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Journal articles on the topic 'Conventional clauses'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Batifort, Simon, and J. Benton Heath. "The New Debate on the Interpretation of MFN Clauses in Investment Treaties: Putting the Brakes on Multilateralization." American Journal of International Law 111, no. 4 (2017): 873–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2017.77.

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AbstractThis article challenges the conventional wisdom that MFN clauses in investment treaties can always be used to “import” substantive standards of treatment (e.g. FET). It argues that most tribunals permitting this use of MFN clauses have relied on presumptions and have ignored meaningful variations among clauses. It also points out that states are increasingly questioning the conventional view, and that a recent arbitral award has firmly rejected an attempt to use an MFN clause to import substantive standards. It concludes by sketching the terms of the new MFN debate.

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2

Conti, Carmen. "Disjunctive clauses with o. o ‘either. or’ in Spanish and clausal cosubordination." Folia Linguistica 52, no. 1 (2018): 75–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2018-0001.

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Abstract This paper examines disjunctive clauses marked with o… o ‘either… or’ in Spanish with a view to demonstrating that, in contrast to conventional analyses, o… o-clauses are actually cosubordinate: o… o-clauses are [+dependent, ‒embedded], they generally share clausal operators and they often denote an episode or a sequence of events showing some sort of continuity in space as well as participants. To this end, this paper will describe subordinate and coordinate clauses in accordance with several tests and will go on to outline the properties of o… o-clauses, focusing in particular on th

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Le, Thi Van, Thi Huong Nguyen, Huynh Que Huong Tran, and Thi Viet Ha Phung. "Efl English major’ understanding of relative clauses." Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Văn Hiến 6, no. 1 (2018): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.58810/vhujs.6.1.2018.6116.

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Relative clauses play a crucial role in improving students’ writing and speaking performances. In this study, a 20-question survey was delivered to 100 EFL seniors at a university in Vietnam to find out the extent to which they understood different types of relative clauses and different relative pronouns. Also, the frequency at which these relative clauses and pronouns were used in their written and spoken communication was investigated. The findings showed the participants’ lack of understanding of these aspects. They also preferred using restrictive relative clause over non-restrictive clau

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Garza, Rafael Ibarra. "Un Rompimiento con el Paradigma Convencional del Arbitraje. El Caso de la Clausula Compromisoria Incluida en un Fideicomiso-trust." Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 11, Issue 44 (2014): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2014057.

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ABSTRACT: The fideicomisos and trusts are similar institutions from different legal systems. Because of the advantages of arbitration it is not a surprise to find arbitration clauses in the instruments of such legal mechanisms. However, there is an obstacle to the effectiveness of the arbitration clause; this obstacle is the lack of acceptance of the beneficiaries of the arbitration clause. Lack of consent is due to the structure of the fideicomiso and the trust. Despite this obstacle, there are theories and legislations that support the effectiveness of arbitration clauses in trust instrument

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Tjabaka, Lemohang. "The Position of the Subjectness of the Subject-less Conventional Infinitives." Journal of Translation and Language Studies 2, no. 2 (2021): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/jtls.v2i2.247.

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The English conventional infinitive clauses have either overt or covert subjects. Previous analyses mainly used the PRO Theorem and Null-Case Approaches to show the distribution of the subjectness of the subject-less conventional infinitives. However, this paper investigated the position of the subjectness of the subject-less conventional infinitive clauses using the Minimalist Program’s Movement Theory of Control and the External Token Merge. In this qualitative paper, data was extracted from the previous English Ph.D. research studies conducted by English native and non-native speakers, and

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Jeavons, P., and J. Petke. "Local Consistency and SAT-Solvers." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 43 (March 19, 2012): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.3531.

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Local consistency techniques such as k-consistency are a key component of specialised solvers for constraint satisfaction problems. In this paper we show that the power of using k-consistency techniques on a constraint satisfaction problem is precisely captured by using a particular inference rule, which we call negative-hyper-resolution, on the standard direct encoding of the problem into Boolean clauses. We also show that current clause-learning SAT-solvers will discover in expected polynomial time any inconsistency that can be deduced from a given set of clauses using negative-hyper-resolve

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Wiliam and Dr. Nynda Fatmawati Octarina., S.H., M.H. "Tinjauan Penerapan Klausula Baku Sepihak dalam Perjanjian Peer to peer lending." Al Qodiri : Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial dan Keagamaan 22, no. 2 (2024): 290–302. https://doi.org/10.53515/qodiri.2024.22.2.290-302.

