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Journal articles on the topic 'Convergence zones'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Hauck, Walter S. "Autocorrelation processing in convergence zones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 77, S1 (1985): S71—S72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2022486.

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Suryani, Nurafni Irma, and Ratu Eva Febriani. "KAWASAN EKONOMI KHUSUS DAN PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI REGIONAL: SEBUAH STUDI LITERATUR." Convergence: The Journal of Economic Development 1, no. 2 (2020): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/convergence-jep.v1i2.10902.

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Special Economic Zones are very important for the progress of an area. SEZ is able to contribute to the regional economy and increase economic development by providing direct and indirect effects. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of special economic zones on regional economic development. The object of this study is to explore the establish SEZ in Indonesia just only refer to two SEZs namely SEI Mangke and Tanjung Lesung. This research used literature study as a method. The results show that SEZ make the regional economy is starting to move towards a better direction. The role of two SEZs observed have different impact on regional economy, SEI Mangke has a positive impact on macroeconomy indicator such as reduced unemployment, reduced poverty and an increased economic growth rate in Simalungun Regency. Otherwise, Tanjung Lesung just has a positive impact on MSMEsKeywords: Unemployment, Poverty, Economic Growth, Pengembangan UMKM, SEZ Sei Mangke, SEZ Tanjung Lesung

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Perez, Gabriel M. P., Pier Luigi Vidale, Nicholas P. Klingaman, and Thomas C. M. Martin. "Atmospheric convergence zones stemming from large-scale mixing." Weather and Climate Dynamics 2, no. 2 (2021): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-475-2021.

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Abstract. Organised cloud bands are important features of tropical and subtropical rainfall. These structures are often regarded as convergence zones, alluding to an association with coherent atmospheric flow. However, the flow kinematics is not usually taken into account in classification methods for this type of event, as large-scale lines are rarely evident in instantaneous diagnostics such as Eulerian convergence. Instead, existing convergence zone definitions rely on heuristic rules of shape, duration and size of cloudiness fields. Here we investigate the role of large-scale turbulence in shaping atmospheric moisture in South America. We employ the finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE), a metric of deformation among neighbouring trajectories, to define convergence zones as attracting Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs). Attracting LCSs frequent tropical and subtropical South America, with climatologies consistent with the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ), the South American Low-Level Jet (SALLJ) and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). In regions under the direct influence of the ITCZ and the SACZ, rainfall is significantly positively correlated with large-scale mixing measured by the FTLE. Attracting LCSs in south and southeast Brazil are associated with significant positive rainfall and moisture flux anomalies. Geopotential height composites suggest that the occurrence of attracting LCSs in these regions is related with teleconnection mechanisms such as the Pacific–South Atlantic. We believe that this kinematical approach can be used as an alternative to region-specific convergence zone classification algorithms; it may help advance the understanding of underlying mechanisms of tropical and subtropical rain bands and their role in the hydrological cycle.

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Mukasa, Samuel B. "Crust/Mantle Recycling at convergence zones." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, no. 1 (1990): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90220-f.

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Srinivasan, J., and G. L. Smith. "Meridional Migration of Tropical Convergence Zones." Journal of Applied Meteorology 35, no. 8 (1996): 1189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<1189:mmotcz>2.0.co;2.

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NINOMIYA, Kozo. "Similarities and Differences among the South Indian Ocean Convergence Zone, North American Convergence Zone, and Other Subtropical Convergence Zones Simulated Using an AGCM." Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 86, no. 1 (2008): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.86.141.

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Gadgil, S., and J. Srinivasan. "Low frequency variation of tropical convergence zones." Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 44, no. 1-4 (1990): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01026814.

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Garcia-Carreras, Luis, Douglas J. Parker, and John H. Marsham. "What is the Mechanism for the Modification of Convective Cloud Distributions by Land Surface–Induced Flows?" Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 3 (2011): 619–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3604.1.

