Journal articles: 'Convention de Montego Bay'

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Roscini, Marco. "The Navigational Rights of Nuclear Ships." Leiden Journal of International Law 15, no. 1 (March 2002): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156502000122.

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Even though Article 23 of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea explicitly acknowledges the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea to nuclear vessels, many coastal states have recently forbidden or submitted to authorization the passage of ships carrying radioactive materials: this reveals a trend towards a more restrictive concept of “innocent passage.” As to straits used for international navigation and archipelagic sea lanes, the ius communicationis is still prominent and every measure that might prejudice the navigational rights of nuclear ships would not be consistent with the Montego Bay Convention.

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Sanguin, Andre-Louis. "Geopolitički scenario Mare Liberum i Mare Clausum: otvoreno more i slučaj sredozemnog bazena." Geoadria 2, no. 1 (June 1, 1997): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.243.

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The usual rules of maritime and oceanic spaces were stated during the course of years in order to lead to two practices: open waters (Mare Liberum) and closed waters (Mare Clausum). From 1945 to 1982, the political geography of the sea founded expression in a general movement of rush on the high sea. Born of Montego Bay Convention, the new Law of the Sea implemented the principle of 200 mile zone. The enforcement of this principle within the Mediterranean Basin would transform it into a maritime space without high sea. At present, the Mediterranean dealts with an increasing militarization. May Mare Nostrum become a Mare Clausum?

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Costa, Beatriz Souza, and Luiz Gustavo Gonçalves Ribeiro. "BALLAST WATER AND BIOINVASION: BRAZILIAN LEGISLATION AND THE PROTECTION OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS." Veredas do Direito: Direito Ambiental e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 13, no. 25 (May 10, 2016): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v13i25.644.

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This article analyzes the use of water as ballast to balance the vessels, as well as the existing legislation in the country that protects, monitors and punishes those who are responsible for illegal shedding in national jurisdiction waters. That is important, considering ballast water has become a national and international risk with serious consequences such as bioinvasion. It was discovered that ballast water has become one of the fastest forms of marine pollution because it acts quietly. In an attempt to avoid environmental and economic losses, several conventions and international treaties were agreed between countries such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, adopted in Montego Bay. At the national level, Brazil has important institutions for marine environmental protection such as ANVISA, the National Health Surveillance Agency; ANTAQ, National Agency of Waterborne Transport and broad legislation such as Law (6938/81), the National Environmental Policy; the Criminal Environmental Law (9.605/98) and, specifically, NORMAM 20, issued by the Brazilian Navy’s Directorate of Ports and Coasts, which states that every ship to moor at national ports must prove the exchange of ballast water at sea. The research used the legal and theoretical methodology, deductive reasoning and literature from technical and government sites. The results show that Brazil has a concern over the issue and the national legislation proves the effort to prevent marine pollution. However, research in the field is necessary so that invading organisms are discovered prior to the pollution. In addition to that, legislation and supervision must be improved.

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Kolb, Robert. "L'interprétation de l'article 121, paragraphe 3, de la convention de Montego Bay sur le droit de la mer : les «rochers qui ne se prêtent pas à l'habitation humaine ou à une vie économique propre... »." Annuaire français de droit international 40, no. 1 (1994): 876–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/afdi.1994.3227.

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Bryson, B. J. "Restoring Justice: A Montego Bay Story." International Journal of Diversity in Organizations, Communities, and Nations: Annual Review 6, no. 5 (2007): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9532/cgp/v06i05/39222.

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Manning, Lynn. "On a Beach in Montego Bay." Amerasia Journal 19, no. 2 (January 1993): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/amer.19.2.l5367g8l1860129j.

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Kokott, J. "CJCE (Grande Ch.), 3 Juin 2008, International Association of Independent Tanker Owners (Intertanko) c/ Secretary of State for Transport, affaire C-308/06 « Transport maritime - Pollution causée par les navires - Directive n° 2005/35/CEE - Validité - Convention de Montego Bay - Convention Marpol 73/78 - Effets juridiques - Invocabilité - Négligence grave - Principe de sécurité juridique » Avec conclusions." Revue Européenne de Droit de l'Environnement 12, no. 3 (2008): 301–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/reden.2008.2047.

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Girard, Julien. "Transport maritime - Répression des rejets illicites en mer. / Directive 2005/35 du 7 septembre 2005 relative à la pollution causée par les navires : mise en cause de sa validité au regard de certaines dispositions des conventions de Montego Bay et Marpol. / Effets juridiques des conventions de Montego Bay et Marpol : invocabilité (non). / Méconnaissance du principe général de sécurité juridique par l'emploi dans l'article 4 de la directive 2005/35 des termes « négligence grave » (non). Arrêt de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes (grande Ch.), 3 juin 2008, affaire C-308/06 (extraits). Avec note." Revue Juridique de l'Environnement 33, no. 4 (2008): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rjenv.2008.4780.

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Koh, Tommy. "Five after Rio and Fifteen Years after Montego Bay: Some Personal Reflections." Environmental Policy and Law 27, no. 4 (1997): 242–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-1997-27402.

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Lima, Sergio Eduardo Moreira. "Direito do mar: notas sobre uma narrativa de valores." Revista da Faculdade de Direito, Universidade de São Paulo 110 (May 20, 2016): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2318-8235.v110i0p493-512.

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Este artigo tem sua origem na palestra Direito do Mar. Diálogo entre Diplomacia e Academia, que proferi na sessão de abertura do I Congresso Brasileiro de Direito do Mar, em homenagem a Vicente Marotta Rangel, na Universidade de São Paulo, em 3 de dezembro de 2014. Destaquei, na ocasião, a importância da participação do Brasil na negociação da Convenção de Montego Bay de 1982, bem como do processo de construção paulatina de princípios que inspiram e devem orientar a política externa brasileira.

