Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Conventional values'
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Rader, Thomas J. "Comparing Estimates of the Capacity Values of Photovoltaic Solar Power Plants Using Hourly and Sub-hourly Data." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1353966527.
Full textCannon, Ammie. "Controversial Politics, Conservative Genre: Rex Stout's Archie-Wolfe Duo and Detective Fiction's Conventional Form." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/469.
Full textGhares, Mariem. "La place des valeurs dans la prise de décisions stratégiques : étude comparative entre banque islamique et banque classique." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40036.
Full textIn a period of economic crisis, there are more and more concerns about moralizing management methods. Claims of values as a background of managerial behavior are becoming common in business. This thesis has as objective to analyze and compare, in a strategic and dynamical way, the set of values of both conventional and Islamic banks. The aim is to determine the potential role of values in the process of strategic decisions making. First, we identified the set of values displayed by each bank. Then we searched to understand the appropriation of these values in managerial practices especially in strategic projects. Finally, an audit was proposed in order to measure deviations from the displayed values. This research is an exploratory study. Indeed, research results were first used to build a new theoretical framework which served, in a second step, to analyze in depth the selected case studies. Finally, the same framework was again used in order comparative qualitatively these case studies
Dunphy, Bruce C. "The clinical value of conventional semen analysis." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332394.
Full textVergnet, Nicolas. "La création et la répartition de la valeur en droit fiscal international." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020063/document.
Full textThe 2008 financial crisis and the resulting significant increase in public debt have put the focus of today's political priorities on the need to tax profits in accordance with value creation. The topicality of this issue must not overshadow the striking similarity of its causes with those that led to the drafting of the first model tax treaties in the 1920s under the aegis of the League of Nations. A study of the organisation's work, built on by the OEEC, and the OECD in the second half of the 20th century, shows that the current international tax system already tends to align jurisdiction to tax with value creation. This observation is surprising when put in perspective with the criticisms of the current international tax order. It invites us more than ever to study the relationship between the international tax system and value creation: their connections, their disconnections, and the attempts to reconnect them
Elhadji, Issa Maazou. "Le rôle de la source de financement dans le Business Model de la PE/TPE ouest-africaine : de la convention de financement à la convention d'affaires." Thesis, Paris 9, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA090057/document.
Full textThe aim of our work is to study the Business Model (BM) of small and micro business (SMB) in West Africa. Our research is based on a conventionalist and institutionalist approach of the concept of BM. BM and the convention are our conceptual and theoretical initial choice, while the institutionalist approach has been introduced through the emerging topics during our research. We called our conventionalist conceptualization of BM "modèle 3C" of tree convention: value convention, financing convention and operating convention. The central hypothesis of our study suggests that these three conventions link the funding source to theSMB. So the role of funding source is relevant to study the SMB BM. The operationalization of the analytical framework of the 3C model, through a mixed methodology and abductive research has produced results in three areas: 1) understanding of the conventions of SMB BM requires a return to the preconditions; 2) there is a plurality of conventions of BM based of SMB, according to the leader of the SMB and funding sources; 3) BM conventions are not only a function of the source of funding and SMB; institutional context play an important role. A critical view of the key concepts of our research based on our findings has opened new avenues of study
Urrutiaguer, Daniel. "Médiations et conventions dans l'évaluation de la qualité théâtrale." Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100084.
Full textWith an essentialist modelling of quality, which supposes that its perception is objective as in the models of product differenciation, the role of mediators is reduced to giving the true information on the artistic characteristics. On the other hand a pragmatic conception, for which quality emerges from listening to the performance and is subjectively perceived depending on the past experiences, justifies that the groups of mediators influence the anticipation of quality when audiences trust their appraisal. In the same way, the assesments of the experts of public authorities, the drama critics and the theatre programmers stratify the world of theatrical art. A frame of common references is necessary to recognize the artistic forms, interpret symbols and steady one's tastes. It supposes that attendues and producers share some conventions. A set of detailed data on theatrical institutions in 1995 and 1996 was used to model the explanatory variables of their demand. They support an hypothesis on the opposition of attendees' adherence to the scales of judgement of drama critics and theatre programmers. This fact could be interpreted as the coexistence of two orders of quality which are connected to the same convention of reticular and inspired quality but are differenciated between a media and an institutional orders. The study of market profiles from a version of white's model shows that the producers' stratégies are diverse for a same order of quality. It is a tool suited to classify failure and succes in the short-tern adaptation of the programmation to the evolution of attendance
Tanous, William Brandon. "A benefit-cost analysis of the San Marcos conference center in San Marcos, Texas /." View online, 2007. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/266/.
Full textKitchen, Julie Louise. "Nutrition and nutrional value of wheat grown in organic and conventional farming systems in South Australia." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk618.pdf.
Full textBreeze, Andrew Christopher Graham. "The value, comparability and acceptability of conventional and magnetic resonance imaging post mortem in fetal medicine." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610188.
Full textBeduneau-Wang, Laurent. "Valeur de l'eau et indicateurs de performance : tensions stratégiques et organisationnelles dans les métiers de l'eau (1853-2017)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX096.