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Peer-to-peer lending is a financial technology service in the field of unsecured cash loans that brings together lenders and borrowers through an internet-based electronic platform. Peer-to-peer lending greatly facilitates transactions for individuals without the need to queue or wait for loan disbursement decisions, unlike conventional banks that may appear complicated and have longer disbursement times. However, in practice, peer-to-peer lending providers often utilize standard clauses to expedite fund disbursement, which can potentially harm consumers. Standard clauses tend to place consume

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8

Bell, David Michael, and Theresa Moran. "Comparing the wine tasting notes of Jancis Robinson and Terry Theise: A stylistic analysis." Text & Talk 40, no. 2 (2020): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/text-2019-2053.

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AbstractThis paper offers a stylistic analysis of the tasting notes (TNs) of wine writers Jancis Robinson and Terry Theise. We define linguistic style as those distinctive, consistent, and creative linguistic choices writers make beyond what is conventionally expected in a TN, which are only discernible by comparison to other wine reviewers. Using a corpus of Robinson’s and Theise’s TNs on German and Austrian wines 2012, we compare their TNs in terms of rhetorical and grammatical structure, use of descriptors, and other evaluative language. Robinson’s elliptical note-form style is characterize

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9

Prideaux, Gary D. "Subordination and information distribution in oral and written narratives." Pragmatics and Cognition 1, no. 1 (1993): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.1.1.05pri.

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The ways in which given and new information are distributed, and the functions associated with the distribution, are examined here in terms of information content of relative and adverbial clauses in oral and written narratives. The conventional view that subordinate clauses tend to code given rather than new information is shown to be inadequate. Moreover, a comparison of oral and written narratives of the same events reveals both extensive differences in the two modalities, and at the same time striking similarities in terms of the information distribution within relative clauses. Relative c

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Preuss, Ulrich K. "The Implications of “Eternity Clauses”: The German Experience." Israel Law Review 44, no. 3 (2011): 429–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700018124.

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This paper explores the conceptual possibility and implications of the concept of unconstitutional constitutional amendments. In the first section, the author argues that unconstitutional constitutional norms are conceptually impossible within the conventional hierarchical model of norms. In the second section, the author discusses the normative particularity of the amending power and concludes that an unlimited power may endanger the constitution. In sections III and IV, the author explains why so-called “eternity clauses,” in order to fend off such a danger, have been designed to place certa

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Hirschová, Milada, and Naďa Vondrová. "Where Czech meets math: Implicative-causal relations in mathematical word problems." Bohemistyka, no. 1 (March 24, 2023): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bo.2023.1.4.

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The paper deals with the functioning of if-clauses in mathematical word problems and with their equivalents. First, the nature of a word problem as a text type is shown. Further, the difference between complex sentences with proper implicative-causal relation and a lay use of conditional clauses is examined. As its main goal, the paper presents a comparison of various instances of conditional clauses in mathematics word problems. Also, it shows the role of formulaic stereotypy and conventional assumptions in word problem texts as an integral part of both the mathematical and the communicative

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Pamoro, Giza'a Jati. "Principle of Balance E-Contracts in Paylater features in E-Commerce." Notaire 5, no. 3 (2022): 377–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ntr.v5i3.39755.

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AbstractThe development of digital technology makes a lot of changes against people behavior, one of which are buying and selling activities in e-commerce. This study aims to analyze a implementation the princinple of balance in e-contracts specificities a paylater payment feature contained in e-commerce. The existing of e-commerce makes a people shift from a conventional contracts (physical) to electronic contracts (e-contracts). Behind the conveniences and sophistication from e-contracts, there is a weakness and significant impact such as imbalance from that clauses and then makes the users

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13

Paparinskis, Martins. "MFN Clauses and Substantive Treatment: A Law of Treaties Perspective of the “Conventional Wisdom”." AJIL Unbound 112 (2018): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2018.28.

