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Caddell, Richard. "C. Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 22, no. 1 (2011): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvs087.
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Caddell, Richard. "C. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 24, no. 1 (2013): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvu003.
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Caddell, Richard. "C. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 25, no. 1 (2014): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvv016.
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Caddell, Richard. "C. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 27 (January 1, 2016): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvx030.
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Caddell, Richard. "C. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 28 (January 1, 2017): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvy011.
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Trouwborst, Arie, Melissa Lewis, Dawn Burnham, et al. "International law and lions (Panthera leo): understanding and improving the contribution of wildlife treaties to the conservation and sustainable use of an iconic carnivore." Nature Conservation 21 (September 13, 2017): 83–128. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.21.13690.
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The lion (Panthera leo) is featuring ever more prominently on the agendas of international wildlife treaties like the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). Lion range and numbers have declined markedly over the last two decades. In this review we assess the present role of international wildlife treaties with a view to improving their combined contribution to the conservation and sustainable use of lions. Our analysis identifies a substantial body of relevant international wildlife law and, moreover, a significant potential for enhancing the contribution to lion conservation of these global and regional treaties. The time is right to invest in such improvements, and our review renders a range of general and treaty-specific recommendations for doing so, including making full use of the Ramsar Wetlands Convention, World Heritage Convention and transboundary conservation area (TFCA) treaties for lion conservation. The CMS holds particular potential in this regard and our analysis provides strong support for listing the lion in its Appendices.
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Shah, Sardar Ali, Saba Karim, Amir Latif Bhatti, and Ramesh Kumar. "Protecting Endangered Species: The Role of International Environmental Law in Pakistan." Journal of Regional Studies Review 3, no. 1 (2024): 87–102. https://doi.org/10.62843/jrsr/2024.3a032.
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The protection of endangered species is one of the significant and emergent issues in the global community and international environmental law provides for the protection of this segment of the environment. This article discusses of some of the indispensable principles of International Environmental law treaties and conventions this include; Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Ramsar Convention on wetlands of International Importance, The Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and The World Wildlife Fund (WWF). It also investigates the Pakistan national law and present status of the endangered species in Pakistan. In the article, the role of international environmental law regarding endangered species in Pakistan has been described along with the issues. Lastly, recommendations on how endangered species may be protected in Pakistan using international environmental law is given. This article endeavors to add his ideas to the process of preservation of the endangered biological population and furthering the purposes of effective development in the territory of Pakistan.
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Mauerhofer, Volker. "Activities of Environmental Convention-Secretariats: Laws, Functions and Discretions." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (2019): 3116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113116.
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Multilateral Environmental Agreements—MEAs—are indispensable legal frameworks for environmental sustainability and also define the operating rules of their implementation bodies (“Secretariats”). The contribution assesses in how far the norms defining Secretariats’ functions differ and also reflect on actual functions for three MEAs, namely (1) the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora-CITES (1973), (2) the Convention on Biological Diversity—CBD (1992), and (3) the Convention on Migratory Species—CMS (1979). It does so by comparative legal interpretation of the main norms of these MEAs laying down the functions of its respective Secretariats as well as an in-depth review of academic literature about these functions. The results for these three conventions divide into nine functional areas and show an unexpectedly wide range of different functions laid down in the conventions as well as extensive variety in the discretion for many of these functional areas. Some potential explanations of these formal differences are provided. The paper further finds that actually executed functions may not be fully covered by the underlying legal norms but rather by “flexible” highest governing bodies of MEAs and concludes that occasionally an unusual legislative style was chosen, and shows potential solutions and future research directions.
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Gombobaatar, Sundev, Dorj Ususkhjargal, and Reuven Yosef. "A Review of the Conservation Status of Shorebirds in Mongolia." Animals 14, no. 12 (2024): 1752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14121752.
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We present the first comprehensive review of 62 migratory shorebird species in Mongolia, covering their ecological status, IUCN assessments at regional or national levels, population trends, threats, and conservation measures. Mongolia hosts a total of 62 shorebird species from twenty-two genera and seven families, with six species classified as globally threatened: the Critically Endangered Sociable Lapwing, the Endangered Siberian Sandplover, the Far Eastern Curlew, the Great Knot, and the Vulnerable Sharp-Tailed Sandpiper. Both national and global IUCN Red List assessments highlight Mongolia’s significance as a breeding and passage migrating site for globally threatened and Near-Threatened shorebirds. Species richness is higher in northern regions compared to the south, with the highest diversity found in areas with complex aquatic ecosystems. Global population trends indicate a decline in 61% of species, with 18% remaining stable, 16% of unknown status, and 5% increasing. At the national level, most species are stable (61%), 34% status is unknown, and 5% are decreasing. Anthropogenic-induced threats, including habitat loss and degradation, pollution, disturbance, and harvesting, pose significant risks to 69% of species, while natural disasters affect 11%. Additionally, 8% of species are impacted by accidental mortality and intrinsic factors, and 5% by changes in native species. Despite these threats, no specific conservation action plans exist for shorebirds in Mongolia. However, general conservation measures are in place, such as environmental and fauna protection laws, regulations on foreign trade in endangered species, and the establishment of protected areas under governmental resolutions. Mongolia also participates in international conventions like the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Ramsar, and Migratory Species (CMS), and has developed national red lists, red books, and publications such as A Summary Conservation Action Plan for Mongolian Birds, Important Bird Areas to support conservation efforts.
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YONG, DING LI, YANG LIU, BING WEN LOW, CARMELA P. ESPAÑOLA, CHANG-YONG CHOI, and KAZUTO KAWAKAMI. "Migratory songbirds in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway: a review from a conservation perspective." Bird Conservation International 25, no. 1 (2015): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270914000276.
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SummaryThe East Asian-Australasian Flyway supports the greatest diversity and populations of migratory birds globally, as well as the highest number of threatened migratory species of any flyway, including passerines (15 species). However it is also one of the most poorly understood migration systems, and little is known about the populations and ecology of the passerine migrants that breed, stop over and winter in the habitats along this flyway. We provide the first flyway-wide review of diversity, ecology, and conservation issues relating to 170 species of long-distance and over 80 short-distance migrants from 32 families. Recent studies of songbird migration movements and ecology is limited, and is skewed towards East Asia, particularly Mainland China, Taiwan, Russia, Japan and South Korea. Strong evidence of declines exists for some species, e.g. Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola, but tends to be fragmentary, localised or anecdotal for many others. More species have small breeding ranges (< 250,000 km2) and/or are dependent on tropical forests as wintering habitat than those in any other Eurasian migratory system, and are thus more vulnerable to habitat loss and degradation throughout their ranges. Poorly regulated hunting for food and the pet trade, invasive species and collisions with man-made structures further threaten migratory songbirds at a number of stop-over or wintering sites, while climate change and habitat loss may be of increasing concern in the breeding ranges. A key conservation priority is to carry out intensive field surveys across the region while simultaneously tapping into citizen science datasets, to identify important stop-over and wintering sites, particularly for poorly-known or globally threatened species across South-East Asia and southern China for targeted conservation actions. Additionally, the advent of miniaturised tracking technology, molecular and isotopic techniques can provide novel insights into migration connectivity, paths and ecology for species in this migration system, complementing data from banding exercises and observation-based surveys, and could prove useful in informing conservation priorities. However, until most states along the East Asian-Australasian flyway ratify the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) and other cross-boundary treaties, the relative lack of cross-boundary cooperation, coordination and information sharing in the region will continue to present a stumbling block for effective conservation of migratory passerines.
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Gallo-Orsi, U., and L. Lopes. "CMS Raptors MOU: New Opportunities for Raptors Conservation in Africa and Eurasia Emerging from the Third Meeting of Signatories." Raptors Conservation, no. 2 (2023): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2023-2-181-185.