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Abstract The aim of this study is to determine the mechanism that modulates the initiation of convection within convergence zones caused by land surface–induced mesoscale flows. An idealized modeling approach linked quantitatively to observations of vegetation breezes over tropical Benin was used. A large-eddy model was used with a prescribed land surface describing heterogeneities between crop and forest over which vegetation breezes have been observed. The total surface fluxes were constant but the Bowen ratio varied with vegetation type. The heterogeneous land surface created temperature differences consistent with observations, which in turn forced mesoscale winds and convection at the convergence zones over the crop boundaries. At these convergence zones optimum conditions for the initiation of convection were found in the afternoon; the equivalent potential temperature was higher in the convergence zones than over anywhere else in the domain, due to reduced entrainment, and the mesoscale convergence produced a persistent increase in vertical wind velocities of up to 0.5 m s−1 over a 5–10-km region. The relative importance of these two mechanisms depended on the synoptic conditions. When convective inhibition was weak, the thermodynamic conditions at the convergence zone were most important, as the triggering of convection was easily accomplished. However, when the thermodynamic profile inhibited convection, the mesoscale updrafts became essential for triggering in order to break through the inhibiting barrier. At the same time, subsidence over the forest produced a warm capping layer over the boundary layer top that suppressed convection over the forest throughout the afternoon.

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Zhang, Chaozheng, Yangyue Su, Gangqiao Yang, Danling Chen, and Rongxuan Yang. "Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Cultivated Land Use Efficiency in Major Function-Oriented Zones: A Case Study of Zhejiang Province, China." Land 9, no. 4 (2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9040114.

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Promoting cultivated land use efficiency (CLUE) coordinated development in various major function-oriented zones is a measure to deal with unbalanced development of territorial space in China. Taking the optimized development, key development, agricultural production, ecological function, and ecological economic zones of Zhejiang province as research objects, this study incorporated agricultural carbon emission into the measurement framework of CLUE and analyzed the regional disparity and the convergence of CLUE from 2008 to 2017, using slack-based measure model (SBM), the Theil index, and convergence theory. The main results are as follows: (1) The CLUE value that considered agricultural carbon emissions was lower than the CLUE value that did not consider agricultural carbon emissions; thus, agricultural carbon emissions had a negative effect on CLUE. (2) The CLUE value of the five major function-oriented zones showed an increasing trend; after ranking the CLUE value, the CLUE of the optimized development zones was the highest, followed by the ecological function, ecological economic, and key development zones, and that of the agricultural production zones was the lowest, indicating significant regional disparity. (3) The overall disparity of CLUE presented an upward trend, and the within-regional disparity is the main source of the overall disparity. (4) Neither σ convergence nor absolute β convergence occurred in the CLUE of the five major function-oriented zones, but conditional β convergence occurred among the optimized development and ecological economic zones. Although the planning of major function-oriented zones reflects the regional disparity and convergence of CLUE to some extent, the CLUE under the control of major function-oriented zones is not consistent with the function positioning.

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Sadeghi, S., and A. Yassaghi. "Spatial evolution of Zagros collision zone in Kurdistan – NW Iran, constraints for Arabia–Eurasia oblique convergence." Solid Earth Discussions 7, no. 3 (2015): 2735–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-7-2735-2015.

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Abstract. Stratigraphy, detailed structural mapping and crustal scale cross section of the NW Zagros collision zone evolved during convergence of the Arabian and Eurasian plates were conducted to constrain the spatial evolution of the belt oblique convergence since Late Cretaceous. Zagros orogeny in NW Iran consists of the Sanandaj–Sirjan, Gaveh Rud and ophiolite zones as internal, and Bisotoun, Radiolarite and High Zagros zones as external parts. The Main Zagros Thrust is known as major structures of the Zagros suture zone. Two stages of deformation are recognized in the external parts of Zagros. In the early stage, presence of dextrally deformed domains beside the reversely deformed domains in the Radiolarite zone as well as dextral-reverse faults in both Bisotoun and Radiolarite zones demonstrates partitioning of the dextral transpression. In the late stage, southeastward propagation of the Zagros orogeny towards its foreland resulted in synchronous development of orogen-parallel strike-slip and pure thrust faults. It is proposed that the first stage related to the late Cretaceous oblique obduction, and the second stage is resulted from Cenozoic collision. Cenozoic orogen-parallel strike-slip component of Zagros oblique faulting is not confined to the Zagros suture zone (Main Recent) but also occurred in the more external part (Marekhil–Ravansar fault system). Thus, it is proposed that oblique convergence of Arabia–Eurasia plates occurred in Zagros collision zone since the Late Cretaceous.

