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Books on the topic 'Conventional values'
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1
Oseman, Robert. Conferences and their literature: A question of value. London: Library Association, 1989.
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Conferences and their literature: A question of value. London: Library Association, 1989.
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3
UNESCO, cultural heritage, and outstanding universal value: Value-based analyses of the World Heritage and Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Pub., 2012.
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Platone, Giuseppe. Valdesi e riforma nel passaggio di Chanforan (1532). Torino: Claudiana, 2014.
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5
Psychological Association of the Philippines. Convention. The Philippine scenario after the February revolution: A psychological view : papers read at the 23rd Annual Convention of the Psychological Association of the Philippines, Manila, August 5-7, 1986. Edited by Ledesma Lourdes K. [Manila]: The Association, 1986.
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Ecker, Thomas. A VAT/GST model convention: Tax treaties as solution for value added tax and goods and services tax double taxation. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IBFD, 2013.
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Lamerichs, Nicolle. Productive Fandom. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789089649386.
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To dismantle negative stereotypes of fans, this book offers a media ethnography of the digital culture, conventions, and urban spaces associated with fandoms, arguing that fandom is an area of productive, creative, and subversive value. By examining the fandoms of Sherlock, Glee, Firefly, and other popular television-based franchises, the author appeals to fans and scholars alike in her empirically grounded methodology and insightful analysis of production hierarchies, gender, sexuality, play, and affect.
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Powder & Bulk Solids Conference/Exhibition (1997 Rosemont, Il.). Optimization and design of granulation technologies for high-value added industries: Powder & Bulk Solids Conference/Exhibition, May 5-8, 1997, Rosemont Convention Center, Rosemont, IL. Nashville, TN: E&G Associates, 1997.
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International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition (47th 2002 Long Beach, California). Affordable materials technology : platform to global value and performance: 47th International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition : Long Beach Convention Center, Long Beach California, May 12-16, 2002. Covina, California: Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering, 2002.
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Canada, Canada Industrie. La Loi canadienne sur les sociétés par actions: Document de consultation : conventions unanimes des actionnaires. Ottawa, Ont: Industrie Canada, 1996.
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11
Facca, Danilo, and Valentina Lepri, eds. Polish Culture in the Renaissance. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-490-5.
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During the most recent conference of the Renaissance Society of America, two sessions were devoted entirely to the Renaissance in Poland. In fifty-nine editions of what is considered the most prestigious international appointment for experts of Renaissance culture, this is the first time that characteristic features of sixteenth-century Poland were the subject of analysis and debate. The interest generated at the conference and the academic value of the contributions convinced the organisers of the panels to ask the speakers to develop and revise their contributions to conform with the conventions of the academic article. The result is a selection of essays that pursue specific pathways in exploring the cultural factors that affected the Renaissance in Poland: influences and originality in Polish literary and artistic production, orthodoxy and dissidence, the circulation of thought and reflection on the Res Publica in the spheres of both politics and philosophy. Adopting a distinctly interdisciplinary approach, the aim of this publication is to focus certain aspects of the Polish Renaissance and the cultural identity of sixteenth-century Poland in relation to the European context.
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Conventional Values of the Hellenistic Greeks (Studies in Hellenistic Civilization ; Vol. VIII). Aarhus Univ Pr, 1997.
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13
Szmukler, George. The conventional grounds for involuntary treatment are highly problematic. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198801047.003.0003.
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Substantial problems attach to both of the fundamental criteria that need to be met for involuntary treatment in conventional mental health legislation—the presence of a ‘mental disorder’ and a risk of harm to self or others. The boundaries of ‘mental disorder’ are of necessity loosely drawn, with substantial blurring at the edges and contested views about where these should lie. ‘Values’—for example, when does ‘sadness’ become a ‘depressive illness’—play a significant role in determining when a diagnosis of a ‘disorder’ is warranted. Precision in the assessment of ‘risk’ is poor, especially for those infrequent or rare harms that we are most concerned to prevent. In general psychiatric practice, the prediction of suicide or serious acts of violence to others is of severely limited value. Even with ‘state-of-the-art’ risk assessment measures, ‘false positives’ overwhelm ‘true positives’. Significant costs attach to an emphasis on risk assessment.
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Callard, Agnes. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190639488.003.0001.