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Nnedu, Obinna N., Staci McCorvey, Sheila Campbell-Forrester, Janice Chang, Hamisu M. Salihu, and Pauline E. Jolly. "Factors Influencing Condom Use Among Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic Patients in Montego Bay, Jamaica." Open Reproductive Science Journal 1, no. 1 (December 26, 2008): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874255600801010045.

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Lipman, Jana K. "Between Guantánamo and Montego bay: Cuba, Jamaica, migration and the cold war, 1959–62." Immigrants & Minorities 21, no. 3 (November 2002): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02619288.2002.9975045.

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Durrant, Fay. "UNESCO Training-the-Trainers “Information Literacy Workshop, Montego Bay, Jamaica, June 1–6, 2008”." International Information & Library Review 41, no. 4 (December 2009): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2009.10762827.

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Da Paixão Bresio, Sabrina. "A ilha que é meu corpo." Revista Espacialidades 16, no. 2 (July 18, 2020): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21680/1984-817x.2020v16n2id20284.

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Em seu romance de estreia, Nicole Dennis-Benn retrata o cotidiano de Montego Bay, costa norte da Jamaica, através do olhar de quatro protagonistas. A autora, jamaicana de nascimento, muda-se para os Estados Unidos aos 17 anos para cursar medicina. Mestra em Saúde Pública, deixa sua atuação como pesquisadora na Universidade de Columbia para se dedicar à escrita. Lança em 2016 Here Comes the Sun, traduzido no Brasil como Bem-Vindos ao Paraíso, sendo recebido com atenção e boas críticas da mídia especializada, indicado a diversos prêmios literários, dos quais fatura o Lambda Literary Award.

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15

Willis, Arlene R. M. "Evaluating Transportation Needs in a Developing Country: The Case of Montego Bay Free-Zone Employees." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1563, no. 1 (January 1996): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196156300104.

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A research effort was undertaken to develop a methodology for evaluating the transportation needs of developing countries. Described are a survey and preliminary findings used to make recommendations to meet the transportation needs of almost 5,000 employees at a major employment center in the Caribbean. In the Montego Bay free zone in Jamaica, mediocre public transportation service is the leading cause of high rates of absenteeism and tardiness and a primary reason that 1,000 job vacancies remain unfilled. Private companies seeking solutions to these employment problems with minimal government involvement initiated the research. The survey was conducted in summer 1994 through personal interviews and self-administered questionnaires distributed to free-zone management and employees and public transportation drivers. Findings indicated a 20 percent net income-to-travel expense ratio, 1.5-hr-long waits, and almost no bicycle or private automobile use. The survey also gathered public opinions and possible solutions. To support more efficient transportation planning for developing countries, it is recommended that a data base that houses reliable and relevant cost information be developed along with other data to be used in determining the potential of improved transportation service to attract workers and stimulate economic growth in the region.

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Ferguson, Bruce. "The environmental impacts and public costs of unguided informal settlement; the case of Montego Bay." Environment and Urbanization 8, no. 2 (October 1996): 171–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624789600800218.

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Bizawu, Sébastien Kiwonghi, and Denise Sousa Sousa. "O Direito do Mar e sua Efetivação no Âmbito Internacional: Uma Análise Sobre a Responsabilidade por Danos Causados no Ambiente Marinho." Revista de Direito Ambiental e Socioambientalismo 2, no. 1 (October 31, 2016): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/indexlawjournals/2525-9628/2016.v2i1.1066.

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O direito do mar busca dirimir conflitos entre Estados soberanos e favorecer uma ordem jurídica para os mares e oceanos, facilitando as comunicações internacionais e a proteção e conservação do ambiente marinho, efetivando-se a responsabilidade do Estado em caso de danos ao meio marinho. Objetiva-se analisar nesse artigo a Convenção de Montego Bay e a criação do Tribunal do Direito do Mar como ferramenta de resolução pacífica de lides no âmbito internacional. Utilizar-se-á a pesquisa descritiva com método dedutivo, tendo em vista a responsabilidade internacional ambiental do Estado e a necessidade de fortalecer as relações de amizade entre as nações.

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Mahmud, Fachri. "PERANAN PERHUBUNGAN DALAM PENEGAKAN HUKUM DI LAUT KHUSUSNYA DALAM ZONA EKONOMI EKSKLUSIP." Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 14, no. 5 (June 9, 2017): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol14.no5.1083.

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Konperensi hukum laut yang diadakan pada tahun 1958, disusul dengan konperensi hukum laut 1960 dan yang selanjutnya konperensi hukum laut yang menghasilkan suatu konvensi yang ditandatangani pada tanggal 10 Desember 1982 di Montego Bay, Jamaica, se-panjang mengenai materi yang diatur mengalami penyempurnaan serta perkembangan-perkembangan baru. Oleh karena itu dikatakan, bahwa konvensi hukum laut yang baru itu merupakan sebagai kondifikasi serta unifikasi dari konvensi-konvensi yang terdahulu. Sepanjang mengenai wilayah yang berupa lautan pada konvensi hukum laut yang baru dikenal apa yang disebut dengan laut wilayah (territorial water), wilayah lanjutan (contiguous zone), dan zona ekonomi eksklusip, (economic exclusive zone). Pada konvensi-konvensi hukum laut sebelumnya yaitu pada tahun 1958 dan pada tahun 1960 tidak dikenal apa yang disebut tentang zona ekonomi eksklusip.

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Logie, Carmen H., Ying Wang, Patrick Lalor, Davina Williams, Kandasi Levermore, and Susan G. Sherman. "Exploring associations between place of sex work and HIV vulnerabilities among sex workers in Jamaica." International Journal of STD & AIDS 31, no. 12 (September 14, 2020): 1186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462420948408.

