Journal articles: 'Conventional farming'

1

Benbrook, Charles, and Christine McCullum-Gómez. "Organic vs Conventional Farming." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 109, no. 5 (May 2009): 809–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2009.03.019.

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Katsvairo, Tawainga W., David L. Wright, James J. Marois, and Jimmy R. Rich. "Transition from conventional farming to organic farming using bahiagrass." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87, no. 15 (2007): 2751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3002.

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Kumar, Jha Ritesh, Bhattarai Natasha, KC Suraj, Shrestha Arjun Kumar, and Kadariya Manahar. "ROOFTOP FARMING: AN ALTERNATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL FARMING FOR URBAN SUSTAINABILITY." Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 3, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/mjsa.01.2019.39.43.

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Hábová, Magdalena, Lubica Pospíšilová, Petr Hlavinka, Miroslav Trnka, Gabriela Barančíková, Zuzana Tarasovičová, Jozef Takáč, Štefan Koco, Ladislav Menšík, and Pavel Nerušil. "Carbon pool in soil under organic and conventional farming systems." Soil and Water Research 14, No. 3 (May 27, 2019): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/71/2018-swr.

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Changes in the agricultural management and climatic changes within the past 25 years have had a serious impact on soil organic matter content and contribute to different carbon storage in the soil. Prediction of soil carbon pool, validation, and quantification of different models is important for sustainable agriculture in the future and for this purpose a long-term monitoring data set is required. RothC-26.3 model was applied for carbon stock simulation within two different climatic scenarios (hot-dry with rapid temperature increasing and warm-dry with less rapid temperature increasing). Ten years experimental data set have been received from conventional and organic farming of experimental plots of Mendel University School Enterprise (locality Vatín, Czech-Moravian Highland). Average annual temperature in this area is 6.9°C, average annual precipitation 621 mm, and altitude 530 m above sea level. Soil was classified as Eutric Cambisol, sandy loam textured, with middle organic carbon content. Its cumulative potential was assessed as high. Results showed linear correlation between carbon stock and climatic scenario, and mostly temperature and type of soil management has influenced carbon stock. In spite of lower organic carbon inputs under organic farming this was less depending on climatic changes. Conventional farming showed higher carbon stock during decades 2000–2100 because of higher carbon input. Besides conventional farming was more affected by temperature.

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Tias, Dayu Iluh Setianing, Irwan Efendi, and Rio Tedi Prayitno. "PENGARUH PENERAPAN SISTEM TANAM HAZTON TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS DAN PENDAPATAN DI DESA PAREREJO KECAMATAN GADINGREJO KABUPATEN PRINGSEWU." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis 8, no. 3 (December 21, 2020): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jiia.v8i3.4450.

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This study aims to analyze the effects of the application of the hazton planting system on productivity and income, find out the comparison of the income of rice farmers with hazton planting system and conventional planting systems, analyze factors affecting rice farming production of hazton and conventional cropping system, and analyze factors affecting income from hazton rice farmeing and conventional cropping systems. Location was selected purposively in Parerejo Village, Gadingrejo Subdistrict, Pringsewu District. Respondents in this study were 30 rice farmers with hazton planting system and 30 rice farmers with conventional planting system. Data collection was conducted in October - November 2018. Data analysis methods used were qualitative and quantitative analyses. The results of this study indicated that the income of the hazton planting system does not significantly influence the application of the hazton planting system. There is a difference in income from the farming of hazton planting system and conventional planting system with a confidence level of 99 percent difference in income of IDR435,670. Factors that influence rice farming production with hazton planting system and conventional cropping system in Parerejo Village Gadingrejo Subdistrict, Pringsewu District are age, length of farming experience, and rice seeds, whereas, education, and land size do not influence the productivity of rice farming. Based on the analysis, the factors that influence the income of rice farming with the hazton planting system and conventional planting systems in the Parerejo Village Gadingrejo Subdistrict, Pringsewu Regency are education level, selling price, and seeds.Key words: conventional planting system, hazton planting system, income.

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Tyšer, Luděk, Michaela Kolářová, Ondřej Tulačka, and Pavel Hamouz. "Weed vegetation in conventional and organic farming in West Bohemia (Czech Republic)." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 7 (July 13, 2021): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6/2021-pse.

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The paper presents species richness and composition of arable weed vegetation in the region of West Bohemia (Czech Republic) in different types of farming (conventional and organic) and grown crops (winter and spring cereals, wide-row crops). During the field survey in the years 2007 to 2017, 105 phytocoenological relevés were recorded. The average species richness in one relevé was significantly higher in organic farming, as well as total weed cover. The lowest species richness was found in wide-row crops. Recently widespread species belonged to the most frequent species in our study. Based on multivariate statistics, the effects of variables on the occurrence of weed species were found as statistically significant. Most of the variability in data was explained by crop, following by type of farming. Weed species of Fabaceae Lindl. family (especially Vicia L.) and many perennial species positively correlated with the organic type of farming. Endangered species were found mainly in organic farming and cereals. Less intensive cultivation with a higher weed cover is beneficial for the promotion of biodiversity.

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Kitchen, J. L., G. K. McDonald, K. W. Shepherd, M. F. Lorimer, and R. D. Graham. "Comparing wheat grown in South Australian organic and conventional farming systems. 1. Growth and grain yield." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 9 (2003): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03039.

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Organic farming standards do not allow addition of water-soluble fertilisers and therefore it is likely that growth of organically grown crops will be limited by nutrient availability. However, in marginal rainfall conditions, when growth in conventional systems is limited by water availability, yields of organically grown crops could be comparable with those conventionally grown. Similarly, micronutrient-efficient plant varieties could be expected to perform comparatively better under organic farming conditions than they do in conventional systems, when compared with micronutrient-inefficient varieties.In this study, biomass and grain production of wheat from certified organic farming systems were compared with neighbouring conventional farming systems in 'across the fence' field trials in 1 moderate and 2 marginal rainfall areas of South Australia. Wheat varieties compared included 2 old wheat varieties developed under relatively low-input conditions (Baroota Wonder and Dirk-48) and varieties shown to be micronutrient-efficient (Janz and Trident) and inefficient (Yallaroi).The organic farming systems produced significantly less biomass than the conventional farming systems at late tillering in both the moderate and marginal rainfall areas. Grain yield was variable, but significantly lower in the organic farming system for 11 of the 14 comparisons. None of the varieties showed an adaptive advantage for 1 farming system over the other. The relative yield of the organic system, compared with the conventional system, was not associated with rainfall.