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In addition to reasoning from the valuational condition we are already in, it is possible to reason toward value. This form of value-learning is aspiration. Its neglect in the philosophical literature on rationality, moral psychology, and responsibility is visible in certain subtle ways in which the space of possibility has been narrowed in each area. But aspiration must be possible, since it is actual. We see it in Alcibiades’ speech in Plato’s Symposium. Plato shows us the tortured condition of someone who can almost see what it would be like to see things differently: Alcibiades’ conventional honor-loving values move him to flee from and hate Socrates, even as he struggles to recognize that the honor-loving life is not worth living. He can almost see his values as bankrupt—but he can’t quite, because they won’t go away.
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Ottati, Victor, and Chase Wilson. Open-Minded Cognition and Political Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.143.
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Dogmatic or closed-minded cognition is directionally biased; a tendency to select, interpret, and elaborate upon information in a manner that reinforces the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. Open-minded cognition is directionally unbiased; a tendency to process information in a manner that is not biased in the direction of the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. It is marked by a tendency to consider a variety of intellectual perspectives, values, attitudes, opinions, or beliefs—even those that contradict the individual’s prior opinion. Open-Minded Cognition is assessed using measures that specifically focus on the degree to which individuals process information in a directionally biased manner. Open-Minded Cognition can function as an individual difference characteristic that predicts a variety of social attitudes and political opinions. These include attitudes toward marginalized social groups (e.g., racial and ethnic minorities), support for democratic values, political ideology, and partisan identification. Open-Minded Cognition also possesses a malleable component that varies across domains and specific situations. For example, Open-Minded Cognition is higher in the political domain than religious domain. In addition, Open-Minded Cognition is prevalent in situations where individuals encounter plausible arguments that are compatible with conventional values, but is less evident when individuals encounter arguments that are extremely implausible or that contradict conventional values. Within a situation, Open-Minded Cognition also varies across social roles involving expertise. Because political novices possess limited political knowledge, social norms dictate that they should listen and learn in an open-minded fashion. In contrast, because political experts possess extensive knowledge, social norms dictate that they are entitled to adopt a more dogmatic cognitive orientation when listening to a political communication.
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Roth, Katalin. Bioethical Issues in Integrative Geriatrics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0030.
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Many older persons use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and an integrative approach is very consistent with the holistic model of geriatric “slow medicine.” Ethical practice requires an understanding of the patient’s values and goals of care. The core ethical principles of beneficence, autonomy, and justice are applied to geriatric concerns such as decision-making capacity, prognosis, and advance care planning. Informed consent requires that patients understand the goals of treatment, conventional options, and the evidence and safety of CAM therapies. Legal issues affecting CAM providers such as licensing, referrals, and malpractice are reviewed.
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Kemeny, P. C. Princeton in the Nation's Service. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195120714.001.0001.
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This book argues against the conventional idea that Protestantism effectively ceased to play an important role in American higher education around the end of the 19th century. Employing Princeton as an example, the study shows that Protestantism was not abandoned but rather modified to conform to the educational values and intellectual standards of the modern university. Drawing upon a wealth of neglected primary sources, Kemeny sheds new light on the role of religion in higher education by examining what was happening both inside and outside the classroom, and by illustrating that religious and secular commitments were not neatly divisible but rather commingled.
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Moonen, Marie, Nico Van de Veire, and Erwan Donal. Heart failure: risk stratification and follow-up. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0027.
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An increasing number of two- and three-dimensional echocardiographic, Doppler, and speckle imaging-derived parameters and values can be related to prognosis in heart failure with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. This chapter discusses both conventional and new indices, including their advantages and potential limitations. There is increasing evidence for the use of new indices, including three-dimensional LV ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain. The follow-up and monitoring of heart failure patients using two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography is also discussed in this chapter, including how to estimate the LV filling pressures and quantify LV reverse remodelling.
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Small, Helen. The Function of Cynicism at the Present Time. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861935.001.0001.
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Cynicism is usually seen as a provocative mode of dissent from conventional moral thought, casting doubt on the motives that guide right conduct. When critics today complain that it is ubiquitous but lacks the serious bite of classical Cynicism, they express concern that it can now only be corrosively negative. The Function of Cynicism at the Present Time takes a more balanced view. Re-evaluating the role of cynicism in literature, cultural criticism, and philosophy from 1840 to the present, it treats cynic confrontationalism as a widely employed credibility check on the promotion of moral ideals—with roots in human psychology. Helen Small investigates how writers have engaged with Cynic traditions of thought, and later more gestural styles of cynicism, to recalibrate dominant moral values, judgements of taste, and political agreements. The argument develops through a series of cynic challenges to conventional moral thinking: Friedrich Nietzsche on morality; Thomas Carlyle vs. J. S. Mill on the permissible limits of moral provocation; Arnold on the freedom of criticism; George Eliot and Ford Madox Ford on cosmopolitanism; Bertrand Russell, John Dewey, and Laura Kipnis on the conditions of work in the university. The Function of Cynicism treats topics of present-day public concern: abrasive styles of public argument, debasing challenges to conventional morality, free speech, moral controversialism, the authority of reason, and the limits of that authority, nationalism and resistance to nationalism, and liberty of expression as a core principle of the university.
