Journal articles: 'Conventional glass ionomer cements'

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Farret, Marcel M., Eduardo Martinelli de Lima, Eduardo Gonçalves Mota, Hugo Mitsuo S. Oshima, Gabriela Maguilnik, and Patrícia Alves Scheid. "Assessment of the mechanical properties of glass ionomer cements for orthodontic cementation." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 17, no. 6 (December 2012): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-94512012000600027.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the mechanical properties of three glass ionomers cements (GICs) used for band cementation in Orthodontics. METHODS: Two conventional glass ionomers (Ketac Cem Easy mix/3M-ESPE and Meron/Voco) and one resin modified glass ionomer (Multi-cure Glass ionomer/3M-Unitek) were selected. For the compressive strength and diametral tensile strength tests, 12 specimens were made of each material. For the microhardness test 15 specimens were made of each material and for the shear bond strength tests 45 bovine permanent incisors were used mounted in a self-cure acrylic resin. Then, band segments with a welded bracket were cemented on the buccal surface of the crowns. For the mechanical tests of compressive and diametral tensile strength and shear bond strength a universal testing machine was used with a crosshead speed of 1,0 mm/min and for the Vickers microhardness analysis tests a Microdurometer was used with 200 g of load during 15 seconds. The results were submitted to statistical analysis through ANOVA complemented by Tukey's test at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The results shown that the Multi-Cure Glass Ionomer presented higher diametral tensile strength (p < 0.01) and compressive strength greater than conventional GICs (p = 0.08). Moreover, Ketac Cem showed significant less microhardness (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The resin-modified glass ionomer cement showed high mechanical properties, compared to the conventional glass ionomer cements, which had few differences between them.

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PEDRINI, Denise, Elerson GAETTI-JARDIM JÚNIOR, and Andréia Coelho de VASCONCELOS. "Retention of oral microorganisms on conventional and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements." Pesquisa Odontológica Brasileira 15, no. 3 (September 2001): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-74912001000300004.

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Secondary caries are a worldwide public and socioeconomic problem. The placement of restorations can lead to the development of environmental conditions favorable to microbial colonization, especially on the tooth/restoration interface, which is a predisposing factor for secondary caries. The aim of this study was to evaluate microbial retention on conventional (Chelon-Fil and Vidrion R) and resin-modified (Vitremer and Fuji II LC) glass-ionomer cements, in situ, using a hybrid composite resin (Z100) as a control. Twelve volunteers wore Hawley appliances with specimens made of all tested filling materials for 7 days. The specimens were then removed from the appliances and transferred to tubes containing 2.0 ml of Ringer-PRAS. Microorganisms from the samples were inoculated onto blood agar and Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar and incubated under anaerobiosis (90% N2, 10% CO2), at 37°C, for 10 and 2 days, respectively. The resin-modified glass-ionomer cements and the composite resin retained the same levels of microorganisms on their surfaces. The resin-modified glass-ionomers retained less mutans streptococci than the composite resin and conventional glass-ionomer cements. The conventional glass-ionomer cements retained less mutans streptococci than the composite resin, but that difference was not statistically significant.

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Spinola, Manuela, Amanda Maria Oliveira Dal Piva, Patrícia Uchôas Barbosa, Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres, and Eduardo Bresciani. "Mechanical Assessment of Glass Ionomer Cements Incorporated with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Dental Applications." Oral 1, no. 3 (July 8, 2021): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oral1030019.

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Background: Nanoparticles such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes present resistance, resilience and biocompatibility with human tissues and could be incorporated into glass ionomer cement materials to improve their characteristics. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) incorporation on different glass ionomer cements’ compressive (σc) and diametral tensile strengths (σt). Methods: Eighty (80) specimens were divided into four groups (N = 20/gr) according to the glass ionomer cement type (conventional and high-viscosity) and the presence or absence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Samples were kept in water for 24 h prior to the tests. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p = 0.05). Results: For both σc (p = 0.1739) and σt (p = 0.2183), the glass ionomer cements’ viscosity did not influence the results. The presence of MWCNTs decreased the mean compressive strength values (p = 0.0001) and increased the diametral tensile strength (p = 0.0059). For both conventional and high-viscosity glass ionomer cements, the compressive strength values were higher than the tensile strength data. Conclusions: Regardless of the cement viscosity, the multi-walled carbon nanotube incorporation reduced the compressive strength and increased the tensile strength values.

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Subramaniam, Priya, Sapna Kondae, and Kamal Kishore Gupta. "Retentive Strength of Luting Cements for Stainless Steel Crowns: An in vitro Study." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 34, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.34.4.p5h1068v41ggt450.

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The present study evaluated and compared the retentive strength of three luting cements. A total of forty five freshly extracted human primary molars were used in this study. The teeth were prepared to receive stainless steel crowns. They were then randomly divided into three groups, of fifteen teeth each, so as to receive the three different luting cements: conventional glass ionomer, resin modified glass ionomer and adhesive resin. The teeth were then stored in artificial saliva for twenty four hours. The retentive strength of the crowns was determined by using a specially designed Instron Universal Testing Machine (Model 1011). The data was statistically analyzed using ANOVA to evaluate retentive strength for each cement and Tukey test for pair wise comparison. It was concluded that retentive strength of adhesive resin cement and resin modified glass ionomer cement was significantly higher than that of the conventional glass ionomer cement.

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Reis, José Maurício dos Santos Nunes, Érica Gouveia Jorge, João Gustavo Rabelo Ribeiro, Ligia Antunes Pereira Pinelli, Filipe de Oliveira Abi-Rached, and Mário Tanomaru-Filho. "Radiopacity Evaluation of Contemporary Luting Cements by Digitization of Images." ISRN Dentistry 2012 (September 13, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/704246.

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Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity of two conventional cements (Zinc Cement and Ketac Cem Easymix), one resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RelyX Luting 2) and six resin cements (Multilink, Bistite II DC, RelyX ARC, Fill Magic Dual Cement, Enforce and Panavia F) by digitization of images. Methods. Five disc-shaped specimens ( mm) were made for each material, according to ISO 4049. After setting of the cements, radiographs were made using occlusal films and a graduated aluminum stepwedge varying from 1.0 to 16 mm in thickness. The radiographs were digitized, and the radiopacity of the cements was compared with the aluminum stepwedge using the software VIXWIN-2000. Data (mmAl) were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (). Results. The Zinc Cement was the most radiopaque material tested (). The resin cements presented higher radiopacity () than the conventional (Ketac Cem Easymix) or resin-modified glass ionomer (RelyX Luting 2) cements, except for the Fill Magic Dual Cement and Enforce. The Multilink presented the highest radiopacity () among the resin cements. Conclusion. The glass ionomer-based cements (Ketac Cem Easymix and RelyX Luting 2) and the resin cements (Fill Magic Dual Cement and Enforce) showed lower radiopacity values than the minimum recommended by the ISO standard.

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Maño, Encarna Piquer, Rafael Marco Algarra, Amr Fawzy, Vicente C. B. Leitune, Fabrício M. Collares, Victor Feitosa, and Salvatore Sauro. "In Vitro Bonding Performance of Modern Self-Adhesive Resin Cements and Conventional Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cements to Prosthetic Substrates." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 8157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228157.

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This study aimed at evaluating the shear bond strength (SBS) of modern self-adhesive resin cements and resin-modified glass ionomer cements applied to different prosthetic substrates. Zirconia, lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic and a noble metal alloy were used as bonding substrates. They were all sand-blasted with alumina, while LD was further etched with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid (10 s). A light-curing resin-modified glass ionomer cement (3M-GIC: Ketac Cem Plus) and a self-curing resin-modified glass ionomer cement (GC-GIC: FujiCEM 2) were compared to self-adhesive resin cements (PAN: Panavia SA Universal) and (3M-RES: Rely X Unicem 2). Ten specimens for each substrate were produced and up to five cylinders of each cement were bonded to each substrate. The shear bond strength (SBS) was evaluated after 24 h or after thermocycling (TC) aging (5000 cycles). The data was statistically analysed by two-way ANOVA and Student–Newman–Keuls test (α = 0.05). Failure modes were analysed through stereoscopic microscopy. The greatest SBS was attained with PAN, whilst 3M-GIC showed the lowest SBS and failed prevalently in adhesive mode. No difference in SBS was observed between GC-GIC and 3M-RES. After TC aging, all cements showed significant drop (p < 0.05) in SBS, but PAN showed the greatest SBS. Reliable bond strength to prosthetic substrates can be achieved with specific universal resin-luting cements and may be an alternative to glass ionomer cements when luting alloy substrates.