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Sex workers’ work environment shapes HIV transmission dynamics. We applied the Structural HIV Determinants Framework to examine associations between the work environment of public spaces and HIV infection risks among sex workers in Jamaica, considering macro-structural (police harassment) and intrapersonal (depression) pathways. We implemented a cross-sectional survey with sex workers in Kingston, Ocho Rios, Montego Bay, and nearby towns in Jamaica. We conducted structural equation modeling to examine direct and indirect associations between place of sex work on HIV serostatus via mediators of police harassment and depression. Results indicate that public place of sex work had a significant indirect effect on self-reported HIV-positive serostatus; depression and police harassment mediated this relationship. Findings suggest that in contexts of criminalization, the sex work environment can elevate exposure to police violence and depression, in turn increasing HIV vulnerabilities.

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Jiang, Zhi‐Dong, Brett Lowe, M. P. Verenkar, David Ashley, Robert Steffen, Nadia Tornieporth, Frank von Sonnenburg, Peter Waiyaki, and Herbert L. DuPont. "Prevalence of Enteric Pathogens among International Travelers with Diarrhea Acquired in Kenya (Mombasa), India (Goa), or Jamaica (Montego Bay)." Journal of Infectious Diseases 185, no. 4 (February 15, 2002): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/338834.

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Bunce, L., K. Gustavson, J. Williams, and M. Miller. "The human side of reef management: a case study analysis of the socioeconomic framework of Montego Bay Marine Park." Coral Reefs 18, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003380050215.

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Araújo Júnior, Luíz Ricardo Santana de, and Liziane Paixão Silva Oliveira. "A ATUAÇÃO DO TRIBUNAL INTERNACIONAL DO DIREITO DO MAR NA PROTEÇÃO AO MEIO AMBIENTE: UM ESTUDO DO CASO DA USINA MOX." Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas Avançadas do Terceiro Setor 4, no. 1 (August 19, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31501/repats.v4i1.8094.

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O presente trabalho versa sobre a proteção do meio ambiente, estudando a aplicação da Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar de 1982, conhecida como Convenção de Montego Bay, pelo Tribunal Internacional do Direito do Mar. A convenção, suas características e seus objetivos foram abordados. Assim como a Parte XII, que regula especificamente a proteção do meio ambiente marinho. Foi feita, da mesma forma, uma análise da Parte XV, que é destinada à regulação das controvérsias. Os aspectos procedimentais do Tribunal Internacional do Direito do Mar, também, foram analisados, com o objetivo de entender o Caso da Usina MOX, que permitiu a compreensão das contribuições para a proteção do meio ambiente que nos foram apresentadas pela sentença do Tribunal Internacional do Direito do Mar, quando da resolução da controvérsia entre Irlanda e Reino Unido. Momento de perceber as contribuições do Tribunal para os princípios fundamentais do direito internacional do meio ambiente e para a proteção do meio marinho.

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Jaffé, Rudolf, Piero R. Gardinali, Yong Cai, Aaron Sudburry, Adolfo Fernandez, and Bernward J. Hay. "Organic compounds and trace metals of anthropogenic origin in sediments from Montego Bay, Jamaica: assessment of sources and distribution pathways." Environmental Pollution 123, no. 2 (May 2003): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00368-8.

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Kear, Robin L. "Libraries, Development, and Implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda: A Regional Workshop held in Montego Bay, 16–18 February 2017." International Information & Library Review 50, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2018.1422906.

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Ntakirutimana, Theoneste, Krystal Delaine Marcene Lyn, Jin Song Guo, Bai Zhan Li, and Xu Gao. "Assessment of Energy Use Performance of the St. James Parish Council (STJPC) and the Montego Bay Inland Revenue Department in Jamaica." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1732.

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Two office buildings in Montego Bay Jamaica were investigated in order to assess indoor environment and visualize building energy usage. The field survey was performed to obtain first hand data of occupant perception of their actual working environment. In this paper, the energy break and historical energy usage for the years 2010 and 2011 are presented. A questionnaire which was developed at the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) was modified and randomly issued to 210 building workers at both buildings. On examining the equipment currently being used in these buildings a building Energy Index (BEI) was used to identify and quantify inefficient of energy consumptions in both buildings. The results showed that the energy performance of the Internal revenue Department (IRD) is not in an efficient condition. However, the St. James Parish Council (St.JPC) is within the targeted BEI .The research also revealed that HVAC was the most energy consumptive in both buildings, followed by lighting, office equipment and Miscellaneous. We suggested that a comprehensive program of efficiency, improvement and energy diversification is required in Jamaica to provide high quality, affordable, environmentally-friendly energy and reduce the country’s dependence on high cost imported oil.

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Schneider, Daniella. "Human Rights Issues in Guantanamo Bay." Journal of Criminal Law 68, no. 5 (October 2004): 423–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.68.5.423.43228.

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This article addresses the developments surrounding the continued detention and treatment of the detainees at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and examines the legal issues arising from them. The present political environment has left deep scars in international and human rights law. The detention of some 660 individuals in Guantanamo Bay has caused academic and diplomatic disputes. There is a serious legal debate as to the legality of the detention. The USA has classified these men as ‘unlawful combatants’, who are not subject to the Geneva Convention of 1949, which regulates the treatment of detainees in an armed conflict. According to the US authorities, Taleban fighters and Al-Qaeda do not fall within the Geneva Conventions. No attempts have been made on behalf of the US to verify the detainees' legal status by way of a tribunal. This article examines the possibility of alternative legal recourses, such as the application of the Fourth Geneva Convention which protects civilians who fall in the hands of the enemy, the application of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which the USA has ratified, and finally the existence of the Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. Each of these instruments, despite the complexity of their provisions, ensures a minimum standard of treatment of the detainees. The detainees' legal status, however, remains unclear; accordingly they are trapped in a legal black hole. Numerous attempts have been made to solve this international embarrassment. The USA opted for trial by military commission, to which the international community was strongly opposed. The measures carried out by the US authorities and by the British government in relation to the detention of suspected international terrorists are critically scrutinised in this article. Some detainees have been freed, which raises questions of possible compensation. Consideration is also given as to whether the legal measures taken until now are sufficient for the protection of their human rights. What is certain is that the treatment of possible terrorists has drastically changed, undermining human rights and civil liberties.