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Kouřimská, L., V. Legarová, Z. Panovská, and J. Pánek. "Quality of cows’ milk from organic and conventional farming ." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 32, No. 4 (July 29, 2014): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/510/2012-cjfs.

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The results of chemical and microbial analyses of raw milk samples coming from organic and conventional farming systems were statistically compared. The samples were analysed during a twelve-month period (June–May). A total of 2206 samples were collected of which 528 were organic. After raw milk was processed, sensory hedonic quality of 171 pairs of organic and conventional non-standardised pasteurised whole milk samples were evaluated using the pair comparison preference test. Four parameters in raw milk, free fatty acids, urea content, somatic cell count and coliform bacteria count, showed no significant differences between the two types of production. Significantly higher contents of protein, casein, lactose, and non-fat solids were detected in conventional milk, which also had a significantly lower freezing point. On the contrary, significantly higher contents of total mesophilic bacteria count and a higher percentage of samples with positive coliform bacteria count were found in organic milk samples. Sensory analysis of pasteurised milk showed no significant hedonic difference between organic and conventional samples.

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Kharel, Suman, and Deepak Marahatta. "Conventional Farming Practices around Kathmandu Valley: An Appraisal." Nepalese Journal of Development and Rural Studies 17 (December 31, 2020): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njdrs.v17i0.34982.

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Conventional farming is a new area of research in developing countries. It is rooted in industrial agriculture andfocuses on production as heavily. It demands a high amount of chemical fertilizers. The research follows a case study under the interpretive paradigm using multiple sources of evidence such as interviews, observations, and surveys ofthe literature. Usual to most conventional practices, the local inbreeds of crops are replaced by high yielding varieties of crops. One of the main advantages of conventional farming is the application of a higher amount ofagricultural inputs. The study has shown that the availability of transport made it easy to reach products to the market and has contributed to increasing the income of the farmers. Inadequate knowledge of the use of fertilizers and pesticides results in the origins of new diseases in crops is a major challenge of conventional farming. This research concludes that commercial organic farming can be an alternative to conventional farming. The finding shows the need for agricultural training and capacity building of farmers and also the need to provide subsidies so that farming will be more lucrative.

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Kamardiani, D. R., M. Fauzan, and K. S. Riansyah. "The feasibility of environmentally friendly and conventional shallot farming in Bantul Regency." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 883, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/883/1/012070.

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Abstract This study analyses the differences in costs, profit, and feasibility of environmentally friendly and conventional shallot farming in Bantul Regency. Data were collected from 128 farmers taken by cluster sampling and analyzed quantitatively using profit analysis and R/C ratio. The results showed that the total production cost of environmentally friendly shallot farming was 12.29% higher than conventional shallot farming, but conventional shallot farming had a higher profit of 41.94%. Both environmentally friendly and conventional farming is feasible, but the R/C ratio of conventional shallot farming is higher by 0.7.

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Vereijken, P. "From conventional to integrated agriculture." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 34, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v34i3.16792.

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Conventional agriculture aims mainly at a maximum financial return. This had both positive and negative consequences. The paper indicates that conventional farming systems with their predominantly agricultural aims cannot adequately meet the complex of environmental and social aims. It is necessary to find farming systems which pursue a broader aim than the simply agroeconomic one. This new direction, which embraces various aims in the field of economics, employment, environment, nature, landscape, quality of food and well-being, is called 'integrated farming'. A new and appropriate technology needs to be developed on the basis of this integrated vision of agriculture. The paper discusses the research and development at the farm level being carried out at the experimental farm at Nagele in the Netherlands. The first results show that an integrated approach can result in considerable reduction of inputs without loss of income for the farmer. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Seddon, Julian, Stuart Doyle, Mark Bourne, Richard Maccallum, and Sue Briggs. "Biodiversity benefits of alley farming with old man saltbush in central western New South Wales." Animal Production Science 49, no. 10 (2009): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08280.

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Agricultural production systems that also provide opportunities to conserve biodiversity will be a crucial component of integrated and sustainable land use in mixed farming landscapes and should be considered and evaluated. Alley farming is an innovative farming system that aims to increase farm profitability while also enhancing environmental outcomes. Alley farming incorporates belts of woody perennial plants such as trees or shrubs, interspersed with alleys of conventionally rotated cropping and livestock grazing land. In the present study, we assessed the impacts on terrestrial biodiversity of alley farming with the native perennial chenopod shrub old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia Lindl.) in central western New South Wales. Terrestrial biodiversity conservation status was assessed by site surveys conducted in spring 2005, 2006 and 2007 at 15 old man salt bush alley farming sites (OMSB), 15 conventionally managed sites and three native woodland remnants in and around the Condobolin Agricultural Research and Advisory Station in the central western plains of New South Wales. Biodiversity surveys included an assessment of ‘site condition’ – a metric of biodiversity conservation status at the site scale based on measurement of 10 habitat and vegetation condition attributes, compared against benchmark values for the appropriate native ecosystems with relatively little recent anthropogenic modification. Bird surveys were also conducted to assess the diversity and abundance of birds in OMSB, conventional and remnant woodland sites in four functional response groups. Site condition was significantly higher at remnant woodland sites than at conventional farming and OMSB alley farming sites. Remnant woodland sites had greater native overstorey cover and native ground cover of forbs, more trees with hollows, presence of at least some overstorey regeneration and the presence of fallen logs. Site condition was also significantly higher at OMSB sites than at conventional sites and increased significantly across 3 years. By the third year after establishment, OMSB sites had higher native plant species richness and native mid-storey cover than did conventionally farmed sites. These attributes increased markedly over time at the OMSB sites whereas they did not increase at conventional or remnant woodland sites. Native grasses and forbs established under and around the saltbush plants, indicating that OMSB alley plantings can provide habitat for a wide range of native plant species, enhancing biodiversity values of these areas through improved structure and composition. Improved habitat condition at the OMSB sites after 3 years did not lead to a significantly higher diversity or to a higher overall abundance of birds at the OMSB than at conventional sites. Furthermore, diversity and abundance of birds at both OMSB and conventional sites remained significantly below those of remnant woodland sites. Some decliner bird species were observed using OMSB sites, but not conventional sites. Old man saltbush alley farming can provide direct on-site benefits for native biodiversity by improving the structure, function and composition of vegetation at the site or paddock scale. If proposed as a replacement to conventional crop–pasture rotation, OMSB alley farming can enhance biodiversity conservation values, and where production benefits are likely, could play an important role in the integration of production and conservation as a synergistic ‘win–win’ system in mixed farming enterprises.