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Toledano, Manuel, Raquel Osorio, Inmaculada Cabello, Estrella Osorio, Manuel Toledano-Osorio, and Fátima S. Aguilera. "Oral Function Improves Interfacial Integrity and Sealing Ability Between Conventional Glass Ionomer Cements and Dentin." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, no. 1 (February 2017): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617000010.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate if load cycling affects interfacial integrity of glass ionomer cements bonded to sound- or caries-affected dentin. A conventional glass ionomer, Ketac Bond, and a resin-modified glass ionomer (Vitrebond Plus), were applied to dentin. Half of the specimens were load cycled. The interfaces were submitted to dye-assisted confocal microscopy evaluation. The unloaded specimens of sound and carious dentin were deficiently hybridized when Ketac Bond was used. Ketac Bond samples showed an absorption layer and an adhesive layer that were scarcely affected by fluorescein penetration (nanoleakage), in sound dentin. Nevertheless, a higher degree of micropermeability was found in carious dentin. In Ketac Bond specimens, load cycling improves the sealing capability and remineralization at the cement–dentin interface as porosity and nanoleakage was reduced. In contrast, samples treated with Vitrebond Plus exhibited a Rhodamine B-labeled absorption layer with scarce nanoleakage in both sound and carious unloaded dentin. The adhesive layer was affected by dye sorption throughout the porous cement–dentin interface. Samples treated with Vitrebond Plus had significant increases in nanoleakage and cement–dye sorption after load cycling. Within the limitations of an in vitro study, it is expected that conventional glass ionomers will provide major clinical efficacy when applied to carious-affected or sound dentin.

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Cabral, Maria Fernanda Costa, Roberto Luiz de Menezes Martinho, Manoel Valcácio Guedes-Neto, Maria Augusta Bessa Rebelo, Danielson Guedes Pontes, and Flávia Cohen-Carneiro. "Do conventional glass ionomer cements release more fluoride than resin-modified glass ionomer cements?" Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics 40, no. 3 (2015): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5395/rde.2015.40.3.209.

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Ruxandra, Bartok, B. Dimitriu, C. Varlan, R. Stanciu, Scarlatescu Sanziana, Mitran Loredana, M. Mitran, Gheorghiu Irina, Suciu Ioana, and D. M. Iliescu. "Microscopic evaluation regarding time behavior of orthodontic cements used for disjunctor cementing." ARS Medica Tomitana 21, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arsm-2015-0044.

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Abstract In order to fulfill their function, orthodontic devices must be cemented on teeth using orthodontic rings. The retention of the orthodontic ring is influenced mainly by the type of dental-ring adhesion. This study was initiated to determine possible microleakage events while using zinc phosphate cement Adhesor (Spofa Dental), conventional glass ionomer Ketac Cem (3M ESPE) and Fuji Ortho (GC) and a compomer Transbond Plus (3M Unitek). The results of the study are consistent with those reported in the literature reference, the compomer is the preferred adhesive material for cementing the orthodontic rings, compared to conventional glass ionomer cements and zinc-phosphate cement.

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Kampanas, Nikolaos-Stefanos, and Maria Antoniadou. "Glass Ionomer Cements for the Restoration of Non-Carious Cervical Lesions in the Geriatric Patient." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 9, no. 3 (July 8, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb9030042.

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Background: The restoration of non-carious cervical lesions in geriatric patients is a demanding process. Glass ionomer cements can be promising materials for the management of these lesions in older adults. The aim of this literature review is to present the benefits of glass ionomers and how they can be used for the restoration of non-carious cervical lesions of older adults depending on the geriatric patient’s profile. Data sources: All available in vitro and in vivo studies from Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus search engines corresponding to glass ionomer cements, geriatric dentistry, elderly patients, and non-carious lesions as key words were reviewed. Data synthesis: The advantages of glass ionomer cements, such as good retention and fluoride release, make them suitable for the restoration of non-carious cervical lesions. However, several factors related to the geriatric patient’s profile determine the most suitable material type. Conclusion: In general, the resin modified glass ionomer cements (RMGICs) appear to be preferred, but under certain circumstances the use of the conventional product is more appropriate, despite its poorer mechanical features. Further studies are required for more reliable data analysis and clinical interpretation of the relevant results.

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Somani, Rani, Shipra Jaidka, Deepti Jawa, and Shreya Mishra. "Comparative evaluation of microleakage in conventional glass ionomer cements and triclosan incorporated glass ionomer cements." Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 5, no. 1 (2014): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-237x.128675.

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Corona, Silmara Aparecida Milori, Maria Cristina Borsatto, Renata Andréa Salvitti de Sá Rocha, and Regina Guenka Palma-Dibb. "Microleakage on class V glass ionomer restorations after cavity preparation with aluminum oxide air abrasion." Brazilian Dental Journal 16, no. 1 (April 2005): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402005000100006.

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This in vitro study assessed the marginal microleakage on class V cavities prepared with aluminum oxide air abrasion and restored with different glass ionomer cements. The cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 15 sound third molars with an air- abrasion device (Kreativ Mach 4.1; New Image) using a 27.5-µm aluminum oxide particle stream, and were assigned to 3 groups of 10 cavities each. The restorative materials were: group I, a conventional glass ionomer cement (Ketac-Fil); groups II and III, resin-modified glass ionomer cements (Vitremer R and Fuji II LC, respectively). After placement of the restorations, the teeth were stored in distilled water at 37ºC for 24 h, polished and then submitted to a thermocycling regimen of 500 cycles, isolated, immersed in 0.2% Rhodamine B solution for 24 h, included and serially sectioned. Microleakage was assessed by viewing the specimens under an optical microscope connected to a color video camera and a computer. The images obtained were digitized and analyzed for microleakage using software that allows for a standard quantitative assessment of dye penetration in millimeters. Statistical analysis was done using the Kruskall-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests. Means of dye penetration (%) were: occlusal - I: 25.76 ± 34.35, II: 20.00 ± 42.16, III: 28.25 ± 41.67; cervical - I: 23.72 ± 41.84; II: 44.22 ± 49.69, III: 39.27 ± 50.74. No statistically significant differences (p>0.05) were observed among either the glass ionomer cements or the margins. In conclusion, class V cavities restored with either conventional or resin-modified glass ionomer cements after preparation with aluminum oxide air abrasion did not show complete sealing at the enamel and dentin/cementum margins.

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Tonetto, Mateus Rodrigues, Milton Carlos Kuga, Matheus Coelho Bandeca, Weber Adad Ricci, José Cláudio Martins Segalla, Suellen Nogueira Linares Lima, Ana Carolina Venção, Miriam Graziele Magro, Aimeé Maria Guiotti, and Keren Crisitina Fagundes Jordão-Basso. "Effect of Carbamide Peroxide on the Push-out Bond Strength of Different Composition Glass-Ionomer Cement to Root Canal Dentin when used as Cervical Barrier." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 16, no. 12 (2015): 944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1786.

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ABSTRACT Aim To evaluate the effect of 37% carbamide peroxide on the bond strength of conventional or resin-modified glass-ionomer cements when used as a cervical barrier in endodonticallytreated teeth. Materials and methods After root canal instrumentation and obturation, 40 specimens of the cement-enamel junction were obtained after transversal root canal sectioning from human extracted canines. The root canal specimens were standardized and filled with the following materials (n = 10, each group): G1: zinc phosphate (control), G2: Ketac glass-ionomer, G3: vitrebond glass-ionomer or G4: GC GL glass-ionomer. After 24 hours, the specimens were subjected to an application of 37% carbamide peroxide for 21 days, changed each 7 days and stored in an artificial pulp chamber. The specimens were then submitted to push-out bond strength testing with an electromechanical test machine (EMIC) and the failure mode in each specimen was analyzed with confocal microscopy (LEXT). Results G3 and G4 showed higher bond strengths values than the other groups (p < 0.05), and were similar to each other (p > 0.05). G1 showed the lowest bond strength value (p < 0.05). Conclusion Glass-ionomer cements showed higher bond strength values than the zinc phosphate cement, and resinmodified glass-ionomer cements presented the highest push-out values to root canal dentin (GC, GL and Vitrebond). Clinical significance Glass ionomer cements are recommended to use as cervical barrier materials before the internal dental bleaching, but its efficiency is questionable. How to cite this article Lima SNL, Venção AC, Kuga MC, Magro MG, Guiotti AM, Segalla JCM, Jordão-Basso KCF, Ricci WA, Tonetto MR, Bandéca MC. Effect of Carbamide Peroxide on the Push-out Bond Strength of Different Composition Glass-Ionomer Cement to Root Canal Dentin when used as Cervical Barrier. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(12):944-949.