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Dandonneau, Yves, Christophe Menkes, Olaf Duteil, and Thomas Gorgues. "Concentration of floating biogenic material in convergence zones." Journal of Marine Systems 69, no. 3-4 (2008): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.02.016.

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Darki, Fahimeh, and Torkel Klingberg. "Functional differentiation between convergence and non-convergence zones of the striatum in children." NeuroImage 173 (June 2018): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.054.

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Kodama, Yasu-Masa, Masaki Katsumata, Shuichi Mori, Sinsuke Satoh, Yuki Hirose, and Hiroaki Ueda. "Climatology of Warm Rain and Associated Latent Heating Derived from TRMM PR Observations." Journal of Climate 22, no. 18 (2009): 4908–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2575.1.

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Abstract The large-scale distribution of precipitation and latent heating (LH) profiles in the tropics, subtropics, and part of the midlatitudes was studied using a 9-yr dataset derived from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission precipitation radar observations, with emphasis on the contribution of warm rain. The distribution of warm rain showed features unique from those of rain in other categories and those of outgoing longwave radiation. Warm rain was weak over land but widely distributed over oceans, especially along the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the western part of the subtropical oceans. The observed amount of warm rain depended on the rainfall intensity rather than on the frequency of warm rain events. The amount of warm rain over ocean was positively correlated with sea surface temperature (SST); this dependency was found in the tropics, subtropics, and part of the midlatitudes, whereas dependency of SST on total rain was confined to the tropics. Both total rain and warm rain were concentrated in the ITCZ, which elongated along the local SST maximum. Small amounts of warm rain were found along subtropical convergence zones (the baiu frontal zone and subtropical portions of the South Pacific convergence zone and the South Atlantic convergence zone) with ample total rainfall. However, larger amounts of warm rain were observed at the lower-latitude sides of these zones in the upstream portions of low-level moisture flow toward the zones. Warm rain may cultivate the subtropical convergence zones by deepening the moist boundary layer and increasing moisture flux toward the zones. The statistical relationship between warm rain and low-level cloudiness showed that the warm rain amount was large when low-level cloudiness was 20%–30% and small when low-level cloudiness was greater than 40%. This indicates that intense warm rain is provided by convective clouds, not by stratiform clouds, in conditions of substantial cloudiness. Despite the small contribution to total rain, warm rain maintained positive LH values over most of the tropical and subtropical oceans. The LH by warm rain masked low-level cooling observed in stratiform rain and maintained positive LH in the lower atmosphere below the melting layer. Because warm rain was confined to oceans, a strong LH contrast was maintained along the coast; this contrast reached values of 1–2 K day−1 in certain places and may affect local and monsoonal circulation across continental coasts.

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Sadeghi, Shahriar, and Ali Yassaghi. "Spatial evolution of Zagros collision zone in Kurdistan, NW Iran: constraints on Arabia–Eurasia oblique convergence." Solid Earth 7, no. 2 (2016): 659–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-659-2016.

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Abstract. Stratigraphy, detailed structural mapping and a crustal-scale cross section across the NW Zagros collision zone provide constraints on the spatial evolution of oblique convergence of the Arabian and Eurasian plates since the Late Cretaceous. The Zagros collision zone in NW Iran consists of the internal Sanandaj–Sirjan, Gaveh Rud and Ophiolite zones and the external Bisotoun, Radiolarite and High Zagros zones. The Main Zagros Thrust is the major structure of the Zagros suture zone. Two stages of oblique deformation are recognized in the external part of the NW Zagros in Iran. In the early stage, coexisting dextral strike-slip and reverse dominated domains in the Radiolarite zone developed in response to deformation partitioning due to oblique convergence. Dextral-reverse faults in the Bisotoun zone are also compatible with oblique convergence. In the late stage, deformation partitioning occurred during southeastward propagation of the Zagros orogeny towards its foreland resulting in synchronous development of orogen-parallel strike-slip and thrust faults. It is proposed that the first stage was related to Late Cretaceous oblique obduction, while the second stage resulted from Cenozoic collision. The Cenozoic orogen-parallel strike-slip component of Zagros oblique convergence is not confined to the Zagros suture zone (Main Recent Fault) but also occurred in the external part (Marekhil–Ravansar fault system). Thus, it is proposed that oblique convergence of Arabian and Eurasian plates in Zagros collision zone initiated with oblique obduction in the Late Cretaceous followed by oblique collision in the late Tertiary, consistent with global plate reconstructions.