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Mohan Kumar, M., L. K. Adarsha, Shyam Prakash Singh, and K. Likin Boppana. "Economics of Organic Farming over Conventional Farming- A Case Study in Karnataka, India." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 11 (November 10, 2017): 2810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.331.

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Nowak, Benjamin, Thomas Nesme, Christophe David, and Sylvain Pellerin. "To what extent does organic farming rely on nutrient inflows from conventional farming?" Environmental Research Letters 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 044045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044045.

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Kuma, Chetti Praveen. "Trends and Status of Zero Budget Natural Farming in Andhra Pradesh, ZBNF Impact in District of Visakhapatnam." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 9, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8738.

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Agriculture peasants lost their agricultural economic power of agricultural labor due to some short of adverse effect on agriculture labor, like privatized seeds, privatized inputs and inaccessibility credit, overwhelmingly corporate controlled farming. The agriculture economic power slips from hands of peasants to corporate body. Indian agriculture system transforming towards conventional farming to organic natural farming, not even Indian agrarian society most of the developing and developed economies approximately more than 154 countries switching from conventional to organic natural farming. Natural farming is certainly much superiority than conventional farming. Simply we can say less expansive, it saves energy, conservation of bio diversity, fewer residues in food and many others. Hence, a comprehensive study dealing with the economics of organic farming and conventional farming covering different agro-climatic conditions is felt necessary. As such, the present Study addresses itself to fill in this gap by examining the Economics of Natural Farming vis-à-vis Conventional Farming in A.P. In recent years, it is moving towards “Natural farming” with growing consciousness on health and environment damages. It is not viable yet. In this backdrop, the study seeks to address economic viability of organic and natural farming and it’s empirically, to examine the status and trends of ZBNF in Andhra Pradesh. to assess and analyze the economic feasibility and economic efficiency of zero budget natural farming.

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Robusti, Eliane Araujo, Vagner Antonio Mazeto, Maurício Ursi Ventura, Dimas Soares Júnior, and Ayres de Oliveira Menezes. "Soybean crop profitability: biodynamic vs conventional farming in a 7-yr case study in Brazil." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 35, no. 3 (February 12, 2019): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170518000613.

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AbstractOrganic/biodynamic agriculture has been reported worldwide as a suitable system to conserve or even regenerate natural resources. Due to the lack of long-term studies regarding the profitability of tropical organic vs conventional farming, the economic performance of biodynamic vs conventional soybean was studied using data from a consecutive 7-yr case study in a farm with 48.4 ha of biodynamic soybeans in Paraná State, Brazil. Analyses of production costs and financial indicators were adjusted at updated values according to inflation in the period. Effective operational costs were 4.4% higher in biodynamic than in conventional farming. The biodynamic yields were lower (3.6%) than those of conventional. Prices were 57% higher in biodynamic than in conventional, making biodynamic farming more profitable than conventional farming, as shown by financial indicators (gross revenue, gross margin, net margin, net income and capital income were 50.7, 99.9, 122.9, 150.4 and 166.9%, respectively, higher in biodynamic than in conventional). The price equilibrium point (PEP) was 3.4% higher for biodynamic farming; the leveling point was 36.9% higher for conventional farming. Manual weeding and plowing increased organic costs. Higher biodynamic trading prices than those of conventional triggered a PEP suitable for covering higher costs and thus boosting profitability. Further investigations and policies are suggested to further improve biodynamic farming efficiency and sustainability.

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Merlini, Vanessa Vanderléia, Fabíola de Lima Pena, Diogo Thimoteo da Cunha, Julicristie Machado de Oliveira, Mauricio Ariel Rostagno, and Adriane Elisabete Costa Antunes. "Microbiological Quality of Organic and Conventional Leafy Vegetables." Journal of Food Quality 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4908316.

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The aim of this study was to assess the microbiological profile of leafy vegetables from organic and conventional farming (n=70). The microbiological parameters analyzed consisted of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and molds, coliforms at 30 and 45°C, and Salmonella ssp. A biochemical identification of the Enterobacteriaceae species was carried out. Some Enterobacteriaceae species were identified in the produce from both farming systems and Hafnia alvei was the most widespread specie observed. Salmonella spp. was not detected in the samples analyzed. The microbial counts for indicator microorganisms were, in general, higher for conventional leaves when compared to those produced by organic farming.

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Shrestha, Kamal, Gautam Shrestha, and Pradyumna R. Pandey. "Economic analysis of commercial organic and conventional vegetable farming in Kathmandu Valley." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 15 (June 1, 2014): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v15i0.19816.