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BECCI, Ana Carolina de Oliveira, Mônica de Souza BENETTI, Natália Bertolo DOMINGUES, and Elisa Maria Aparecida GIRO. "Bond strength of a composite resin to glass ionomer cements using different adhesive systems." Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 46, no. 4 (August 21, 2017): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-2577.01717.

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Abstract Introduction Glass ionomer cements are often used as a base or cavity lining prior to restorative material. Objective To evaluate the bond strength of a composite resin to different glass ionomer cements, when using a two-step conventional and self-etching adhesive systems. Material and method Three glass ionomer cements (Ketac Molar Easymix, Vitremer and Vitrebond), the composite resin Filtek Z350 XT and the adhesive systems Adper Single Bond 2, Clearfil SE Bond and Adper Easy One were used. As negative control, resin was bonded to cement without using an adhesive system. Holes (4 mm diameter, 2 mm deep) prepared in acrilic bloks were filled with the glass ionomer cements (n=12/group). On the surface, an area of 1mm in diameter was delimited, the adhesive system was applied, and a specimen of composite resin with 1 mm height was made. After 24 hours storage (37 °C and 100% humidity), the microshear test was performed. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey test for comparison between groups (α=0.05). Result The adhesive systems significantly improved the bond strenght of composite resin to glass ionomer cements (p≤0.001). There was no significant difference in bond strength when self-etching adhesive systems were compared with the simplified etch-and-rinse adhesive, except for Vitrebond where Clearfil SE Bond determined higher bond strength when compared to Adper Single Bond 2 (p=0.003). Conclusion Self-etching adhesive systems are a good option for establishing the bond between the composite resin and the glass ionomer cement.

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Vega-Jiménez DDS, MSc, PhD, Alejandro L., Ana G. Rodríguez-Hernández DDS, MSc, PhD, María Cristina Piña-Barba PhD, and Javier Ambrosio-Hernández PhD. "Effect of Ions Released and pH of Two Glass Ionomer Cements in Human Gingival Fibroblasts." Odovtos - International Journal of Dental Sciences 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ijds.v21i1.34886.

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Conventional glass ionomer cements are used as dental provisional restorative materials, which present several advantages such as adhesion to the tooth mineral phase among others. On the other hand, the knowledge about biological property of glass ionomers shows various approaches and results. In this work, it was studied the in vitro biological response of human gingival fibroblasts in contact with commercial cements of glass ionomer: Mirafil® and Ionglass® and with their extracts, according to ISO 10993. The extracts of the cements, in which the cells were cultured, were adjusted at different concentrations ranging 0.1% to 100%. The cellular metabolic activity of gingival fibroblasts was measured using the Alamar Blue® reagent. The results showed a significant effect on the cellular metabolic activity correlated with the concentration of liberated ions (Al³+ and Ca²+) for both ionomers, as well as the pH variations of the culture media. This could mean that the cellular metabolic activity is substantially influenced by ions and pH of the cell culture.

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Reddy, T. Praveen Kumar, Kolasani Srinivasa Rao, Garlapati Yugandhar, B. Sunil Kumar, SN Chandrasekhar Reddy, and Devatha Ashok Babu. "Comparison of Shear Bond Strength of Resin Reinforced Chemical Cure Glass Ionomer, Conventional Chemical Cure Glass Ionomer and Chemical Cure Composite Resin in Direct Bonding Systems: An in vitro Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, no. 1 (2013): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1263.

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ABSTRACT The acid pretreatment and use of composite resins as the bonding medium has disadvantages like scratching and loss of surface enamel, decalcification, etc. To overcome disadvantages of composite resins, glass ionomers and its modifications are being used for bonding. The study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of resin reinforced glass ionomer as a direct bonding system with conventional glass ionomer cement and composite resin. The study showed that shear bond strength of composite resin has the higher value than both resin reinforced glass ionomer and conventional glass ionomer cement in both 1 and 24 hours duration and it increased from 1 to 24 hours in all groups. The shear bond strength of resin reinforced glass ionomer cement was higher than the conventional glass ionomer cement in both 1 and 24 hours duration. Conditioning with polyacrylic acid improved the bond strength of resin reinforced glass ionomer cement significantly but not statistically significant in the case of conventional glass ionomer cement. How to cite this article Rao KS, Reddy TPK, Yugandhar G, Kumar BS, Reddy SNC, Babu DA. Comparison of Shear Bond Strength of Resin Reinforced Chemical Cure Glass Ionomer, Conventional Chemical Cure Glass Ionomer and Chemical Cure Composite Resin in Direct Bonding Systems: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(1):21-25.

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Thomas, Mathew, Mohammed Mustafa, Reshma Karkera, AP Nirmal Raj, Lijo Isaac, and R. Naveen Reddy. "Comparison of the Solubility of Conventional Luting Cements with that of the Polyacid Modified Composite Luting Cement and Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cement." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 17, no. 12 (2016): 1016–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1974.

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ABSTRACT Introduction This study was planned to find the solubility of the conventional luting cements in comparison with that of the polyacid-modified composite luting cement and recently introduced resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) with exposure to water at early stages of mixing. Materials and methods An in vitro study of the solubility of the following five commercially available luting cements, viz., glass ionomer cement (GIC) (Fuji I, GC), zinc phosphate (Elite 100, GC), polyacid-modified resin cement (PMCR) (Principle, Dentsply), polycarboxylate cement (PC) (Poly - F, Dentsply), RMGIC (Vitremer, 3M), was conducted. For each of these groups of cements, three resin holders were prepared containing two circular cavities of 5 mm diameter and 2 mm depth. All the cements to be studied were mixed in 30 seconds and then placed in the prepared cavities in the resin cement holder for 30 seconds. Results From all of the observed luting cements, PMCR cement had shown the lowest mean loss of substance at all immersion times and RMGIC showed the highest mean loss of substance at all immersion times in water from 2 to 8 minutes. The solubility of cements decreased by 38% for GIC, 33% for ZnPO4, 50% for PMCR, 29% for PC, and 17% for RMGIC. Conclusion The PMCR cement (Principle-Dentsply) had shown lowest solubility to water at the given time intervals of immersion. This was followed by PC, zinc phosphate, and GIC to various time intervals of immersion. How to cite this article Karkera R, Nirmal Raj AP, Isaac L, Mustafa M, Reddy RN, Thomas M. Comparison of the Solubility of Conventional Luting Cements with that of the Polyacid Modified Composite Luting Cement and Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cement. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(12):1016-1021.

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Anstice, H. M., J. W. Nicholson, and J. F. McCabe. "The Effect of Using Layered Specimens for Determination of the Compressive Strength of Glass-ionomer Cements." Journal of Dental Research 71, no. 12 (December 1992): 1871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345920710120301.

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Compressive strength is widely used as the criterion of strength of glass-ionomer dental cements, despite the difficulties in interpretation of the findings. With the introduction of light-cured glass-ionomer cements, which can be used only in thin layers, the question arises of how test specimens should be prepared for the measurement of compressive strength. A suggested method has been to prepare test pieces by building them up in layers, an approach which is examined critically in the current paper. Two different conventional (acid-base) glass-ionomers were studied with the use of layered and unlayered specimens of dimensions 6 mm (height) x 4 mm (diameter) and 12 mm (height) x 6 mm (diameter). While smaller samples gave the same value of compressive strength as larger specimens, layered specimens gave significantly lower values of compressive strength for both sizes. In view of these findings, and since the layered specimens are tedious to prepare, we conclude that compressive strength is unsatisfactory as a criterion of strength for light-cured glass-ionomer cements.