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The Convention on Migratory Species’ Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia (Raptors MOU) represents a unique international agreement dedicated to the preservation of migratory raptors belonging to the orders Accipitriformes, Falconiformes, and Strigiformes. At the Third Meeting of Signatories to the Raptors MOU (MOS3), held in Dubai from 3 to 6 July 2023, significant progress was made towards advancing commitments for the conservation of these majestic birds. The primary outcomes of MOS3 are summarized below. Revised MOU mandate: An evaluation of the MOU’s implementation conducted in 2020 underscored the need to better align and enhance the clarity of the commitments contained in the MOU’s Text and in its Annexes (one of which being the MOU’s Action Plan). Consequently, several amendments to these documents were made. Notably, the Activities of the MOU’s Action Plan were comprehensively rewritten, with each now being accompanied by clear targets and means of verification. Updated list of species: The MOU now encompasses 94 distinct species of migratory bird of prey. Notably, the Yellow-billed Kite (Milvus aegyptius) is now recognized as a separate entity from the Black Kite (M. migrans). In addition, the MOU’s revision includes the new order Accipitriformes. Revised species categorization: Species listed under the Raptors MOU are categorized into one of three categories based on their extinction risk. At MOS3, individual species’ categories were updated according to the latest IUCN Red List assessment. The update resulted in an increased number of species classified under Category 1 (globally threatened or Near Threatened species) and Category 2 (species considered to have an unfavourable conservation status at a regional level), reflecting a deteriorating conservation status for 13 species. Conversely, only three species saw their conservation status improve and move to a lower category. Expanded list of internationally important sites for raptors: The MOU previously included a “Provisional list of Important Bird Areas that are known to be significant congregatory sites for birds of prey in Africa and Eurasia”. Now named “List of Internationally Important Sites for Migratory Birds of Prey”, the list has been broadened to incorporate sites listed as Important Bird Areas due to their importance for at least one species listed in Annex 1 of the MOU or because are “bottleneck” locations for migrating raptors. Additionally, those sites proposed by Signatories as meeting the same criteria have been included. Furthermore, for States current and former Members of the European Union the list includes sites designated as Special Protection Areas under the European Council’s Birds Directive. This network of important sites now represents the most extensive collective effort for raptor conservation in Africa and Eurasia, with the potential to significantly contribute to their preservation. Renewed membership of the Technical Advisory Group to the Raptors MOU (TAG): The purpose of the TAG is to serve and assist Signatories in the effective implementation of the Raptors MOU. A renewed TAG membership was elected at MOS3, increasing the number of serving women from one to four. First Raptor Conservation Status Assessment Report: Under the coordination of BirdLife International, the TAG has produced an assessment report of the conservation status of the raptor species covered by the MOU. This report paints a disconcerting picture of the rapidly declining conservation status of the 94 listed species, with 54% presenting declining global populations and 34% now facing elevated extinction risk. The most threatened group are Vultures (93% of spp. included in Category 1), followed by Eagles (50%) and Falcons (26%). The rate of extinction of migratory raptor listed in the MOU is outpacing that of all birds and even all raptors in general. The report emphasizes that the principal threats to these birds are habitat loss and degradation, illegal killing and taking, and electrocution and collision with energy infrastructure. Notably, the impact of electrocution and collision may be underestimated, as one-third of satellite-tagged raptors (excluding vultures) fall victim to these hazards. In light of these alarming findings, it is evident that a coordinated, collaborative effort involving researchers, conservationists, governments and other stakeholdersis imperative to mitigate the decline of migratory raptors. The Raptors MOU stands as a crucial technical framework that can facilitate and guide these essential conservation endeavors. The development of International Single Species Action Plans for Black Harrier (Circus maurus), Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Beaudouin’s Snake Eagle (Circaetus beaudouini), Pallas’s Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), Steller’s Sea Eagle (H. pelagicus) and Tawny Eagle (A. rapax) is considered a priority.
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H. Byju, H. Maitreyi, N. Raveendran, S. Ravichandran, and Reshmi Vijayan. "Avifaunal diversity and conservation status of waterbirds in Pillaimadam Lagoon, Palk Bay, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 17, no. 4 (2025): 26789–802. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9432.17.4.26789-26802.
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Avifaunal surveys are important for developing targeted conservation strategies for specific sites and species, especially in undocumented critical wintering grounds for shorebirds within the Central Asian Flyway. In this context, we present a first-time avifaunal checklist at the Pillaimadam Lagoon, Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu. A total of 108 species of birds belonging to 43 families under 16 orders were recorded. Order Charadriiformes was the most prevalent (34 species), followed by Passeriformes (28 species), and Pelecaniformes (15 species). Family-wise, the highest species richness was recorded for Scolopacidae and Laridae (11 species each). Winter visitors accounted for 33.3% (36 species), with other categories including Resident (51 species), Resident/Non-Breeding (17 species), Local Migrant (3 species), and one Passage Migrant—Rosy Starling Pastor roseus. The lagoon harbours five ‘Near Threatened’, two ‘Vulnerable’, one ‘Endangered’ (Siberian Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus), and one unassessed species (Hanuman Plover Charadrius seebohmi) as per the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and 35 species enlisted in Appendix II of the Convention of the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), emphasizing the need for conserving this coastal wetland as a ‘protected area.’ Hence, the current baseline data on avifaunal diversity is the first comprehensive bird list from Pillaimadam Lagoon.
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Soltani, Roumaissa, Nada Nouri, and Amel Lazli. "Diversity and seasonal variation of wader community (Aves, Charadriiformes) in the Mekhada Marsh (northeastern Algeria)." Ekológia (Bratislava) 42, no. 3 (2023): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eko-2023-0029.
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Abstract Our study was conducted between October 2021 and April 2022 at the Mekhada marsh, a wetland of international importance, located in northeastern Algeria. This site hosts large concentrations of waterbirds in winter, including waders. Through this investigation in the region, we proposed to characterise and analyse the population structure of this group of birds, which remains very poorly documented in Algeria. The results obtained indicate the presence of 16 species belonging to three families and nine genera. The maximum number of birds was counted in January 2022 (2417 individuals). The inventoried species showed two phenological statuses (wintering and sedentary breeding). Among these, three are listed on the IUCN Red List as lapwing Vanellus vanellus; the others are listed on international bird protection agreements (AEWA, Convention of Migratory Species of Wild Animals [CMS] or are protected by Algerian legislation. The present study gives interesting and unpublished data on a group of birds that has been little investigated in Algeria and on a wetland that, due to its large area and various habitats, remains little or undocumented, particularly in terms of its ornithological richness, which is of great interest.
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Bertouille, S. "Wildlife law and policy." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35, no. 2 (2012): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2012.35.0159.