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Ruitenbeek, J., M. Ridgley, S. Dollar, and R. Huber. "Optimization of economic policies and investment projects using a fuzzy logic based cost-effectiveness model of coral reef quality: empirical results for Montego Bay, Jamaica." Coral Reefs 18, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003380050216.

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Hyndman, Jennifer, and Alison Mountz. "Another Brick in the Wall? Neo-Refoulement and the Externalization of Asylum by Australia and Europe." Government and Opposition 43, no. 2 (2008): 249–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00251.x.

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AbstractInsecurity and fear in the global North produce political space to advance security measures, including the externalization of asylum. States in the global North make it increasingly difficult for asylum seekers to reach sovereign territory where they might make a refugee claim. While legal protection remains intact under the Refugee Convention, extra-legal measures employ geography to restrict access to asylum and keep claimants at bay through a variety of tactics. This article probes the ways in which fear of uninvited asylum seekers is securitized and looks at the tactics utilized to keep them at bay, far from the borders of states that are signatories to the UN Refugee Convention. Drawing on research in Europe and Australia, we demonstrate how states are promoting ‘protection in regions of origin’ through practices of de facto neo-refoulement. Neo-refoulement refers to a geographically based strategy of preventing asylum by restricting access to territories that, in principle, provide protection to refugees.

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Williams, Ivor D., and Nicholas V. C. Polunin. "Differences between protected and unprotected reefs of the western Caribbean in attributes preferred by dive tourists." Environmental Conservation 27, no. 4 (December 2000): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900000436.

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Tropical marine protected areas (MPAs) may promote conditions that are attractive to dive tourists, but a systematic basis for assessing their effectiveness in this regard is currently lacking. We therefore interviewed 195 dive tourists in Jamaica to determine which reef attributes they most preferred to see on dives. Attributes relating to fishes and other large animals (‘big fishes’, ‘other large animals’, ‘variety of fishes’, ‘abundance of fishes’, and ‘unusual fishes’) were more appreciated than those relating to reef structure and benthos (‘reef structure e.g., drop-offs’, ‘variety of corals’, ‘large corals’, ‘coral cover’, ‘unusual corals’, ‘sponges’, ‘unusual algae’, ‘lobsters, crabs etc.’). We then surveyed reef condition with regard to those aspects (abundance and variety of fishes, number of ‘unusual’, and number of ‘large’ fish) at four Caribbean MPAs and reference areas. In two cases, Hol Chan Marine Reserve in Belize and Parque Nacional Punta Frances in Cuba, these fish attributes were more pronounced in the MPAs than in the reference areas. Differences between the Montego Bay Marine Park in Jamaica (MBMP) and adjacent reference areas were mainly restricted to shallow sites (<6m), while at Grand Cayman no differences between fully protected and partially protected areas were detected. Management had not been fully effective in the MBMP in the preceding months, while fishing pressure in the partially protected areas on Grand Cayman was very light. We conclude that, if fishing restrictions are well enforced, western Caribbean MPAs can be expected to be effective in ways appreciated by dive tourists.

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Logie, Carmen H., Kathleen S. Kenny, Ashley Lacombe-Duncan, Ying Wang, Kandasi Levermore, Nicolette Jones, Tyrone Ellis, and Annecka Marshall. "Factors associated with sexually transmissible infection testing practices among men who have sex with men in Jamaica: results from a cross-sectional, tablet-based survey." Sexual Health 15, no. 4 (2018): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh17186.

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Background Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at elevated risk for sexually transmissible infection (STI) acquisition globally. Yet, limited research has explored STI testing practices among MSM in contexts where same-sex practices are criminalised, such as in Jamaica. Methods: A cross-sectional, tablet-based survey with MSM in Kingston, Ocho Rios and Montego Bay, Jamaica, was conducted. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the adjusted risk ratio for lifetime STI testing and lifetime STI diagnosis. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the relative odds of having had an STI test 3–5 months ago and 6–12 months ago in comparison with <3 months ago. Results: Three-quarters (74.8%) of the 556 participants reported receiving an STI test (44% <3 months ago; 32% 3–5 months ago; 13% 6–12 months ago; 10% >12 months ago); 12.1% reported ever receiving an STI diagnosis. In adjusted multivariable analyses, STI testing was associated with sociodemographic (education, location), individual (depression, perceived risk), social (relationship status, sexual stigma) and structural (healthcare provider access) factors. In multinomial analysis, reporting a less recent STI test (>3 months ago) versus <3 months ago was associated with increased likelihood of sexual stigma and food insecurity. Lifetime STI diagnosis was associated with sociodemographic (location), individual (HIV infection) and social (lower social support) factors. Conclusions: Findings document associations between structural factors and delayed timing of STI testing. Further research is necessary to explore how to address social ecological factors in sexual health interventions with MSM in Jamaica.

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Brown, Jennifer S. H. "Intangible Culture on Inland Seas, from Hudson Bay to Canadian Heritage." Ethnologies 36, no. 1-2 (October 12, 2016): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1037604ar.

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The author of this article examines the ways in which the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage considers the protection of aboriginal languages and provides a case study of the challenges of the preservation of the Cree language in Canada. For Indigenous people, in Canada as elsewhere, questions arise about who speaks for whom; many of their constituents may not identify with the major political organizations that represent their interests to governments and are recognized by government agencies; and other structural and logistical barriers also arise. The paper takes a look at the richness of Aboriginal history around Hudson Bay as held in language and stories, and then discusses the many challenges that a Hudson Bay Cree storyteller, Louis Bird, and his collaborators faced in pursuing an oral history project funded by a Canadian governmental agency with its own parameters and priorities.

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Park, Mirye, Sang Deuk Lee, Hoil Lee, Jin-Young Lee, Daeryul Kwon, and Jeong-Min Choi. "Identification of New Sub-Fossil Diatoms Flora in the Sediments of Suncheonman Bay, Korea." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 6 (May 29, 2021): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060591.