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On the big questions, Simon Batifort and J. Benton Heath are plainly right. Dogmatic presumptions about the necessary effect of particular clauses and woolly notions of systemic teleology may distract the interpreter from the task of finding the meaning that represents the intentions of the parties, best articulated in the specific terms chosen. Customary rules on treaty interpretation, reflected in Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), are meant to be flexibly adapted to the case in hand. But in applying their insight to the small print of the interpretati

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Bar-Shalom, Eva G., Stephen Crain, and Donald Shankweiler. "A comparison of comprehension and production abilities of good and poor readers." Applied Psycholinguistics 14, no. 2 (1993): 197–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009553.

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ABSTRACTResearch from several sources indicates that reading disability is often associated with difficulty in comprehending some complex spoken sentences, including those with relative clauses. The present study exploits a new methodology, elicited production, to identify the source of comprehension difficulties of poor readers. Both the elicited production task and a conventional act-out task were employed in a study of 30 children (aged 7-8), who were selected for reading ability. On the act-out task, the poor readers displayed a high error rate on two relative clause structures (SO and OO

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15

Goodhue, Rachael E., and Sandra Hoffmann. "Reading the Fine Print in Agricultural Contracts: Conventional Contract Clauses, Risks and Returns." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 88, no. 5 (2006): 1237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2006.00939.x.

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Momberg, Rodrigo. "Some Reflections on Force Majeure Clauses in Modern Contracting." Latin American Legal Studies 11, no. 2 (2023): 255–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15691/0719-9112vol11n2a6.

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Force majeure clauses are one of the mechanisms commonly used by the parties in complex and long-term agreements to regulate the effects of supervening circumstances on the obligations of one or both parties. However, there are still issues that have not been sufficiently studied by the doctrine. This paper intends to deal with some of the most relevant ones. In particular, it will analyze the problems related to the faculty of the parties to alter the legal concept of force majeure, the conventional enumeration of events constituting force majeure and, finally, the effects of force majeure on

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17

Stępień, Marzena. "Leksykalizacja zdań rozwijających z wyrażeniami cokolwiek i co w funkcji komentarza metatekstowego." Poradnik Językowy 2020, no. 9/2020(778) (2020): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2020.9.3.

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The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the lexicalisation and pragmaticalisation process, as a result of which – in modern Polish – developing clauses, also called non-integrated appositive relative clauses, give rise to metatextual expressions, which comment on a statement/utterance (discourse markers) in the form co by nie / cokolwiek by nie (whatever you) with supplementations in the form of infi nitives mówić, powiedzieć, rzec (say). The expressions were subject to an analysis intended to determine their distribution, form and connectivity, as well as semantic and syntactic properties, in

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18

Azani, Muhammad. "Implementasi Kebebasan Berakad Pada Akad-Akad Perbankan Syariah Di Kota Pekanbaru Dalam Hukum Islam." Jurnal Gagasan Hukum 6, no. 02 (2024): 185–94. https://doi.org/10.31849/jgh.v6i02.22242.

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freedom of contract in terms of making/entering conditions in it is only a quasi-freedom of contract. This means that freedom of contract in Islamic law has not been fully implemented in existing contracts in sharia banking in Indonesia. Because on the one hand, in various contracts there are clauses/conditions that contain elements of freedom of contract based on Islamic law, but on the other hand they still contain elements of freedom of contract based on the conventional system. This is because the restrictions on freedom of contract in Islamic law are not fully respected by BUS. Implementa

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19

Gienapp, Jonathan. "Written Constitutionalism, Past and Present." Law and History Review 39, no. 2 (2021): 321–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248020000528.

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Debates over constitutional originalism almost always center on meaning. Questions are typically focused, concentrated on the meaning of particular constitutional clauses at the moment of their inception: the Commerce Clause in 1787, the Second Amendment in 1791, or the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868. Given the prevalence of these investigations, theoretical and methodological debates over how to recover original constitutional meaning are concentrated on either the kind of meaning that should be targeted—original public meaning, original intended meaning, or original legal meaning—or how that m

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20

GANGE, GRAEME, JORGE A. NAVAS, PETER SCHACHTE, HARALD SØNDERGAARD, and PETER J. STUCKEY. "Horn clauses as an intermediate representation for program analysis and transformation." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 15, no. 4-5 (2015): 526–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068415000204.