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Gjorgievska, Elizabeta, Gustaaf Van Tendeloo, John W. Nicholson, Nichola J. Coleman, Ian J. Slipper, and Samantha Booth. "The Incorporation of Nanoparticles into Conventional Glass-Ionomer Dental Restorative Cements." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 2 (February 18, 2015): 392–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615000057.

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AbstractConventional glass-ionomer cements (GICs) are popular restorative materials, but their use is limited by their relatively low mechanical strength. This paper reports an attempt to improve these materials by incorporation of 10 wt% of three different types of nanoparticles, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, and titanium dioxide, into two commercial GICs (ChemFil® Rock and EQUIA™ Fil). The results indicate that the nanoparticles readily dispersed into the cement matrix by hand mixing and reduced the porosity of set cements by filling the empty spaces between the glass particles. Both cements showed no significant difference in compressive strength with added alumina, and ChemFil® Rock also showed no significant difference with zirconia. By contrast, ChemFil® Rock showed significantly higher compressive strength with added titania, and EQUIA™ Fil showed significantly higher compressive strength with both zirconia and titania. Fewer air voids were observed in all nanoparticle-containing cements and this, in turn, reduced the development of cracks within the matrix of the cements. These changes in microstructure provide a likely reason for the observed increases in compressive strength, and overall the addition of nanoparticles appears to be a promising strategy for improving the physical properties of GICs.

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Yamada, Y., Y. Masuda, Y. Kimura, M. Hossain, A. Manabe, and H. Hisamitsu. "Adhesiveness of Various Glass Ionomer Cements in Cavities Treated with Carisolv." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 37, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.37.2.w7117j25170x28l9.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the adhesion of glass ionomer cements to dentin and the effect of pretreatment using Carisolv. Study design: Forty extracted permanent teeth with caries were used for this study. All lesions were removed using the Carisolv system and teeth were divided into eight groups. Groups 1 to 4 were filled with three types of conventional glass ionomer cements and a resin modified glass ionomer cement. Group 8 was restored with composite resin. In the remaining three groups (Groups 5 to 7), several pretreatment procedures, including EDTA and dentin primer application and a combination of these, were performed before restoring with resin modified glass ionomer cement. All restorations were thermocycled, and microleakage tests were performed on all teeth. Results: There were no statistical differences among Groups 1, 2 and 3 or between Groups 4 and 8. However, Groups 1 to 3 had higher microleakage levels than Groups 4 and 8. Groups 5 to 7 showed similar leakage levels as Group 4. Conclusion: Pretreatment with EDTA or dentin primer did not improve bonding ability. Combination of caries removal using Carisolv and a resin modified glass ionomer cement restoration without pretreatment seems to be an acceptable method for caries treatment.

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Mylonas, Petros, Jing Zhang, and Avijit Banerjee. "Conventional glass-ionomer cements: a guide for practitioners." Dental Update 48, no. 8 (September 2, 2021): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2021.48.8.643.

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Glass-polyalkenoate cements, also known as glass-ionomer cements (GICs), are one of the most commonly used bio-interactive restorative dental materials, having been available since the 1970s. With the promotion of minimally invasive operative dentistry (MID), and the reduction in the use of dental amalgam worldwide, the popularity of these materials has grown significantly in recent years. This article outlines the basics and clinical importance of GIC material science, and provides an overview of their use in restorative dentistry. CPD/Clinical Relevance: GICs are versatile dental biomaterials that require correct case selection, material handling and placement technique to ensure optimal clinical success.

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Saran, Runki, Nagraj P. Upadhya, Kishore Ginjupalli, Arul Amalan, Bharath Rao, and Saurabh Kumar. "Effect on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Conventional Glass Ionomer Luting Cements by Incorporation of All-Ceramic Additives: An In Vitro Study." International Journal of Dentistry 2020 (September 30, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8896225.

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Introduction. Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are commonly used for cementation of indirect restorations. However, one of their main drawbacks is their inferior mechanical properties. Aim. Compositional modification of conventional glass ionomer luting cements by incorporating two types of all-ceramic powders in varying concentrations and evaluation of their film thickness, setting time, and strength. Material & Methods. Experimental GICs were prepared by adding different concentrations of two all-ceramic powders (5%, 10, and 15% by weight) to the powder of the glass ionomer luting cements, and their setting time, film thickness, and compressive strength were determined. The Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis was done to evaluate the kinetics of the setting reaction of the samples. The average particle size of the all-ceramic and glass ionomer powders was determined with the help of a particle size analyzer. Results. A significant increase in strength was observed in experimental GICs containing 10% all-ceramic powders. The experimental GICs with 5% all-ceramic powders showed no improvement in strength, whereas those containing 15% all-ceramic powders exhibited a marked decrease in strength. Setting time of all experimental GICs progressively increased with increasing concentration of all-ceramic powders. Film thickness of all experimental GICs was much higher than the recommended value for clinical application. Conclusion. 10% concentration of the two all-ceramic powders can be regarded as the optimal concentration for enhancing the glass ionomer luting cements’ strength. There was a significant increase in the setting time at this concentration, but it was within the limit specified by ISO 9917–1:2007 specifications for powder/liquid acid-base dental cements. Reducing the particle size of the all-ceramic powders may help in decreasing the film thickness, which is an essential parameter for the clinical performance of any luting cement.

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Peutzfeldt, A., A. Sahafi, and S. Flury. "Bonding of Restorative Materials to Dentin With Various Luting Agents." Operative Dentistry 36, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/10-236-l.

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SUMMARY The aim was to compare eight types of luting agents when used to bond six indirect, laboratory restorative materials to dentin. Cylinders of the six restorative materials (Esteticor Avenir [gold alloy], Tritan [titanium], NobelRondo [feldspathic porcelain], Finesse All-Ceramic [leucite-glass ceramic], Lava [zirconia], and Sinfony [resin composite]) were ground and air-abraded. Cylinders of feldspathic porcelain and glass ceramic were additionally etched with hydrofluoric acid and were silane-treated. The cylinders were luted to ground human dentin with eight luting agents (DeTrey Zinc [zinc phosphate cement], Fuji I [conventional glass ionomer cement], Fuji Plus [resin-modified glass ionomer cement], Variolink II [conventional etch-and-rinse resin cement], Panavia F2.0 and Multilink [self-etch resin cements], and RelyX Unicem Aplicap and Maxcem [self-adhesive resin cements]). After water storage at 37°C for one week, the shear bond strength of the specimens (n=8/group) was measured, and the fracture mode was stereomicroscopically examined. Bond strength data were analyzed with two-factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Newman-Keuls' Multiple Range Test (α=0.05). Both the restorative material and the luting agent had a significant effect on bond strength, and significant interaction was noted between the two variables. Zinc phosphate cement and glass ionomer cements produced the lowest bond strengths, whereas the highest bond strengths were found with the two self-etch and one of the self-adhesive resin cements. Generally, the fracture mode varied markedly with the restorative material. The luting agents had a bigger influence on bond strength between restorative materials and dentin than was seen with the restorative material.

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Galić, Elizabeta, Antonija Tadin, Nada Galić, Vilena Kašuba, Marin Mladinić, Ružica Rozgaj, Dolores Biočina-Lukenda, Ivan Galić, and Davor Želježić. "Micronucleus, alkaline, and human 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1 modified comet assays evaluation of glass-ionomer cements - in vitro." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 65, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-65-2014-2392.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of components leached from two conventional self-curing glass-ionomer cements (Fuji IX and Ketac Molar), and light-curing, resin modified glass-ionomer cements (Vitrebond, Fuji II LC). Evaluation was performed on human lymphocytes using alkaline and hOGG1 modified comet, and micronucleus assays. Each material, polymerised and unpolymerised, was eluted in extracellular saline (1 cm2 mL-1) for 1 h, 1 day, and 5 days. Cultures were treated with eluates using final dilutions of 10-2, 10-3, and 10-4. Alkaline comet assay did not detect changes in DNA migration of treated cells regardless of the ionomer tested, polymerisation state, and elution duration. Glass ionomers failed to significantly influence micronucleus frequency. No oxidative DNA damage in treated lymphocytes was observed using hOGG1 modified comet assay. Obtained results indicate high biocompatibility of all tested materials used in the study under experimental conditions.

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Yudith, Astrid. "Pengaruh Obat Kumur Beralkohol terhadap Kekasaran Permukaan Semen Ionomer Kaca Konvensional." Jurnal Material Kedokteran Gigi 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32793/jmkg.v6i1.258.