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One of the crucial issues of our decades is how to stop the loss of biodiversity. Policy–makers need reliable data to base their decisions on. Managing wildlife populations requires, first of all, science–based knowledge of their abundance, dynamics, ecology, behaviour and dispersal capacities based on reliable qualitative data. The importance of dialogue and communication with the local actors should be stressed (Sennerby Forsse, 2010) as bag statistics and other monitoring data in wildlife management could be more precise if local actors, notably hunters, were better informed and aware of their importance, especially in supporting existing and emerging policies at national and international levels. Another essential issue in wildlife management is the conflicts generated by humans and their activities when they interact with wildlife (Heredia & Bass, 2011). A sociologic approach is required to take into account those human groups whose interests are divergent, facilitating communication and collaborative learning among these users of the same ecosytem. Obstacles should be addressed and solutions devised to protect and encourage a sustainable use of this ecosystem in, as much as possible, a win–win relationship. Policy objectives and mana-gement strategies should be discussed and debated among the stakeholders involved, then formulated. Policies can be translated into different types of instruments, economic and legislative, but also informative and educa-tive. As awareness of the actors is a key factor of successful regulation, the regulations should be sufficiently explained and stakeholders should be involved in the implementation of these regulations as much as possible. Finally, the effectiveness of the regulations should be evaluated in light of their objectives, and where necessary, the regulations should be strengthened or adapted to improve their performance (Van Gossum et al., 2010).The various aspects of the processes described above were highlighted in the plenary talk and the five oral communications presented during the session on wildlife law and policy. In his plenary talk, Dr Borja Heredia, Head of the Scientific Unit of the Secretariat of the CMS/UNEP in Bonn, pointed out different sources of human–wildlife conflicts, such as the logging activities in subtropical forests that induce overexploitation and poaching for bushmeat consumption; the problem of predators on livestock and the poisoning of lions in the Masaï Reserve; animals invading the human territory; and game species as a vector of diseases in humans and livestock (Heredia & Bass, 2011). Heredia stressed the importance for wildlife managers to deal with the human dimension; he stressed the importance of successful conflict management based on principles such as a non–adversial framework, an analytical approach, a problem–solving orientation, the direct participation of the conflicting parties, dialogue as a basis for mutual understanding and facilitation by a trained third party. Heredia explained how the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (UNEP/CMS) contributes to confict resolution and in this way increases the chance of survival of these species. The CMS (see CMS website) works for the con-servation of a wide array of endangered migratory animals worldwide through the negotiation and implementation of agreements and action plans. Migratory species threatened with extinction are listed in Appendix I of the Con-vention. CMS parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. Besides establishing obligations for each State joining the CMS, CMS promotes concerted action among the Range States of many of these species. Migratory species that need, or would significantly benefit from, international co–operation are listed in Appendix II of the Convention. For this reason, the Convention encourages the Range states to reach global or regional agreements. The Convention acts, in this res-pect as a framework convention. The Agreements may range from legally binding treaties (called agreements, there are seven) to less formal instruments, such as Memoranda of Understanding, or actions plans (there are 20), and they can be adapted to the requirements of particular regions. The development of models tailored according to the conservation needs throughout the migratory range is a unique capacity to CMS. Heredia detailed inter alia the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, the Great Apes Survival Part-nership, the Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and their Habitats, the MoU on the Saïga Antelope, and the Programme for the Conservation and sustainable use of the wild saker falcon (Falco cherrug) in Mongolia.The talk of Sarah Wilks, research fellow at the School of Law, University of Western Sydney, illus-trated the importance of adequate transparency and public consultation in environmental and conservation law and decision making. Wilks (2012) examined the Australian legislation concerning animal welfare and the export of Australian wildlife products and, as a case study, explored the Tasmanian State Government’s recent decision to promote the com-mercial harvest and export of brushtail possums She pointed out that although the Enviromment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation 1999 (EPBC) process intended to be open and co–operative, it is not, in prac-tice, co–operative, public and transparent. The export of possum products requires Australian Government approval under the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (EPBC). Wilks (2012) assessed the Tasmanian Wildlife Trade Management Plan for Common Brushtail Possums developed by the EPBC, the public submissions to the Austra-lian Government, and the Australian Government’s response against the provisions of the EPBC. As a result, she deplored that welfare outcomes, like that of back or pouch juveniles whose mother had been trapped or killed have not been adequately considered either at Tasmanian State or at Australian Govenment level. She concluded by deploring that submissions on ethical grounds could not yet be considered by the Australian Government because the decision to harvest or not to harvest is made at State level, and yet the Tasmanian State legislation is deficient in mandating public consultation.Data on hunting and game resources provide quan-titative and qualitative information on game species, but moreover, game monitoring has shown to be efficient in identifying threats to biodiversity, such as biodiversity problems in agriculture and forest ecosystems, and also to be an early warning in assessing threats from invasive alien species (Sennerby Forsse, 2010). They are an essential tool for game managers, scientists and policy–makers, and hunters and hunter organisations are key resources in the collection of this information.The ARTEMIS data bank was initiated by the Federation of Asssociations of Hunting and Conservation of the Euro-pean Union FACE (see ARTEMIS website) to improve information about game in support of existing and emer-ging European policies. The objective of ARTEMIS is to centralise and analyse, in a coordinated and coherent Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35.2 (2012)161extending the ban to all waterfowl hunting and not only that undertaken in protected wetlands.The presentation of K. E. Skordas, from the Hunting Federation of Macedonia and Thrace, Research Divi-sion, Greece, illustrated the contribution of the Hellenic Hunters Confederation (HHC) to law enforcement for wildlife protection. It showed how stakeholders, hun-ters, set up heir own Game Warden Service in 1999, through their Hunting Associations, in order to assume responsibility for the control of illegal hunting and wil-dlife protection, in collaboration with the local Forest Service. These game wardens carry out repressive and preventive controls and prosecutions. Besides this initiative, information campaigns are organised by the HHC to improve hunters’ awareness (see website of the Hellenic Hunters Confederation, HHC). Skordas & Papaspyropoulos (2011) analysed the relation between law enforcement, hunter awareness and infringement categories, classed in degree of influencing wildlife protection. They observed a strong reduction in the number of infringements; particularly, they found that hunting out of season and hunting without a license decreased from 23.4% to 7.31% and from 30.12% to 11.8%, respectively.All the talks presented in this session stressed the importance of dialogue in wildlife management as a basis for mutual understanding. Communication and involvement of the local actors/stakeholders are key factors at different stages of wildlife management: when collecting reliable data on which policy–makers may draw up their decisions, when debating policy objectives and strategies, and when implementing regulations and administrative acts
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Kovacs, A., C. Galbraith, R. Sheldon, U. Gallo-Orsi, and L. Lopes. "An Adaptive Management Framework Concept for the Sustainable Use of the Saker Falcon." Raptors Conservation, no. 2 (2023): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2023-2-465-468.
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The Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) is listed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List as Globally Endangered. It breeds across continental middle latitudes, with its range spanning over 7,000 km from Central Europe to Western China, and 3,000 north to south. Most populations are migratory and a number of different routes have been confirmed by field observations and satellite tracking. One of the principal threats affecting its global population is unsustainable trapping/harvest on the breeding grounds and along the migration routes. The Saker Falcon is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which enables trade subject to the development of a Non-Detriment Finding (NDF). Under the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), the species is listed under Appendix I (with the exception of the Mongolian population which is listed in Appendix II), meaning that take is generally prohibited, except for the Mongolian population. The Saker Falcon Global Action Plan (SakerGAP) was adopted by CMS Parties in 2014 and a Saker Falcon Task Force (STF) was established to oversee implementation. One of the key aims of the STF is to develop an Adaptive Management Framework (AMF) that moves the current illegal, and presumably unsustainable trapping activity, into a system that is legal, controlled, and sustainable. Such a system will need to be carefully developed, implemented, and monitored, and conforms with requirements under CMS and CITES. To develop such a framework the STF established an Adaptive Management Framework Discussion Group (AMF DG) to conceptualize a modular AMF as a tool to assist the decision-making of stakeholders, especially international partners, and national authorities, on the sustainable use of the Saker Falcon. The objective is to design an international AMF which integrates nine modules: 1) global governance and data management, including effective sustainable use models and a sustainable, international quota scheme, 2) internationally harmonized policy and law-making that ensures sustainability, 3) reinforced law enforcement, 4) effective awareness raising, 5) effective monitoring and research schemes, 6) complementary ex situ conservation measures, 7) compensatory in situ conservation measures, 8) effective stakeholder engagement, cooperation, and networking to respond to the socio-economic and cultural drivers of Saker Falcon use, and 9) the involvement of rural communities in the conservation management of the Saker Falcon. Currently, a significant degree of uncertainty and speculation accompanies the population estimates for certain key Range States, especially in Asia. Therefore, while designing the AMF, the STF is seeking to find a careful balance between the benefits of an internationally coordinated sustainable use framework and the inherent risks of taking Saker Falcons from the wild in large numbers. According to the draft AMF, the legal harvest may conditionally be allowed in larger, stable, or increasing Saker Falcon populations in parts of its global range, only if legal, ecological, and socio-economic safeguards for sustainability are met and the origin of falcons is identifiable. Depleted or decreasing breeding populations may not currently be considered suitable for any harvest and are illegal as currently listed in CMS Appendix 1. However, the AMF must mitigate the illegal taking of wild falcons along the flyways and in wintering areas. This would require an international harmonization of alternative policies, and legal and wildlife management tools. As well as a concerted international data sharing to ensure that harvest that is assessed non-detrimental at the Range State level does not affect negatively the Saker Falcon populations of other Range States.
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Usmawadi, Usmawadi. "Implementation of the UNCLOS 1982 in Utilization of Highly Migratory Species By Indonesia." Sriwijaya Law Review 4, no. 1 (2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol4.iss2.119.pp124-135.
