questionnaire adapted to the Slovak population. The study's limitations are the absence of other measurement tools that could verify the construct of workplace attachment itself (Adult Attachment in the Workplace, Experience in Close Relationship Questionnaire). That is also what is worth doing in the next research."
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Jardine, Fiona. "When online support groups prevail: the information experience of chest/breastfeeders who only express their milk." In ISIC: the Information Behaviour Conference. University of Borås, Borås, Sweden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47989/irisic2013.

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Introduction. Exclusive pumpers only express their milk and do not feed directly from their breast/chest. Rates of exclusive pumping are increasing, yet information on it is scant. Consequently, exclusive pumpers turn to the internet and online support groups for information and support. This paper examines the information needs of exclusive pumpers, the sources they use, and how useful these sources are. Combined with open-ended responses, this paper provides an insight into exclusive pumpers’ information experiences and its impact on their overall lived experience. Method. A cross-sectional, self-report, mixed-methods survey was administered online to a convenience sample of current and/or former exclusive pumpers (N = 2, 005). Analysis. Survey questions pertaining to information experience were analysed quantitatively in SPSS. Inductive thematic analysis of qualitative data was performed in Atlas.ti. Results. Online sources, particularly online support groups, were the most popular and most useful sources of exclusive pumping information and also provided much-needed support. Having poor information experiences were associated with poorer physical and affective outcomes. Conclusions. To meet their information needs, exclusive pumpers turn to online support groups and peer-provided information. Healthcare professionals, especially lactation consultants, need to provide improved exclusive pumping information.
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Bongard, Stefan. "Online Grocery Shopping: a Boom, Hype, or Black Ice?" In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.019.

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Buying groceries online is no longer a novel phenomenon: recent studies (2016) show that in Germany, approximately 30 percent of potential buyers have already purchased groceries online. Together with the latest grocery shopping services from the online giant Amazon (e.g. Amazon Fresh and Amazon go), this growing sector of online food and drink retail comprises an attractive field for economic research. General research objectives in this field investigate sustainable business models, planning of logistics structures, and changes in buyer behaviour. The purpose of this present study was to analyze buyer behavior in the field of online food retail based on a process design derived from principles of Quality Management. A convenience sample of 822 valid data records was collected from November– December 2016 using a sophisticated online survey tool. The data set contains responses from 256 individuals who had already bought groceries online, while the rest of the respondents had not previously purchased groceries online. The study strongly underscores the great potential of online retail grocery industry, while also detailing the potential risks associated with this business model, such as low profit margins and packaging issues.
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Chávez, Raquel, and Martha Sabelli. "Information behaviour of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a case study." In ISIC: the Information Behaviour Conference. University of Borås, Borås, Sweden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47989/irisic2014.

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Introduction. This investigation focuses on the information behaviour of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) inside an organisation (Aletea) located in Montevideo-Uruguay. This study aims to make visible the information needs these parents experience when making decisions for their children’s welfare. It is the first phase of an investigation to provide an indepth comparison with other countries. Method. A literature review, database analyses and web searches were done to standardise the current work with the methodology of the field. Also, with a convenience sample, 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted among parents of this organisation. Analysis. Qualitative analyses were carried out as all the interviews were recorded on audio with prior consent of the interviewees. The questions were classified into categories and sub-categories for a better understanding of the results. Results. Parents' information practices demonstrate obstacles and difficulties in seeking and accessing available and reliable sources regarding autism spectrum disorder. The lack of information generated at local levels leads to consulting and sharing information with their closest contacts and social networks, especially their peers in parent groups. Conclusion. It is considered necessary to continue with this line of research both in Uruguay and around the world since there is a lack of studies on this subject.
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Reports on the topic "Convenience sample"

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Tangka, Florence K. L., Sujha Subramanian, Madeleine Jones, Patrick Edwards, Sonja Hoover, Tim Flanigan, Jenya Kaganova, et al. Young Breast Cancer Survivors: Employment Experience and Financial Well-Being. RTI Press, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.rr.0041.2007.