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Surface roughness is one of the important properties to determine the aesthetic and long-term durability of a dental restoration materials such as glass ionomer cements. In the oral cavity, the intervention of food, drink or other materials such as mouthwash can affect the properties of restorative materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of alcohol containing mouthwash to the surface roughness of conventional glass ionomer cement. This was an experimental laboratory study with time-series design. Samples were conventional glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX, GC, Japan) in disk shaped with 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick. Totally 10 samples were made and measured the initial surface roughness. Then the samples were stored in the alcohol containing mouthwash (Listerine® Cool Mint, Johnson & Johnson, Indonesia) for 30 seconds and measured the surface roughness again. The treatment and surface roughness measurements of samples is repeated up to 2 times for data 60 and 90 seconds. Roughness measurements made using profilometer tester (Mitutoyo, Japan). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (p=0,05) post hoc LSD. The results showed the average value of surface roughness of glass ionomer cements early, after soaking 30, 60, and 90 seconds of 0.56 ± 0.11 µm, 0.71 µm ± 0.23, 0.96 ± 0.16 µm and 1.02 ± 0.13 µm. Data analysis shows the difference in surface roughness values were significantly (p <0.05) between groups immersion and significant difference was found between groups of 30 seconds to 60 seconds and a group of 60 seconds to 90 seconds. The conclusion that there is influence of alcoholic mouthwash to the surface roughness of glass ionomer cement and the longer the soaking time with a mouthwash that contains alcohol, the surface roughness of glass ionomer cement will increase.

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Futatsuki, Masato, Miyuki Nozawa, Tetsuro Ogata, and Minoru Nakata. "Wear of resin-modified glass ionomers : an in vitro study." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 25, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.25.4.w05l3m2316557740.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the wear resistance and clinical applicability of resin-modified glass ionomer cements as restorative or fissure-sealing materials. The in vitro wear of resin-modified glass ionomers was compared to conventional glass ionomers, a resin-based sealant, and a composite resin. A three-body wear test (enamel block - polymethylmethacrylate powder - experimental dental material) was performed by 20,000 cycles with a load of 4kgf/cm2. The depth of wear of the experimental materials was measured and calculated using a computerized laser surface scanner. The glass ionomers generally showed more wear than the resin-based sealant and the composite resin, but there was no difference in wear between resin-modified and conventional glass ionomers. Type III ionomers (used for sealant) showed lower wear resistance than type II ionomers (used for restoration).

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Tamilselvam, S., MJ Divyanand, and P. Neelakantan. "Biocompatibility of a Conventional Glass Ionomer, Ceramic Reinforced Glass Ionomer, Giomer and Resin Composite to Fibroblasts: In vitro Study." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 37, no. 4 (July 1, 2013): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.37.4.98h23631v8734478.

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Objective: This aim of this study was at compare the fibroblast cytotoxicicty of four restorative materials - a conventional glass ionomer cement (GC Fuji Type II GIC), a ceramic reinforced glass ionomer cement (Amalgomer), a giomer (Beautifil II) and a resin composite (Filtek Z350) at three different time periods (24, 48 and 72 hours). Method: The succinyl dehydrogenase (MTT) assay was employed. Cylindrical specimens of each material (n=15) were prepared and stored in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium, following which L929 fibroblasts were cultured in 96 well plates. After 24 hours of incubation, the MTT assay was performed to detect the cell viability. The method was repeated after 48 and 72 hours. The impact of materials and exposure times on cytotoxicity of fibroblasts was statistically analyzed using two way ANOVA (P=0.05). Results: Both time and material had an impact on cell viability, with giomer demonstrating the maximum cell viability at all time periods. The cell viability in the giomer group was significantly different from all other materials at 24 and 72 hours (P<0.05), while at 48 hours giomer was significantly different only with resin composite (P<0.05). Conclusions: Giomers showed better biocompatibility than conventional and ceramic reinforced glass ionomer cements and, resin composite. Ceramic reinforced glass ionomer demonstrated superior biocompatibility compared to conventional glass ionomer.

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Cefaly, Daniela Francisca Gigo, Eduardo Batista Franco, Rafael Francisco Lia Mondelli, Paulo Afonso Silveira Francisconi, and Maria Fidela de Lima Navarro. "Diametral tensile strength and water sorption of glass-ionomer cements used in Atraumatic Restorative Treatment." Journal of Applied Oral Science 11, no. 2 (June 2003): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572003000200003.

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The purposes of this study were to evaluate the diametral tensile strength and the water sorption of restorative (Fuji IX and Ketac Molar) and resin-modified glass-ionomer luting cements (ProTec Cem, Fuji Plus and Vitremer) mixed at both manufacturer and increased powder: liquid ratio, for their use in the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment. A conventional restorative glass-ionomer (Ketac Fil) was used as control. Specimens (6.0 mm in diameter x 3.0 mm in height) were prepared and stored (1 hour, 1 day and 1 week) for a diametral tensile strength test. Data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p<0.05). For the water sorption test, specimens of 15.0 mm in diameter x 0.5 mm in height were prepared and transfered to desiccators until a constant mass was obtained. Then the specimens were immersed in deionized water for 7 days, weighed and reconditioned to a constant mass in desiccators. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p<0.05). Five specimens of each studied material and consistency were prepared for each test. The resin-modified glass-ionomer cements showed significantly higher strength than the conventional materials. Except for ProTec Cem, the diametral tensile strength of the resin-modified materials significantly increased from luting to restorative consistency. Except for ProTec Cem, the water sorption of the resin-modified glass ionomers was higher than the others. The water sorption of resin-modified materials at restorative consistency was significantly lower than at luting consistency. Resin-modified glass-ionomer luting cements mixed at increased powder: liquid ratio showed better properties than at luting consistency.

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Fúcio, Suzana B. P., Andréia B. de Paula, Janaina C. O. Sardi, Cristiane Duque, Lourenço Correr-Sobrinho, and Regina M. Puppin-Rontani. "Streptococcus Mutans Biofilm Influences on the Antimicrobial Properties of Glass Ionomer Cements." Brazilian Dental Journal 27, no. 6 (December 2016): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201600655.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and biofilm inhibition properties of glass ionomer restorative cements. Ketac Nano, Vitremer, Ketac Molar Easymix and Fuji IX were analyzed using the following tests: a) agar plate diffusion test to evaluate the inhibitory activity of cements against S. mutans (n=8); b) S. mutans adherence test by counting colony-forming units after 2 h of material/bacteria exposure (n=10); c) biofilm wet weight after seven days of bacterial accumulation on material disks, with growth medium renewed every 48 h (n=10); d) pH and fluoride measurements from the medium aspired at 48 h intervals during the 7-day biofilm development (n=10). Data from the a, b and c tests were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests and the fluoride-release and pH data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (a=5%). Vitremer followed by Ketac Nano showed the greatest inhibitory zone against S. mutans than the conventional ionomers. Vitremer also showed higher pH values than Ketac Nano and Fuji IX in the first 48 h and released higher fluoride amount than Ketac Nano e Ketac Molar Easymix throughout the experimental period. The chemical composition of restorative glass ionomer materials influenced the antibacterial properties. The resin modified glass ionomer (Vitremer) was more effective for inhibition of S. mutans and allowed greater neutralization of the pH in the first 48 h. However, the type of glass ionomer (resin modified or conventional) did not influence the weight and adherence of the biofilm and fluoride release.

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Caldeira, Érika Machado, Antonio de Moraes Izquierdo, Felipe Giacomet, Eduardo Franzotti Sant'Anna, and Antônio Carlos de Oliveira Ruellas. "The influence of protective varnish on the integrity of orthodontic cements." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 18, no. 6 (December 2013): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-94512013000600008.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of saliva contamination over the structural strength and integrity of conventional glass-ionomer cements used for cementing orthodontic bands in the absence and presence of a surface-protecting varnish. METHOD: 48 samples were prepared by inserting 3 types of glass-ionomer cements into standardized metallic matrixes of 10 mm of diameter and 2 mm of depth. The cements used were: Meron (VOCO), Ketac-Cem (3M ESPE) and Vidrion C (DFL), all of which comprised groups A, B and C, respectively. Subgroups A1, B1 and C1 comprised samples with no surface protection, whereas subgroups A2, B2 and C2 comprised samples of which surface was coated with Cavitine varnish (SS White), after cement manipulation and application, in order to protect the cement applied. All samples were stored in artificial saliva for 24 hours at 37ºC. A Vickers diamond micro-durometer was used to produce indentations on the non-treated group (non-varnished) and the treated group (varnished). RESULTS: Varnished materials had significantly higher microhardness values in comparison to non-varnished materials. Ketac-Cem had the highest microhardness value among the varnished materials. CONCLUSION: Varnish application is necessary to preserve the cement and avoid enamel decalcification. Glass-ionomer cements should be protected in order to fully keep their properties, thus, contributing to dental health during orthodontic treatment.