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Cuartero, Mireia, and Niall D. Ferguson. High-frequency ventilation and oscillation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0098.
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High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is a key member of the family of modes called high-frequency ventilation and achieves adequate alveolar ventilation despite using very low tidal volumes, often below the dead space volume, at frequencies significantly above normal physiological values. It has been proposed as a potential protective ventilatory strategy, delivering minimal alveolar tidal stretch, while also providing continuous lung recruitment. HFOV has been successfully used in neonatal and paediatric intensive care units over the last 25 years. Since the late 1990s adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome have been treated using HFOV. In adults, several observational studies have shown improved oxygenation in patients with refractory hypoxaemia when HFOV was used as rescue therapy. Several small older trials had also suggested a mortality benefit with HFOV, but two recent randomized control trials in adults with ARDS have shed new light on this area. These trials not show benefit, and in one of them a suggestion of harm was seen with increased mortality for HFOV compared with protective conventional mechanical ventilation strategies (tidal volume target 6 mL/kg with higher positive end-expiratory pressure). While these findings do not necessarily apply to patients with severe hypoxaemia failing conventional ventilation, they increase uncertainty about the role of HFOV even in these patients.
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Berliner, Todd. Bursting into Song in the Hollywood Musical. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658748.003.0011.
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Chapter 11 examines the aesthetic value of novelty in a genre’s evolution by tracing the history of the convention that characters in Hollywood musicals spontaneously burst into song without realistic motivation. The convention emerged in 1929 and largely vanished by the end of the 1950s. The chapter studies how studio-era filmmakers developed novel conventions that exploited the aesthetic possibilities of song in cinema. The eventual loss of the convention created new constraints on the uses of song, but it also enabled new aesthetic possibilities. Post-studio-era filmmakers transformed the convention, exposed it, and reclaimed it in ways that added novelty to spectators’ aesthetic experience.
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Garner, Robert. 4. Freedom and Justice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198704386.003.0005.
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This chapter examines two related, but distinct, political concepts — justice and freedom. It first considers various possible constraints on freedom before discussing the degree to which freedom is desirable. It then explores various alternative values that might conflict with freedom, mainly in the context of John Stuart Mill's political thought; these include equality, paternalism, and happiness. The chapter proceeds by analysing the concept of justice and various criteria for determining its meaning in the context of the major competing theories of justice provided by John Rawls and Robert Nozick. Finally, it evaluates alternative theories of justice which challenge the conventional liberal view that theories of justice should focus only on the nation-state and are applicable only to human beings.
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Hengameh, Saberi. Part II Approaches, Ch.21 Yale’s Policy Science and International Law: Between Legal Formalism and Policy Conceptualism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198701958.003.0022.
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This chapter challenges the conventional narrative about the career of the New Haven School (NHS) by arguing that the mainstream discipline’s rejection of the policy-oriented methodology was not a rejection of policy thinking as such, but rather an opposition to the conceptualism and formulaic determinism of New Haven’s jurisprudence resulting from a peculiar combination of a contextualist methodology and a non-cognitive view of normative values of human dignity. Rather than between law and policy, the tension was between two different perceptions of flexibility and rigidity. This tension resulted from the NHS’s dogmatic and erroneous presentation of what they dubbed ‘traditional’ and ‘rule-oriented’ approaches as formalist and the mainstream discipline’s more accurate understanding of the policy-oriented international law as a new mode of formalism.
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Emerich, Monica M. Neither Mainstream nor Alternative. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036422.003.0002.
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This chapter examines LOHAS as a bridge between the two poles of the American marketplace—the “alternative” market and the “mainstream” or conventional market. This market-based binary shaped and informed many of the industries now considered part of the domain of LOHAS. These companies and industries once purposefully positioned themselves as alternative. “Alternative” defined their intended consumer base, their company missions, and even, in many cases, the founder's personal values. Today, however, LOHAS organizations regard this alterity as more of a handicap than an advantage. Moreover, the so-called mainstream is actively adding LOHAS products and services to product inventories and marketing materials, blurring the boundaries even further. The chapter historicizes this, following the emergence of The LOHAS Journal, the first truly public and mediated circulation of the word.