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Beaussier, Stéphane J., Taras V. Gerya, and Jean-Pierre Burg. "3D numerical modelling of the Wilson cycle: structural inheritance of alternating subduction polarity." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 470, no. 1 (2018): 439–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp470.15.

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AbstractAlternating subduction polarity along suture zones has been documented in several orogenic systems. Yet the mechanisms leading to this geometric inversion and the subsequent interplay between the contra-dipping slabs have been little studied. To explore such mechanisms, 3D numerical modelling of the Wilson cycle was conducted from continental rifting, breakup and oceanic spreading to convergence and self-consistent subduction initiation. In the resulting models, near-ridge subduction initiating with the formation of contra-dipping slab segments is an intrinsically 3D process controlled by earlier convergence-induced ridge swelling. The width of the slab segments is delimited by transform faults inherited from the rifting and ocean floor spreading stages. The models show that the number of contra-dipping slab segments depends mainly on the size of the oceanic basin, the asymmetry of the ridge and variations in kinematic inversion from divergence to convergence. Convergence velocity has been identified as a second-order parameter. The geometry of the linking zone between contra-dipping slab segments varies between two end-members governed by the lateral coupling between the adjacent slab segments: (1) coupled slabs generate wide, arcuate linking zones holding two-sided subduction; and (2) decoupled slabs generate narrow transform fault zones against which one-sided, contra-dipping slabs abut.

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Chen, Lin, Lijun Liu, Fabio A. Capitanio, Taras V. Gerya, and Yang Li. "The role of pre-existing weak zones in the formation of the Himalaya and Tibetan plateau: 3-D thermomechanical modelling." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 3 (2020): 1971–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa125.

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SUMMARY The Tibetan crust is sliced by several east–west trending suture zones. The role of these suture zones in the evolution of the Himalayan range and Tibetan plateau remains unclear. Here we use 3-D thermomechanical simulations to investigate the role of pre-existing weak zones within the Asian Plate in the formation of orogen and plateau growth during continental collision. Our results show that partitioning of deformation along the convergent margin leads to scraping off of crustal material into an orogenic wedge above the margin and crustal thickening in the retro-continent, eventually forming a large orogenic plateau in front of the indenter. Pre-existing weak zone(s) within the retro-continent is reactivated at the early stage of convergence, and facilitates the northward propagation of strain and widening of the orogenic plateau. The northernmost weak zone sets the northern limit of the Tibetan plateau. Our models also show rheological weakening of the congested buoyant crust within the collisional zone drives wedge-type exhumation of deeply buried crust at the southern flank of the plateau, which may explain the formation of the Greater Himalayan Sequence.

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Liu, Junlai, Xiaoyu Chen, Yuan Tang, Zhijie Song, and Wei Wang. "The Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone revisited: Timing and tectonic implications." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 5-6 (2019): 1165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35220.1.

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Abstract Continental strike-slip shear zones that may bear important information about the evolution of convergent tectonics often occur to accommodate plate convergence. When and how shearing along the shear zones responds to plate interactions, however, are often debated. In this study, we investigated the Oligocene–Miocene leucocratic dikes from the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone, which was active during India-Eurasia plate convergence, to constrain the timing and mechanism of ductile shearing along the shear zone. The dikes are structurally grouped into pre-, syn-, and postkinematic types with respect to ductile shearing. Prekinematic dikes from ca. 41 to 30 Ma have low whole-rock 87Sr/86Sr(i) values (0.707–0.710), generally high εNd(t) values (–3.31∼–7.98), and variable εHf(t) values (–7.9∼+5.7). Their magma sources involved high thermal perturbation inducing partial melting of the lower crust, and contributions from the mantle that were possibly related to extensional collapse of the orogenic belt prior to tectonic extrusion of the Sundaland block. Syn- and postkinematic dikes from ca. 28 to 20 Ma dominantly have high whole-rock 87Sr/86Sr(i) (0.707–0.725) and low εNd(t) (–5.83 to –9.76) values, and either negative or positive zircon εHf(t) values (broadly in the range of –12 to + 7.6) for coeval but separate crustal magma sources. The results imply that major shearing accompanying retrograde metamorphism along the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone was localized to crustal level. A synthesis of regional structural data suggests that Oligocene–Miocene shearing along the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone and lateral tectonic extrusion of the Sundaland block proceeded in response to progressive India-Eurasia plate convergence. Distributed and inhomogeneous middle- to lower-crustal flow along the boundaries of and within the Sundaland block occurred during the tectonic extrusion.