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Suncheonman Bay, Korea’s most representative estuary, is an invasive coastal wetland composed of 22.6 km2 of tidal flats surrounded by the Yeosu and Goheung Peninsulas. In January 2006, this region was registered in the Ramsar Convention list in Korea, representing the first registered wetland. Estuaries are generally known to have high species diversity. In particular, several studies have been conducted on planktonic and epipelic diatoms as primary producers. Suncheonman Bay has already been involved in many biological and geochemical studies, but fossil diatoms have not been evaluated. Therefore, we investigated fossil diatoms in Suncheonman Bay and introduced sub-fossil diatoms recorded in Korea. One sedimentary core has been extracted in 2018. We identified 87 diatom taxa from 52 genera in the SCW03 core sample. Of these, six species represent new records in Korea: Cymatonitzschia marina, Fallacia hodgeana, Navicula mannii, Metascolioneis tumida, Surirella recedens, and Thalassionema synedriforme. These six newly recorded diatom species were examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The ecological habitats for all the investigated taxa are presented.

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Teo, Evelyn Ai Lin. "Guest Editorial." Construction Economics and Building 13, no. 3 (September 18, 2013): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v13i3.3604.

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This section contains upgraded papers originally published at The CIB W099 International Conference on "Modelling and Building Health and Safety”, which was organised and hosted by the Department of Building, National University of Singapore (NUS). It was held on 10 -11 September 2012 at the Marina Bay Sands Expo and Convention Center, Singapore. The focal objectives of this section are to explore the integration and application of new techniques, technologies and strategies towards attaining verifiable improvements in occupational safety and health in construction.

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Anderson, Jennifer L. "Better Judges of the Situation: Environmental Realities & Problems of Imperial Authority in the Bay of Honduras." Itinerario 30, no. 3 (November 2006): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300013371.

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In 1786, Britain and Spain concluded the Convention of London, a treaty renewing permission for Anglo woodcutters to cut timber within a designated area in the Bay of Honduras. In exchange, Britain affirmed once again Spain's sovereignty over this valuable section of the Central American coast. As a revision of several earlier treaties, this new agreement differed in that, while allowing mahogany cutting for the first time, it attempted to strictly define and limit the boundaries within which the woodcutters (or Baymen as they called themselves) could operate, and took decisive steps to restrict their settlement's expansion. While the two nations hailed the Convention as a welcome bilateral solution to a long-standing inter-imperial conflict, many of the Baymen, especially members of the local white oligarchy, reviled the outcome. In a memorial to George III, the treaty's critics in the Bay dismissed it as the misguided product of presumptuous diplomats:[T]he court of Madrid may amuse the court of London, with the number of miles and leagues which have been ceded to […] the British Settlement as long as the court of London is pleased to be amused with it. But […] your Memorialists with infinite respect to the superior Abilities and Knowledge and Wisdom of both Courts, most humbly pretend to be better Wood-cutters and better judges of the Soil, the Situation, and the Trees […] than all the courts of Europe […] They speak, and have always spoken, from their Knowledge and Experience.

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Chan, Wilco W. H., Barry Mak, Derrick C. H. Lee, and Carol Zhang. "A framework of environmental mitigation for the convention and exhibition centers in the China greater Bay area." Journal of Convention & Event Tourism 20, no. 1 (January 2019): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2018.1563011.

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Bunting, Kristin. "Estoppel by Convention and Pre-Contractual Understandings: The Position and Practical Consequences." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42, no. 3 (October 3, 2011): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v42i3.5120.

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Recently, the House of Lords held in Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd that an understanding or common assumption reached by contracting parties in the course of their pre-contractual negotiations, including "an assumption that certain words will bear a certain meaning" can provide the basis for an estoppel by convention claim. This was reaffirmed by the New Zealand Supreme Court in Vector Gas Ltd v Bay of Plenty Energy Ltd. Both the House of Lords and the Supreme Court assumed that this was well established. Given that the issue was unsettled in England and with two divergent lines of authority in Australia, the House of Lords and Supreme Court should not have assumed this. In light of this development in the law, it is also argued that where the evidence proves that the parties established an understanding as to the meaning of a term in a proposed contract, then surely that is the meaning of that term, as a matter of interpretation. In addition, allowing consideration of pre-contractual negotiations to prove an estoppel by convention has undermined the rule that pre-contractual negotiations are inadmissible as an aid to interpretation of a contract.

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PINTO, M. C. W. "Article 76 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Bay of Bengal Exception." Asian Journal of International Law 3, no. 2 (June 18, 2013): 215–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2044251313000192.

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Mouttaki, Ikram, Youssef Khomalli, Mohamed Maanan, Ingrida Bagdanavičiūtė, Hassan Rhinane, Alban Kuriqi, Quoc Bao Pham, and Mehdi Maanan. "A New Approach to Mapping Cultural Ecosystem Services." Environments 8, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8060056.

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According to various sources, Southern Morocco has stood out as an outstanding tourist destination in recent decades, with global appeal. Dakhla City, including Dakhla Bay, classified by the Convention on Wetlands in 2005 as a Wetland of International Importance, offers visitors various entertainment opportunities at many city sites. Therefore, human activity and social benefits should be considered in conjunction with the need to safeguard the ecosystems and maintain the Ecosystem Services (ES). This study aims to provide an overview of the tourism dynamics and hotspots related to cultural ecosystem services in Dakhla Bay. The landscape attributes are used along with an InVEST model to detect the distribution of preferences for the Cultural Ecosystem Services (CESs), map the hotspots, and identify the spatial correlations between features such as the landscape and visiting rate to understand which elements of nature attract people to the locations around the study area. Geotagged photos posted to the Flickr™ website between 2005 and 2017 were used to approximate the number of tourist visits. The results showed that tourism suffered several dips in 2005–2017 and that tourist visits are currently rising. Additionally, an estimated annual tourist visit rate shows that tourism in Dakhla Bay has been growing steadily by 2%.