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AbstractMany recent analyses for conventional imperative programs begin by transforming programs into logic programs, capitalising on existing LP analyses and simple LP semantics. We propose using logic programs as an intermediate program representation throughout the compilation process. With restrictions ensuring determinism and single-modedness, a logic program can easily be transformed to machine language or other low-level language, while maintaining the simple semantics that makes it suitable as a language for program analysis and transformation. We present a simple LP language that enfo

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21

Rodríguez, Catalina Fuentes. "Discursive functions and constructionalization of independent "subordinate" sentences in Spanish." Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación 87 (May 26, 2021): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/clac.74388.

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The topic under discussion in this paper is the syntax of sentences introduced by a subordinate conjunction (que, si, como) that have an independent function in the discourse. Some authors have considered them insubordinate clauses. The author discusses the functions they perform in Spanish discourse, especially in reactive turns, and proposes a macrosyntactic approach that includes a range of structural possibilities: independent utterances, conventional constructions, or discursive operators. These possibilities depend on the different degrees of grammaticalization they show: as semi-fixed c

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Gao, Yuan, Yueling Guo, Nurul Atiqah Romli, et al. "GRAN3SAT: Creating Flexible Higher-Order Logic Satisfiability in the Discrete Hopfield Neural Network." Mathematics 10, no. 11 (2022): 1899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10111899.

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One of the main problems in representing information in the form of nonsystematic logic is the lack of flexibility, which leads to potential overfitting. Although nonsystematic logic improves the representation of the conventional k Satisfiability, the formulations of the first, second, and third-order logical structures are very predictable. This paper proposed a novel higher-order logical structure, named G-Type Random k Satisfiability, by capitalizing the new random feature of the first, second, and third-order clauses. The proposed logic was implemented into the Discrete Hopfield Neural Ne

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Ali, Moh, and Agus Yudha Hernoko. "Characteristics of Party autonomy in a Transnational Electronic Consumer Contract." Yuridika 35, no. 1 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v35i1.15105.

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International contracts involving legal subjects between countries will affect the law chosen by the parties. Electronic contracts are different than conventional contracts in general. Prominent characteristics includevirtual, paperless and borderless. Determination of legal choices cannot be made with a link-point approach that is generally applicable to conventional transactions. The typical e-commerce characteristics should be special treatment for special contracts. The virtual nature that knows no national borders is difficult to determine in which country the legal event takes place. Pap

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Khachatryan, Lusine. "METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN TEACHING TURKISH TO ARMENIAN-SPEAKING STUDENTS." Journal of Oriental Studies 23, no. 1 (2023): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/jos.2023.23.1.106.

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This article discusses the challenges of teaching Turkish in an Armenian classroom using two approaches: the grammar-translation method and the thematic learning method (Case Study). The goal is to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each method and determine which is most suitable for teaching Turkish to Armenian-speaking students. The conventional approach to mastering the grammatical rules of a foreign language is based on the same laws and structures found in one's language. The use of this method for learning Turkish can pose challenges in language acquisition due to the significant

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Barradas, Rodrigo, and Jorge Vázquez. "Baseball Arbitration as a Suitable Alternative for Construction and Real Estate Disputes." Journal of International Arbitration 40, Issue 2 (2023): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2023010.

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Baseball Arbitration (or Final Offer Arbitration (FOA)) is a dispute resolution mechanism to resolve controversies where each party submits a final offer. The arbitral tribunal must then decide by picking only one of these proposals. Given the arbitrators’ powers’ limitations, these proceedings are usually shorter and less expensive than traditional dispute resolution mechanisms. In addition, contrary to conventional arbitration, parties tend not to assume unrealistic or extreme positions, which could promote amicable settlement since it is an all-or-nothing proceeding. FOA could effectively r

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McCARTY, CHARLES. "ANTIREALISM AND CONSTRUCTIVISM: BROUWER’S WEAK COUNTEREXAMPLES." Review of Symbolic Logic 6, no. 1 (2012): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020312000287.