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Indonesia is one of the producers of tuna and tuna species (tuna, skipjack, and mackerel tuna), which are increasing every year. Its geographical location and area of its many Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) bordering many neighboring countries, requires Indonesia to implement the CLS 1982 provisions on far-migratory fish. In this connection, Indonesia implements two forms. Firstly, in the form of legislation, which Indonesia has issued about 17 regulations, starting from the level of the Law to the Ministerial Regulation. Secondly, Indonesia has been active as a member of regional fisheries organizations whose territory borders on the Indonesian EEZ. Consequently, from the issuance of this Ministerial Regulation, Indonesia must carry out fisheries monitoring on board, to meet the higher quality data needs. So that Indonesia is faced with carrying out monitoring on fishing vessels operating in the convention area of the RFMOs, namely the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, the Commission for Southern Blue Fin Tuna Conservation, and the Central and Western Pacific Fisheries Commission. In order to optimize this implementation, Indonesia needs to prepare officials, facilities, and infrastructure that can support the compliance and enforcement of legislation that has been issued. Indonesia should immediately formulate fisheries policies in the high seas outside the Indonesian EEZ, which involve and benefit Indonesian fishermen.
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Byju, Hameed, Hegde Maitreyi, Raveendran Natarajan, Reshmi Vijayan, and Balu Alagar Venmathi Maran. "The avifauna of Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu along the Southeast coast of India: waterbird assessments and conservation implications across key sanctuaries and Ramsar sites." PeerJ 13 (February 25, 2025): e18899. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18899.
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Background Wetlands, globally, face significant threats from human activities, and waterbirds, as key indicators of wetland health, are essential to maintaining ecological balance. Any long-term conservation measures should prioritize coordinated habitat preservation, wetland restoration, and sustainable management practices involving local communities. Monitoring and analyzing waterbird population trends are critical for understanding restoration, conservation, and management practices. Methods The present study was carried out in five bird sanctuaries Chitrangudi, Kanjirankulam (Ramsar sites), Therthangal, Sakkarakottai, and Mel-Kel Selvanoor of Tamil Nadu, Southeast coast of India, over one year (April 2022 to March 2023). Monthly surveys using direct and block methods, with additional fortnightly visits during the breeding season, were conducted from vantage points to record species diversity, nesting activity, and conservation threats. Assessments of the residential status, national status (SOIB), and Convention for Migratory species (CMS) status were done along with the alpha and beta biodiversity profiles, principal component analysis, Pearson correlation and other statistical methods performed to assess breeding waterbirds community structure. Threats to the breeding waterbirds were categorised into high, medium, and low impacts based on degree of severity and irreversibility. Results The avifaunal checklist revealed a diversity of waterbird species utilizing the sanctuaries for breeding. Notable findings include two Near-Threatened species like, Asian Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus, and Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis, where Asian Woolly-necked Stork recorded only in Therthangal Bird Sanctuary. Avifauna of each sanctuary with breeding waterbirds in parenthesis is as follows: Chitragundi 122 (13); Mel-Kel Selvanoor 117 (19); Therthangal 96 (23); Sakkarakottai 116 (17) and Kanjirankulam 123 (14). The breeding activity (incubation in nests) was from November to February except for Glossy Ibis and Oriental Darter whose breeding started in December; Spot-billed Duck and Knob-billed Duck breed only during January and February. Among the 131 species recorded from all the sanctuaries, 78% were resident birds; 27% were breeding waterbirds, and 21% were Winter visitors. The SOIB and CMS statuses underscore the necessity of implementing effective conservation measures to protect breeding habitats amid anthropogenic pressures. Water unavailability and nest tree unavailability in the sanctuaries are found to be the high degree threats to breeding waterbirds than others. This research provides critical baseline data for the forest department’s future wetland management plans.
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Buner, F., and M. Puigcerver. "XXXth IUGB Congress and Perdix XIII." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35, no. 2 (2012): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2012.35.0153.
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The 30th Congress of the International Union of Game Biologists (IUGB) and Perdix XIII was held at the ‘Hotel Juan Carlos I’ in Barcelona, Spain, from 5 to 9 September 2011. The event was organised by the University of Barcelona, the Regional Government of Catalonia Department of Agriculture, Farming, Fish, Food and Environment, the Spanish Institute of Game Resources Research (IREC), and the British Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust. Every two years since the mid–1950s, the International Union of Game Biologists (IUGB) has brought together international wildlife biologists, forestry scientists, veterinarians, game managers, hunters and others with an interest in game or wildlife biology. The IUGB encourages the exchange of scientific and practical knowledge in the field of game and wildlife management, the broad field of game biology, and international co–operation in game and wildlife management. The aim of the conference is to build bridges between scientists, wildlife managers and authorities, and those studying the human dimensions of wildlife management. Following the meetings in Limassol (Cyprus) in 2001 and Braga (Portugal) in 2003, Perdix XIII joined the IUGB Congress series for the third time in its history. Founded in the 1960s, the Perdix series has traditionally attracted partridge, quail and francolin researchers and conservationists from across Europe and North America. To make the Perdix series even more attractive to gamebird biologists, specialists in any Galliform species —whether pheasants, cracids, megapodes or grouse— is welcomed. This joint congress provided a forum to share current developments in gamebird and mammal wildlife research and management, offering an excellent opportunity to identify research gaps, to determine conservation action needs, and to co–ordinate research projects. The congress was attended by 397 researchers and wildlife managers from 37 different countries from the five continents, and included many of the world’s leading wildlife biologists. The general topic was ‘Human–wildlife conflicts and peace-building strategies’. The objective was to summarise the general philosophy of the organising and scientific committees to try to overcome the simple collection of problems derived from human–wildlife interactions by proposing solutions on the basis of scientific knowledge of wildlife and management. A total of 260 contributions were presented. Sixty–eight Perdix XIII communications were related to galliform species (38 oral communications and 30 posters). Additionally, keynote plenary lectures were given by renowned experts, each of whom opened one of the eight main topics of the Conference: – First plenary session: ‘Veterinary aspects of wildlife and conservation’ Bushmeat hunting regulates ebola emergence. Speaker: Dr. Peter D. Walsh – Second plenary session: ‘Species extinctions and population dynamics’ Galliform species and species extinctions: what we know and what we need to know. Speaker: Dr. Philip K. J. McGowan Third plenary session: ‘Wildlife law and policy’ Policy responses to human-wildlife conflicts. A perspective from the convention of migratory species (CMS). Speaker: Dr. Borja Heredia – Fourth plenary session: ‘Conservation and management of migratory species’ Conservation and management of the Common quail (Coturnix coturnix) in Europe: past, present and future. Speaker: Dr. Manel Puigcerver – Fifth plenary session: ‘Wildlife biology, behaviour and game species management’ The Grey partridge in the UK: population status, research, policy and prospects . Speaker: Dr. Nicholas Aebischer – Sixth plenary session: ‘Interactions humans–wildlife’ Managing conflicts between conservation and gamebird management. Speaker: Dr. Steve Redpath – Seventh plenary session: ‘Methodologies, models and techniques’ Molecular genetic tools and techniques for improving management of wildlife and game species. Speaker: Dr. Lisette Waits – Eigth plenary session: ‘Human dimensions of game wildlife management’ Sustainable hunting: an exploration along ecological and social dimensions. Speaker: Dr. John Linnell Of these eight lectures, four were clearly focused on Galliformes species and the others were of general interest to the audience. Six specific workshops were also presented during the Conference, three of which were of particular interest to Perdix attendees: – Sustainable management of migratory birds – what may hunters and game biologists expect from each other?, led by Dr. Yves Lecocq and Dr. Conor O’Gorman. – GALLIPYR: Pyrenean Network for the mountain game fowl, led by Dr. Virginie Fabre (geieforespir@forespir.com) and sponsored by the GALLIPYR INTERREG Project. – Reconciling agricultural management, small game production and biodiversity conservation: recommendations for the CAP reform, led by Drs. J. Viñuela, F. Casas, F. Ros, D. Villanúa, P. Ferreras, J. Torres, I. Leranoz, J. Ardaiz, V. Alzaga, A. Cormenzana and E. Castién. Further information can be found on the Conference web page (www.iugb2011.com) where the final programme, the abstract book (in PDF format), and extended abstracts of some contributions can be downloaded. Some of the most outstanding contributions, selected by the scientific committee of the Conference, are now published in this special issue of the international scientific journal Animal Biodiversity and Conservation. We wish to thank the scientific and organising committees, the sponsors, and the participants for making this meeting such an interesting, friendly and highly valuable event.