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Mallmann, André, Jane Clei Oliveira Ataíde, Rosa Amoedo, Paulo Vicente Rocha, and Letícia Borges Jacques. "Compressive strength of glass ionomer cements using different specimen dimensions." Brazilian Oral Research 21, no. 3 (September 2007): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242007000300003.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the compressive strength of two glass ionomer cements, a conventional one (Vitro Fil® - DFL) and a resin-modified material (Vitro Fil LC® - DFL), using two test specimen dimensions: One with 6 mm in height and 4 mm in diameter and the other with 12 mm in height and 6 mm in diameter, according to the ISO 7489:1986 specification and the ANSI/ADA Specification No. 66 for Dental Glass Ionomer Cement, respectively. Ten specimens were fabricated with each material and for each size, in a total of 40 specimens. They were stored in distilled water for 24 hours and then subjected to a compressive strength test in a universal testing machine (EMIC), at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (5%). Mean compressive strength values (MPa) were: 54.00 ± 6.6 and 105.10 ± 17.3 for the 12 mm x 6 mm sample using Vitro Fil and Vitro Fil LC, respectively, and 46.00 ± 3.8 and 91.10 ± 8.2 for the 6 mm x 4 mm sample using Vitro Fil and Vitro Fil LC, respectively. The resin-modified glass ionomer cement obtained the best results, irrespective of specimen dimensions. For both glass ionomer materials, the 12 mm x 6 mm matrix led to higher compressive strength results than the 6 mm x 4 mm matrix. A higher variability in results was observed when the glass ionomer cements were used in the larger matrices.

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Fareed, Muhammad A., and Artemis Stamboulis. "Nanoclay addition to a conventional glass ionomer cements: Influence on physical properties." European Journal of Dentistry 08, no. 04 (October 2014): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.143619.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of the present study is to investigate the reinforcement effect of polymer-grade montmorillonite (PGN nanoclay) on physical properties of glass ionomer cement (GIC). Materials and Methods: The PGN nanoclay was dispersed in the liquid portion of GIC (HiFi, Advanced Healthcare, Kent, UK) at 1%, 2% and 4% (w/w). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to quantify the polymer liquid of GICs after dispersion of nanoclay. The molecular weight (Mw) of HiFi liquid was determined by gel permeation chromatography. The compressive strength (CS), diametral-tensile strength, flexural strength (FS) and flexural modulus (Ef) of cements (n = 20) were measured after storage for 1 day, 1 week and 1 month. Fractured surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The working and setting time (WT and ST) of cements was measured by a modified Wilson's rheometer. Results: The FTIR results showed a new peak at 1041 cm−1 which increased in intensity with an increase in the nanoclay content and was related to the Si-O stretching mode in PGN nanoclay. The Mw of poly (acrylic acid) used to form cement was in the range of 53,000 g/mol. The nanoclay reinforced GICs containing <2% nanoclays exhibited higher CS and FS. The Ef cement with 1% nanoclays was significantly higher. The WT and ST of 1% nanoclay reinforced cement were similar to the control cement but were reduced with 2% and 4% nanoclay addition. Conclusion: The dispersion of nanoclays in GICs was achieved, and GIC containing 2 wt% nanoclay is a promising restorative materials with improved physical properties.

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Nicholson, John W., Sharanbir K. Sidhu, and Beata Czarnecka. "Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Glass-Ionomer Dental Cements: A Review." Materials 13, no. 11 (May 31, 2020): 2510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112510.

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This paper reviews the strategies that have been reported in the literature to attempt to reinforce glass-ionomer dental cements, both conventional and resin-modified. These cements are widely used in current clinical practice, but their use is limited to regions where loading is not high. Reinforcement might extend these applications, particularly to the posterior dentition. A variety of strategies have been identified, including the use of fibres, nanoparticles, and larger particle additives. One problem revealed by the literature survey is the limited extent to which researchers have used International Standard test methods. This makes comparison of results very difficult. However, it does seem possible to draw conclusions from this substantial body of work and these are (1) that powders with conventional particle sizes do not reinforce glass-ionomer cements, (2) certain fibres and certain nanoparticles give distinct improvements in strength, and (3) in the case of the nanoparticles these improvements are associated with differences in the morphology of the cement matrix, in particular, a reduction in the porosity. Despite these improvements, none of the developments has yet been translated into clinical use.

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Tyas, Martin John. "Clinical evaluation of glass-ionomer cement restorations." Journal of Applied Oral Science 14, spe (2006): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572006000700003.

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This article mentions the general structure, properties and clinical performance of conventional and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements, focusing on adhesion, caries inhibition effect and recommendations of their use.

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Silva, Renata Cristiane da, and Angela Cristina Cilense Zuanon. "Surface roughness of glass ionomer cements indicated for atraumatic restorative treatment (ART)." Brazilian Dental Journal 17, no. 2 (2006): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402006000200004.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness of four conventional chemically cured glass ionomer cements (Fuji IX, Ketac Molar, Vidrion R and Vitromolar) commonly used in atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) immediately after material preparation. Twenty specimens of each glass ionomer cement were fabricated and surface roughness was measured after material setting. The specimens were further examined under scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test at 5% significance level. Two-by-two comparisons showed statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between all materials, except for Ketac Molar and Vidrion R, which had statically similar results (p>0.05). Regarding their results of surface roughness, the materials can be presented in a crescent order, as follows: Ketac Molar < Vidrion R < Fuji IX < Vitromolar. In conclusion, from the tested glass ionomer cements, Fuji IX, Ketac Molar and Vidrion R presented acceptable surface roughness after setting reaction while Vitromolar showed remarkably higher surface roughness.

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Borș, Andreea, Melinda Székely, Cristina Molnar-Varlam, and Iulian Vasile Antoniac. "Bioactivity of Retrograde Dental Root Filling Materials." Key Engineering Materials 695 (May 2016): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.695.236.

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The placement of appropriate root-end filling materials in contact with periradicular tissues, with improved adaptation and biological properties is critical for the long-term success of the periapical surgery. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate and compare the bio-properties of four different root canal filling materials with respect to storage media. Two mineral trioxide aggregates: MTA-Angelus (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil) and ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and two glass ionomer cements: one conventional Ketac Molar (3M ESPE AG, Seefeld, Germany) and a resin reinforced core build-up glass ionomer Vitremer (3M ESPE AG, Seefeld, Germany) were evaluated. Eighty healthy single-rooted human extracted teeth without curvature and with closed apices were included in this experiment. The canals were instrumented with K-files up to size #35. Adequate irrigation was performed during preparation and instrumentation using 2.6% NaOCl. Root canals were obturated with vertically condensed gutta-percha and roots end were apically resected 3mm. The samples were randomly divided in four groups (n=20) and each group was assigned to one of the four tested materials. Three-mm depth preparations were made at root ends using cylindrical diamond burs and constant water spray, and were filled with the tested materials. The roots were then wrapped in wet gauze and placed in an incubator at 37°C for 48 hours to allow complete set of the root-end filling materials. Each group was divided in two subgroups (n=10) and stored in polypropylene sealed containers for 60 days at 37°C. Specimens of the first subgroup were immersed in 5ml of a physiological-like buffered Ca- and Mg-free solution (PBS, pH=7.4) and those of the second subgroup were in 5ml of deionized water (DW, pH 6.8) After 10 minutes of immersion and at the established endpoint times, the specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Statistical analysis was performed by t-test and one-way ANOVA (p<0.05). The morphology of cement–dentin interface in fresh restorations soaked 10 min in PBS showed the margins of all cements free from porosities or gaps. EDX elemental analyzes on MTA and ProRoot MTA revealed calcium, silica and phosphorous peaks, while on Ketac Molar and Vitremer, aluminum, silica, zinc and fluoride peaks were detected. After 60 days of immersion in PBS calcium-phosphate deposits completely covered the surface, the margin and partially also the peripheral dentin surface of MTA and Pro Root MTA. Glass ionomer cements showed the presence of thick irregular deposits (p<0.05). In deionized water, EDX analyses revealed no deposits forming after 60 days. SEM analysis showed the margins of MTA and ProRoot MTA with significant discontinuities compared with glass ionomer cements (p<0.05). Mineral trioxide aggregate cements are significantly more bioactive compared to conventional or reinforced glass ionomers upon aging in PBS. Glass ionomer cements provide more optimal adaptation to dentinal cavity walls of all cements than MTA cements when used as retrograde fillings.