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Sassòli, Marco. "La “guerre contre le terrorisme,” le droit international humanitaire et le statut de prisonnier de guerre." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 39 (2002): 211–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800007578.

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SommaireLes États-Unis ont qualifié les attaques du 11 septembre 2001 ainsi que leur lutte contre le terrorisme de “guerre.” L’auteur analyse l’applicabilité et l’application du droit international humanitaire à ces événements. Il arrive à la conclusion que ce droit ne régit pas les attaques contre New York et Washington, mais la guerre en Afghanistan, indépendamment de la légitimité de celle-ci et des causes soutenues par les parties. En conséquence, tout au moins les membres des forces armées talibanes — et possiblement certains membres d’Al-Qaeda, qui sont tombés, en Afghanistan, au pouvoir des forces américaines, sont en principe et jusqu’à ce qu’une décision individuelle statuant le contraire soit rendue, des prisonniers de guerre protégés par la IIIe Convention de Genève. Les dispositions de celle-ci sont appropriées pour régir le traitement de ces personnes en partie détenues à Guantánamo Bay. Toutes les autres personnes arrêtées par les États-Unis et leurs alliés en Afghanistan sont des civils protégés par la IVe Convention de Genève. En tant que tels, elles ne peuvent pas être détenues à Guantánamo. Pour terminer, l’auteur revoit les différents arguments avancés ces derniers temps selon lesquels les Conventions de Genève ne sont pas adaptées à la “guerre contre le terrorisme.” Selon l’auteur, cette thèse n’est pas justiWée et il serait en tout état de cause impossible d’adopter de nouvelles règles mieux adaptées.

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Kwiatkowska, Barbara. "BOOK REVIEWSBOOK REVIEWSKwiatkowskaBarbaraDrAssociate Director, Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea051990371111116RosenneS., SohnL.B., eds., United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982. A Commentary, Vol. V, NordquistM.H., Editor-in-Chief, M. Nijhoff Publ., Dordrecht 1989, 497 pp. + Index, Dfl. 295/$165/£95.Copyright © T.M.C. Asser Press 19901990T.M.C. Asser PresspdfS0165070X00002813a.pdfdispartBook Reviews1.Vol. I of the series containing the text of the Convention and Introductory Material was published in 1985. The volumes still to be published include: Vol. II – Second Committee: Articles 1 to 132, Annexes I and II, and the Final Act, Annex II; Vol. Ill – First Committee: Articles 133 to 191, Annexes HI and IV, and the Final Act, Annex I, Resolution II; Vol. IV – Third Committee: Articles 192 to 278, and the Final Act, Annex VI; and Vol. VI – Comprehensive Index to Series, consolidated list of treaties, cases and appendices, additional reference material.2.For a general appraisal, see NandanS.N., ‘A Constitution for the Ocean: The 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention’, 1 Marine Policy Reports (1989) pp. 1–12; Council on Ocean Law (COL), The United States and the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: A Synopsis of the Status of the Treaty and its Expanded Role in the World Today (1989). Note that the legislative history of the Convention is also the subject of some publications of the United Nations Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (OALOS), in particular, Pollution by Dumping (1985, E. 85.V.12); Rights of Access of Land-Locked States to and from the Sea and Freedom of Transit (1987, E.87.V.5); Regime of Islands (1988, E.87.V.11); and Navigation on the High Seas (1989, E.89.V.2). See also QALOS' Master File Containing References to Official Documents of the UNCLOS III (1985, E.85.V.9).3.See RosenneShabtai, Practice and Methods of International Law (1984) pp. 41–42, also pp. 14–15.4.Note that the important evidence of State positions can also be found in statements at the 1982 closing session of UNCLOS III in Montego Bay. E.g., the coastal State's sovereign rights over archeological objects found on the continental shelf were for the first time suggested by Cape Verde (Volume V, p. 159), and after their rejection by UNCLOS III, Cape Verde reiterated its position at the Montego Bay session and subsequently declared upon ratification of the Convention that the removal of such objects from its maritime areas is subject to its consent (UN Law of the Sea Bulletin (1987) No. 10, p. 8). In some cases, e.g., the designated areas concept introduced by India, State practice (potentially) not conforming with the Convention is only reflected by the Montego Bay statements.5.See the Special Reports on PrepCom by the Council on Ocean Law (COL), Washington DC, especially the recent ones of the Seventh Session, First Meeting, 27 February - 23 March 1989, and the Second Meeting, 14 August - 1 September 1989. For an annual review of PrepCom work, see the Law of the Sea Reports of the United Nations Secretary-General, the recent one being UN Doc A/44/650 (1989) pp. 34–41.6.See, e.g., the Brazilian declarations upon signature and ratification of the Convention, in UN Law of the Sea Bulletin (1985) No. 5, p. 6, and (1988) No. 12, p. 8. Cf., KwiatkowskaB., ‘Military Uses in the EEZ – A Reply to A.V. Lowe." Netherlands International Law Review 37, no. 01 (May 1990): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x00002813.

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Forrest, Craig J. S., and John Gribble. "The Illicit Movement of Underwater Cultural Heritage: The Case of the Dodington Coins." International Journal of Cultural Property 11, no. 2 (January 2002): 267–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739102771439.

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In October 1997 the Times of London announced the sale by auction of fourteen hundred gold coins that formed part of the hoard lost by Clive of India when the East Indiaman Dodington was wrecked in Algoa Bay on July 17, 1755. The wreck and its contents lie within South African territorial waters and are protected by South African heritage legislation. Very little gold has ever been reported recovered, despite ongoing excavations, and only a single permit has been issued for the export and sale of twenty–one gold coins. This article will consider the legal steps taken to repatriate the coins, and the difficulties encountered when taking such steps before a foreign court. It evaluates the extent to which existing international conventions, including the recently adopted UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, are able to assist states in repatriating stolen or illegally exported underwater cultural heritage.