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Ongarbaev, N. Kh. "Proposals for Legislative Solutions to the Problems of Bird Deaths on Overhead Power Lines in Kazakhstan." Raptors Conservation, no. 2 (2023): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2023-2-395-399.
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The problems of bird deaths on overhead power lines (PLs) have been studied by experts for many years and have now been examined enough to make basic conclusions about the causes of their deaths and possible ways of solving this problem. It is no secret that PLs that are dangerous to birds cause the greatest damage to migrating and/or nomadic birds. Thus, the states that have not solved the issues of mass deaths of birds on OPLs in their countries, in fact, violate the provisions of the international convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals (Bonn Convention or CMS), if they have acceded to this convention. The Republic of Kazakhstan acceded to the Bonn Convention in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 13, 2005 N 96, and as a state of a range of a number of migratory species has committed to make efforts for their conservation. In addition, the new Environmental Code, which entered into force in 2021, at the initiative of certain environmental organizations, Requirements for the Construction and Operation of Electricity Networks,” which specifies the requirements that “When locating, designing, constructing, operating, repairing, reconstructing and modernizing electric grids, measures shall be developed and implemented to ensure the prevention of death of birds and other wild animals, preservation of habitat, breeding conditions, migration routes and places of concentration”, and that “entities operating electric grids shall be obliged to carry out regular inspections of electric grids to identify their negative impact on birds and other wild animals and, if necessary, take measures to reduce it.” Thus, the basic requirements for ensuring the safety of OPLs for birds have already been defined at the Code level. Moreover, the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Protection, Reproduction and Use of Animal World” also contains a separate article No. 17 “Measures to preserve the habitat, breeding conditions, migration routes and places of concentration of animals in the design and implementation of economic and other activities”, the second paragraph of which states that “When operating, locating, designing, and constructing railroads, highways, pipelines, and other transportation routes, power and communication lines, canals, dams and other water facilities, measures shall be developed and implemented to ensure the preservation of habitat, breeding conditions, migration routes and places of concentration of animals.” Moreover, even articles in the Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Administrative Offenses” are provided to control compliance with these articles. For example, Article 379 stipulates responsibility for violation of animal protection measures in the placement, design and construction of settlements, enterprises and other facilities, implementation of production processes and operation of vehicles, etc. Thus, it can be assumed that in Kazakhstan the issue of bird deaths on PLs has a high level of formalization. Some issues of PLs safety for birds are even reflected in the “Standards of Technological Design of Rural Electric Networks of the Republic of Kazakhstan” (RDS RK 4.04-185-2003). However, this poses the question – why, with so many documents, birds continue to die, and owners of overhead power lines dangerous for birds are not brought to responsibility? Obviously, the core of the problem lies in law enforcement practice, which is limited by several important factors: 1) It is not specified, which activities should be carried out and how to monitor their implementation; 2) These requirements are not enshrined in the regulatory and technical documentation of power engineers and designers, which makes them “detached” from the working life of power engineers; 3) PLs dangerous for birds have huge lengths (only the length of 6–10 kV PLs is more than 80 thousand kilometers), it is impossible and economically inexpedient to check and inspect them. In view of the above, the obvious conclusion is that it is not the death of birds on overhead power lines or the failure to implement measures that should be considered a problem, but the very fact of designing, constructing or operating overhead power lines that are dangerous to birds. Based on this point of reference, BRCC has formulated the basic concept of the proposals for legislative solutions to the problems of bird deaths on PLs. The essence of the proposals is as follows: 1) Legislatively define the term “the structure that is dangerous to birds”; 2) Introduce a legislative ban on the design and construction of bird-dangerous PL structures (newly constructed PLs). At the same time, it is advisable to consider alternative solutions for PL owners using 6–10 kV networks; 3) Smoothly and gradually introduce a legislative ban on the operation of bird dangerous structures of PLs without bird protection devices (BPDs) of the established sample and quality; 4) Develop and approve national standards for BPDs (insulating, marker, and nestforming type), including requirements for their technical characteristics, methods of attachment, frequency of replacement, etc. Important aspects of the proposed solutions are the following: 1) implementation of the above proposals not only in environmental laws and statutory instruments, but also in regulatory and technical documentation governing the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of PLs; 2) involvement of a wide range of stakeholders, including the Ministry of Energy, overhead line owners, associations and various limited liability companies, financial institutions and banks financing overhead line construction/modernization. An important way to solve the problem is to initially appeal to the Government of Kazakhstan and establish an interdepartmental working group. In case of success, all technical and organizational solutions will be presented to the attention of ornithologists and conservation organizations of Kazakhstan and neighboring countries.
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Yakushina, Yana. "The response of the Bonn Convention on Migratory Species to light pollution." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1099, no. 1 (2022): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1099/1/012048.
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Abstract Light pollution became a major transboundary concern for the environment and biodiversity protection, especially with regard to species migration and spatial orientation. In view of the need for effective nature conservation, the international community has to adapt to the new challenges. The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, or the Bonn Convention, as the main international framework for migratory species protection, has recently taken initial steps towards mitigation of light pollution adverse impacts. In order to understand the response to the new environmental problem at the international level, this article explores and briefly summarizes the response of the Bonn Convention framework on light pollution as a hazardous threat. The article also discusses the potential role of the Convention in the formation of an international regulatory framework on this matter.
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Glowka, Lyle. "Complementarities between the convention on migratory species and the convention on biological diversity." Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 3, no. 3 (2000): 205–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880290009353962.
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Hilda, Hilda, and Asriyani Asriyani. "The state's obligation to protect highly migratory species according to the 1982 law of the sea convention." Tomini Journal of Aquatic Science 3, no. 2 (2022): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37905/tjas.v3i2.15485.
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Highly Migratory Species are one of the fish resources legally protected according to the UNCLOS 1982. This protection is carried out to ensure adequate world fish stocks and the sustainability of these fish resources. Internationally, the efforts to protect it are the obligation of all countries. This study examines the state’s commitment to preserving these Highly Migratory Species. This research is normative juridical research that utilizes secondary data, including primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials using qualitative analysis. The study results show that several international legal instruments complement the provisions of the UNCLOS 1982, which regulates the state’s obligations to protect Highly Migratory Species in a concrete way, i.e., related to management and conservation. Some regional fisheries organizations have been formed to implement the state’s obligation to cooperate in managing and protecting Highly Migratory Species in each specific regulated area.
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Ong, David M. "Joint Development of Common Offshore oil and Gas Deposits: “Mere” State Practice or Customary International Law?" American Journal of International Law 93, no. 4 (1999): 771–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2555344.
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The entry into force of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea1 and its widespread ratification2 have renewed interest in the remaining gaps and ambiguities in its provisions on the control of shared marine resources. The discussion has recently focused on die regulation of common or transboundary fishing stocks3 and migratory species,4 a problem that was considered serious enough to merit the adoption of another multilateral convention. The 1995 Agreement on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks5 was designed to resolve the increasing number of disputes on this issue.6
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Hensz, Christopher Michael, and Jorge Soberón. "Participation in the convention on migratory species: A biogeographic assessment." Ambio 47, no. 7 (2018): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-018-1024-0.
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Hobson, Keith. "Time to strengthen and enforce the north american migratory bird treaty act." Open Access Government 42, no. 1 (2024): 394–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-042-10785.
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Time to strengthen and enforce the north american migratory bird treaty act The number of migratory bird populations is declining; Keith Hobson, professor and research scientist at Environment and Climate Change Canada and Western University, outlines the importance of updating conventions to protect these vulnerable species. One of the great current challenges of effective wildlife conservation globally involves the protection of migratory organisms that cross international boundaries during their annual cycle. The challenge is obvious when considering the myriad of obstacles involved with international agreements and requirements for on-the-ground compliance, especially when considering different languages, cultures and political systems. Nonetheless, such international cooperation is needed now more than ever as migratory animals have been found to be declining at greater rates than their non-migratory counterparts. That is especially the case for migratory birds. Not surprisingly, apart from regulations involving trade in wildlife or wildlife parts, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), few success stories exist.