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Bensel, Richard. Political Economy and American Political Development. Edited by Richard Valelly, Suzanne Mettler, and Robert Lieberman. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697915.013.23.
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Scholars in the American political development community have constructed an understanding of political economy that differs significantly from the approaches of neo-classical and institutional economists. Those differences are examined with respect to (a) the causal primacy of states and markets; (b) the reliance on collectives or individuals as primary units of analysis; (c) the selection and comprehension of alternative strategies and goals; (d) the primary motivations of political and economic actors; and (e) the role of ideation and ideology in the formation of causal explanations and social values. Although the American political development conception of political economy might subsume and even go beyond the conventional neo-classical or institutional models, American political development research has resembled a tapestry in which some areas of the American experience are very well represented while other areas remain relatively unexplored.
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Abtahi, Hirad, and Philippa Webb. Secrets and Surprises in the Travaux Préparatoires of the Genocide Convention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272654.003.0017.
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Drafted from 1946 to 1948, the Genocide Convention is the product of its time: a document reflecting the sociology of immediate post-WWII inter-states relations. This chapter seeks to shed light on hidden facts behind the Genocide Convention’s drafting, negotiations, and adoption processes during 1946–1948. There are secrets and surprises in the travaux préparatoires relating to the origins of the Convention, cultural and political genocide, the obligation to prevent, the issue of an international criminal court, and the question of reparations to victims of genocide. William Schabas has repeatedly recognised in his academic writing the value that can be gained from a close study of the travaux.
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Taylor, Bron. The Sacred, Reverence for Life, and Environmental Ethics in America. Edited by Stephen M. Gardiner and Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.23.
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Among the sources of environmental ethics that have been assessed, none has been more important than perceptions that environmental systems are sacred, or conversely, desecrated. Those with such perceptions have often also criticized the world’s predominant religions—which consider the sacred as above and beyond this world or as a penultimate place to be transcended—as promoting environmentally destructive attitudes and behaviors. In contrast, in North America since the mid-nineteenth century, environmental ethics have typically been rooted in scientific worldviews, which in turn typically contribute to affective experiences of belonging and connection to nature, kinship feelings toward non-human organisms, ecocentric values, and expressions of reverence for life. Even among those who have left behind conventional religious beliefs, understanding the biosphere and all those who enliven it as sacred and worthy of reverent care has and will continue to provide a powerful foundation for environmental ethics.
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Weber, William. The Problem of Eclectic Listening in French and German Concerts, 1860–1910. Edited by Christian Thorau and Hansjakob Ziemer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466961.013.4.
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Between 1820 and 1870, European musical culture changed. Previously, a certain type of program had dominated the musical sphere: contemporary works spanning various genres including opera. In the 1870s new actors emerged. A learned world of classical music came into being, focusing on orchestral and chamber pieces, with less of a connection to opera. New kinds of songs, increasingly termed “popular,” began to make their mark in roughly similar European venues. In these contexts, listening practices reflected radically different social values and expectations. But did mixed programming remain in some concert performances? Did listeners demonstrate eclectic musical tastes? Taking examples from Paris, Frankfurt, Leipzig, and Berlin, this chapter shows how links were made between contrasting repertoires by the importation or adaptation of works. A process that seems at first to have been an exception turns out to have been a conventional system of exchange.
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Shihadeh, Ayman. Theories of Ethical Value in. Edited by Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.007.
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This article offers a new interpretation of the debate on the nature of ethical value in the developed kalām tradition. After situating the problem in the broad context of theodicy, it proposes to revise the reading, conventional since George Hourani’s studies published in the early seventies, of the ethical realism propounded in Baṣran and Baghdādī Muʿtazilism and of the rival views of classical Ashʿarism. It argues that the latter school did not subscribe to a simple divine command theory of ethics, but in fact grounded this theory in a fairly developed anti-realism, which became the basis for the more sophisticated consequentialist ethics advanced in neo-Ashʿarite sources.
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Szmukler, George. Men in White Coats. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198801047.001.0001.