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Gunastri, Ni Made, and I. Gusti Gede Oka Pradnyana. "PROMOSI JABATAN DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA NON FISIK DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA GOLDEN TULIP BAY VIEW HOTEL & CONVENTION BALI KUTA SELATAN BADUNG." KRISNA: Kumpulan Riset Akuntansi 9, no. 2 (February 14, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/kr.9.2.445.1-10.

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Samaniego, Jessie, Cris Reven Gibaga, Alexandria Tanciongco, and Rasty Rastrullo. "Total Mercury in Soils and Sediments in the Vicinity of Abandoned Mercury Mine Area in Puerto Princesa City, Philippines." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 4599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134599.

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The abandoned mercury (Hg) mine area in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan was included in the list of abandoned and inactive mines in the Philippines which pose a high risk to human health and the environment, and require rehabilitation. The mine site, operated by Palawan Quicksilver Mines, Inc. (PQMI) from 1953 to 1976, is located approximately 3 km inland from Honda Bay coast and within the catchment of the Tagburos River, which is a local fishery and recreational area. In this study, total Hg levels in soils and sediments were measured to assess the possible release of Hg from the site into the surrounding natural environment. Results showed that total Hg (THg) concentrations found in soils (0.04–67.5 mg kg−1), mine waste calcines (52.7–924.2 mg kg−1), river sediments (1.8–119 mg kg−1), and marine sediments (0.04–12.7 mg kg−1) were elevated compared to the global background of 0.045–0.16 mg kg−1. The high concentrations of Hg in soils and river sediments were influenced by the different pathways for the release of Hg from its mine operations; while Hg in marine sediments was caused by the erosion of mine waste calcines near the pit lake, and calcines used to construct a wharf at the nearby Honda Bay. Mine wastes represent the largest source of Hg contamination in the area, due to the low efficiency of the recovery process during calcination. This work corresponds with the Minamata Convention on Mercury on the updated environmental assessments of abandoned Hg mines as potential source sites of mercury contamination.

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Shah Alam, M., and Abdullah Al Faruque. "The Problem of Delimitation of Bangladesh’s Maritime Boundaries with India and Myanmar: Prospects for a Solution." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 25, no. 3 (2010): 405–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180810x517015.

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AbstractThe sea areas of Bangladesh are reportedly rich in straddling fish stocks and mineral resources, including hydrocarbons. But a long-standing dispute over maritime boundary delimitation with India and Myanmar remains a major stumbling block in exploration of these resources. The overlapping claims of these three countries over the maritime zones in the Bay of Bengal need to be settled for peaceful exploration of natural resources. While India and Myanmar want to delimit the maritime boundary on the basis of the equidistance principle, Bangladesh demands that delimitation should be based on the equitable method. The special geographical circumstances of the coastal zones of these countries warrant that any delimitation, whether agreed or determined by a third party, must result in an equitable solution. The decisions of the international courts and tribunals, state practice, and the Law of the Sea Convention clearly demonstrate that there has been a shift from the equidistance principle to the equitable principle of delimitation and strongly indicate that the equitable principle is the preferred method of delimitation.

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MARSHALL, John E. A., Emma J. REEVES, Carys E. BENNETT, Sarah J. DAVIES, Timothy I. KEARSEY, David MILLWARD, Timothy R. SMITHSON, and Michael A. E. BROWNE. "Reinterpreting the age of the uppermost ‘Old Red Sandstone' and Early Carboniferous in Scotland." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 109, no. 1-2 (March 2018): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691018000968.

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ABSTRACTIn Scotland, the base of the Ballagan Formation has traditionally been placed at the first grey mudstone within a contiguous Late Devonian to Carboniferous succession. This convention places the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary within the Old Red Sandstone (ORS) Kinnesswood Formation. The consequences of this placement are that tetrapods from the Ballagan Formation were dated as late Tournaisian in age and that the ranges of typically Devonian fish found in the Kinnesswood Formation continued into the Carboniferous. The Pease Bay specimen of the fish Remigolepis is from the Kinnesswood Formation. Comparisons with its range in Greenland, calibrated against spores, show it was Famennian in age. Detailed palynological sampling at Burnmouth from the base of the Ballagan Formation proves that the early Tournaisian spore zones (VI and HD plus Cl 1) are present. The Schopfites species that occurs through most of the succession is Schopfites delicatus rather than Schopfites claviger. The latter species defines the late Tournaisian CM spore zone. The first spore assemblage that has been found in Upper ‘ORS' strata underlying the Ballagan Formation (Preston, Whiteadder Water), contains Retispora lepidophyta and is from the early latest Famennian LL spore zone. The spore samples are interbedded with volcaniclastic debris, which shows that the Kelso Volcanic Formation is, in part, early latest Famennian in age. These findings demonstrate that the Ballagan Formation includes most of the Tournaisian with the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary positioned close to the top of the Kinnesswood Formation. The Stage 6 calcrete at Pease Bay can be correlated to the equivalent section at Carham, showing that it represents a time gap equivalent to the latest Famennian glaciation(s). Importantly, some of the recently described Ballagan Formation tetrapods are older than previously dated and now fill the key early part of Romer's Gap.

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Molloy, C., M. Guy, A. Wells, and S. McKennie. "Performance of Advance Gold budbreak enhancer on Gold3 kiwifruit in cold and warm seasons." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (July 31, 2017): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.105.

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Advance Gold (AG) is a new agricultural compounds & veterinary medicines (ACVM)-registered budbreak enhancer for Gold3 kiwifruit. It contains salicylic acid as the active ingredient, and is used in conjunction with nitrogen and calcium salts. Gold3 kiwifruit blocks in the Bay of Plenty up to 1 ha in area were sprayed using convention air blast sprayers fitted with air inclusion nozzles in August of 2015 and 2016, and monitored for budbreak, flowering and components of yield. Following good winter chill in 2015, a block at near sea level produced about 2 king flowers per winter bud (KF/WB) without AG treatment and about 3 KF/WB following AG treatment. A site at 93 m above sea level produced a larger number of flowers unassisted and a modest increase following AG treatment. Minimal winter chill in 2016 resulted in very low flower numbers in untreated canes at both sites, with AG treatment producing an increase of approximately 1 KF/WB. The current budbreaker used by the kiwifruit industry, hydrogen cyanamide, produced comparable increases in flower numbers to AG in the four trials but gave a larger proportion of “star triples”, tightly clustered triple flowers. Components of yield are presented.