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Chou, Chia, J. David Neelin, Chao-An Chen, and Jien-Yi Tu. "Evaluating the “Rich-Get-Richer” Mechanism in Tropical Precipitation Change under Global Warming." Journal of Climate 22, no. 8 (2009): 1982–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2471.1.

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Abstract Examining tropical regional precipitation anomalies under global warming in 10 coupled global climate models, several mechanisms are consistently found. The tendency of rainfall to increase in convergence zones with large climatological precipitation and to decrease in subsidence regions—the rich-get-richer mechanism—has previously been examined in different approximations by Chou and Neelin, and Held and Soden. The effect of increased moisture transported by the mean circulation (the “direct moisture effect” or “thermodynamic component” in respective terminology) is relatively robust, while dynamic feedback is poorly understood and differs among models. The argument outlined states that the thermodynamic component should be a good approximation for large-scale averages; this is confirmed for averages across convection zones and descent regions, respectively. Within the convergence zones, however, dynamic feedback can substantially increase or decrease precipitation anomalies. Regions of negative precipitation anomalies within the convergence zones are associated with local weakening of ascent, and some of these exhibit horizontal dry advection associated with the “upped-ante” mechanism. Regions of increased ascent have strong positive precipitation anomalies enhanced by moisture convergence. This dynamic feedback is consistent with reduced gross moist stability due to increased moisture not being entirely compensated by effects of tropospheric warming and a vertical extent of convection. Regions of reduced ascent with positive precipitation anomalies are on average associated with changes in the vertical structure of vertical velocity, which extends to higher levels. This yields an increase in the gross moist stability that opposes ascent. The reductions in ascent associated with gross moist stability and upped-ante effects, respectively, combine to yield reduced ascent averaged across the convergence zones. Over climatological subsidence regions, positive precipitation anomalies can be associated with a convergence zone shift induced locally by anomalous heat flux from the ocean. Negative precipitation anomalies have a contribution from the thermodynamic component but can be enhanced or reduced by changes in the vertical velocity. Regions of enhanced subsidence are associated with an increased outgoing longwave radiation or horizontal cold convection. Reductions of subsidence are associated with changes of the vertical profile of vertical velocity, increasing gross moist stability.

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Yorucu, Vedat, and Ozay Mehmet. "Absolute and Conditional Convergence in Both Zones of Cyprus: Statistical Convergence and Insitutional Divergence." World Economy 37, no. 9 (2014): 1315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12170.

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Shepherd, J. Marshall, Brad S. Ferrier, and Peter S. Ray. "Rainfall Morphology in Florida Convergence Zones: A Numerical Study." Monthly Weather Review 129, no. 2 (2001): 177–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0177:rmifcz>2.0.co;2.

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Liu, W. Timothy, and X. Xie. "Double intertropical convergence zones-a new look using scatterometer." Geophysical Research Letters 29, no. 22 (2002): 29–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002gl015431.

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Paulsen, Katelyn, Mohammed Mortazavi, Hector Rierio, and Hirsch Handmaker. "CAN NEAR POINT CONVERGENCE IN PEDIATRIC CONCUSSION PATIENTS PREDICT STUDENTS’ SUCCESSFUL RETURN TO LEARNING?" Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (2020): 2325967120S0024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00243.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify whether abnormal near point convergence (NPC) could be used as a clinical predictor of a 10-18 year old student’s ability to successfully return to learning (RTL). Methods and Study Design: This was a retrospective chart review of 122 students who initially visited a sports medicine clinic between 11/22/17 to 02/27/19 due to a concussion. A total of 268 visits were analyzed. RTL is graded in color zones, with red = no school, orange = half time or less, yellow = half time or more, green = full time with accommodations, and blue = full clearance. No patients were reported in the red zone in our cohort due to its severity. Patients with learning disabilities or oculomotor deficits were excluded. Results: Of the patients who met the inclusion criteria, we found a statistically significant difference in average NPC between the blue and orange zones (p<0.001) using a pooled proportions test. Average NPC was 7.03cm for blue, 8.84cm for green, 12.67cm for yellow, and 14.40cm for orange representing a positive linear correlation with an R2 of 0.975. Whereas 81% of patients in the blue zone had a normal NPC (<9cm), this was true for only 31% of patients in the orange zone. There was a 43% increase in average NPC from yellow to green zone. Yellow was the most frequent color zone with 56.7% of all visits in this zone. Conclusions: NPC appears to have a strong correlation with academic tolerance and can be predictive of RTL zones. Significance: Currently, little research has been done on clinical predictors of RTL. This data supports the use of oculomotor testing, such as NPC, which can easily be completed at office visits, as predictive tools that may indicate which patients presenting with concussion need increased academic accommodations. [Figure: see text]