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The book examines medical treatment under coercion and its justifications. Psychiatry springs to mind as most associated with coercion. Here, the fundamental criteria governing detention and involuntary treatment have remained fundamentally unchanged for over two centuries—first, the person has a ‘mental disorder’, largely undefined; and second, there is a risk of significant harm to the person or to others. Major problems attach to these criteria allowing a large degree of arbitrariness in the use of compulsion. Furthermore, when set against the huge shift over the past 50 years from ‘paternalism’ to patient ‘autonomy’ in general medicine, it becomes clear that conventional mental health law discriminates against people with ‘mental disorders’. Involuntary treatment is governed by entirely different principles. Patient ‘autonomy’ is not accorded the same respect in mental health care, while the ‘protection of others’ justification, based on ‘risk’ not offences, constitutes a discriminatory form of preventive detention reserved for people with ‘mental disorders’. A solution is proposed—a generic law, applicable across all medical specialties and settings. This ‘Fusion Law’ draws on the strengths of both ‘capacity-based’ and civil commitment models. The relationships of ‘capacity’ and ‘best interests’ to a person’s ‘beliefs and values’ (or ‘will and preferences’) are elucidated in order to examine the ‘Fusion Law’ against the standards set by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. ‘Coercion’ short of compulsion is then considered, as are the implications of the ‘Fusion Law’ for the forensic domain, general hospital practice, involuntary outpatient treatment, and ‘advance directives’.
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Brumann, Christoph. Creating Universal Value. Edited by Angela M. Labrador and Neil Asher Silberman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676315.013.27.
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This chapter traces the gestation of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention and the rise of the World Heritage title to a global brand and major catalyst for heritage aspirations, activities, and discourses. Despite conceptual reforms in the 1990s and a more nation-centered mode of World Heritage Committee operations since 2010, Northern dominance and biases persist. Global co-custodianship of sites has remained largely symbolic and the contribution of World Heritage to international cooperation and site conservation is uneven. World Heritage has clearly broadened conceptions of cultural heritage, even if inconsistently. Social effects of site designation tend to be complex, producing both winners and losers on the local level, with external actors extending their influence. Recent financial difficulties make ambitious change unlikely for the coming years. The power of the World Heritage title is increasingly at the mercy of the treaty states’ internal conditions, rather than of the global institutional framework.
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Sugden, Robert. The Community of Advantage. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825142.001.0001.
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Normative analysis in economics has usually aimed at satisfying individuals’ preferences. Its conclusions have supported a long-standing liberal tradition of economics that values economic freedom and views markets favourably. However, behavioural research shows that individuals’ preferences, as revealed in choices, are often unstable, and vary according to contextual factors that seem irrelevant for welfare. The Community of Advantage proposes a reformulation of normative economics that is compatible with what is now known about the psychology of choice. Other such reformulations have assumed that people have well-defined ‘latent’ preferences which, because of psychologically-induced errors, are not always revealed in actual choices. According to these reformulations, the economist’s job is to reconstruct latent preferences and to design policies to satisfy them. The argument of this book is that latent preference and error are psychologically ungrounded concepts, and that economics needs to be more radical in giving up rationality assumptions. The book advocates a kind of normative economics that does not use the concept of preference. Its recommendations are addressed, not to an imagined ‘social planner’, but to citizens, viewed as potential parties to mutually beneficial agreements. Its normative criterion is the provision of opportunities for individuals to participate in voluntary transactions. Using this approach, many of the normative conclusions of the liberal tradition are reconstructed. It is argued that a well-functioning market economy is an institution that individuals have reason to value, whether or not their preferences satisfy conventional axioms of rationality, and that individuals’ motivations in such an economy can be cooperative rather than self-interested.
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Labadi, Sophia. UNESCO, Cultural Heritage, and Outstanding Universal Value: Value-Based Analyses of the World Heritage and Intangible Cultural Heritage Conventions. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.
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Gerber, Alan S., and Donald P. Green. Field Experiments and Natural Experiments. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0015.
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This article evaluates the strengths and limitations of field experimentation. It first defines field experimentation and describes the many forms that field experiments take. It also interprets the growth and development of field experimentation. It then discusses why experiments are valuable for causal inference. The assumptions of experimental and nonexperimental inference are distinguished, noting that the value accorded to observational research is often inflated by misleading reporting conventions. The article elaborates on the study of natural experiments and discontinuities as alternatives to both randomized interventions and conventional nonexperimental research. Finally, it outlines a list of methodological issues that arise commonly in connection with experimental design and analysis: the role of covariates, planned vs. unplanned comparisons, and extrapolation. It concludes by dealing with the ways in which field experimentation is reshaping the field of political methodology.
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Zhu, Yang, and Miroslav Krstic. Delay-Adaptive Linear Control. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691202549.001.0001.