Full textThrough an extended case study, the value of water is studied in terms of long-term water management assessment (1853-2017). Starting point: in 2006, the Syndicat des Eau d'Ile de France (SEDIF) called into question the contractual continuity since 1923 with Veolia (ex-Compagnie Générale des Eaux). Finally, Veolia wins the tender in 2010. A new entity is created, Veolia Eau D'Ile de France (VEDIF), but questions remain.Through an action-research, faced with the company's questioning about its economic impact, the intellectual construction of a management situation and then a situation of evaluative tension integrate Veolia's questioning with that of external actors : how to do it profits and make to the benefit of the user ? What is the use of Veolia and for who is it working ? What is its purpose? In this context, a management object seems to be crucial : a system of 168 performance indicators (PI). The good achievement of IP by VEDIF contributes directly to remuneration. To what extent does PI provide value for water and contribute to it management ?The implementation of IP within VEDIF induces unexpected effects which, for some of the employees, generates a crisis of meaning. Ethnographic observation and interviews lead to the finding that the employees of the company do not know or forget the context in which the IPs emerged, the way in which they evolved. Making history of this system of performance indicators then becomes a necessity to understand its meaning in the long run (1853-2017).By setting up the IP system, VEDIF managers await logical and rational results. Or, IPs generate unexpected effects. In particular, new actors are performed by IPs. They emerge at three levels of analysis: intercommunal with the creation of the Syndicate in 1923, the firm with the construction of the figure of the client in the 1990s and, the service of sustainable development with the discovery of bio-tracers (butterfly, bat) and the emergence of an ecosystem of actors around biodiversity (consultants, auditors and experts).An IP is created to cope with a problem that needs to be solved. As time goes on, IPs accumulate and some of them come into conflict with others. But they only make sense within a whole whose history remains to be told. Beyond figures and accounts, to grasp their meaning, it is important to tell the story. Inspired by Foucault, the genealogy of the IP reveals three regimes of the value of water: hygienist and scientific, technical and engineering, managerial and bureaucratic. These regimes are not mutually exclusive: the hygienist and scientific regime coexisted with the technical and engineering regime in the 1980’s-1990’s. Nevertheless, in each period a regime is dominant. In the case of VEDIF, it creates, renews or restrengthens the idea for public authorities to call on private operators to manage water. Realizing the genealogy of IP allows to understand the processes of rationalization under which each IP categories are in each period. In the long-term, the functions of the IPs appear to be embedded in processes of rationalization, of objectification of the value of the water that go beyond them. To what extent does this new perspective on IPs help to reconsider their roles?IPs as a management tool play a triple function: cognitive, mediator and organizer. They produce knowledge. They act as intermediaries between different actors and, in the meantime, mediatize by visibilizing a part of the activity of the water service. Because they constitute and are constituted by links between the different actors of water management, while integrating new knowledge, they define and constantly renew what is good water management, its value, its values. They produce organization and, at the same time, are produced by it
Nishimoto, Keiko. "Value creation over time: the application of IIRC integrated reporting framework to demonstrate the value of MICE business." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/259085.
Full textShalhoob, Hebah Shafeq. "A comparative analysis of risk-return characteristics between Sukuk (Islamic bonds) and conventional bonds." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/1574.
Full textHakenberg, Oliver W., P. Franke, Michael Fröhner, Andreas Manseck, and Manfred Wirth. "The Value of Conventional Urine Cytology in the Diagnosis of Residual Tumour after Transurethral Resection of Bladder Carcinomas." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-135153.
Full textHintergrund: Transurethrale Resektionen von Blasentumoren führen zu histologischen Veränderungen («TUR Zystitis») im Sinne regenerativer Veränderungen, welche urinzytologisch zu diagnostischen Fehleinschätzungen führen können. Das Ziel unserer Untersuchung war der Vergleich der diagnostischen Sensitivität und Spezifität der Urinzytologie vor transurethraler Resektion mit der bei der Diagnose von Residualtumoren nach transurethraler Resektion. Patienten und Methoden: Untersucht wurden 417 urinzytologische Präparate von allen 374 Patienten, die in unserer Einrichtung zwischen Juni 1996 und Dezember 1997 einer primären (n = 326) oder sekundären (n = 91) transurethralen Resektion von Urothelkarzinomen der Harnblase unterzogen wurden. Die zytologischen Präparate wurden nach Papanicolaou gefärbt. Sensitivität und Spezifität der zytologischen Diagnostik und des Tumorgradings wurden mit den histologischen Befunden verglichen. Ergebnisse: Die Sensitivität der Urinzytologie in der primären Tumorerkennung lag bei 77,6% und die für die Diagnose von Residualtumoren nach transurethraler Resektion bei 74,5%. Die diagnostische Spezifität lag bei 77% bzw. 84,3%. Die Sensitivität war abhängig vom Differenzierungsgrad der Urothelkarzinome und war bei gut differenzierten Tumoren am niedrigsten. Nach transurethraler Resektion betrug die Sensitivität der zytologischen Diagnose für G1-Residualtumore lediglich 11%, während sie für G1-Primärtumore bei 54% lag. Schlußfolgerungen: Die entzündlichenVeränderungen nach transurethraler Resektion verursachen Veränderungen exfoliierter Urothelzellen, welche die zytologische Diagnose von residualen G1-Tumoren erschweren. Die Diagnose mäßig und schlecht differenzierter residualer Urothelkarzinome nach transurethraler Resektion hat dagegen die gleiche Sensitivität und Spezifität wie die bei primärer Untersuchung, so daß die Urinzytologie auch bei der Diagnose von Residualtumoren ein wertvolles diagnostisches Verfahren darstellt
Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich
Hakenberg, Oliver W., P. Franke, Michael Fröhner, Andreas Manseck, and Manfred Wirth. "The Value of Conventional Urine Cytology in the Diagnosis of Residual Tumour after Transurethral Resection of Bladder Carcinomas." Karger, 2000. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A27624.
Full textHintergrund: Transurethrale Resektionen von Blasentumoren führen zu histologischen Veränderungen («TUR Zystitis») im Sinne regenerativer Veränderungen, welche urinzytologisch zu diagnostischen Fehleinschätzungen führen können. Das Ziel unserer Untersuchung war der Vergleich der diagnostischen Sensitivität und Spezifität der Urinzytologie vor transurethraler Resektion mit der bei der Diagnose von Residualtumoren nach transurethraler Resektion. Patienten und Methoden: Untersucht wurden 417 urinzytologische Präparate von allen 374 Patienten, die in unserer Einrichtung zwischen Juni 1996 und Dezember 1997 einer primären (n = 326) oder sekundären (n = 91) transurethralen Resektion von Urothelkarzinomen der Harnblase unterzogen wurden. Die zytologischen Präparate wurden nach Papanicolaou gefärbt. Sensitivität und Spezifität der zytologischen Diagnostik und des Tumorgradings wurden mit den histologischen Befunden verglichen. Ergebnisse: Die Sensitivität der Urinzytologie in der primären Tumorerkennung lag bei 77,6% und die für die Diagnose von Residualtumoren nach transurethraler Resektion bei 74,5%. Die diagnostische Spezifität lag bei 77% bzw. 84,3%. Die Sensitivität war abhängig vom Differenzierungsgrad der Urothelkarzinome und war bei gut differenzierten Tumoren am niedrigsten. Nach transurethraler Resektion betrug die Sensitivität der zytologischen Diagnose für G1-Residualtumore lediglich 11%, während sie für G1-Primärtumore bei 54% lag. Schlußfolgerungen: Die entzündlichenVeränderungen nach transurethraler Resektion verursachen Veränderungen exfoliierter Urothelzellen, welche die zytologische Diagnose von residualen G1-Tumoren erschweren. Die Diagnose mäßig und schlecht differenzierter residualer Urothelkarzinome nach transurethraler Resektion hat dagegen die gleiche Sensitivität und Spezifität wie die bei primärer Untersuchung, so daß die Urinzytologie auch bei der Diagnose von Residualtumoren ein wertvolles diagnostisches Verfahren darstellt.
Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
El, Mourad Arafat [Verfasser]. "Innovation in Procurement and its Added Value to the United Arab Emirates Banking Sector, Islamic and Conventional / Arafat El Mourad." Hamburg : Anchor Academic Publishing, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1168228301/34.
Full textHatton, Dawn Ann-Marie. "A content analysis of religious and value-oriented frames in the 2004 Republican National Convention." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0010532.
Full textPrice, Catherine H. "An empirical study of the value of professional association meetings from the perspective of attendees." Diss., This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-165939/.
Full textNodjirim, Boilengar. "Détermination des prix ou formation de la valeur économique : quelles grilles de lecture de la création et du partage de la valeur entre producteurs et transformateurs laitiers en Normandie ?" Thesis, Reims, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REIME001/document.
Full textThe organisations of the innovative techniques, the products, the associated processes, the industrialisation and the territorialisation, have become the fundamentals of the creation of economic value. The partial market equilibrium approach does not allow for the complete understanding of this economic value. The actors in the dairy sector evolve strategically therefore the actors are gifted with intelligence which is not only logical. In the economic history of products, techniques and institutions, the agents have multiplied new forms of coalition themselves to better impose their new commercial arguments. This practice proceeds through organisation, service delegations and conventional rules. This posture allows us to lead a triangular analysis composed of the SCP model of industrial economy, the economy of conventions and the regional economy. The empirical and theorical stake is, if our arguments verify is that the dairy Sector allows mechanically, to appropriate the resources such as know-how, reputation, quality, included in the milk product or around the milk and externally of the markets.The organisation becomes a base of continuous creation of economic value and appropriates the distribution of this value between the sectors. In the dairy sector the branch representation by partial market equilibrium is approximate because our actors are capable of transforming their structure of market. This behaviour appears through price negotiations at the inter-professional level and through ambiguous compromises between the economic and industrial. The actors therefore invent new intentional values but in a framework of regional politics and conventional regulations. Disagreements between the stakeholder delegations are due to the creation of economic values and the contradictory interests of the sharing of these values. The free market regulation becomes problematical and the behaviour of the actors is more and more constrained by the codes, collective modes of evaluation of objects and operations can be found in the activity domains of milk production and transformation of dairy products
Creason, Fred. "Core values and cooperative ministry the impact of an inductive study of the book of Acts on strategic planning in two Wyoming Southern Baptist associations /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p090-0317.
Full textLabadi, Sophia. "Questioning the implementation of the World Heritage Convention : a value-based analysis of purposefully sampled nomination dossiers." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348987/.
Full textÖhman, Sebastian. "Game mechanics, Role play, and Narrative - Critically learning values through games." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20585.
Full textHusak, Ryan Lon. "A survey of commercially available broilers originating from organic, free-range and conventional production systems for cooked meat yields, meat composition and relative value." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
Find full textDe, Alba Ulloa Jessica Lillian. "Une contribution à la théorie générale des négociations sur les valeurs : le cas de la convention d'Oviedo." Paris11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA111009.
Full textPatrick, John Michael. "The valued impact of advanced formal theological training on leadership development for the African-American pastor in the National Baptist Convention." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2004. http://www.tren.com.
Full textKuleshova, Ekaterina. "Éric Chevillard et la littérature : Absences et présences du cliché dans l'écriture d'Éric Chevillard." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040068.
Full textThis PhD thesis is devoted to the prolific and original work of the contemporary writer Éric Chevillard. Its subject is to define the isotopy of cliché in Chevillard's writing, in which the relationship to literature mostly goes through the manipulation of stereotypes, topoi and accepted ideas. Thus, questioning the banality appears like one of the major constants of his texts. In order to indicate the characteristics and main modalities, the work is organized around three axis: the role of verbal cliché in the narrative stylistic organization, then the observation of its intertextual dimension through the cliché of quotation which denounces the trivialization of literary reference, and, finally, the questioning of the doxa ruling modern society. This triple manipulation of cliché defines Éric Chevillard singular position in a contemporary literary field based on notions of gap, ironical distance, and rejection of prosaic realism in literature. The last movement of the study aims at demonstrate that, beyond its own fiction, the cliché is being called on by Chevillard-critique as one of the essential criteria of literary quality, both on his blog, L’Autofictif, or in his weekly column in Le Monde des livres. This is where the cliché truly acquires the isotopic value insofar as its contestation provides the entire work cohesion
Kooijman, Rebecca. "Sharing of Narratives : Analyzing how Tara Westover’s Educated Subverts the Genre Conventions and the Value of Autobiography in the EFL Classroom." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-100547.
Full textLavoie, Vincent. "Séchage hydride conventionnel et par haute fréquence en continu du bois d'épinette noire destiné aux produits à valeur ajoutée." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26579.
Full textThe production of value-added products such as engineered wood products is growing. The specifications on the final moisture content of these products are much more stringent than for lumber. The wood must be dried at lower final moisture content and also with a lower moisture tolerance. The traditional means to dry these products is to use the technique of equalizing at the end of the drying cycle. This technique, although very powerful, has the effect of extending significantly the total drying time and can be complex to implement industrially. The aim of the work was to explore the technical feasibility of a combined approach method (conventional and continuous high frequency) for drying black spruce lumber for the manufacture of engineered wood. Conventional drying approaches with and without equalizing, served as control. Drying time, distribution of final moisture content, proportion of pieces in a given moisture content tolerance (between 11 and 15%) and warpage were characterized. Two studies were carried out from two wood supplies at different initial moisture contents. The combined approach has allowed a considerable reduction in drying time and repeatability of results specific to the final moisture content without more warping than control approaches.
Lawson-Drackey, Soley. "Un renouvellement du cadre d’analyse de la valeur des brevets : une approche par la cartographie cognitive." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO22002/document.
Full textAlthough the use of methods of financial evaluation of patents now appears stable, the procedures for assessing extra-financial key to the previous valuation remain to date unclear. For these methods are operationally reliable and enable, at least, comparability between different assets, it is necessary to stabilize a framework for baseline assessment exploring in depth the key performance indicators of patents. Through the analysis of cognitive maps of experts of the evaluation, our work examines the conventions of patent quality to provide a detailed framework for extra-financial assessment of patents. Our main contribution is based on a better understanding of the relationships between key performance indicators of patents. It allows a simplification of patents analysis, evaluation and strategic management
Pastuh, Daniel [Verfasser], Mike [Gutachter] Geppert, and Christoph [Gutachter] Dörrenbächer. "Dynamics of power & managerial control in the contemporary service sector : safeguarding organizational value creation within & beyond conventional workplaces / Daniel Pastuh ; Gutachter: Mike Geppert, Christoph Dörrenbächer." Jena : Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1207271640/34.