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Guan, Dinghua, Renhe Zhang, Zhenge Sun, and Yan Wang. "Spatial coherence of sound in convergence zones and shallow zones in the South China Sea." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103, no. 5 (1998): 2856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.421999.

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Morris, Jake, Joseph J. Hanly, Simon H. Martin, et al. "Deep Convergence, Shared Ancestry, and Evolutionary Novelty in the Genetic Architecture of Heliconius Mimicry." Genetics 216, no. 3 (2020): 765–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.120.303611.

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Convergent evolution can occur through different genetic mechanisms in different species. It is now clear that convergence at the genetic level is also widespread, and can be caused by either (i) parallel genetic evolution, where independently evolved convergent mutations arise in different populations or species, or (ii) collateral evolution in which shared ancestry results from either ancestral polymorphism or introgression among taxa. The adaptive radiation of Heliconius butterflies shows color pattern variation within species, as well as mimetic convergence between species. Using comparisons from across multiple hybrid zones, we use signals of shared ancestry to identify and refine multiple putative regulatory elements in Heliconius melpomene and its comimics, Heliconius elevatus and Heliconius besckei, around three known major color patterning genes: optix, WntA, and cortex. While we find that convergence between H. melpomene and H. elevatus is caused by a complex history of collateral evolution via introgression in the Amazon, convergence between these species in the Guianas appears to have evolved independently. Thus, we find adaptive convergent genetic evolution to be a key driver of regulatory changes that lead to rapid phenotypic changes. Furthermore, we uncover evidence of parallel genetic evolution at some loci around optix and WntA in H. melpomene and its distant comimic Heliconius erato. Ultimately, we show that all three of convergence, conservation, and novelty underlie the modular architecture of Heliconius color pattern mimicry.

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Zippel, Seth F., Ted Maksym, Malcolm Scully, Peter Sutherland, and Dany Dumont. "Measurements of Enhanced Near-Surface Turbulence under Windrows." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 1 (2020): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0265.1.

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AbstractObservations of waves, winds, turbulence, and the geometry and circulation of windrows were made in a shallow bay in the winter of 2018 outside of Rimouski, Québec. Water velocities measured from a forward-looking pulse-coherent ADCP mounted on a small zodiac show spanwise (cross-windrow) convergence, streamwise (downwind) velocity enhancement, and downwelling in the windrows, consistent with the view that windrows are the result of counterrotating pairs of wind-aligned vortices. The spacing of windrows, measured with acoustic backscatter and with surface imagery, was measured to be approximately twice the water depth, which suggests an aspect ratio of 1. The magnitude and vertical distribution of turbulence measured from the ADCP are consistent with a previous scaling and observations of near-surface turbulence under breaking waves, with dissipation rates larger and decaying faster vertically than what is expected from a shear-driven boundary layer. Measurements of dissipation rate are partitioned to within, and outside of the windrow convergence zones, and measurements inside the convergence zones are found to be nearly an order of magnitude larger than those outside with similar vertical structure. A ratio of time scales suggests that turbulence likely dissipates before it can be advected horizontally into convergences, but the advection of wave energy into convergences may elevate the surface flux of TKE and could explain the elevated turbulence in the windrows. These results add to a limited number of conflicting observations of turbulence variability due to windrows, which may modify gas flux, and heat and momentum transport in the surface boundary layer.

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Magnusdottir, Gudrun, and Chia-Chi Wang. "Intertropical Convergence Zones during the Active Season in Daily Data." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65, no. 7 (2008): 2425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2518.1.