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Actuator and sensor delays are among the most common dynamic phenomena in engineering practice, and when disregarded, they render controlled systems unstable. Over the past sixty years, predictor feedback has been a key tool for compensating such delays, but conventional predictor feedback algorithms assume that the delays and other parameters of a given system are known. When incorrect parameter values are used in the predictor, the resulting controller may be as destabilizing as without the delay compensation. This book develops adaptive predictor feedback algorithms equipped with online estimators of unknown delays and other parameters. Such estimators are designed as nonlinear differential equations, which dynamically adjust the parameters of the predictor. The design and analysis of the adaptive predictors involves a Lyapunov stability study of systems whose dimension is infinite, because of the delays, and nonlinear, because of the parameter estimators. This book solves adaptive delay compensation problems for systems with single and multiple inputs/outputs, unknown and distinct delays in different input channels, unknown delay kernels, unknown plant parameters, unmeasurable finite-dimensional plant states, and unmeasurable infinite-dimensional actuator states. Presenting breakthroughs in adaptive control and control of delay systems, the book offers powerful new tools for the control engineer and the mathematician.
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Kemp, Darrell J. Habitat selection and territoriality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797500.003.0006.
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Insects dominate virtually all terrestrial and freshwater habitats on earth. This chapter reviews insect habitat selection, focusing on the occupation and defence of mating sites. First the adaptive basis of mating systems, sex roles, and behaviors in regard to habitat are established, then site occupation and defence in territorial species is explored. Resource-holding potential and resource value are discussed for how they determine aggressive motivation, as well as how contestants seek to gauge such parameters, with particular attention to the role of convention, drawing upon exemplar studies in damselflies and butterflies that have provided a narrative between theory and empiricism. Conventional and/or plastic behaviors are also discussed in terms of the presence and certainty of contestant roles, encompassing phenomena, such as residency confusion, nasty neighbours and interloper effects. The chapter concludes by discussing future avenues, foremost among which is the opportunity to synthesize empirical data across taxa.
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Szmukler, George. A new United Nations ‘disability’ convention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198801047.003.0008.
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The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) presents in a tailored form the rights of such persons. Mental health disabilities are included. While the Convention is most welcome, it is hugely challenging when it comes to involuntary treatment. Important authorities have interpreted it as excluding all forms of ‘substitute decision-making’. The Convention demands ‘respect for the rights, will and preferences’ of persons with disabilities. This chapter examines the meaning of ‘will’ and of ‘preference’. A problem arises when a person’s currently expressed ‘preference’ (or desire or wish) diverges from the person’s ‘will’ (taken to mean a person’s relatively enduring and deeply held value commitments). Both cannot be respected at the same time. Which should have precedence? The method of ‘interpretation’ discussed in Chapter 7 allows such a determination to be made, and aligns the ‘fusion law’ proposal with the objectives of the Convention.
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Whitesell, Lloyd. Beautiful Uselessness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843816.003.0006.
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This chapter explores special cases where glamour conventions demonstrate aestheticist values, that is, the exaltation of style for its own sake. At such times, the aesthetic intensity of glamour seems to offer an escape to a world of pure artifice, beauty, and style. The discussion identifies the central values of aestheticism as expressed in the high-art milieu and illustrates the same values at work in glamorous numbers. To analyze ultrastylishness in musical arrangement, it considers finesse on a small scale (e.g., contrapuntal ornamentation, textural and harmonic ingenuity) before turning to ingenuity of overall design in numbers such as “Dancing in the Dark,” from the film The Band Wagon, and “This Heart of Mine,” from Ziegfeld Follies.
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Buchler, Justin. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865580.003.0001.
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Spatial theory is divided between models of elections and models of roll call voting, neither of which alone can explain congressional polarization. This chapter discusses the history of spatial theory, why it is important to link the two strands of spatial models, and the value of reversing the order of conventional models. Conventional models place an election before policy decisions are made. This chapter proposes a unified spatial model of Congress in which the conventional order is reversed. First, there is a legislative session, then an election in which voters respond retrospectively, not to the locations candidates claim to hold, but to the bundles of roll call votes that incumbents cast to incrementally adopt their locations in the policy space. Such a model is best suited to explaining three puzzles: why do legislators adopt extreme positions, how do they win, and what role do parties play in the process?
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Huang, Yukon. Cracking the China Conundrum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630034.001.0001.