Full textMansour, Mouna. "L'Union européenne au miroir de la demande d'asile." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D035.
Full textDefined as national law and then as Community law since the adoption of the Dublin Convention in 1990 by the Member States, the asylum policy of the European Union has become inseparable from its migration policy. The context of the mass influx of exiles into the European Union in the course of 2010 has allowed the EU to strengthen the integration of asylum demand into a security policy by prioritizing, categorizing and strengthening the outsourcing of its treatment. However, by confirming the « Dublin » mechanism which calls for the solidarity of the Member States in the care of asylum seekers, the European Union, which until then formed an institutionally unified blocaround the values of the human rights and democracy, is now crossed by conflicts that leave open the question of integration and rejection of asylum seekers and reveal a wider crisis
Kartobi, Salah Eddine. "Déterminants de la structure financière et réactions du marché boursier aux décisions de financement : cas des sociétés cotées à la bourse des valeurs de Casablanca." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE0008/document.
Full textBased on the primary financing theories and considering the context of financing decisions, this study serves two purposes. On the one hand, understanding the determinants of the Moroccan corporations financial structure, and on the other hand, evaluating the impact of these corporations financing decisions on their stock exchange prices. As a first step, we verified through an econometric study, the ability of traditional determinants of debt to explain the financial structure of Moroccan corporations during regular times and during financial crisis times. As a second step, we tested the theory of conventions which states the existence of financing modes. To that end, we carried out an analysis of the main components and a top-down classification. On last time, we carried out an events study in order to evaluate the stock market response to financing decisions. Our study targeted a series of 50 non-financial corporations listed in the Casablanca stock exchange and on 16 capital increase and bond financing announcements. Results show that only a few variables, originally from the financial theory, play a primary role in the financing policy of Moroccan corporations. Thus, considering the size and financial crisis effects, the influence of these variables changes from a compartment to another, and also from a period to another. Furthermore, the final results show that the financial structure stands as a financing mode which is influenced by the financial needs nature. Thus, in regular times Autonomy is the regime that adheres to most firms in the sample. In contrast, overdraft regime is best represented in recession. The events study results suggest that the Moroccan stock market is not responding neither to capital increase announcements nor to bond announcements, and indicate that communicated information by the financing decisions are not valuable to Moroccan investors
Smadja-Rakotondramanitra, Tiana. "Approche économique de la qualité d’un bien intermédiaire : application à la filière rizicole dans l’Alaotra-Mangoro (Madagascar)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100144/document.
Full textMadagascar suffers from a chronic insufficiency of rice, the staple food of the population.The value chain is struggling to emerge from dependence on imports and even less to develop exports.We try to see how these poor performances reflect a "quality crisis" in rice exchanges by means of themarket model of Harrison White (2002) and its concept of market “viability” based on quality issues.To be viable, market needs to be governed by an order of quality defined by perceptions on ricequality from actors at play. The intermediaries have then to orient upstream or downstream theiractivities depending on where the greatest uncertainty on quality is in order to take into accountquality perceptions by the actors involved. Rice exchanges analysis in the Alaotra-Mangoro gives thefollowing results. 1 / Three rice marketing channels are theoretically viable. The “dominating”marketing channel and the “marginal” one are respectively ruled by a "domestic" quality conventionaround the nutritious quality of paddy and an "industrial" one around the esthetic quality of milledrice. Both quality conventions exist on the "transitional" channel: the "domestic" convention is sharedby upstream and the "industrial" one by downstream. 2 / The order of quality on this last marketingchannel would be a compromise between the two existing conventions and is materialized by areferential of esthetic and nutritious quality. 3 / The recognition of these two quality conventions andof the need for compromise between them would enable rice exchanges to be viable and then wouldend the "quality crisis" at the origin of the poor performances of the Malagasy rice value chain
Pap, N. (Nora). "Value-added processing of blackcurrants:use of membrane technologies for clarification and concentration of blackcurrant juice and extraction of anthocyanins from blackcurrant marc." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526220840.
Full textTiivistelmä Mustaherukoita käytetään paljon niiden hyvän maun ja terveyttä edistävien vaikutusten ansiosta. Marjoilla ja marjakasvin eri osien uutteilla on osoitettu olevan antikarsinogeenisia, antioksidatiivisia ja tulehduksia estäviä ominaisuuksia ja ne ovat tehokkaita pienentämään sydän- ja verisuonisairauksia. Ne edistävät myös aivojen terveyttä. Marjojen arvokkailla yhdisteillä kuten antosyanideillä ja flavonoleilla on terveyttä edistäviä vaikutuksia. Mustaherukassa on runsaasti näitä yhdisteitä. Hillojen, soseiden ja mehujen prosessoinnissa menetetään näitä hyödyllisiä yhdisteistä, koska ne ovat herkkiä lämmölle ja prosessoinnin vaikutuksille. Mehujen prosessoinnissa käytetään entsyymikäsittelyjä, puristusta, pastörointia, selkeytystä ja usein myös lämpökonsentrointia. Tuotteiden terveyttä edistävien yhdisteiden säilyttämiseksi tarvitaan uudenlaisia hellävaraisia prosessointitekniikoita ilman korkeita lämpötiloja ja voimakasta selkeyttämistä. Tässä työssä tutkittiin yhdistettyjen kalvotekniikoiden kuten ultrasuodatuksen ja käänteisosmoosin käyttöä mustaherukkatiivistemehun prosessoinnissa. Esikäsittelymenetelmiä, mm. entsyymikäsittelyä, ultrasuodatusta, entsyymikäsittelyn ja ultrasuodatuksen yhdistelmää sekä sentrifugointia, arvioitiin käänteisosmoosin suodatustehokkuuden parantamisessa. Suodatusvastuksen määrittämiseksi prosessi mallinnettiin käyttäen sarja -vastus mallia. Antosyanidien ja flavonolien säilyminen ja konsentroituminen prosesseissa määritettiin. Tulokset osoittivat, että suurin vastus käänteisosmoosissa aiheutui polarisaatiovastuksesta, kun taas kalvon vastus oli pienempi. Mallinnus osoitti myös, että likaantumisen aiheuttama vastus oli yhtä magnitudia alhaisempi kuin muut vastukset. Suodatusteho osoitti, että suurin virtaus saavutettiin ultrasuodatetulla mustaherukkamehulla. Ultrasuodatetussa mehussa oli kuitenkin huomattavasti vähemmän antosyaniineja ja flavonoleja, mikä johtui näiden yhdisteiden tarttumisesta ultrasuodatuskalvoon. Näin ollen, tämän työn tulokset suosittelevat ultrasuodatuksen korvaamista sentrifugoinnilla mehun kirkastusprosessissa. Mustaherukkamehun tuotannossa muodostuu sivutuotteena ns. puristekakkua, joka sisältää runsaasti antosyaaneja. Työssä kehitettiin antosyaanien talteenottoa tästä sivutuotteesta vertaamalla tavanomaista uuttotekniikkaa mikroaaltoavusteiseen uuttoon. Prosessi optimoitiin vastepintamenetelmällä mahdollisimman suuren antosyaanien uuttotehokkuuden saavuttamiseksi. Optimaaliset parametrit saatiin mikroaaltoavusteisessa uutossa teholla 700 W, uuttoajalla 10 minuuttia, kiintoaines-liuotin -suhteella 0,05 pH-arvossa 2, mikä saavutettiin lisäämällä suolahappoa. Tavanomaisessa uutossa parhaat antosyaanisaannot saavutettiin suolahappo-vesiliuoksella pH-arvossa 2 uuttamalla 300 minuuttia lämpötilassa 80 °C. Antosyaanisaanto oli kuitenkin tavanomaisessa uutossa optimiolosuhteissa 10% pienempi kuin mikroaaltoavusteisessa uutossa 10 minuutin uuttoajalla
Jafari, Amin. "Essai compare sur la protection des valeurs dans les banques islamiques et conventionnelles : une protection juridique et financière des valeurs dans les banques contemporaines." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100174.