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Abstract Synoptic-scale variability of vorticity structures in the lower troposphere of the tropics is analyzed in 23 yr of daily averaged high-resolution reanalysis data. The vorticity structures can be divided into zonally elongated vorticity strips, classified as intertropical convergence zones (ITCZs), and more localized maxima, termed westward-propagating disturbances. A composite of such variability is presented for the east to central Pacific and for the east Atlantic/Africa region, both in summer. The composite in the east Pacific is zonally elongated and ITCZ-like, propagating westward over a number of days before dissipating. The spatial structure of the vorticity strip shows the characteristic cyclonic tilt into the latitudinal direction with time that is also seen in modeling experiments. The composite over the Atlantic/Africa region shows two active regions that are correlated on synoptic time scales. The disturbances in the southern region are better developed and longer lasting, even though the time and space scales are smaller than over the east Pacific. Overall, variability over the Atlantic is consistent with variability due to African easterly waves. The double ITCZ in spring in the east Pacific is different from the few earlier studies available. It is stronger south of the equator and located at 10°S, which is farther poleward than earlier studies have indicated. The northern branch that is weak in comparison is located at 5°N. The two branches of the double ITCZ tend to appear in tandem on the 2-week time scale.

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Hall, Chad E., Michael Gurnis, Maria Sdrolias, Luc L. Lavier, and R. Dietmar Müller. "Catastrophic initiation of subduction following forced convergence across fracture zones." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 212, no. 1-2 (2003): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00242-5.

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Fold, Niels. "Finding zones of convergence in a world of continental drift." Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 30, no. 1 (2009): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.2008.00350.x.

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WANG, Liang, LiangHao GUO, Ning WANG, and DaZhi GAO. "A discrimination method for convergence zones using wideband noise signal." SCIENTIA SINICA Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica 46, no. 9 (2016): 094312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/sspma2016-00083.

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Nolan, David S., Chidong Zhang, and Shu-hua Chen. "Dynamics of the Shallow Meridional Circulation around Intertropical Convergence Zones." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 7 (2007): 2262–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3964.1.

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Abstract The generally accepted view of the meridional circulation in the tropical east Pacific is that of a single deep overturning cell driven by deep convective heating in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), similar to the zonal mean Hadley circulation. However, recent observations of the atmosphere from the tropical eastern Pacific have called this view into question. In several independent datasets, significant meridional return flows out of the ITCZ region were observed, not only at high altitudes, but also at low altitudes, just above the atmospheric boundary layer. This paper presents a theory and idealized simulations to understand the causes and dynamics of this shallow meridional circulation (SMC). Fundamentally, the SMC can be seen as a large-scale sea-breeze circulation driven by sea surface temperature gradients when deep convection is absent in the ITCZ region. A simple model of this circulation is presented. Using observed values, the sea-breeze model shows that the pressure gradient above the boundary can indeed reverse, leading to the pressure force that drives the shallow return flow out of the ITCZ. The Weather Research and Forecast Model (WRF) is used to simulate an idealized Hadley circulation driven by moist convection in a tropical channel. The SMC is reproduced, with reasonable similarity to the circulation observed in the east Pacific. The simulations confirm that the SMC is driven by a reversal of the pressure gradient above the boundary layer, and that the return flow is strongest when deep convection is absent in the ITCZ, and weakest when deep convection is active. The model also shows that moisture transport out of the ITCZ region is far greater in the low-level shallow return flow than in the high-altitude return flow associated with the deep overturning, and that a budget for water transport in and out of the ITCZ region is grossly incomplete without it. Much of the moisture carried in the shallow return flow is recycled into the boundary layer, but does not appear to contribute to enhanced cloudiness in the subtropical stratocumulus poleward of the ITCZ.

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Kotroni, Vassiliki, George Kallos, and Konstantinos Lagouvardos. "Convergence zones over the Greek peninsula and associated thunderstorm activity." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 123, no. 543 (1997): 1961–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712354310.

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Luzon, Antonio, and Mónica Torres. "The Democratization of educational inequalities in France and the United Kingdom: A Global Update, a Local Reading." education policy analysis archives 14 (February 28, 2006): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v14n6.2006.

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This article uses a comparative perspective to analyze English and French educational policies focused on equal opportunity. Specifically. the British Education Action Zones and the French Zones d’Action Prioritaire. Although these two educational policies are different applied in two distinctive social and political contexts, both cases are showing convergence in their understanding of the concept of equal opportunity. This convergence indicates that these policies are the product of processes of hybridization between national and global tendencies.