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Economics of a farming system is the key determinant of its sustainability. Organic and conventional farming systems are two distinct types of production systems having contrasting farm management practices and output price as well. Furthermore, organic farming system is promoted for environmental protection and conventional farming system is cursed for the environmental degradation. The present study was conducted to compare the economics of organic and conventional vegetable production in Kathmandu valley. Thirty farmers each involved in commercial organic and conventional vegetable farming were selected randomly for the study. Data were collected through survey method using semi-structured questionnaire. The estimated per ropani per year cost of cultivation of vegetables in the organic farm (NPR 69,170) was lesser than in conventional farm (NPR 1,00,562). The gross return per ropani in a year in the organic vegetable farm (NPR 1,01,536) was significantly lesser than from conventional farms (NPR 1,35,747). Benefit to cost ratio (BCR) was higher in organic farm (1.47:1) in comparison to conventional farm (1.35:1). This study revealed that organic vegetable farming was more profitable than conventional vegetable farming in Kathmandu valley. To expand commercial agriculture: quality inputs, input and output price stability, co-operative or corporative marketing should be promoted.

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Vellenga, Leen, Gregor Qualitz, and Katrin Drastig. "Farm Water Productivity in Conventional and Organic Farming: Case Studies of Cow-Calf Farming Systems in North Germany." Water 10, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101294.

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The increase of organic agriculture in Germany raises the question of how water productivity differs from conventional agriculture. On three organic and two conventionally farming systems in Germany, water flows and water related indicators were quantified. Farm water productivity (FWP), farm water productivity of cow-calf production (FWPlivestock), and farm water productivity of food crop production (FWPfood crops) were calculated using the modeling software AgroHyd Farmmodel. The FWP was calculated on a mass and monetary basis. FWPlivestock showed the highest productivity on a mass basis occurring on a conventional farm with 0.09 kg m−3Winput, whereas one organic farm and one conventional farm showed the same results. On a monetary basis, organic cow-calf farming systems showed the highest FWPlivestock, with 0.28 € m−3Winput. Since the productivity of the farm depends strongly on the individual cultivated plants, FWPfood crops was compared at the level of the single crop. The results show furthermore that even with a precise examination of farm water productivity, a high bandwidth of temporal and local values are revealed on different farms: generic FWP for food crops and livestock are not within reach.

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Temple, Steven, Oscar A. Somasco, Mary Kirk, and Diana Friedman. "Conventional, low-input and organic farming systems compared." California Agriculture 48, no. 5 (September 1994): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3733/ca.v048n05p14.

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Acs, S., P. B. M. Berentsen, and R. B. M. Huirne. "Modelling conventional and organic farming: a literature review." NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 53, no. 1 (2005): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1573-5214(05)80007-7.

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Pimentel, David. "Economics and energetics of organic and conventional farming." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 6, no. 1 (March 1993): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01965614.

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CARUSO, Gianluca, Vasile V. STOLERU, Neculai C. MUNTEANU, Vincenzo Michele SELLITTO, Gabriel Ciprian TELIBAN, Marian BURDUCEA, Ioan TENU, Giuseppe MORANO, and Monica BUTNARIU. "Quality Performances of Sweet Pepper under Farming Management." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 47, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 458–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha47111351.

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Conventional management of sweet pepper is based on farming practices characterized by the use of chemicals with harmful environmental impact. In order to investigate innovative production, research was carried out in order to assess the effects of two pepper cultivars (‘Brillant’ and ‘Yolo Wonder’) in combination with four farming systems (Conventional control-C; Conventional with microorganism-enriched fertilization-CMF; Organic control-O; Organic with microorganism-enriched fertilization-OMF) on plant physiological parameters, yield and fruit quality. Conventionally grown plants showed higher values of assimilatory pigments and of photosynthetic rate compared to the Organically ones. The CMF resulted in the highest early and total yield, followed by the OMF, due to higher fruit number. Higher values of carotenoids, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol were recorded in ‘Yolo Wonder’ red fruits compared to ‘Brillant’ yellow berries. The highest total polyphenols concentration was recorded under the CMF, whereas OMF resulted in the highest flavonoids concentration and antioxidant activity.

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Amaral, F., and M. Abelho. "Effects of agricultural practices on soil and microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content: a preliminary case study." Web Ecology 16, no. 1 (January 18, 2016): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-16-3-2016.

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Abstract. In this study we assessed the C : N : P ratios in soil and soil microbial biomass subject to conventional farming and three different organic farming practices. The results showed that microbial biomass was P-limited in soils subject to conventional farming and to organic farming with alfalfa green manure. Organic farming with compost amendment showed the best results in terms of microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus (CNP).

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Hasey, Janine K., R. Scott Johnson, Roland D. Meyer, and Karen Klonsky. "630 PB 484 AN ORGANIC VS. CONVENTIONAL FARMING SYSTEM IN KIWIFRUIT." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 522f—522. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.522f.

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A kiwifruit vineyard converted to an organic farm was compared to a conventionally farmed vineyard from 1990 through 1992. February or March applications of composted chicken manure (organic plot) or NH4N O3 plus CaNH4 (NO3)3 through microsprinklers during the growing season (conventional plot) were applied to give equal rates of N. Soil analyses indicated no differences in nutrient or salt levels. Nitrogen leaf levels from the organic plot were consistently lower than those from the conventional system but were not deficient. Leaf concentrations of sodium and chloride increased over the three-year period in the organic plot, but not to phytotoxic levels. Organically grown fruit was as firm or firmer than conventionally grown fruit at harvest and four months after harvest. Damage from latania scale or omnivorous leaf roller was minimal in both plots until 1992, when the organic plot had 3.9% scale compared to 0% in the conventional plot. An economic analysis comparing the short-term profitability of the two systems will be presented.

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Pallant, Eric, David M. Lansky, Jessica E. Rio, Lawrence D. Jacobs, George E. Schulera, and Walter G. Whimpenny. "Growth of corn roots under low-input and conventional farming systems." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 12, no. 4 (December 1997): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300007517.