Full textThis thesis aims to show that the values in a given society are strongly protected by the mechanisms of law (both criminal and civil law). The protected values are those basies in banking - financial system. Given the fact that there are two major banking systems: Islamic and conventional, the significance of this research is to show that, firstly, values can protect themselves by transforming into other values / concepts (notion - principe) or by becoming structure in the banking system. Secondly, it is assumed that the protection of the values in another system would be different. Also, the theory of transformation in both levels of the existence of the values and their protection is demonstrated. In criminal banking law or in "non - criminal" banking law, the protection may be different from that of classical criminal law. The particularity of this field is variable trends of regulation to penalization and vice versa: deregulation to decriminalization. Therefore, through this study, the possibility of a movement will be discussed in respect to the transformation theory framework. The trend of movement is observed in the protection of values. Protection of values and the movement of protection, could be achieved at two levels: structural protection of values and operational protection of values. The use of the criminal in the protection phase depends on the system that value is linked. Alternatives (called extra-penal mechanisms) in criminal protection in both operational and structural steps exist; however, in modern finance, new concepts of corporate governance, ethical finance, etc. are in the center of attention. Largely because, theses concepts could protect values without interference of criminal law. In Overall, this thesis intends to demonstrate that, even if the values are different, by the effect of globalization, their protections (including criminal protection) are in a way of harmonization; it seems that convergence is beginning to build. But what is the role of criminal law in the modern banking life?
Labayle, Simon, and Simon Labayle. "Les valeurs de l'Union européenne." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28087.
Full textL’Union européenne est, selon l’article 2 TUE, « fondée » sur des « valeurs » précisément identifiées. Le préambule de la Charte des droits fondamentaux dresse un constat similaire dans des termes quasiment identiques. Ces « valeurs » sont donc constitutionnellement indissociables de l’Union. L’affirmation juridique de cette dimension fondatrice est d’autant moins neutre qu’elle est systématiquement revendiquée. Elle renvoie à une recherche d’essentialité laissant supposer que l’Union accorde volontairement une place centrale à ses valeurs, ce que confirme l’analyse des grandes étapes de son histoire. Ce choix s’exprime concrètement dans différentes dispositions issues des traités constitutifs. Les valeurs exercent notamment une influence décisive sur des questions aussi fondamentales que celles de la définition des objectifs de l’Union (article 3 TUE), du prononcé d’éventuelles sanctions à l’encontre d’Etats membres qui menaceraient leur intégrité (article 7 TUE), de l’orientation des relations qu’elle tisse avec son voisinage (article 8 TUE), ou encore des modalités de l’éventuelle adhésion d’un Etat tiers à l’Union européenne (article 49 TUE). Au-delà de la portée symbolique, juridique et politique de ces différents thèmes, les valeurs participent en réalité à déterminer l’identité spécifique de l’Union européenne. Il convient alors de s’interroger quant à la traduction concrète de la dimension fondatrice des valeurs dans le projet d’intégration et, donc, d’éprouver la force des convictions communautaires. L’objet de la recherche vise à déterminer si la revendication d’une Union fondée sur des valeurs résiste à la rigueur de l’analyse scientifique ainsi qu’à la pression des faits. Afin de démontrer la consubstantialité et l’irréversibilité du lien que partagent l’Union européenne et ses valeurs, il est d’abord nécessaire de mettre en relief la vocation structurante et fonctionnelle des valeurs pour l’Union. Il reste ensuite à mesurer à quel point leur portée existentielle dépend de l’enjeu de leur protection, qu’elle soit politique, administrative ou juridictionnelle. Mots-clés : Valeurs, Principes, Identité, Adhésion à l’Union, Elargissements, Droit de retrait, Pluralisme, Adhésion à la CEDH, Crises, Etat de droit, Dialogue des juges.
The European Union is, according to Article 2 TEU, "founded" on "values" precisely identified. The preamble of the Charter of Fundamental Rights draws a similar conclusion in almost identical terms. These "values" are inseparable from the EU under its primary law. The legal affirmation of this fundamental dimension is systematically claimed. It refers to a research of essentiality suggesting that the Union voluntarily gives a central place to its values, which confirms the analysis of the main stages of its history. This choice is expressed in various provisions of the founding Treaties. These values carry a decisive influence on fundamental issues such as the definition of the objectives of the Union (Article 3 TEU), the imposition of any sanctions against Member States that threaten their integrity (Article 7 TEU), the orientation of the relationships it forges with its neighbours (Article 8 TEU), and the terms of the possible accession of a state outside the European Union (Article 49 TEU). Beyond the symbolic, legal and political scope of these themes, the values determine the specific identity of the European Union. Thus, it is appropriate to question the concrete translation of the founding dimension of the values in the integration project and, therefore, to test the strength of community beliefs. The aim of the research is to determine whether a Union based on values can withstand the rigour of scientific analysis as well as the pressure of events. In order to demonstrate the consubstantial nature and the irreversibility of the link shared by the European Union and its beliefs, it is crucial to highlight the structural and functional vocation of the values for the Union. Lastly, their existential scope is yet to be assessed as this will depend from the level of their protection, whether political, administrative or judicial. Keywords: Values, Principles, Identity, Accession to the European Union, Enlargement, Right to withdraw, Pluralism, Accession to the ECHR, Crisis, Rule of law, Judicial dialogue.