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China is an abnormal economic power. No country has grown so rapidly for so long and in such an extreme manner. Media coverage has soared because China’s rise is now challenging the world’s balance of power. Yet one is as likely to read about a possible financial crisis as its emergence as the world’s largest economy. But much of the analysis is flawed, as are many of the policy prescriptions. China’s unbalanced growth, for example, is seen as a risk but in reality is a virtue. Its soaring debt levels are perceived as signaling a financial collapse but can also be interpreted as evidence of financial deepening. Its trade and foreign investment initiatives are blamed for exacerbating America’s economic decline, even though there is little connection between the two. The factors that have influenced broader concerns, such as corruption and political liberalization, are often misunderstood. And Beijing’s foreign policies in Asia need to be deciphered and dealt with differently if there is to be any hope of moderating geopolitical tensions with the United States and its regional allies. Explaining why there is such extreme variation in views and why the conventional wisdom is so often wrong is the theme of this book. Observers see China’s rise through multiple lenses. Geopolitical differences in values and mistrust is part of the explanation, but differing analytical frameworks, along with China’s size and complexity, are the major reasons. Understanding these differences is critical to forging more constructive relations between China and the rest of the world.
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Vogan, Travis. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038389.003.0008.
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This concluding chapter examines the continued presence of NFL Films' traditional practices—and the values they deliver—at a time when the National Football League (NFL) evidences less support for programming that displays these conventions. Despite its decreased importance to the contemporary league, the cultural and aesthetic significance of NFL Films productions exceeds the realm of pro football and even sports media. Despite their increased scarcity on venues like ESPN and NFL Network, NFL Films' traditional aesthetic practices and the values they convey circulate independently of the company's depictions of pro football. It is now virtually impossible to watch TV for very long during the football season without witnessing at least one commercial that evokes NFL Films' conventions. This chapter discusses the legacy of NFL Films, including the establishment of a league-owned media infrastructure upon which the NFL continues to expand and that all other major sports organizations have since emulated, along with the creation of a framework from which contemporary sports television developed its formal practices and enhanced its presence on the medium.
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Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua A. Salomon, and Aki Tsuchiya. Introduction to the measurement and valuation of health. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.003.0002.
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This chapter provides the rationale for measuring and valuing health benefits for economic evaluation. It covers the limitation of using conventional patient-reported outcome measures of health (e.g. SF-36) in economic evaluation. It then introduces the quality-adjusted life year (QALY), which attempts to value the benefits of health care in terms of a measure that combines the impact on survival and quality of life using the numeraire of a year in full health. This chapter introduces the core building blocks of measuring and valuing health: describing health; techniques for valuing health; deciding who should value health; and taking account of social consideration in the aggregation of QALYs.
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Mantilla, Giovanni. The Origins and Evolution of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocols. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379774.003.0002.
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This chapter traces the development of the 1949 Geneva Conventions from their origins in pre-1949 treaty law through the 1977 Additional Protocols and to the present. It argues that international humanitarian law (IHL) has historically emerged from a contentious mix of military interest, moral values, and emotions grounded in the traumatic episodes leading to its revision. It focuses specifically on the evolution of three general areas of IHL: the protection of combatants and prisoners of war (POWs) and captured fighters, the protection of noncombatants (or civilians), and the mechanisms for implementation and enforcement of the law. The chapter draws on novel archival research as well as key primary and secondary sources.
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Canҫado Trindade, Antônio Augusto. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830009.003.0016.
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In the domain of protection of the rights of the human person, the interaction between the international and national legal norms, with the primacy of the norm most favourable to the victims, contributes to the universality of the corpus juris of the International Law of Human Rights. This secures the unity and primacy of law (prééminence du droit, rule of law), in the light of the principle pro persona humana. The five panels have addressed, in the light of the principle of humanity, respectively: jurisdiction; responsibility; immunities; treaties; and other sources of international law. The operation of international human rights tribunals is guided by principles, without undue concessions to State voluntarism. Their hermeneutics of human rights conventions take into account: autonomous sense of their terms, effet utile, and objective character of their obligations; their dynamic, evolutive, and teleological interpretation, and their collective guarantee. They give expression to a law of protection, victim-oriented, grounded on general principles of law and common superior values. The European Convention of Human Rights operates, like other regional systems, within the conceptual framework of the universality of human rights; it is not a ‘self-contained’ or ‘self-sufficient’ regime. Hence the importance of jurisprudential cross-fertilization, harmoniously reinforcing the corpus juris of protection as a whole, thus contributing to the historical process of humanization of international law.