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Kermode, S. J., H. Heijnis, H. Wong, A. Zawadzki, P. Gadd, and A. Permana. "A Ramsar-wetland in suburbia: wetland management in an urbanised, industrialised area." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 6 (2016): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14307.

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Wetlands provide crucial services to support human populations and intrinsic environmental functioning. They are, therefore, recognised at higher-level global conservation treaties down to regional and local environmental management plans. Palaeorecords to understand preimpact conditions and ranges of natural variability are critical, alongside ongoing monitoring of ecosystem health for understanding important wetlands and determining long-term conservation strategies. They also enable effective analysis of human impacts. Towra Point Nature Reserve is an internationally significant wetland complex listed under multiple international conservation agreements, including the 1971 Ramsar Convention. It faces similar challenges to other coastal wetlands globally: sea level rise, changing shoreline conditions, and anthropogenic impacts. Its location within Sydney’s Botany Bay results in high potential for pollutants to enter the wetland complex. This makes ongoing monitoring of the ecosystem critically important. This study has found that arsenic, lead and zinc are relatively elevated in the southern part of the embayment, adjacent to an urban area, where concentrations are near to, or exceeding trigger levels (ANZECC/ARMCANZ 2000). In contrast, in the western part of the embayment contaminant levels are well below trigger values. We propose that these trigger levels should be adopted and incorporated into the Towra Point Plan of Management.

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Grammond, Sébastien. "La gouvernance territoriale au Québec entre régionalisation et participation des peuples autochtones." Canadian Journal of Political Science 42, no. 4 (December 2009): 939–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000842390999045x.

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Résumé. Les théories de la gouvernance à paliers multiples ont tendance à minimiser le rôle du droit dans la structuration des systèmes de gouvernance. Or, la juxtaposition de deux évolutions récentes en matière de gouvernance territoriale au Québec, la gouvernance partagée avec les Autochtones et le projet de régionalisation du gouvernement du Québec, remet ce postulat en question. En effet, la protection constitutionnelle dont bénéficient les clauses de gestion territoriale de traités comme la Convention de la Baie James et du Nord québécois et, plus récemment, l'obligation de consulter découlant de l'arrêt Nation haïda, assurent aux Autochtones un pouvoir plus important que celui qui est offert aux acteurs régionaux par le gouvernement du Québec.Abstract. Multi-level governance theories have a tendency to minimize the role of law in shaping governance systems. The study of two instances of territorial governance in Quebec, shared governance with the aboriginal peoples and the Quebec government's regionalization initiative, puts this premise in question. The constitutional protection afforded to the land management provisions of the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement and, more recently, to the duty to consult flowing from the Haida Nation case give the aboriginal peoples more power than that recognized to regional actors under the Quebec government's initiative.

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Warbrick, Colin, and Huw Llewellyn. "III. The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf: Joint Submission by France, Ireland, Spain, and the United Kingdom." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 56, no. 3 (July 2007): 677–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei189.

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On 19 May 2006, France, Ireland, Spain and the United Kingdom deposited a joint submission with the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (the Commission) concerning the continental shelf extending beyond 200 nautical miles out into the Bay of Biscay and the Celtic Sea. The Commission was established under Annex II of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This was the sixth submission received by the Commission, but the first such joint submission made by a group of coastal States.1 The Commission's task is to make recommendations on the outer limits of the continental shelf, not to delimit the boundaries of the continental shelf among the four coastal States. That will be done by the four States themselves through consultation and negotiation after the Commission has made its recommendations. The Commission began consideration of the joint submission at its 18th session which began on 21 August 2006 at the UN Headquarters in New York. The Sub-Commission that it appointed to examine the joint submission in detail has held a number of hearings with the four delegations—in August 2006, and January and March 2007. It is not expected to transmit its recommendations to the full Commission until the 20th session beginning in August 2007.

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Gorodnia, Nataliya. "US-Philippines Security Relations (1991–2016)." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 9 (2020): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2020.09.5.

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This paper describes and discusses the major developments in the U.S.-Philippines security relations in 1991-2016, between signing an agreement to extend a rent of Subic Bay Naval base by the U.S. and inauguration of R. Duterte administration. The research has revealed three periods in the U.S.-Philippines security relations in 1991-2016. The first period started when the Philippines senate rejected to ratify the Subic Bay Agreement in September 1991, and the United States had to evacuate the naval base on November 1992. It lasted until the U.S. and the Philippines signed a Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA) in 1998. The Philippines government’s interest in reaching a new agreement was caused by China’s 1995 military occupation of the Panganiban reef and other incidents at the disputed territories in the South China Sea. The Philippines claimed that they composed a part of their exclusive economic zone, according to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The second period lasted since ratification of the VFA by the Philippines parliament in 1999 until aggravation of the situation in the South China Sea in 2011. This period was featured by enhanced political and military cooperation between the U.S. and the Philippines, and significant U.S. assistance in modernization of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). In September 2001–2006, the security cooperation was focused on the counterterrorism activitiesin the Philippines by military means. In 2007–2011, the focus shifted to humanitarian operations and development assistance. During the third period, in March 2011 – June 2016, B. Aquino administration refocused attention from domestic security issues to the threats in the South China Sea. In 2014, the Philippines and the U.S. signed the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement, which provided American ships, aircrafts and military personnel with an access to several military bases of the AFP on a rotating basis. The Agreement essentially improved U.S. strategic position in the Southeast Asia and the South China Sea.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Convention de Montego Bay'

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