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Trouwborst, Arie. "Global large herbivore conservation and international law." Biodiversity and Conservation 28, no. 14 (2019): 3891–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01856-y.
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Abstract Large wild herbivore species are important to ecosystems and human societies, but many of them are threatened and in decline. International wildlife treaties have a role to play in arresting and reversing these declines. This paper provides a global overview and analysis of relevant legal instruments and their roles regarding the conservation of the 73 largest terrestrial herbivores, i.e., those with a body mass of ≥ 100 kg. Outcomes reveal both significant positive contributions and shortcomings of the Ramsar Wetlands Convention, the World Heritage Convention, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, the Convention on Migratory Species and its subsidiary instruments, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and a range of regional and bilateral treaties. Maximizing the potential of these treaties, and attaining their objectives regarding the conservation and restoration of large herbivores, requires substantial increases in funding and political will. Even before such game-changing increases occur, however, it remains worthwhile to seek and use the many opportunities that exist within the current international legal framework for enhancing the conservation of the world’s largest herbivores.
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Newson, Se, S. Mendes, Hqp Crick, et al. "Indicators of the impact of climate change on migratory species." Endangered Species Research 7 (June 7, 2009): 101–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14815662.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals adopted a Resolution in 2005 recognising the impacts of climate change on migratory species. It called on Contracting Parties to undertake more research to improve our understanding of these impacts and to implement adaptation measures to reduce foreseeable adverse effects. Given the large diversity of taxa and species affected by climate change, it is impossible to monitor all species and effects thereof. However, it is likely that many of the key ecological and physical processes through which climate change may impact wildlife could be monitored using a suite of indicators, each comprising parameters of species/populations or groups of species as proxies for wider assemblages, habitats and ecosystems. Herein, we identify a suite of 17 indicators whose attributes could reveal negative impacts of climate change on the global status of migratory species: 4 for birds, 4 for marine mammals, 2 for sea turtles, 1 for fish, 3 for land mammals and 3 for bats. A few of these indicators would be relatively straightforward to develop, but most would require additional data collation, and in many cases methodological development. Choosing and developing indicators of the impacts of climate change on migratory species is a challenge, particularly with endangered species, which are subject to many other pressures. To identify and implement conservation measures for these species, indicators must account for the full ensemble of pressures, and link to a system of alerts and triggers for action.
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Tsamenyi, Martin, and Stuart Kaye. "The Southern Bluefin Tuna Convention: The Management of Highly Migratory Species and Third States." Maritime Studies 1994, no. 75 (1994): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07266472.1994.10878376.
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TREWEEK, JO, RIKI THERIVEL, STEWART THOMPSON, and MARTIN SLATER. "PRINCIPLES FOR THE USE OF STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AS A TOOL FOR PROMOTING THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 07, no. 02 (2005): 173–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333205002043.
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Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) has been identified as an important tool for helping to ensure that development is planned and implemented for the benefit of biodiversity by the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Ramsar Convention and the Convention for Migratory Species. SEA is seen as a way to overcome many limitations of project-level environmental impact assessment by allowing consideration of biodiversity at higher tiers of decision-making and planning. This paper identifies some important principles that should be taken into account to ensure that biodiversity considerations are appropriately addressed in SEA, so that the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are pursued as fundamental objectives of strategic decision-making. The paper also sets out key considerations to take into account at different stages in the SEA process. The principles explored in this paper should be applicable in any country where SEA is practiced, even though legislation, methodologies and procedures vary widely.
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Sandeep, M., P. Srinivas, B. L. Narayana, and D. Adimallaiah. "Sarus Crane (Grus antigone) egg is hatched by a domestic hen." TAPROBANICA 7, no. 1 (2015): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v7i1.160.
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Nehru Zoological Park, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, has been involved in captive breeding programmes, including eggs of silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera), red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), kalij pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos) and golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) incubated by domestic hen (Gallus gallus domesticus). It proved successful in almost all cases. Here, we attempted to do the same for the sarus crane (Grus antigone), which is listed in Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, vulnerable species on IUCN Red List 2012, Appendix II of CITES, and Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species. It is the largest bird in India and the tallest flying bird in the world.
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Binlinla, Joseph Kwasi. "Habitat conversion intensifies human elephant conflicts in the Eastern Wildlife Corridor, Ghana." Pachyderm 63 (December 14, 2022): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.69649/pachyderm.v63i.477.
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Ghana was ranged by fairly large herds of elephants up until the 1970s (Douglas-Hamilton 1979). At one time elephants were found throughout the country but, as elsewhere on the continent, elephant habitat contracted during the 20th century. Today both the African savannah elephant (Loxodonta africana) and the African forest elephant (L. cyclotis) are still found, respectively, in the savannah and forest zones of Ghana. However, the populations are now confined to a few Protected Areas (PAs) and isolated remnant habitats, mainly due to human population pressure and related land use and land cover changes (AfESG 2000). Elephants are also killed illegally by poachers for the ivory trade, which dates back to ancient times (Parker 1973). By 2000, there were only eleven elephant population ranges in the country, with an estimated population of 1,000–2,000 individuals (WD 2000). These trends call for drastic and far-reaching elephant conservation efforts, including effective anti-poaching measures with more supportive legislation, and community-based land-use planning to foster harmonious human–elephant coexistence (HECx) in the country. Ghana has exhibited zeal for the conservation of the African elephant, both domestically and on the international front. Ghana was the first country to propose listing of African elephants in Appendix 1 of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). The country is also signatory to other international conventions, including the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), among others. In July 2008, Ghana entered into a bilateral cooperation agreement in the form of a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the Republic of Burkina Faso for the purpose of conserving natural resources shared by the two countries, including savannah elephants. In 2000, the Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission of Ghana, in collaboration with the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and IUCN’s African Elephant Specialist Group (AfESG), developed an Elephant Conservation Strategy as a guide to ensure the conservation and survival of viable elephant populations and their habitats throughout the country. This strategy informed studies conducted of elephant migratory corridors by the Northern Savannah Biodiversity Conservation Project (NSBCP), under the auspices of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the World Bank, between 2002 and 2009. These studies identified two main elephant migratory routes between Burkina Faso and northern Ghana, which were designated the Eastern and Western Wildlife Corridors (EWWC). The forests and wildlife in the corridors are jointly managed by the Forest Services Division (FSD) and Wildlife Division (WD) of the Forestry Commission. This article provides a summary description of the EWWC, presents data on human–elephant conflict in the Eastern Wildlife Corridor, and discusses approaches to mitigate conflicts and ensure the survival of the elephant population in the corridor.
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Kolobov, R. Yu, and Ya B. Ditsevich. "International Legal Potential for Solving Environmental Problems in the Baikal Natural Territory." Siberian Law Herald 1 (2021): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2071-8136.2021.1.93.
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It is determined that the task of improving the legal protection of the ecosystem of Lake Baikal presupposes a comprehensive analysis of the existing legal regimes of both national and international origin. It is noted that various international treaties have already played a positive role in solving acute problems of lake protection, however, the potential of international law in this area is far from being exhausted, since, on the one hand, the existing international legal mechanisms are often not fully used, with the other is that there are a significantpact Assessment in a Transboundary Context”, reflecting leading international and foreign practice of solving environmental issues. A separate block is allocated to the conventions on the protection of flora, fauna and its individual species:“on the protection of wild fauna and flora and natural habitats in Europe” and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. It was noted that the analysis of the European Convention on Landscapes, whose provisions can contribute to the formation of landscape policy in the Central Ecological Zone of the Baikal Natural Territory, is promising.
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Nash, Marian. "Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law." American Journal of International Law 86, no. 4 (1992): 792–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203795.
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On May 19, 1992, President George Bush transmitted to the Senate for advice and consent to ratification the Convention for the Conservation of Anadromous Stocks in the North Pacific Ocean, with Annex, signed at Moscow on February 11, 1992. An accompanying report by Secretary of State James A. Baker III, dated May 14, 1992, stated, in major part: The Convention has as its centerpiece a prohibition on high seas fishing for Pacific salmon, which will protect valuable migrating U.S.-origin salmonids. It also establishes a new international organization to promote the conservation of anadromous stocks (primarily Pacific salmon) throughout their migratory range in the high seas area of the North Pacific Ocean and its adjacent seas, as well as ecologically related species that interact with these resources, including various marine mammals, seabirds, and non-anadromous fish species. The new organization, which is to be known as the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission, will also serve as a needed venue for consultation and coordination of high seas fishery enforcement activities by the contracting parties.