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Seibert-Fohr, Anja. The Effect of Subsequent Practice on the European Convention on Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830009.003.0004.
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Under which conditions and to what extent can subsequent State practice legitimately influence the interpretation or even modify international treaties? This issue of general international law has been on the European Court of Human Rights’ agenda for quite some time and is ongoing as evidenced in Hassan v The United Kingdom. While State practice has traditionally played a role in the interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights in its dynamic interpretation, the Court’s methodology to determine under what circumstance and to what extent State practice is able to affect the scope and meaning of the Convention remains uncertain. This chapter develops a general theoretical framework, which rationalizes the normative value of subsequent practice in the context of human rights treaty interpretation and sets out its relevant standards. Drawing from the International Law Commission’s work on ‘Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to interpretation of treaties’, the author argues that the Vienna rules provide a useful point of departure without the need for additional means of interpretation. This matrix allows sufficient flexibility to accommodate the specific nature of human rights law. The author proposes a normative scale, which can guide the Court in enhancing its methodological consistency. Pursuant to this scale, exigencies for the density of subsequent practice and the degree of acceptance pursuant to Article 38(1)(b) VCLT vary depending on the nature of the rule and the claimed normative value of State practice. Once State practice meets the required standard, it can sustain the legitimacy of treaty interpretation and serve as a catalyst for the advancement of human rights.
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Richardson, Genevra. Human rights in community psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788065.003.0013.
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This chapter examines the increased concern for human rights within the global mental health policy agenda and considers what value human rights might add in relation to the use of coercion in community mental health. It describes the position underlying the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and compares it with the more radical approach of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). While the CRPD might be more challenging to mental health professionals, it contains within its principles that the wishes and preferences of the person be centre stage and as such deserve to be taken seriously in the provision of community mental health care.
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Ross, Stephen J. Out of the Endless Bathos. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798385.003.0004.
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This chapter surveys the “other tradition” within Ashbery’s oeuvre: “bad” poetry. It argues that Ashbery’s courting of “badness”—understood, in quotation marks, to refer to intentional failure, or what Susan Sontag calls “the good taste of bad taste” in “Notes on Camp”—mounts a critique of the very foundations of value judgment in the arts. Ashbery’s “bad” nature poems, in particular, overturn normative standards of value established by the New Criticism and replace them with a “new bathos” that also evades avant-garde norms of experimental rigor. “Bad” nature poems such as “Variations, Calypso, and Fugue on a Theme of Ella Wheeler Wilcox” and “I Saw No Need” transform the kitschy nature of so many conventional nature poems into an object of potent critique, allowing Ashbery to write against and to “queer” the avant-garde fantasy that art can become nature.
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Rosca, Monica, Sergio Mondillo, and Kim O’Connor. Left atrium. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0022.
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The left atrium (LA) in a close interdependence with the left ventricle plays an essential role in the overall cardiovascular performance. The impact of LA remodelling on prognosis and risk stratification has gathered increasing evidence. With advances in imaging technology, the assessment of LA size and function become more accessible and precise. LA volume provides the most accurate estimate of LA size and superior prognostic information. Accounting for complex geometry and motion, three-dimensional echocardiography emerges as the preferred technique for the assessment of dynamic changes in LA volume. The assessment of LA function, providing important pathophysiological information, can add consistency in establishing the clinical role of LA remodelling. It is essential to fully understand the strengths and weaknesses of conventional and new echocardiographic techniques used to evaluate LA function. Atrial strain and strain rate parameters are less load dependent and have higher sensitivity in assessing LA function than conventional parameters. However, the lack of standardization and incomplete data regarding their prognostic value limits their routine use in current clinical practice.
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Gillian, Martin-Mehers, ed. Achieving environmental objectives: The role and value of communication, education, participation, and awareness (CEPA) in conventions and agreements in Europe. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Commission on Education and Communication, 2004.
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Garside, Peter, and Karen O’Brien, eds. Note on British Currency before Decimalization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749394.003.0002.
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BEFORE the introduction of decimal currency into the United Kingdom in 1971, the pound sterling was divided into twenty shillings, with twelve pence (pennies) to the shilling. The lowest value coin was the farthing (a quarter of a penny). The crown was five shillings—hence the popular 2s 6d coin known as the half-crown—while the guinea, much used in commercial transactions, was twenty-one shillings. In the present book we use the conventional abbreviations ‘s’ for shillings and ‘d’ for pence, and prices are given as follows: £13s 6d (one pound three shillings and sixpence, often abbreviated to one pound three and six)....