The European Union is, according to Article 2 TEU, "founded" on "values" precisely identified. The preamble of the Charter of Fundamental Rights draws a similar conclusion in almost identical terms. These "values" are inseparable from the EU under its primary law. The legal affirmation of this fundamental dimension is systematically claimed. It refers to a research of essentiality suggesting that the Union voluntarily gives a central place to its values, which confirms the analysis of the main stages of its history. This choice is expressed in various provisions of the founding Treaties. These values carry a decisive influence on fundamental issues such as the definition of the objectives of the Union (Article 3 TEU), the imposition of any sanctions against Member States that threaten their integrity (Article 7 TEU), the orientation of the relationships it forges with its neighbours (Article 8 TEU), and the terms of the possible accession of a state outside the European Union (Article 49 TEU). Beyond the symbolic, legal and political scope of these themes, the values determine the specific identity of the European Union. Thus, it is appropriate to question the concrete translation of the founding dimension of the values in the integration project and, therefore, to test the strength of community beliefs. The aim of the research is to determine whether a Union based on values can withstand the rigour of scientific analysis as well as the pressure of events. In order to demonstrate the consubstantial nature and the irreversibility of the link shared by the European Union and its beliefs, it is crucial to highlight the structural and functional vocation of the values for the Union. Lastly, their existential scope is yet to be assessed as this will depend from the level of their protection, whether political, administrative or judicial. Keywords: Values, Principles, Identity, Accession to the European Union, Enlargement, Right to withdraw, Pluralism, Accession to the ECHR, Crisis, Rule of law, Judicial dialogue.
Jung, Youjin. "L’imposition des plus-values de cessions directes et indirectes des entreprises dans l’Etat de la source : les exemples de la Chine, de la Corée du Sud et de l’Inde." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020029.
Full textAsia is one of the main destinations in terms of global investment volume. But the existence of legal and fiscal certainties is an important factor for investors’ choices. Several recent cases in the region, including “Lone Star Fund” in South Korea and “Vodafone” in India, seem to question the existence of such certainties. Many foreign enterprises focus on the shares’ purchase and re-sale, which could be linked to speculation. China, South Korea and India, as source states, having identified speculative business which is making huge profits, decided to tax them, with adopting General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAAR) or a broad interpretation of a tax law principle and also the rule amendment on income deemed to accrue. In so doing, they ignored the presence of conduit companies and did not justify this taxation which would seem to be a breach of their tax treaties.Firstly, this study examines domestic law and judicial practice of these states. In the second phase, it evaluates the extent to which this taxation relates to their tax treaties. Finally, it seeks to understand why they opt for such a tax policy and proposes some solutions to raise the level of predictability of their legal system
Melz, Rodrigo Luís. "Os interesses manifestados pelos atores sociais no jogo da fumicultura no Vale do Rio Pardo/RS : uma Análise dos Fatos Sociais Produzidos de 2002 a 2005." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/168996.
Full textThis dissertation analyzes the interests manifested during the period from 2002 to 2005 by social actors interested in tobacco farming in the Rio Pardo Valley, Rio Grande do Sul, the region with the highest tobacco production in Brazil. This activity is developed by family farmers in an integrated production system that consists of contracts with industries, most of which are transnational. This qualitative study uses the work of Chilean author Carlos Matus and his Theory of Social Production as the main reference for analysis. The data collection was carried out mainly from news reports by the corporate press of the studied region between 2002 and 2005. This period includes the final negotiations of the text of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), an international treaty proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), until its ratification by Brazil. Social actors were identified and characterized: Actors linked to the federal government; to health and anti-smoking organizations; those representatives of tobacco corporations; social movements; and actors linked to farmers' associations and unions. The conflicting interests, the relations of conflict and cooperation, and the actors’ accumulations of power resources in the process of social production were analyzed in nine social facts identified in the period. The actors involved in this social game produce facts from their situations, establishing relations of conflict and cooperation that changed during the analyzed process. The results show the existence of relations of conflict between tobacco growers and industries regarding the unequal distribution of income and precarious conditions of work. In social facts related to smoking control, cooperative relations between tobacco farmers and industry and their conflict with actors that supported measures of tobacco control were verified. It was also concluded that the actions of social actors linked to the tobacco production sector and the local corporate press produced game moves that led to the rejection of the FCTC in the region, to the cooling of the clashes between tobacco farmer and industries, and the maintenance of tobacco industry profits in the region.
Lassus, Saint-Geniès Géraud de. "La prise en compte des aspects économiques du défi climatique dans le régime juridique international du climat." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010272.
Full textTackling climate change is indisputably an economic challenge. It requires a shift towards a new kind of economy Jess dependent on fossil fuel, and capable to protect the interests of future generations. Given that context, it thus appears essential that international climate policies mainly focus on promoting energy transition and maintaining a balanced approach between short-term economic interests and longer-term benefits associated with mitigating climate change. Based on this assumption, the thesis questions the importance granted by members of the UN climate change regime to the need of setting rules that favor a low-carbon growth model and regulate the pursue of immediate national economic interests. Through a detailed analysis of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol and their law-making process, this study first underlines the limited scope of the international tools (such as market mechanisms) specifically designed by member States to promote a low-carbon economy. It also demonstrates that international climate rules ensure to all member States a high level of protection of their national short-term economic interests. Finally, the thesis shows that UN climate cooperation now tends to be characterized by a movement of renationalization of issues related to the promotion of energy transition and the articulation of economic and environmental values
Kartobi, Salah eddine. "Déterminants de la structure financière et réactions du marché boursier aux décisions de financement : cas des sociétés cotées à la bourse des valeurs de Casablanca." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00866866.
Full textManiatis, Danae. "Methodologies to ensure aboveground biomass in the Congo Basin Forest in a UNFCCC REDD+ context." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669953.
Full textSéhier, Clément. "Responsabilité sociale des entreprises et capitalisme en république populaire de Chine : quelles transformations du rapport salarial ?" Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL12023/document.