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Irie, M., Y. Maruo, G. Nishgawa, K. Suzuki, and D. C. Watts. "Class I Gap-formation in Highly-viscous Glass-ionomer Restorations: Delayed vs Immediate Polishing." Operative Dentistry 33, no. 2 (March 1, 2008): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/07-75.

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Kaushik, Mamta, Roshni Sharma, Pallavi Reddy, Pallavi Pathak, Pooja Udameshi, and Narmatha Vallakuruchi Jayabal. "Comparative Evaluation of Voids Present in Conventional and Capsulated Glass Ionomer Cements Using Two Different Conditioners: AnIn VitroStudy." International Journal of Biomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/935240.

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Thisin vitrostudy evaluated the presence of voids in powder-liquid and capsulated glass ionomer cement. 40 cavities were prepared on root surfaces of maxillary incisors and divided into four groups. Cavities were conditioned with glass ionomer cement liquid (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) in Groups 1 and 3 and with dentin conditioner (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) in Groups 2 and 4. Conventional powder-liquid glass ionomer cement (GC Fuji II, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was used as a restorative material in Groups 1 and 2. Capsulated glass ionomer cement (GC Fuji II, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was used in Groups 3 and 4. Samples were sectioned and viewed under stereomicroscope to check for the presence of voids within the cement and at the cement-tooth junction. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests. Group 4 showed statistically significant results (P<0.05) when compared to Groups 1 and 2 for voids within the cement. However, for voids at the margins, the results were statistically insignificant.

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Patil, Shruti, Mallikarjun Goud, and Girija Sajjan. "Effect of Short-term Fluoride Release from Various Restorative Cements on Enamel Demineralization: An in vitro Study." International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry 1, no. 1 (2011): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1005.

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ABSTRACT Purpose Fluorides are probably the most commonly used anticaries agents. Due to this property they are incorporated into various restorative materials. The rate and amount of fluoride release, however, vary for different materials, which in turn determines the effectiveness of the restorative material in preventing demineralization around the restoration. To evaluate the fluoride release and area of demineralization of resin modified glass ionomers and compomers, and compare them with conventional glass ionomer cement and also to evaluate the relationship between the fluoride release and demineralization. Materials and methods A total of 32 human incisors were chosen and sectioned horizontally at CEJ, and the middle 2 mm of facial enamel isolated and restored with the test materials: Conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC), resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), compomer and resin composite. The specimens were observed under polarized light microscope with image analyzer to measure the area and depth of demineralization. For fluoride release study, disks of test materials were suspended in deionized water and fluoride release was measured till a period of 4 days. Results The area and depth of demineralization were least around the GIC, followed by RMGIC, compomer and composite (p < 0.05). A negative correlation was found between fluoride release and demineralization which was, however, not statistically significant. Conclusion The 4-day fluoride release was also higher for GIC as compared to RMGIC and Compomer.

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De Moor, R. "Changes in surface hardness of conventional restorative glass ionomer cements." Biomaterials 19, no. 24 (December 1998): 2269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(98)00135-5.

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Ryan, A. K., C. A. Mitchell, and J. F. Orr. "Fracture mechanics analysis of the dentine-luting cement interface." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 216, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544110260138763.

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The objectives of this study were to determine the fracture toughness of adhesive interfaces between dentine and clinically relevant, thin layers of dental luting cements. Cements tested included a conventional glass-ionomer, F (Fuji I), a resin-modified glass-ionomer, FP (Fuji Plus) and a compomer cement, D (DyractCem). Ten miniature short-bar chevron notch specimens were manufactured for each cement, each comprising a 40 μm thick chevron of lute, between two 1.5 mm thick blocks of bovine dentine, encased in resin composite. The interfacial KIC results (MN/m3/2) were median (range): F; 0.152 (0.14-0.16), FP; 0.306 (0.27-0.37), D; 0.351 (0.31-0.37). Non-parametric statistical analysis showed that the fracture toughness of F was significantly lower ( p < 0.05) than those of FP or D, and all were significantly lower than values for monolithic cement specimens [26]. Scanning electron microscopy of the specimens suggested crack propagation along the interface. However, energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated that failure was cohesive within the cement. It is concluded that the fracture toughness of luting cement was lowered by cement-dentine interactions.

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Zhang, Y., MF Burrow, JEA Palamara, and CDL Thomas. "Bonding to Glass Ionomer Cements Using Resin-based Adhesives." Operative Dentistry 36, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/10-140-l.

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Clinical Relevance The adhesion of self-etching and etch-and-rinse adhesive systems may be effective when bonding to conventional glass ionomer cements (GIC). These systems can be used reliably with the GIC-resin composite laminate technique for restoration of approximal cavities.

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Figurová, M., V. Ledecký, and S. Štvrtina. "Evaluation of Marginal Microgaps of Two Glass-ionomer Cements (GIC) in Dogs and Sheep in vivo." Acta Veterinaria Brno 75, no. 3 (2006): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200675030403.

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The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the marginal microgaps of two ionomer cements: Kavitan Plus (Spofa Dental) and Vitremer (3M ESPE) in dog and sheep dentition in vivo. Dentitions of sheep and dogs were restored in vivo with a conventional, glass polyalkenoic, chemically activated cement Kavitan Plus with hydrophilic properties capable and with a resinmodified glass-ionomer cement Vitremer with light-induced polymerization and autopolymerization reaction of methyl metacrylate group. The parameters of glass-ionomers were evaluated in 6 groups of animals, 2 animals in each, at various time intervals (after 1, 4 and 6 months in dogs and 3, 6 and 9 months in sheep, starting from the beginning of the experiment). The restorative materials were placed to buccal surfaces of permanent teeth. At the intervals specified, under general injection anaesthesia, throughout the experiment we extracted 24 teeth from sheep and 30 from dogs. When processing the samples of dog's teeth two samples were damaged. One month after the placement, Kavitan plus restorations became loose only in one case in dogs (80% successfulness). In sheep two Kavitan Plus restorations became loose after 9 months (50% successfulness). During the experiment we observed neither cracks nor marginal discoloration in both Kavitan Plus and Vitremer restorations. Statistically significant (P = 0.04) differences were observed in the dentin of dogs receiving glass-ionomer Vitremer restorations which exhibited lower marginal microgaps. The remaining results were non- significant (ANOVA test). Fluoride ions released from GIC support the treatment of dental hard tissues. These materials could be used as definitive restorations of class A - D cavities in dogs and dental cervical caries in sheep as well as underlying layers ofcomposite and amalgam materials.

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Souza-Gabriel, A. E., F. L. B. Amaral, J. D. Pécora, R. G. Palma-Dibb, and S. A. M. Corona. "Shear Bond Strength of Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cements to Er:YAG Laser-treated Tooth Structure." Operative Dentistry 31, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/05-13.

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Clinical Relevance Er:YAG laser adversely affected the adhesion of resin-modified glass ionomer cements to tooth structure and cannot be considered an alternative technique to the conventional turbine handpiece.

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Oliveira, Gilliard Lima, Ceci Nunes Carvalho, Edilausson Moreno Carvalho, José Bauer, and Adriana Mara Araújo Leal. "The Influence of Mixing Methods on the Compressive Strength and Fluoride Release of Conventional and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cements." International Journal of Dentistry 2019 (September 15, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6834931.