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AbstractChanges in soil physical and chemical properties following conversion from conventional to low-input farming systems could alter root growth in com and hence aboveground growth and yield. The main hypothesis we tested is that low-input and conventional farming systems produce different amounts of corn roots. We compared low-input and conventional farming systems, row position (row and interrow), and soil depth for effects on root length density in a Comly silt loam (Typic Fragiudalf) at the Rodale Institute Research Center in Kutztown, Pennsylvania. On all sampling dates studied (two each in 1989 and 1990) root length density under low-input farming systems was significantly greater than under conventional farming systems. We used analysis of covariance to correct for soil factors that could not be directly controlled. Soil water and bulk density had no clear effect on root length density. In contrast, there was significant covariance of soil organic matter with root length density on two of the four sample dates. Root networks were more dense in soil pockets rich in organic matter for every farming system, row position, and depth. These findings indicate that low-input farmers may be manipulating root production of corn to allow com to absorb more nutrients and water when water in the topsail is limited.

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Trisnawati, D. W., M. Fadilah, and I. Nurkomar. "Diversity and Composition of Arthropods Natural Enemies in Integrated Rice Fish Farming System (Minna padi) and Its Functions in Agroecosystems." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 985, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/985/1/012047.

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Abstract Minna Padi is an integrated rice fish farming system that implements environmentally friendly cultivation and creates a sustainable ecosystem. However, the effects of minna padi farming systems on the diversity of natural enemies have not been reported previously. This research was conducted to compare the diversity and abundance of natural enemies [parasitoids and predators] in minna padi and conventional rice fields. Three pairs of minna padi and conventional paddy fields were selected for fields research. Natural enemies were collected in the field research using sweeping nets, yellow sticky traps and pitfall trap every two weeks during the cultivation. The results showed that the abundance of parasitoids was higher in minna padi than that in conventional farming systems. However, the abundance of predators was higher in conventional farming systems. Parasitoid and predator species richness also showed no difference between the two rice farming systems. However, the composition between the two farming systems was different, minna padi was dominated by parasitoids such as Aphonagmus sp. and Eurythoma dentata, while conventional dominated by a predator such as Pardosa pseudoannulata and Plexippus sp.

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Bergmann, Fabiane Borba, Aline Monique Blank do Amaral, Matheus Vieira Volcan, Jossiele Wesz Leitemperger, Renato Zanella, Osmar Damian Prestes, Barbara Clasen, Demetrio Luis Guadagnin, and Vania Lucia Loro. "Organic and conventional agriculture: Conventional rice farming causes biochemical changes in Astyanax lacustris." Science of The Total Environment 744 (November 2020): 140820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140820.

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Abu Shaban, Ahmed. "Economic performance of organic vs conventional vegetables production in Gaza strip." مجلة جامعة فلسطين التقنية خضوري للأبحاث 2, no. 2 (September 8, 2014): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53671/ptukrj.v2i2.29.

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Organic farming has achieved significant growth in developing countries. However, it is still in some areas such as Gaza strip at embryonic stage. Introduction and promotion of organic farming would need more information about economic feasibility of shifting from the existing conventional farms to organic farming system. This is the main aim of this study. Data was collected from 100 randomly selected farmers in southern area of Gaza strip using standard questionnaire. Additional focus group discussions were conducted for further qualitative analyses. Data was also collected from the organic farm of Safe Agriculture Association where vegetables are organically produced and marketed. Gross margin and comparative analyses were used to describe cost structure of conventional and organic production and to assess economic potentialities to shift to organic farming. Results varied among vegetable crops as some crops showed very high economic potential to shift to organic farming while other crops did not. Major reasons for crops with good potential were higher yield under organic farming, premium market prices and lower production costs. Major reasons for lower economic potential to shift were the significant lower yield and higher production costs. The study recommends further technical research to explore organic production techniques that allows for higher yield and lower production cost. The study also recommends further market research to investigate consumers' preferences and willingness to pay for organic products.

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Abu Shaban, Ahmed. "Economic performance of organic vs conventional vegetables production in Gaza strip." مجلة جامعة فلسطين التقنية للأبحاث 2, no. 2 (September 8, 2014): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53671/pturj.v2i2.29.

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Organic farming has achieved significant growth in developing countries. However, it is still in some areas such as Gaza strip at embryonic stage. Introduction and promotion of organic farming would need more information about economic feasibility of shifting from the existing conventional farms to organic farming system. This is the main aim of this study. Data was collected from 100 randomly selected farmers in southern area of Gaza strip using standard questionnaire. Additional focus group discussions were conducted for further qualitative analyses. Data was also collected from the organic farm of Safe Agriculture Association where vegetables are organically produced and marketed. Gross margin and comparative analyses were used to describe cost structure of conventional and organic production and to assess economic potentialities to shift to organic farming. Results varied among vegetable crops as some crops showed very high economic potential to shift to organic farming while other crops did not. Major reasons for crops with good potential were higher yield under organic farming, premium market prices and lower production costs. Major reasons for lower economic potential to shift were the significant lower yield and higher production costs. The study recommends further technical research to explore organic production techniques that allows for higher yield and lower production cost. The study also recommends further market research to investigate consumers' preferences and willingness to pay for organic products.

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Adhikari, Subodh, Laura A. Burkle, Kevin M. O’Neill, David K. Weaver, Casey M. Delphia, and Fabian D. Menalled. "Dryland Organic Farming Partially Offsets Negative Effects of Highly Simplified Agricultural Landscapes on Forbs, Bees, and Bee–Flower Networks." Environmental Entomology 48, no. 4 (May 30, 2019): 826–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz056.