Full textThis thesis questions the role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the evolution of working conditions and, more broadly, in the transformation of the wage-labour nexus in the Chinese industry relying massively on cheap workforce. We use an institutionalist framework to put CSR in the Chinese context of transition from a socialist to a capitalist system, showing that during the last decade, rising pressure from Chinese workers has convinced the Chinese government that institutions more protective of workers should be created. We differentiate three approaches to CSR, based on the intentions of the actors and on the instruments implemented. We examine the capacity of each approach to influence labour relations within the factories, and more broadly, to contribute to the construction of a new social compromise. We show that the "compliance" approach, the most widespread in the Chinese industry, has largely failed to improve working conditions, and tends instead to reproduce the buying practices of multinational corporations in global value chains. We are also interested in two types of instruments that are less common, but closer to the concerns of the Chinese industry. The "expertise" approach developed by consulting companies, but also by the government and by the International Labour Office, combines the objective of improving working conditions to the optimisation of production. Finally, some labour "NGOs" from Hong Kong and the Guangdong province are developing programs of "participatory" CSR, aiming at establishing collective bargaining mechanisms within factories, thus bypassing some of the political obstacles to their activities
Van, de Casteele Marlène. "Le making of de la photographie de mode (1932-2017) : culture matérielle, instance collective, image plurielle." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2095.
Full textThis doctoral thesis intends to explore the ‘making-of’ of fashion photography, over several decades and geographies. The aim is to operate an epistemological displacement to rethink fashion photography beyond certain interpretations that identified its scope with semiotic, gender or identarian paradigms. Rather, this study proposes to think the ‘making of’ as a result of practices, negotiations, exchanges and hierarchies that characterize – but also move beyond – the very action of producing and publishing a fashion photograph. By shedding light on the multiple and overlooked sources produced around the production and circulation of the fashion image, the research explores three moments in the life of fashion photographs: the making of a fashion photograph; the collecting and conserving practices; and its exhibition. Therefore, the ‘making-of’ is here understood in a broad sense. This term is not only used to identify the descriptions and detailed information showing creative processes behind the production of a fashion photograph or an editorial series, but it also takes into consideration the mechanisms of circulations beyond the industry, the networks and the institutional processes concurring to the formation of the cultural value of an image. In doing so, this thesis sheds light on the polysemic meanings and values of fashion photography, moving beyond an interpretational path that has restricted this practice into an “applied” art in search of artistic legitimization
Reix, Marie. "Le motif légitime en droit pénal : contribution a la théorie générale de la justification." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40055/document.
Full textIn many legal disciplines, the legitimate reason is a model of justification of acts. The legitimate reason prevents the enforcement of the law, either by creating a right or by exempting someone from a duty. Despite an unprecedented boom, criminal law is hesitant about this vague notion. In order to justify judges' assessment margin, the legitimate reason is commonly considered as a motive. This accentuates the confusion between objective and subjective causes of irresponsibility. The formal approach of the justificatory process is inadequate, making the process increasingly biased. The analysis of the legitimate reason requires a re-examination of the justification theory using a solid understanding of unlawfulness which can help standardize its implementation. The study of the legitimate reason’s justificatory function allows a better understanding of the flexibility of its implementation requirements. The legitimate reason reverses the presumption of unlawfulness on which liability is based. The cause of liability is conditioned by the value judgment made about the offence, whereas the judgment of the reality of the offender’s intention is the condition of his imputation. The legitimate reason stems from circumstances that are external to the offence, and which enable the review of its lawfulness. The objective nature of the legitimate reason is aligned with the fact that it exempts from liability in rem and not in personam. However, the requirements for its application seem exceptional to the common law of justification in two regards: its broad criteria and its narrow field. It is limited to offences of abstract risk that protect secondary values for which the presumption of unlawfulness is artificial. The defendant must prove the legitimacy of his act whereas the abstract legitimacy of the suppression is unconfirmed. The expansion of this dispensatory field of suppression reveals an inadequate control of its abstract necessity. In any case, bringing up legitimate reason is useless as it is implicit to any offence and is considered as a general model of justification. It leaves the judge free to assess the necessity of the penalty on a case by case basis, as the law, by nature, cannot resolve all value conflicts. The post facto justification of socially necessary offences or even trivial offences reinforces the authority of the law by ensuring an enforcement that is aligned with the law's aim of protecting values
Maruy, Camilo, Felipe Aroca, Eduardo Torretti, and Guillermo Villaseñor-Tadeo. "Tax issues regarding the Latin American Integrated Market: Scope and Proposals." IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123345.
Full textEn la presente mesa redonda, destacados especialistas de Perú, Colombia, Chile y México comentan las reformas tributarias realizadas y pendientes por realizar en sus respectivos países en torno al tratamiento tributario de las ganancias de capital en el marco del Mercado integrado Latinoamericano (en adelante, “MILA”).
Rocher, Aurélien. "L'exercice du droit de vote dans les sociétés." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3077.
Full textThe right to vote is the supreme political prerogative of shareholders. While many debates have focused on its essential nature and the conditions under which it is granted, little thought has been given to how it should be exercised. The mode of exercise makes the right to vote unusual in that it arises from an individual right which can only be exercised collectively and indeed is critical for its effectiveness since voting rights can only be utilized episodically within the framework of general meetings of shareholders. The consideration of the principles governing the exercise of voting rights, a relatively unexplored topic since most effort in this area refers to practical aspects, should clarify the impact of this mechanism. At the individual level, the freedom to vote is a key principle, which can even partially neutralize the rules of its allocation, as in the case of abstention or shareholder activism. However, this freedom presupposes that the integrity of the vote and the right to information related to it are preserved. However, these features can be altered by external pressures motivated by the economic value of voting rights, which leads to a requirement for reinforced protection measures. At the collective level of the organisation of the ballot, the emphasis is placed on corporate interests, justifying the predominance of the majority rule and tempering the freedom to vote. These organisational rules, while guaranteeing the right to participate in collective decisions, promote a certain loyalty, in particular by punishing abuses of the right to vote, and via the application of a collective ethical approach (e.g. say-on-pay). This growing influence of collective interests in the voting process invites us to reconsider certain major company law principles. In particular, questions are around the role of the shareholder and the validity of certain of those principles such as that prohibiting the sale of voting rights
Al-Hamdani, Hayja. "Réexamen de la notion d'arbitraire linguistique. Définition et contribution à l'identification de sa problématique." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENSL0808.