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Objective. To evaluate the compressive strength and fluoride ion release of conventional and resin-modified glass ionomer cement mixing methods (hand mix and mechanical mix) compared to ready-to-use ones. Materials and Methods. Two conventional glass ionomer cements (GICs) (Fuji II and Fuji II Caps), two resin-modified GICs (Fuji II LC and Fuji II L Caps), and one ready-to-use GIC (Ionoseal, Voco) were used. For the compressive strength test, cylindrical specimens (6 mm × 4 mm) of each group were prepared. The test was performed in a universal testing machine (EMIC DL2000). For the fluoride release test, specimens were prepared in the form of discs and placed in deionized/distilled water, which were replaced daily for 15 days. The fluoride ion release readings were performed on an electrode (Orion 96-09) connected to a digital ion analyzer (Quimis 0400ISE). The compressive strength data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, and the ion release data were submitted to repeated measures ANOVA (material vs. time) and Holm–Sidak post test (α = 5%). Results. The one-way ANOVA showed statistical difference between the tested materials (p<0.001). Ionoseal showed the highest values of compressive strength (p<0.001). Mechanical manipulation increased the compressive strength only for conventional GIC, and resin-modified GIC did not present any statistical difference. Conventional GIC (mechanical mix) showed higher fluoride release on first day than the other groups tested. Conclusion. There was influence of the mixing methods of the materials on the compressive strength and fluoride release pattern of the glass ionomer cements.

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Meganadhan, Anand, Kavitha Sanjeev, and Mahalaxmi Sekar. "Influence of Silica Fumes on Compressive Strength and Wear Properties of Glass Ionomer Cement in Dentistry." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 20 (May 17, 2021): 1457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/306.

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BACKGROUND Glass ionomer cements (GIC) are an interesting restorative option due to their biocompatibility. However, it has limitations that challenge its survival in oral environment due its porous set matrix influencing the properties of the cement. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of the addition of varying concentrations of silica fumes (SF) on the properties of GIC by field emission scanning electron microscopy [FESEM] and energy-dispersive spectroscopy [EDX]. The final set matrix of GIC remains porous, compromising the mechanical properties, limiting its extended use clinically. Incorporation of silica fumes, a pozzolan, as an additive in GIC serves as a potential filler by increasing its compressive strength and reducing wear properties. METHODS The cement was divided into 5 groups based on the absence or presence of varying concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 %) of silica fumes; conventional glass ionomer group (CG) (I) and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 silica fumes incorporated glass ionomer cement (SG) (II, III, IV & V) respectively. Compressive strength and wear resistance were subjected to Universal Testing Machine and Pin on Tribometer respectively. The microstructure and the elemental composition of prepared specimens of all the groups were evaluated using FESEM and EDX. Data obtained was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) V22.0 (IBM, USA) followed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey test (P < 0.05). RESULTS Except 0.5SG, increased compressive strength and decreased wear of glass ionomer material was observed as the concentration of silica fumes increased. Of all the concentrations, 2SG had significantly increased compressive strength (221.62 ± 22.84 MPa) compared to CG (167.38 ± 36.94 MPa) (P < 0.05). Significantly increased resistance to wear was noted in 2SG (11.80 ± 2.58 µm) compared to CG (20.40 ± 2.07 µm) (P < 0.05). The set matrix of silica fumes modified GIC showed minimal / absence of pores with dispersion of crystalline particles as the concentration of SF increased. EDX revealed similar constitution of minerals but, varied with increased concentration of silica fumes. CONCLUSIONS 2 % silica fumes incorporated glass ionomer cement (2SG) enhanced the properties of conventional glass ionomer cement. KEY WORDS Compressive Strength, EDX, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, Glass Ionomer Cement, Silica Fumes, Pozzolan

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Raggio, Daniela Prócida, Clarissa Calil Bonifácio, Marcelo Bönecker, José Carlos P. Imparato, Anton J. de Gee, and Willem Evert van Amerongen. "Effect of insertion method on knoop hardness of high viscous glass ionomer cements." Brazilian Dental Journal 21, no. 5 (2010): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402010000500011.

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The aim of this study was to assess the Knoop hardness of three high viscous glass ionomer cements: G1 - Ketac Molar; G2 - Ketac Molar Easymix (3M ESPE) and G3 - Magic Glass ART (Vigodent). As a parallel goal, three different methods for insertion of Ketac Molar Easymix were tested: G4 - conventional spatula; G5 - commercial syringe (Centrix) and G6 - low-cost syringe. Ten specimens of each group were prepared and the Knoop hardness was determined 5 times on each specimen with a HM-124 hardness machine (25 g/30 s dwell time) after 24 h, 1 and 2 weeks. During the entire test period, the specimens were stored in liquid paraffin at 37ºC. Significant differences were found between G3 and G1/G2 (two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test; p<0.01). There was no significant difference in the results among the multiple ways of insertion. The glass ionomer cement Magic Glass ART showed the lowest hardness, while the insertion technique had no significant influence on hardness.

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Subbarao, C., P. Neelakantan, and CV Subbarao. "In vitro Biocompatibility Tests of Glass Ionomer Cements Impregnated with Collagen or Bioactive glass to Fibroblasts." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 36, no. 3 (April 1, 2012): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.36.3.gk80547w04504144.

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Aim and Design: To evaluate the biocompatibility of glass ionomer cement (GIC) impregnated with collagen or bioactive glass to BHK-21 fibroblasts in vitro. Mineral Trioxide Aggregate was used as the standard for comparison. Human maxillary central incisors (n=70) were instrumented with a rotary NiTi system and filled. Following resection of the apical 3mm, root end cavities were prepared and restored with conventional GIC (group 1) or GIC with 0.01%, 0.1% or 1% collagen (groups 2, 3, 4 respectively) or, 10%, 30 % or 50% bioactive glass (groups 5,6,7 respectively), or Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (group 8). The root slices were incubated in tissue culture plates with BHK-21 fibroblast cell line. Phase contrast and scanning electron microscopes were used to score cell quantity, morphology and cell attachment. The data were statistically analyzed by one way ANOVA with Post Hoc Tukey HSD test (p = 0.05). Results and conclusions: Group 5 showed the highest scores which was significantly higher than all other groups (p<0.05) except group 8, with which there was no significant difference (p>0.05). Glass ionomer cement with 10% bioactive glass showed better adhesion and spreading of cells than glass ionomer cement with 0.01% collagen. The biocompatibility of collagen and bioactive glass was concentration dependent. The addition of bio active glass improved the biocompatibility of glass ionomer cement to fibroblasts better than addition of collagen.

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Moshaverinia, Alireza, Nima Roohpour, Winston W. L. Chee, and Scott R. Schricker. "A review of powder modifications in conventional glass-ionomer dental cements." J. Mater. Chem. 21, no. 5 (2011): 1319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0jm02309d.

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Zebić, Maja Ležaja, Nikola Jakovljević, and Vesna Miletić. "Fluoride release from conventional, resin-modified and hybrid glass ionomer cements." Serbian Dental Journal 65, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sdj-2018-0018.

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Summary Introduction The aim of the study was to quantify and compare fluoride release from four different glass ionomer cement products (GICs). Materials and Methods Standardized disk-shaped samples (5x2mm; n=5/group) of GIC restorative materials: conventional (Fuji IX, GC Corp., Japan), resin-modified (Fuji II LC, GC) and hybrid glass ionomer cement (Equia Forte, GC) and a conventional GIC liner/base material (Alfagal, Galenika, Serbia) were tested for fluoride release up to 21 days postsetting. Each sample was immersed in 5 mL of fresh deionized water during each time interval. Universal microhybrid composite (Filtek Z250, 3M EPSE, USA) and adhesive (Adper Single Bond, 3M ESPE) were used as negative controls. Fluoride release was measured using an F-selective electrode (Cole-Parmer, USA) and an ion meter (Oakton 700, Cole-Parmer, USA). Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, regression and correlation analysis at 0.05. Results The highest total fluoride release was measured from Alfagal (386±61 ppm/g), and significantly less from Equia (188±29 ppm/g), Fuji IX (143±11 ppm/g) and Fuji II LC (104±14 ppm/g) (p < 0.05). All GICs showed the highest fluoride release during the first 24 hours post-setting. After 3 days, fluoride release slowed down reaching a plateau for all materials. Regression and Pearson correlation analysis showed significant inverse relationship between fluoride release and sample mass and density (p<0.001). Conclusion Of the three GICs indicated for use as restorative materials, Equia Forte released the highest fluoride concentration. Fluoride release was material and density dependent, with higher release occurring from lower density GICs.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Conventional glass ionomer cements'

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