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Hylton, S., W. T. White, and A. Chin. "The sharks and rays of the Solomon Islands: a synthesis of their biological diversity, values and conservation status." Pacific Conservation Biology 23, no. 4 (2017): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17012.
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Sharks and rays are facing increasing anthropogenic pressure globally, including in the Pacific. However, data on their status and biodiversity are lacking for many Pacific Large Ocean Island States. This study aimed to construct a species checklist for the sharks and rays occurring in the Solomon Islands, review the human interactions with these species, and present a synthesis of their conservation status. Given the paucity of available data, a wide range of data sources were used including fisheries data, citizen science, and ethnobiological studies. Results were validated through a review process involving expert informants. Fifty sharks and rays were identified from the Solomon Islands, of which 20 are assessed as Vulnerable or Endangered on the IUCN Red List, 10 in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, and 11 in the Convention for Migratory Species. The checklist also presents an eastwards range extension for the Endangered dwarf sawfish Pristis clavata. Fishing appears to be the main impact, though impacts from habitat loss and degradation are possible. This study provides a systematic synthesis and review of the biological diversity, uses, and cultural significance of Solomon Islands sharks and rays, and describes a process for assembling species checklists and reviews in data-poor contexts. However, this synthesis is based on limited information and a complete assessment of shark and ray status in the Solomon Islands will require primary fieldwork.
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Hykle, Douglas. "The convention on migratory species and other international instruments relevant to marine turtle conservation: Pros and cons." Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 5, no. 1-2 (2002): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880290209354001.
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Ngila, Peggy, Chiawo David, Margaret Owuor, et al. "Developing bird friendly transmission power lines in Kenya." F1000Research 12 (April 18, 2023): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.132003.1.
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Background: Kenya's rich wildlife is an important natural resource and is vital to the country's economy. However, rapid infrastructure development in key wildlife areas has threatened the survival of numerous species including raptors. Policy: The growing distribution of electricity grids in Kenya poses a significant risk to raptors and populations of other large birds. This research aimed to review the policy gaps in Kenya’s National Energy Policy (2018) examining the strategies for developing bird friendly transmission power lines in Kenya, with a goal to reduce the negative impact on raptor populations and improve their conservation. The findings indicate a high overlap between the ecological niche of raptors with medium and high voltage transmission power lines, with indication of high-risk hotspots for electrocution and collisions. Recommendations: This policy brief therefore proposes the adoption of bird friendly power lines in new transmission infrastructure projects and retrofitting existing power lines with bird friendly devices. This can be achieved through strengthening the legal and regulatory frameworks in the National Energy Policy. This will help prioritize avian conservation in power lines infrastructural development projects including the development of specific policies and guidelines for the placement, orientation, and marking of power lines to reduce the risk of electrocution and collisions of raptor species. Conclusions: Kenya committed to protecting migratory bird species and their habitats by signing the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals in 1999. However, the National Energy Policy of 2018 lacks guidelines for bird-friendly power lines. Addressing this requires collaboration from the government, power companies, research institutions, conservation groups, and local communities. A concerted effort involving public education, targeted funding for research, and stakeholder collaboration can help Kenya meet its conservation obligations and safeguard vital habitats for migratory birds.
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Kaushik, Tirshem Kumar, and Rohtash Chand Gupta. "Deteriorating rural ponds : A threat to overseas migratory wetland birds in Kurukshetra suburbs, Haryana, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 6, no. 2 (2014): 570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i2.499.
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The present study addresses the problem of ongoing destruction of traditional age old rural wetlands in Haryana in the last 10 years. It is a grave issue which stands accelerated due to anthropogenic unawareness and in deliberate destruction. In all, 59 species of wetland birds belonging to 10 orders and 17 families were recorded from Palwal rural pond in Kurukshetra district in India during 2005-2012. The presence and that too in higher numbers of Purple Moorhen Porphyrio porphyrio and Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus hints towards the over excessive growth of hyacinth and water reeds thus making it an ideal place for these birds which are the harbingers of total eutrophication of a certain water body. The other birds seen in the pond are White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus, Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus, Large Egret Ardea alba and Median Egret Mesophoyx intermedia. Pond Herons Ardeola grayii were in few numbers. Black winged Stilts Himantopus himantopus were in more number thus indicating the presence of sludge in water and its shallowness. Cattle egrets were in large number indicating its negative character. The lackluster attitude of Govt. of Haryana will result in its total destruction in 5-10 years. Similar situation may be extended to nearby village ponds to worsen their condition too. Ramsar Convention (1971) pleads for preservation, protection and conservation of wetlands of all hues. Village ponds in Haryana should be revived by seeking co-operation from the Head Quarter of Ramsar Convention at Switzerland.
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WALICZKY, ZOLTAN, LINCOLN D. C. FISHPOOL, STUART H. M. BUTCHART, et al. "Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs): their impact on conservation policy, advocacy and action." Bird Conservation International 29, no. 2 (2018): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270918000175.
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SummaryBirdLife International´s Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA) Programme has identified, documented and mapped over 13,000 sites of international importance for birds. IBAs have been influential with governments, multilateral agreements, businesses and others in: (1) informing governments’ efforts to expand protected area networks (in particular to meet their commitments through the Convention on Biological Diversity); (2) supporting the identification of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) in the marine realm, (3) identifying Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention; (4) identifying sites of importance for species under the Convention on Migratory Species and its sister agreements; (5) identifying Special Protected Areas under the EU Birds Directive; (6) applying the environmental safeguards of international finance institutions such as the International Finance Corporation; (7) supporting the private sector to manage environmental risk in its operations; and (8) helping donor organisations like the Critical Ecosystems Partnership Fund (CEPF) to prioritise investment in site-based conservation. The identification of IBAs (and IBAs in Danger: the most threatened of these) has also triggered conservation and management actions at site level, most notably by civil society organisations and local conservation groups. IBA data have therefore been widely used by stakeholders at different levels to help conserve a network of sites essential to maintaining the populations and habitats of birds as well as other biodiversity. The experience of IBA identification and conservation is shaping the design and implementation of the recently launched Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) Partnership and programme, as IBAs form a core part of the KBA network.
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Watts, Samantha. "PROTECTION OF THE AFRICAN LION: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 19 (May 30, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2016/v19i0a1158.
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This article looks at the current international regime that pertains to the African lion, a species that needs adequate protection across its range (a range that does not adhere to state boundaries). This analysis comes at a time when threats such as habitat and prey loss, retaliatory killing, trophy hunting and trade, are all impacting the remaining populations of African lions. The species is in danger of rapid population decline and possible extinction in the near future. Two decades ago there was an abundance of African lions, roughly 100 000, on the continent. But at present there are less than 32 000, while some believe there to be as little as 15 000 left. This decline is mainly due to the threats noted above. African lions are currently listed as "vulnerable" on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. This listing is being contested by commentators who believe that the species now requires an "endangered" status. African lion populations, and the threats to the species, extend across state boundaries. Therefore, international law is of particular importance in providing conservation and protection measures to the species. Creating conservation obligations at a global level allows for more uniform action, implementation and enforcement of legislation at regional and local levels. Therefore this article looks at each threat to African lion populations in detail and then assesses the international legal regime pertaining to each of these threats, and whether that regime is adequate. The Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance are but some of the international instruments that are analysed. This article outlines the arguments that the international legal framework is not acceptable for the protection of the species, and addresses both the positive and negative aspects of this regime. It is found that the international legal regime for the African lion is in fact not effective in achieving the protection and survival of the species. Some changes are recommended, and the best way forward through an international legal lens is outlined. The security and viability of the African lion is uncertain, and legal protection of the species needs to be clear to start ensuring their survival in the future. With the increase in threats to the species and African lions already regionally endangered in some parts of Africa, it is obvious that some legal changes need to be made to ensure greater protection of the African lion at an international level.