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AbstractStrictly intuitionistic inferences are employed to demonstrate that three conditions—the existence of Brouwerian weak counterexamples to Test, the recognition condition, and the BHK interpretation of the logical signs—are together inconsistent. Therefore, if the logical signs in mathematical statements governed by the recognition condition are constructive in that they satisfy the clauses of the BHK, then every relevant instance of the classical principle Test is true intuitionistically, and the antirealistic critique of conventional logic, once thought to yield such weak counterexampl

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Salsabila, Elora, and Adi Sulistiyono. "Telaah Konsensus Privacy Policy Sebagai Kontrak Digital pada E-Commerce Guna Memberikan Perlindungan Data Pribadi." Primagraha Law Review 2, no. 1 (2024): 63–75. https://doi.org/10.59605/ss719993.

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This research is motivated by the phenomenon of personal data misuse occurring in various e-commerce platform. E-commerce platforms inherently have the authority and full responsibility over the collection, processing, and utilization of personal data through profiling activities. The policy regarding these activities is regulated an included in the digital agreement document called the “Policy Privacy”. This study aims to examine whether the “Privacy Policy” has obtained sufficient validity of agreement form e-commerce service users, considering the consensus given appears to be coercive. Mor

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Hashim, Abdulkadir. "Application of Muslim Personal Law in the Kenyan Courts: Problems and Prospects." Islamic Africa 11, no. 2 (2021): 208–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21540993-01101015.

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Abstract This paper examines the application of Muslim personal law in the Kenyan courts. It addresses jurisprudential issues which engage conventional government judges, magistrates and kadhis (Islamic judges). The interaction between the conventional and religious courts has paved the way for a conflict of laws on matters related to Muslim personal law and has led to an interesting scenario of constructive conversation and criticism that in turn has set the stage for an emerging comparative jurisprudence within a pluralistic society. Factors which contribute toward conflicts include wholesal

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Popova, Daria. "The place of impositions in the meaning typology." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 6 (2022): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2022.6.111-122.

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The paper reviews the notion of the imposition introduced in the paradigm of dynamic semantics. An imposition is an informative and automatic update of the common ground or the context set. This type of context update is associated with appositive clauses, evidential markers, parenthetical constructions. An imposition encodes the discourse behavior of its bearer, which allows us to examine the interplay between the semantic representation of an expression, its discourse change potential, the broader context, and the speaker’s intentions behind the information packaging. The paper also compares

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Fried, Mirjam, and Pavel Machač. "Intonation as a cue to epistemic stance in one type of insubordinate clauses." Folia Linguistica 56, no. 1 (2022): 183–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2022-2008.

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Abstract This corpus-based study focuses on the spoken nature of insubordination by analyzing intonation vis-à-vis interpersonal functions associated with specific insubordination patterns in spontaneously produced Czech conversations. This paper shows that there is a consistent relationship between the epistemic function of a given variant and its intonational contour: the pattern found in argumentative settings is associated with a conclusive, sharply falling cadence, while the variant found in collaborative contexts and imparting an explicative flavor has a slightly rising melody, suggestin

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Alinanuswe Mwang’eka, Imani, та Chrispina Alphonce. "Orthographic Deviation of Relative Markers jhújho and jhίjho in Chindali Relative Clauses". Journal of Linguistics and Language in Education 18, № 2 (2025): 97. https://doi.org/10.56279/jlle.v18i2.6.

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This paper analyses the orthographic deviation of relative markers jhújho ‘who’ and jhίjho ‘which’ in Chindali as spoken in Ileje District of Songwe Region in the southern highlands of Tanzania. The study employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive research design. Data were gathered through text collection. Twelve informants were sampled using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The researchers also analysed three books written in Chindali from which sentences with relative clauses (RCs) were extracted, in which the relative markers jhújho ‘who’ and jhίjho ‘which’ were picked f

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Hannonen, Marko. "Urban Housing Policy Considerations: Perspectives from the Finnish Housing Market." Journal of Heterodox Economics 1, no. 2 (2014): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jheec-2015-0007.