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AbstractIndustrialized farming practices result in simplified agricultural landscapes, reduced biodiversity, and degraded species-interaction networks. Thus far, most research assessing the combined effects of farming systems and landscape complexity on beneficial insects has been conducted in relatively diversified and mesic systems and may not represent the large-scale, monoculture-based dryland agriculture that dominates many regions worldwide. Specifically, the effects of farming systems on forbs, bees, and their interactions are poorly understood in highly simplified dryland landscapes such as those in the Northern Great Plains, United States, an area globally important for conventional and organic small grain, pulse, forage, and oilseed production. During a 3-yr (2013–2015) study, we assessed 1) the effects of dryland no-till conventional and tilled organic farming on forbs, bees, and bee–flower networks and 2) the relationship between natural habitat and bee abundance. Flower density and richness were greater in tilled organic fields than in no-till conventional fields, and forb community composition differed between farming systems. We observed high bee diversity (109 taxa) in this highly simplified landscape, and bee abundance, richness, and community composition were similar between systems. Compared with tilled organic fields, bee–flower interactions in no-till conventional fields were poorly connected, suggesting these systems maintain relatively impoverished plant-pollinator networks. Natural habitat (11% of the landscape) did not affect small-bodied bee abundance in either farming system but positively affected large-bodied bees within 2,000 m of crop-field centers. In highly simplified agricultural landscapes, dryland organic farming and no-till conventional farming together support relatively high bee diversity, presumably because dryland organic farming enhances floral resources and bee–flower networks, and no-till management in conventional farming provides undisturbed ground-nesting habitats for wild bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea).

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Campbell, Leslie. "LEARNING FROM THE PRESENT AND THE PAST: A CONTEMPORARY AND HISTORICAL REVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS ON SOIL FERTILITY." AGRICA 4, no. 1 (July 22, 2020): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v4i1.465.

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Conventional farming involves the use of synthetic and chemical pesticides that increases the short-term productivity of the soil with the expense of its long-term fertility. The emergence of alternative agriculture movement is estimated to have become a progressive response in increasing awareness of the long adverse effects on an effort to promote the soil which is well cultivated by the agro-ecological environment. Although it is a shift from conventional farming, alternative farming practices have not been adequately integrated as organic farming techniques and remain non-organic farming options. In an effort to explore the differences, we conducted a literature review of temperate areas studies comparing to conventional and alternative farming techniques in terms of their effects on soil nutrient levels. This review was found that 70% of the literature supports the use of alternative techniques as the means of reducing the agriculture impact on fertility and health of the soil and highlights the need of further research on the topic of longitudinal studies primarily in the context of the ecology of temperate climate. To contextualize contemporary view with the developing popularity of the alternative conventional farming system, we also explored the literature about the impact of agriculture that expanded again from the 1920s. The historical study examined literature concerning long-term fertility soil in Canada Journal on scientific agriculture to capture general environment narration about alternative farming at that time. It was found that a segment of the pre-1950s literature viewed the farming practices sustainable time, citing the declining yields to support this claim. The latest increasing proved in alternative farming techniques in response to a growing awareness of the long-term effects of conventional farming can be contextualized in the context of history as well as the rise of a more traditional approach to farming.

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Sukristiyonubowo, Sukristiyonubowo, Damas Riyanto, and Sugeng Widodo. "Kesuburan Tanah dan Produktivitas Padi pada Budidaya Organik, Semi Organik, dan Konvensional di Kabupaten Sragen." Agrotechnology Research Journal 3, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/agrotechresj.v3i2.32508.

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<p>The farmers realize that Green Revolution technology with external inputs (mineral fertilizer and pesticide) is no longer sustainable and cost production become too expensive. The farmers want to move to organic, semi organic and some remain doing conventional farming system. The aim of the research was to study the dynamic of soil fertilities and biomass production under organic, semi organic and conventional rice farming systems. The study was conducted in Termes Village Sambung Macan Sub District, Sragen District, Central Java and Analytical Laboratory of the Yogyakarta Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology from March 2017 to 2018. Soil composites were taken in March 2017 and in 2018 at organic, semi organic and conventional rice farming systems. The results showed that in general the soil chemical fertility taken in 2018 under three rice farming were better than soil sampled in 2017 including pH, C organic, N total, P and K extracted with HCl 25 %. The same results were happened in rice biomass production, in organic rice farming was more excellent compared to semi organic and conventional rice farming and in semi organic was better than conventional rice farming because of soil C-organic content were higher.</p>

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Hampl, Filip. "A statistical analysis of the financial performance of organic and conventional farms in the Czech Republic with respect to their size." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 1 (January 27, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/78/2019-agricecon.

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Organic farming represents an environment-friendly alternative to conventional farming techniques. The aim of this paper is to assess whether there are differences in financial performance of the Czech agricultural enterprises as measured by financial analysis indicators in relation to the selected farming system (conventional vs. organic), the farm size (with respect to organic and conventional farms) and the interaction of these two factors in the period 2012–2016. A three-step approach including two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), non-parametric two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), specifically the Scheirer-Ray-Hare test, and post hoc Dunn’s test has been employed. The data sample comprises of 172 conventional and 136 organic farms, divided into three size categories. The effect of the selected farming system is manifested in return on sales, cost ratios, and asset turnover ratio. The farm size affects return on assets, cost ratios, liquidity and debt. The interaction of the factors has only been detected as regards return on assets.

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Margus, Kalle, Viacheslav Eremeev, Evelin Loit, Eve Runno-Paurson, Erkki Mäeorg, Anne Luik, and Liina Talgre. "Impact of Farming System on Potato Yield and Tuber Quality in Northern Baltic Sea Climate Conditions." Agriculture 12, no. 4 (April 18, 2022): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040568.

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For finding more sustainable cropping systems, this study on how the farming system influences the yield and quality of potato tubers was carried out with long-term crop rotation experiment. The long-term five-field crop rotation field trial was established with the following farming system treatments: organic farming system treatments: Org I (organic control), Org II (organic crop rotation with winter cover crops) and Org III (organic crop rotation with winter cover crops and the addition of composted cattle manure); conventional farming system treatments: N0 (conventional system without fertilizers), N50 (conventional system with fertilization, N50P25K95), N100 (conventional system, N100P25K95) and N150 (conventional system, N150P25K95). The average yield (based on 3 trial years) of conventional systems was 25% higher, compared to organic systems. However, in organic systems, the yield was the most stable. The most fluctuating cropping system was the most intensively managed N150. In each trial year, the yield differed statistically and it varied from 4.7 t ha−1 up to 10.9 t ha−1. Org I had the same dry matter yield as the N0 system, where chemicals were used, meaning that using chemicals for plant protection but no fertilizer for growth improvement had no positive effect. In each year, the yield in Org III system was similar to N50 system. Regarding the tubers per plant, there were no differences between farming systems but there was a significant difference between the trial years. The tubers in conventional systems had a lower starch content than the organic systems. It is possible to conclude that if cover crops and manure are used, organic farming practices provide just as good results as the conventional farming with low nitrogen level.