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Wilkins, Kenneth T. "Tadarida brasiliensis." Mammalian Species, no. 331 (June 7, 1989): 1. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14817958.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The Escaba dam is in the southwest of Tucumán province, northwestern of Argentina. The characteristics of the structure of the dam favored the development of a colonial aggregation of Tadarida brasiliensis. The colony is protected and the species is included in the Convention on Conservation to Migratory Wild Animal Species, to which Argentina has adhered in 1991. As an alternative that could make compatible the opposed interests of the conservationists groups and the civil employees in charge of the security of the dam, the colony of bats was relocated and confined to one of the seven inner bays of the structure, without affecting the integrity of the colony. The controlled confinement will facilitate the later tasks of auscultation, indispensable to guarantee the security of the dam, the people, and the material goods and productive activities downstream, and will constitute an alternative of viable handling for the protection of the colony.
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Joshi, Ritesh, and Kanchan Puri. "Asian Elephant in Appendix I of the Convention on Migratory Species: Strengthening the Ecological Connectivity for Trans-boundary Conservation." National Academy Science Letters 44, no. 5 (2021): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40009-020-01039-2.
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Muir, Laura, and Natalie Klein. "From IPOA Sharks to Sharks MoU Under the Convention on Migratory Species: Progress or Clutter in International Environmental Law?" Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 21, no. 2-3 (2018): 190–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2018.1485957.
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Becker, Michael A. "Request for an Advisory Opinion Submitted by the Sub-regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC)." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 4 (2015): 851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.4.0851.
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On April 2, 2015, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS or Tribunal) rendered an advisory opinion on the rights and obligations of flag states and coastal states regarding illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing within the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). ITLOS confirmed that the full Tribunal—not just its Seabed Disputes Chamber—has jurisdiction to render advisory opinions, a matter of controversy that had previously been untested. The Tribunal also held that under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS or Convention), flag states have a “due diligence” obligation to ensure that vessels flying their flag do not engage in IUU fishing activities, and that the flag state may be held liable if that obligation of due diligence is breached. In addition, the Tribunal clarified that where fisheries competence has been transferred from a state to an international organization, it is the organization, not the flag state, that may face liability for a failure to have taken adequate measures to prevent IUU fishing. Finally, the Tribunal confirmed that coastal states have a duty to consult and cooperate with each other in the sustainable management of shared stocks and highly migratory species.
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Wold, Chris. "Bringing the European Eel Back from the Brink: The Need for a New Agreement under the Convention on Migratory Species." Pace Environmental Law Review 35, no. 2 (2018): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.58948/0738-6206.1814.
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Karen Aghababyan, Anush Khachatryan, Sevak Baloyan, et al. "Influence of public hunting lands on water birds of internationally recognized conservation areas in Armenia." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 17, no. 2 (2023): 087–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2023.17.2.0417.
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The paper is aimed at identification of the use of the Public Hunting Lands (PHL) by hunters in Armenia, and determination of the risks for priority waterbird species. In Armenia, the Government has allocated 40 PHLs, with a total area of 5,426.48 square kilometres, which do not overlap with the nationally protected areas, but overlap with the internationally recognized conservation sites, important for protection of breeding populations of waterbird species and their congregations during migrations: Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs), Emerald Sites protected under Bern Convention, and critical sites for migratory waterbirds, recognized under African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA sites). Thus, PHLs overlap with 40,660 ha or 10% of the total IBA’s area, 84,933 ha or 8% of Emerald Sites, and 14,864 ha or 8% of AEWA sites. Some of the most frequently visited PHLs overlap with all three categories of the mentioned conservation sites, imposing threat of illegal shooting of the priority waterbird species (listed in national legislation and/or in international agreements). Among 200 priority bird species recorded within the overlapping areas, there are eight species with 50-100% of their Armenian population inside the overlapping areas. To reduce the risks of illegal hunting for the priority bird species it is necessary: · To review the PHLs and exclude overlapping areas, · To set up other alternative PHLs, and · To begin a process of wetland restoration instead of lost ones, with the main aim to increase breeding habitats and stopover points for the waterfowl and waders.
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Simmonds, Mark P., and Wendy J. Eliott. "Climate change and cetaceans: concerns and recent developments." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 1 (2009): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408003196.
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At least a quarter of the world's cetaceans were recently confirmed as endangered and the situation may be worse as the status of many others remains unclear. Climate change is affecting the oceans and a number of studies have recently highlighted its potential impact on cetacean species - for example, there are important linkages between sea ice and krill, the primary prey for baleen whales in Antarctica. This paper provides a synthesis of new information available on this theme and considers its implications for the future conservation and management of cetacean populations and species.The more mobile (or otherwise adaptable) cetaceans may be able to respond to climate related changes, although the extent of this adaptability is largely unknown. However, there is broad agreement that certain species and populations are likely to be especially vulnerable to climate related changes, including those with a limited habitat range, or those for which sea ice provides an important habitat for the cetacean population and/or that of their prey. International conservation bodies, such as the Convention for Migratory Species and the International Whaling Commission, are striving to address these issues. The challenges presented by climate change require an innovative, large scale, long term and multinational response from scientists, conservation managers and decision makers. This response that should encompass a precautionary approach, including addressing the detrimental effects of other factors negatively impacting populations and species.
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Trouwborst, Arie. "Transboundary Wildlife Conservation in A Changing Climate: Adaptation of the Bonn Convention on Migratory Species and Its Daughter Instruments to Climate Change." Diversity 4, no. 3 (2012): 258–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d4030258.
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Lebedeva, Yulia, and Alexandra Sazonova. "The Legal Aspects of Whale Protection and Radioactive Pollution of the World Ocean." Legal Concept 23, no. 4 (2024): 59–66. https://doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2024.4.8.
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Introduction: the issue of the protection of cetaceans is regulated by a fairly large number of universal international treaties, including the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, but despite this, the trend of reducing their numbers continues. Over the past decade, the problem of radioactive waste emissions into the World Ocean has worsened. Purpose: to study the possibility of introducing legal, financial and environmental system tools to increase the cetacean population as the main public good and a mechanism for regulating climate change processes (the circulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and aquatic environment). Methods: the methodological framework for this research is a set of methods of scientific cognition based on the logical, system-structural, comparative, strategic, associative methods and information analysis. Results: the authors’ position reasoned in the work is based on the statistical data from the United Nations, foreign and domestic scientific publications on climate change, pollution of the oceans and whale protection. New solutions for the settlement of these problematic processes are proposed. Conclusion: as a result of the study, the key role of cetaceans in the processes associated with climate change is identified, and the economic benefits of financial support for the programs aimed at increasing the population of these large mammals are determined. The radioactive pollution of the World Ocean has a negative impact on the habitat and the growth of the whale population.
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Wold, Chris, Mitsuhiko Takahashi, Siwon Park, Viv Fernandes, and Sarah Butler. "Bringing Pacific Bluefin Tuna Back from the Brink: Ensuring the Submission of Operational Data to the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 6.1 (2016): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.6.1.bringing.
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The Commission of the Convention on the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western Pacific Ocean (WCPFC) manages fish stocks of significant financial and ecological value across an area of the Pacific Ocean comprising 20% of Earth. WCPFC members, however, have disagreed sharply over management measures for tuna, sharks, and other species, in part because some WCPFC members have refused to provide the WCPFC with vessel-specific data, known as operational data, which is needed to manage the stocks sustainably. Despite a legal requirement to submit operational data to the WCPFC, these members, including Japan and Korea, have claimed that “domestic legal constraints,” in particular prohibitions against disclosure of “personal information,” prevent them from complying with their international obligation to submit operational data. This Article assesses those claims and concludes that Japan and Korea either do not have current domestic legal constraints preventing them from submitting operational data or they have readily available options to remedy those constraints. Consequently, they are in violation of their obligations to submit operational data to the WCPFC.
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Miller, Cara, and Margi Prideaux. "Proactive Cetacean Conservation in the Midst of ‘Data Deficiency’: Progress of the Convention on Migratory Species Cetacean Agreement in the Pacific Islands Region." Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 16, no. 1 (2013): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2013.764775.
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