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Abstract It is very difficult to study phenomena in housing markets using conventional so-called neoclassical economics. The core problem stems from the highly unrealistic assumptions of neoclassical economics, such as homogeneous products, equilibrium markets, ceteris paribus clauses, deterministic and linear systems, rationality of economic agents, and the utility maximization principle. New Keynesian economics appears to be a more fruitful approach to housing markets since it presumes that products are differentiated, markets are in disequilibrium state and there exists imperfect competitio

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Chandra, Raga Madhuri, Giri Venkata Sai Tej Neelaiahgari, and Satya Sumanth Vanapalli. "EXTRACTING EMOTION-CAUSE PAIRS: A BILSTM-DRIVEN METHODOLOGY." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 14, no. 4 (2024): 97–103. https://doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.6679.

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Emotions are fundamental to human interactions, intricately influencing communication, behavior, and perception. Emotion-Cause Pair Extraction (ECPE) is a critical task in natural language processing that identifies clause pairs associating emotions with their corresponding triggers within textual documents. Unlike traditional Emotion Cause Extraction (ECE), which relies on pre-annotated emotion clauses, our study introduces a novel end-to-end model for ECPE. This innovative approach utilizes the extensive NTCIR-13 English Corpus to establish a robust baseline for ECPE in English, showcasing s

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Stacher, Marco, and Katharina Röhl. "Arbitration Clauses in Articles of Associations of Companies Limited by Shares – Are They Arbitration Agreements in the Sense of the New York Convention?" ASA Bulletin 42, Issue 4 (2024): 792–808. https://doi.org/10.54648/asab2025001.

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Recent Swiss legislation affirms that arbitration clauses in articles of association of capital companies are permissible for corporate-law disputes. As a rule, such clauses are inter alia binding on the company and its shareholders. Importantly, that is the case also for shareholders that voted against the clause. Hence, the question whether such clauses qualify as arbitration agreements under the New York Convention. This note argues that this is the case, that such clauses satisfy the writing requirement of Art. II(2) NYC and that awards of tribunals deriving their jurisdiction from such cl

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AHMAD, Muhammad, Muhammad Asim MAHMOOD, and Ali Raza SIDDIQUE. "Variation in Academic Writing: A Corpus-Based Research on Syntactic Features across Four Disciplinary Divisions." Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language) 17, no. 2 (2023): 50–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10015816.

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This research investigates disciplinary variations using syntactic features in Pakistani academic writing (AW). The corpus of this research is developed from 160 dissertations across four disciplinary divisions and analyzed through AntConc. Results reveal heterogeneous and homogenous use of the said features. Heterogeneity is seen in relation to the frequency of different types of clausal, intermediate, and phrasal features. Regarding the homogeneity, results reveal that the highest and lowest used features were similar across the four disciplinary divisions. That is, clausal coordinating

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Janzen, Terry. "Composite utterances in a signed language: Topic constructions and perspective-taking in ASL." Cognitive Linguistics 28, no. 3 (2017): 511–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2016-0121.

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AbstractComposite utterances are utterances that are built from multiple signs of multiple types, meaning that in any conversational “move” speech, gestures, eye-gaze, intonation patterns, physical stance, etc. all participate in the utterance, and the meaning derived from it is constructed by the composite of these participant types. likewise considers utterances as multimodal ensembles. The present study investigates how the notion of composite utterance plays out in a signed language such as ASL. Articulated in the same modality as are gestures, the distinction between language and gesture

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Ibrahim, Abdul-Jalil, and Monzer Kahf. "Instruments for investment protection when structuring Islamic venture capital." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11, no. 9 (2020): 1907–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-01-2019-0025.

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Purpose This paper aims to explore how Sharīʿah-compliant instruments can be used to protect investments and attract investors to Islamic venture capital (IVC). Equity investments in Islamic finance are trailing behind their potential value. This is partly due to the limited instruments available to protect investors, as most of the tools used in conventional venture capital (VC) are deemed Sharīʿah non-compliant. Design/methodology/approach The research amends and uses Wright Robbie’s (1998) VC structure and how it can be used to finance small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The study us

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Ye, Ning. "Institutional interaction in traffic law enforcement in China: Resistance and obedience." Semiotica 2017, no. 216 (2017): 451–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2017-0039.