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Augustyniuk-Kram, Anna. "Rolnictwo ekologiczne a właściwości gleby i jej różnorodność biologiczna." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2012): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2012.10.1.03.

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This review deals with the influence of organic farming, as well as with the effects the conversion of conventional to ecological farming systems have had on the quality of soil and biodiversity. Organic farming is defined as a system in which crop and animal production must be balanced, and all means of production needed for plant and animal breeding are produced within the farm. Organic farming prohibits the use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers, therefore is widely perceived as being more environmentally friendly than conventional farming. Organic farming is also identified with the production of high-quality food, with the improvement of animal welfare, as well as associated with rural development. This type of farming aims to sustain the quality and fertility of the soil and to maintain key ecological soil functions. The presented overview shows that organic farming leads to higher soil quality and more biological activity in soil than conventional farming. A growing number of studies also show that organic farming can have a positive effect on ecosystems by increasing biological diversity and by a diversification of the agricultural landscape. This is to prevent the loss of the natural habitat of many wild plant and animal species.

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Reganold, John P. "Soil quality and profitability of biodynamic and conventional farming systems: A review." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 10, no. 1 (March 1995): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s088918930000610x.

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AbstractBiodynamic and organic farming are similar in that both are ecologically oriented and do not use chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The main difference is that biodynamic farmers add eight specific amendments, called preparations, to their soils, crops, and composts. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in biodynamic farming practices and systems because they show potential for mitigating some detrimental effects of chemical-dependent conventional agriculture. Only a few studies examining biodynamic methods or comparing biodynamic farming with other farming systems have been published in the refereed scientific literature, especially in English. This paper summarizes data from previous studies, both published and unpublished (theses), that have compared biodynamic and conventional farming systems with respect to soil quality or profitability. These studies have shown that the biodynamic farming systems generally have better soil quality, lower crop yields, and equal or higher net returns per hectare than their conventional counterparts. Two studies that included organic management treatments with and without the preparations showed that the preparations improved biological soil properties and increased crop root growth. However, more research is needed to determine whether the preparations affect soil physical, chemical, and biological properties and crop growth and, if so, their mode of action.

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Er, Ah Choy, Habibah Ahmad, and Azima Abdul Manaf. "Comparative Cost Benefit Analysis of Conventional Farming and Agroecological Farming for Paddy Cultivation in Bachok, Kelantan." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 12, no. 6 (2021): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2021.12.6.1338.

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In Malaysia, conventional rice farming is the predominant method of rice cultivation with attendant problems like the harmful effects of the utilisation of synthetic pesticides and synthetic fertilisers. Thus, conventional rice farming was compared to the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method, a variant of agroecological rice farming, in Kampung Klerek, Bachok District, and Kelantan. It must be noted that the agroecological rice farming method is the farmer’s maiden attempt. Agroecological rice farming is a much more environmentally friendly approach. The aim of this paper is to compare conventional rice farming vis-à-vis agroecological rice farming from a financial perspective. Comparative Cost Benefit Analysis has been adopted to determine which the better alternative is. However, the results go beyond financial consideration as conventional rice farming is chemically driven whereas agroecological rice farming is grounded on environmentalism. The results indicated that agroecological rice farming is a better financial alternative with higher revenue and lower cost of production. The higher revenue is due to higher production yield whereas the lower cost of production is due to contributory factors like lower labour cost, lower seed utilisation and ancillary cost, zero cost for synthetic fertilisers and lower fuel and ancillary cost for machinery despite higher organic fertiliser cost. Thus, on a long-term basis, with the effect of the learning and experience curve, the cost of production can be lowered further. Moreover, the higher rice yield, less seed wastage, utilisation of organic fertilisers, organic pesticides and natural pest control methods are in sync with good environmental practices.

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Dobbs, Thomas L., Mark G. Leddy, and James D. Smolik. "Factors influencing the economic potential for alternative farming systems: Case analyses in South Dakota." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 1 (1988): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002101.

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AbstractResults of calculations on the economic potential for alternative (low input, sustainable) farming systems in a small grain-row crop region of the Northern Plains are reported. Two sets of alternative farming systems, in which no chemical fertilizers or herbicides are used, are compared with various conventional and reduced till systems. In Farming Systems Study I (FSS1), an alternative rotation consisting of oats, alfalfa, soybeans, and corn is compared with conventional and ridge till rotation systems composed of corn, soybeans, and spring wheat. In Farming Systems Study II (FSS2), three systems with an emphasis on small grains are compared. An alternative system rotation consisting of oats, sweet clover, soybeans, and spring wheat is compared with conventional and minimum till rotation systems comprised of soybeans, spring wheat, and barley. Results of baseline economic analyses show that alternative farming systems can be competitive with more conventional systems in at least some situations. The alternative systems entail markedly lower direct costs, and the alternative system in FSS2 has approximately the same net returns as the comparable conventional and minimum till systems. The FSS1 alternative system has positive but somewhat lower net returns than the comparable conventional and ridge till systems. Sensitivity analyses were conducted with alternative system crop yields, chemical fertilizer and herbicide prices, and varying assumptions about future Federal farm program support levels and acreage set aside requirements. The yield sensitivity analyses show that one alternative farming system requires yields about 5–10 percent above those of the comparable conventional system to produce the same net returns. However, the other alternative system is competitive with a conventional system even with yields 5 percent lower. Analyses varying chemical fertilizer and herbicide prices reveal that the alternative farming system in FSS1 becomes competitive with more conventional systems when fertilizer and herbicide prices rise by 50 percent. The alternative farming system in FSS2 is already competitive at current fertilizer and herbicide prices. In some cases, sensitivity analyses with Federal farm program provisions indicate that reductions in farm program benefits increase the economic competitiveness of alternative farming systems. However, important exceptions occur. Results indicate that not only the level of future farm program benefits, but also the form of program provisions and compliance requirements, will affect the relative competitiveness of alternative farming systems.