Full textThis thesis sheds light on the linguistic notion of arbitrariness, which, since the very first reflections on the nature of language, continues – to a greater or lesser extent – to be a subject of debate: is the origin of language human or divine? Is its status conventional or natural? Is the naming of things based on human arbitrariness or human reason? Consequently, is the linguistic sign arbitrary or motivated? This debate extends from antiquity to the present day, in a proportion of variable intensity in time and place. But in all this, what do we mean by arbitrary? And why has it always represented a problematic?In this context, we have conducted a survey which retraces the history of this notion from antiquity to the present day, to see how the question of arbitrariness has been treated by savants. The global nature of this study can enable the construction of an idea of the point of divergence which makes arbitrariness into a matter of such sustained and controversial debate among savants. Thus, this study was designed to review the concept of arbitrariness in order to identify and define the problem.This study has been conducted using a working method based on the logical and philosophical analysis of texts. It conclusively demonstrates that the problem of the arbitrary lies in the ambiguity of the concept. This is due to the multiplicity of meanings that it can contain, that is, the multiplicity of its conceptions among philosophers and linguists, but this is also due to the multiplicity of points of view applied to determining the part affected by the arbitrary within the theory of the sign. In other words, it is in terms of arbitrary ideas that we can speak of the arbitrariness of language.The thesis ends by presenting a position about language and arbitrariness, which has been constructed around two issues: i) the fact that there are laws in the language that manage its working according to an own system; ii) that there is a relevant connection between the thought of a group and its language
تلقي هذه الأطروحة الضوء على مفهوم الاعتباط اللغوي الذي ما انفك يكون بشكل او بآخر موضوعا للجدل منذ البدايات الأولى للتفكير في طبيعة اللغة : فهل إن أصل اللغة إنسانيّ أم إلهي؟ وهل أنّ تشريعها جاء بشكل اتفاقي أم طبيعي؟ هل جرت التسمية على أساس اعتباطية الإنسان ام على عقلانيته؟ وبالنتيجة فهل ان الإشارة اللغوية اعتباطية ام معللة؟ امتد هذا الجدل منذ العصور القديمة وحتى يومنا هذا بنسب متفاوتة بالشدة في الزمان والمكان. ولكن في كل هذا ، ما الذي نعنيه بالضبط بالاعتباط؟ ولماذا يمثل دائما إشكالية؟في هذا السياق أجرينا بحثا طاف التاريخ برمته منذ العصر القديم حتى يومنا هذا كي نتعرف كيف تمت معالجة هذا الموضوع عند علماء اللغة. ان شمولية هذا العمل تسمح بتكوين فكرة حول نقطة الخلاف الذي جعل من الاعتباط موضوعا قابلا للتأييد والرفض على حد سواء بين العلماء. وعليه فقد صممت هذه الدراسة لإعادة النظر في مفهوم الاعتباط من اجل تعريفه وتحديد اشكاليته.تتألف الأطروحة من أربعة أجزاء فصلت في سياق زمني ، ولكن رتبت على وفق التوزيع ألموضوعاتي. يتناول الجزء الأول مكونات الاعتباط كعناصر تعريفية ، وأنواع الاعتباط ، ويبحث الجزء الثاني في إشكالية الاعتباط من خلال دراسة جذور فكره والحجج التي قدمت في هذا الطرح والطرح الذي عارضه ، الأمر الذي ترك المشكلة بلا حل، إضافة إلى المقترحات التي حاول من خلالها العلماء الخروج من المشكلة. وقد خصص الجزء الثالث حصرا حول ملامح الاعتباط عند سوسير ؛ في حين ناقش الجزء الرابع مفهوم الاعتباط في الفكر الحديث.أجريت هذه الدراسة على وفق منهج بحث استند على التحليل المنطقي والفلسفي للنصوص. وبينت بالنتيجة أن مشكلة الاعتباط تكمن في غموض مفهومه. ويعود ذلك إلى تعدد المعاني التي يمكن ان تحتويه المفردة، وبالتالي تعدد طريقة فهمه عند الفلاسفة وعلماء اللغة ، إضافة إلى تعدد وجهات النظر في تحديد الجانب المعني بالاعتباط في نظرية الإشارة اللغوية. وبعبارة أخرى، يمكننا القول إنّ اعتباطية اللغة تكمن في إطار اعتباطية الأفكار.تقدم الأطروحة في النهاية فكر المؤلف حول اللغة ومسألة الاعتباط اللغوي، وقد بناه على مسألتين: الأولى أن هناك قوانين في اللغة تدير حركته على وفق نظام خاص؛ والثانية أن هناك علاقة وثيقة بين فكر المجموعة ولغتها
Ducros, Éric. "Les engagements contractuels des actionnaires de référence lors de l'introduction en bourse." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00491909.
Full textČadová, Jana. "Analýza přípravy zápisu kostela Nejsvětějšího Srdce Páně v Praze 3 na Seznam UNESCO." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199993.
Full textPinto, Hania Vanessa. "Les biens immatériels saisis par le droit des sûretés réelles mobilières conventionnelles." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0066/document.
Full textImmaterial assets are traditionally described either as intangible assets or as intangible or intellectual property, or else as operating assets, but most of those terms are not satisfactory. This class of assets actually suffers from a lack of definition. However, some people state that they represent a form of economic wealth, a fantastic source of credit for the debtors, and a guarantee of safety for the creditors. And yet, French legislation seems to have ignored immaterial assets.This is first and foremost demonstrated by property law. Indeed, according to article 516 of the Code civil, which states that « property is either movable or immovable », one has to admit that immaterial assets cannot validly be linked to movable or immovable property. Immaterial assets are opposed to material assets (property of nature, commodities, intellectual property of the public domain or without protection under intellectual property law). They refer to property that has an object and a corpus. Two types of immaterial assets have been identified: financial immaterial assets, bringing together currencies, units and shares in a company, financial instruments, liabilities and industrial immaterial assets, bringing together business and intellectual property.This is also demonstrated by conventional real-property surety law. The surety law reform project which was awarded to the Grimaldi Commission was the source of significant hope. It had only been rarely amended since the inception of the Code civil and the structure was weakening and needed updating. This weakening had three main grounds : readability first, in particular since conventional real-property surety law on immaterial assets had developed outside of the Code civil, efficiency and capability of the contemplated systems regarding the preservation of the interests of the debtor and the creditor. Practice and doctrine had been denouncing such complexity for long and were calling for amendments. Unfortunately, order n°2006-346 of March 23rd 2006 reforming surety law didn't restore confidence. By creating the lien as the conventional real-property surety on immaterial movable assets without creating a consistent system, it has only emphasized the obvious concerns and critics.However, we are convinced that French law has the means that are essential to save this subject. Indeed, the new system of pledge, as amended by order n° 2006-346 of March 23rd 2006, now has a system that is suitable for industrial immaterial assets. As for the “fiducie-sûreté”, established by Act n° 2007-211 of February 19th 2007, it has revealed that, through the experiences observed abroad, it is fully efficient when it deals with financial immaterial assets