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The economic burden of breast cancer for women under 50 in the United States remains largely unexplored, in part because young women make up a small proportion of breast cancer cases overall. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a web-based survey to compare data from breast cancer survivors 18–39 years of age at first diagnosis and 40–49 years of age at first diagnosis. We administered a survey to a national convenience sample of 416 women who were 18–49 years of age at the time of their breast cancer diagnosis. We analyzed factors associated with financial decline using multivariate regression. Survivors 18–39 years of age at first diagnosis were more likely to report Stage II–IV breast cancer (P<0.01). They also quit their jobs more often (14.6%) than older survivors (4.4%; P<0.01) and faced more job performance issues (55.7% and 42.8%, respectively; P=0.02). For respondents in both groups, financial decline was more likely if the survivor had at least one comorbid condition (odds ratios: 2.36–3.21) or was diagnosed at Stage II–IV breast cancer (odds ratios: 2.04–3.51).
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Murad, M. Hassan, Stephanie M. Chang, Celia Fiordalisi, Jennifer S. Lin, Timothy J. Wilt, Amy Tsou, Brian Leas, et al. Improving the Utility of Evidence Synthesis for Decision Makers in the Face of Insufficient Evidence. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcwhitepaperimproving.

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Background: Healthcare decision makers strive to operate on the best available evidence. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) Program aims to support healthcare decision makers by producing evidence reviews that rate the strength of evidence. However, the evidence base is often sparse or heterogeneous, or otherwise results in a high degree of uncertainty and insufficient evidence ratings. Objective: To identify and suggest strategies to make insufficient ratings in systematic reviews more actionable. Methods: A workgroup comprising EPC Program members convened throughout 2020. We conducted interative discussions considering information from three data sources: a literature review for relevant publications and frameworks, a review of a convenience sample of past systematic reviews conducted by the EPCs, and an audit of methods used in past EPC technical briefs. Results: Several themes emerged across the literature review, review of systematic reviews, and review of technical brief methods. In the purposive sample of 43 systematic reviews, the use of the term “insufficient” covered both instances of no evidence and instances of evidence being present but insufficient to estimate an effect. The results of the literature review and review of the EPC Program systematic reviews illustrated the importance of clearly stating the reasons for insufficient evidence. Results of both the literature review and review of systematic reviews highlighted the factors decision makers consider when making decisions when evidence of benefits or harms is insufficient, such as costs, values, preferences, and equity. We identified five strategies for supplementing systematic review findings when evidence on benefit or harms is expected to be or found to be insufficient, including: reconsidering eligible study designs, summarizing indirect evidence, summarizing contextual and implementation evidence, modelling, and incorporating unpublished health system data. Conclusion: Throughout early scoping, protocol development, review conduct, and review presentation, authors should consider five possible strategies to supplement potential insufficient findings of benefit or harms. When there is no evidence available for a specific outcome, reviewers should use a statement such as “no studies” instead of “insufficient.” The main reasons for insufficient evidence rating should be explicitly described.
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Agrawal, Asha Weinstein, Hilary Nixon, and Cameron Simmons. Investing in California’s Transportation Future: Public Opinion on Critical Needs. Mineta Transportation Institute, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1861.

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In 2017, the State of California adopted landmark legislation to increase the funds available for transportation in the state: Senate Bill 1 (SB1), the Road Repair and Accountability Act of 2017. Through a combination of higher gas and diesel motor fuel taxes, SB1 raises revenue for four critical transportation needs in the state: road maintenance and rehabilitation, relief from congestion, improvements to trade corridors, and improving transit and rail services. To help state leaders identify the most important projects and programs to fund within those four topical areas, we conducted an online survey that asked a sample of 3,574 adult Californians their thoughts on how the state can achieve the SB1 objectives. The survey was administered from April to August 2019 with a survey platform and panel of respondents managed by Qualtrics. Quota sampling ensured that the final sample closely reflects California adults in terms of key socio-demographic characteristics and geographic distribution. Key findings included very strong support for improving all transportation modes, reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, and more convenient options to travel without driving. Respondents placed particular value on better maintenance for both local streets and roads, as well as highways. Finally, the majority of respondents assessed all types of transportation infrastructure in their communities as somewhat or very good.
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