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Lestari, Rini, Sri Kartini, Lusiana Berti, and Megi Romita. "PENETAPAN KADAR AMILOSA DAN PROTEIN PADA BERAS SOLOK JENIS ANAK DARO DAN SOKAN YANG DITANAM DENGAN SISTEM PERTANIAN ORGANIK DAN SISTEM PERTANIAN KONVENSIONAL." JOPS (Journal Of Pharmacy and Science) 1, no. 2 (June 27, 2018): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36341/jops.v1i2.491.

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The organic farming system is a holistic agricultural production management system for improving and developing agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activities. Organic farming systems use natural fertilizers and pesticides, while conventional farming systems still use chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Environmental conditions are expected to affect the chemical content of rice. One of the main chemical constituents in rice is amylose and protein. This research is a laboratory experimental study that aims to see the amylose and protein content of Solok rice types sokan and anak daro which grown with organic farming system and conventional farming system. From the result of the research, equation of calibration curve amylose is Y = 0,0246X + 0,0146 with correlation coefficient (r) = 0,9984. Amylose content of Solok rice type of anak daro organic 28,90%, anak daro conventional 28,04%, sokan organic 30,32% and sokan conventional 30,94%. Protein content of Solok rice type of anak daro organic 8,79%, anak daro conventional 8,15%, sokan organic 8,50% and sokan conventional 8,25%. T value of each group is smaller than the T table value, it can be concluded that the result is not significantly different.

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Bhardwaj, Arvind, B. DKiradoo, NSaini NSaini, and M. Sahani. "Fate of organic farming in contrast to conventional farming systems - A thrust to organic food." Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 18, no. 2 (2006): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v12i1.5138.

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Rajeshwar Singh Chandel, Abdul Wakil Barakzai, Sudhir Verma PremLal Sharma, Narendra Kumar Bharat Maneesh Pal Singh, and Panma Yankit. "Effect of Zero Budget Natural Farming and Conventional Farming Systems on Biological Properties of Soil." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 1122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1002.132.

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Hasey, J. K., R. S. Johnson, R. D. Meyer, and K. Klonsky. "AN ORGANIC VERSUS A CONVENTIONAL FARMING SYSTEM IN KIWIFRUIT." Acta Horticulturae, no. 444 (May 1997): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1997.444.33.

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Brožová, I., and M. Beranova. "A Comparative Analysis of Organic and Conventional Farming Profitability." Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics 09, no. 01 (March 30, 2017): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/aol.2017.090101.

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Andow, D. A., and K. Hidaka. "Yield loss in conventional and natural rice farming systems." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 70, no. 2-3 (October 1998): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(98)00122-4.

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Giles, Jim. "Why organic versus conventional farming is a redundant debate." New Scientist 203, no. 2720 (August 2009): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(09)62057-1.

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Teles, D. A. A., P. P. Silva, and W. M. Nascimento. "Vegetable seed production under conventional and organic farming systems." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1249 (September 2019): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2019.1249.36.

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Elmholt, Susanne, and Rodrigo Labouriau. "Fungi in Danish soils under organic and conventional farming." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 107, no. 1 (May 2005): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.09.009.

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Sujatha, R. V., K. Suhasini, and Y. Eswara Prasad. "Organic Farming For Sustainable Agriculture: A Comparative Analysis Of Organic Versus Conventional Rice And Cotton." Journal of Global Economy 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2008): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v4i3.116.

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Organic farming is not new to Indian farming community.Â Several forms of organic farming are being successfully practiced in diverse climate, particularly in rain-fed, tribal, mountains and hill areas of the country. Among all farming systems, organic farming is gaining wide attention among farmers, entrepreneurs, policy makers and agricultural scientists for varied reasons such asÂ it minimizes the dependence on chemical inputs (fertilizers; pesticides; herbicides and other agro-chemicals) thus safeguards/ improves quality of resources, and environment. It is labour intensive and provides an opportunity to increase rural employment and achieve long term improvements in the quality of resource base.Organic farming has received considerable attention in India in the recent past. In India, the per cent area under organic farming is only 0.03 per cent of the total area under agriculture when compared to Austria (11.30%), Switzerland (9.70%) and Italy (7.94%) according to SOEL Survey, February 2003. Some of the major organically produced agricultural crops in India include crops like plantation, spices, pulses, fruits, vegetables and oil seeds etc

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Makaju, Susan, and Kabita Kurunju. "A review on use of agrochemical in agriculture and need of organic farming in Nepal." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 6, no. 3 (September 25, 2021): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2021.0603016.

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The growing use of chemical pesticides haphazardly and their harmful influence on ecosystem and human health highlight the necessity for safe and sustainable organic production in our time. The article reviews a general overview of organic farming; the impact of organic farming on soil health and climate mitigation in comparison with conventional farming practice in Nepal. The article identifies the problems and possibilities of organic farming to resuscitate the pesticide-dominated conventional practice in Nepal. Organic farming now has been embedded in the natural agriculture policy in Nepal. Organic farming benefits in terms of environmental protection along with better living health. Various governmental and non-governmental bodies, farmers, and individuals are working to promote organic farming in Nepal. With the increase in awareness of health and environmental concerns, the adoption of organic agriculture and the demand for organic agricultural products is increasing. It holds a great prospect in countries like ours where an integrated crop-livestock system is still prevalent in many parts of the country. As a result, an organic farming system in Nepal must be thoroughly investigated and supported through proper regulations and tactics. It is urged to supplant pesticide-based conventional farming with organic farming that leads towards agricultural sustainability for the upcoming generation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Conventional farming'

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