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AbstractOn-site law enforcement is routine work for Chinese traffic police to effectively control a congested city. Misunderstanding, confusion, and even conflict frequently occur between traffic police and offenders about traffic offence penalties. Based on an analysis of digital recordings, the present study investigates institutional interaction from a semiotic perspective. The institutional discourse, taken as a sign, creates an interpretant in the language of traffic police, which works as representamen to be interpreted by offenders. By examining the meaning construction in the interacti

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Ma, Giai-Mau. "Subcontracting Services to a Company and a Permanent Establishment According to Article 5 Paragraph 3 Letter b) UN-Model-Convention." Intertax 45, Issue 6/7 (2017): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2017038.

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This articles examines the question whether subcontracting another company can amount to a Permanent Establishment (PE) according to Article 5 paragraph 3 letter b) UN-Model-Conventions. In doing this, it looks at alternative service-PE-clauses, decisions and regulations in other jurisdictions and the interrelationship with the PE-profit-allocation-clause and the non-discrimination-clause. It argues that a PE through subcontracting another company would lead to dissatisfactory results.

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Accominotti, Olivier, and Marc Flandreau. "Bilateral Treaties and The Most-Favored-Nation Clause: The Myth of Trade Liberalization in the Nineteenth Century." World Politics 60, no. 2 (2008): 147–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.0.0010.

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Textbook accounts of the Anglo-French trade agreement of 1860 argue that it heralded the beginning of a liberal trading order. This alleged success holds much interest from a modern policy point of view, for it rested on bilateral negotiations and most-favored-nation clauses. With the help of new data on international trade (the RICardo database), the authors provide empirical evidence and find that the treaty and subsequent network of MFN trade agreements coincided with the end of a period of unilateral liberalization across the world. They also find that it did not contribute to expanding tr

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Rohmah, Nuzul Quraniati. "Current Issues of The Utilization of Online Dispute Resolution As A Method For International Trade Dispute Settlement." Ipso Jure 1, no. 1 (2024): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.62872/aspttq36.

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The transformation of international trade from conventional to digital impacts several things, including resolving international trade disputes. In order to realize an efficient and effective dispute resolution process, many countries have implemented ODR to settle international trade disputes. This study aims to analyze the implementation of ODR in various countries and examine issues with unclear guidelines based on international law. This research observes the development of ODR in Indonesia and the urgency for its implementation in Indonesia. The research is normative juridical, with a sta

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Wijana, I. Dewa Putu, and Adwidya Yoga. "Euphemistic representations of death in armed criminal group eradication discourses in West Papua." International Journal Linguistics of Sumatra and Malay 4, no. 1 (2025): 14–24. https://doi.org/10.32734/ijlsm.v4i1.20310.

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This article is intended to describe various forms and strategies used by video clip narrators in creating death euphemistic expressions during eradication processes of Armed Criminal Group rebellion in West Papua. All data are collected from discourses of video clips narration concerning soft and hard approaches carried out by Indonesian police and Indonesian National Army. Based on careful analysis of the collected data, it is found that there are considerable differences regarding motivations between common or conventional death euphemistic expressions and ones used to described death in th

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Dattner, Elitzur. "The Hebrew dative: Usage patterns as discourse profile constructions." Linguistics 57, no. 5 (2019): 1073–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0022.

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Abstract The dative in Hebrew poses a problem for a unified characterization as no single criterion seems to guides its interpretation. The present paper approaches this problem from a usage-based perspective, suggesting a multifactorial account of dative functions in Hebrew. Analyzing a corpus of Hebrew dative clauses with multivariate statistical tools I reveal the usage patterns associated with each dative function, showing that traditional descriptions of dative functions are not reflected in usage. Working within a Usage-Based perspective, in which the meaning of a word is its use in lang

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Blaney, Matthew J. "A Theoretical Justification for Treating the Contract for Deed as a Mortgage." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 9, no. 3 (2023): 317–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v9.i3.1.

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Millions of Americans finance their home using the treacherous contract for deed. Denied access to the conventional mortgage, the contract for deed often is the only alternative for Americans seeking the stability of homeownership. Historically, however, this deceptive financing device disrupted the lives of thousands of individuals by forfeiting their property and all payments made on the contract—even where only one installment was overdue. Low-income Americans and immigrant families disproportionately experience the brunt of the contract for deed. Furthermore, as Americans experience rising

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García, Inmaculada González. "The Anglo-Spanish Dispute over the Waters of Gibraltar and the Tripartite Forum of Dialogue." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 26, no. 1 (2011): 91–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180811x543088.

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AbstractThe historical Anglo-Spanish dispute over the waters of Gibraltar is based on two separate and specific territorial disputes: one related to the conventional cession of Gibraltar by Spain in the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 and the other related to the British occupation of the Isthmus. The Spanish government has used the cession in Article 10 of that Treaty as the legal basis in both cases, merely stating that it does not recognise British jurisdiction over any waters other than those expressly ceded by it. Ever since the Tripartite Forum of Dialogue on Gibraltar was created in 2004 by a

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Lassen, Inger. "Stylistic dilemmas in document design." Document Design 3, no. 1 (2002): 32–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dd.3.1.06las.

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In technical discourse, the majority of texts are found to be accessible only to a specialist audience, and the feeling is prevalent with some technical genres that they would lose their generic integrity if part of their complexity was removed, since such a change would jeopardize the acceptability of the texts. Technical translators, on the other hand, often feel a strong need to simplify conventional technical writing style, which by convention has a high frequency of passives, nominalizations, nonfinite clauses and compound noun clusters, and omits some definite articles. Halliday (1994) a

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Muttaqien, M. Zainal. "COHESIVE MARKERS IN SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSE: CASE IN INDONESIAN FACEBOOK CONVERSATIONS." Linguistik Indonesia 37, no. 2 (2019): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v37i2.120.

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AbstractThe emergence of social media as a new channel of communication has produced a new form discourse which has different characteristics compared to the formerly established conventional discourses. These differences do not only lie in how the messages are delivered but also in their structural components which contribute to the unity of the text, namely cohesion and coherence. Cohesion, as the marker of coherence, is realized by language units (words, phrases, or clauses) known as cohesive markers which indicate the relationship between parts of discourse either grammatically or lexicall

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Hashemi, Hilda, and Hooman Hashemi. "Sentiment Analysis by Hierarchical Deep Neural Networks for Audience Opinion Mining." Asian Journal of Research in Computer Science 17, no. 6 (2024): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajrcos/2024/v17i6468.

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The prominent applications of sentiment analysis encompass various fields, including marketing, customer service, and communication. The conventional bag-of-words approach for measuring sentiment only counts term frequencies, while neglecting the position of the terms within the discourse. As a remedy, this research aims to build a discourse-aware approach upon the discourse structure of documents. For this purpose, rhetorical structure theory (RST) is utilized to label (sub-) clauses according to their hierarchical relationships, and then polarity scores are assigned to individual leaves. To

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Lu, Zhexi. "Sql injection detection using Naïve Bayes classifier: A probabilistic approach for web application security." ITM Web of Conferences 70 (2025): 04016. https://doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20257004016.

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A pervasive security issue in web applications is database injection, enabling attackers to alter SQL queries in order to get unauthorized access to confidential information. Using the Naive Bayes classifier, a probabilistic model specifically developed for text classification tasks, this work introduces a novel method for detecting SQL injection vulnerabilities.The process begins by collecting and organizing a comprehensive dataset, which includes both harmful and non-malicious SQL queries. Feature extraction is later employed to identify patterns and characteristics commonly associated with

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Pit, H. M. "Arbitration under the OECD Model Convention: Follow-up under Double Tax Conventions: An Evaluation." Intertax 42, Issue 6/7 (2014): 445–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2014043.

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On 18 July 2008, the OECD Council adopted amendments to the OECD Model Convention, by which inter alia the mutual agreement procedure of Article 25 was supplemented with an arbitration clause. This clause provides for a mandatory arbitration procedure if contracting states fail to reach a mutual agreement within a two-year period if the taxpayer request so. Subsequent to this arbitration clause, the OECD also developed procedural rules that states can use during the arbitration procedure. This article evaluates whether, almost six years after its adoption, the OECD arbitration clause has been

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