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Culshaw, Nicholas, and Montserrat Liesa. "Alleghanian reactivation of the Acadian fold belt, Meguma Zone, southwest Nova Scotia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34, no. 6 (1997): 833–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e17-068.

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Shear zones and northwest-verging folds define a 30 km wide belt of deformation that overprints the Acadian fold belt and telescopes isograds in the Meguma Zone in southwest Nova Scotia. The shear zones appear to form a linked system that accommodated convergence-dominated transpression of the Meguma Zone against an irregular Avalon boundary. Available geochronological data indicate a Mid-Carboniferous (Alleghanian–Variscan) age for the overprinting deformation. The Mid-Carboniferous basement reactivation in southwest Nova Scotia is likely coeval with deformation of Carboniferous strata and reactivation of basement structures (Meguma Group) in the northern Meguma Zone. Together, these Mid-Carboniferous structures may define a wide belt of Alleghanian–Variscan deformation across the northwest (cratonward) margin of the Meguma Zone.

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Peters, Matthew E., Zhiming Kuang, and Christopher C. Walker. "Analysis of Atmospheric Energy Transport in ERA-40 and Implications for Simple Models of the Mean Tropical Circulation." Journal of Climate 21, no. 20 (2008): 5229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2073.1.

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Abstract An analysis of atmospheric energy transport in 22 years (1980–2001) of the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) is presented. In the analyzed budgets, there is a large cancellation between divergences of dry static and latent energy such that the total energy divergence is positive over all tropical oceanic regions except for the east Pacific cold tongue, consistent with previous studies. The west Pacific and Indian Oceans are characterized by a balance between diabatic sources and mean advective energy export, with a small eddy contribution. However, in the central and eastern Pacific convergence zone, total energy convergence by the mean circulation is balanced by submonthly eddies, with a small diabatic source. Decomposing the mean advective tendency into terms due to horizontal and vertical advection shows that the spatial variation in the mean advection is due largely to variations in vertical advection; these variations are further attributed to variations in the vertical profile of the vertical velocity. The eddy energy export, due almost exclusively to eddy moisture export, does not exhibit any significant seasonal variation. The relationship between the eddies and the mean circulation is examined. Large-scale moisture diffusion is correlated with eddy moisture export on (500 km)2 spatial scales, implying that eddy activity preferentially dries narrow convergence zones over wide ones. Eddy moisture export is further linked to the depth of mean convection in large-scale convergence zones with larger eddy export associated with shallower circulations. This suggests a mechanism that could contribute to the observed variation in mean divergence profiles across the northern tropical Pacific whereby sea surface temperature gradients set the width of convergence zones and eddy activity modulates the tropospheric relative humidity and divergence profile. The importance of variations in the vertical profile of the vertical velocity and eddies in closing the energy budget implies that simple models of the mean tropical circulation should include these effects.

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Małkowski, Piotr, Łukasz Ostrowski, and Piotr Bachanek. "The Impact of the Low Throw Fault on the Stability of Roadways in a Hard Coal Mine." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 39, no. 1 (2017): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sgem-2017-0006.

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Abstract Ensuring roadways stability in hard coal mines is one of the main challenges faced by engineers. A changeable geological structure have caused the roadway’s conditions to vary, thus influencing its stability. One of the causes of those changes is the presence of a previously undiscovered fault zone (small faults crossed the roadway) within which a significant convergence or support deformation may occur. The paper presents the impact of low throw faults on the degree of convergence of roadways. Convergence is determined for two roadways in the hard coal mine. A special measuring stations have been installed in one of the roadways, and they have carried out constant measurements for 15 months. In the other roadway, the degree of convergence has been determined on the basis of an on-site verification and comparison of the measurements obtained and the initial values, based on the roadway’s records. On the basis of the obtained convergence results, the impact of a single fault and the entire fault zone on the roadway stability has been determined. The impact of a single, low throw fault results in a 30% higher vertical convergence than in the case of roadways free of geological disturbance. In the roadway section located in the fault zone, vertical convergence is 4 times higher than in the case of sections free of disturbance impact. The floor heaving constitutes ca. 90% of vertical convergence both for roadway sections situated within the faulted zones and for sections free of the influence of any additional factors.

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Murphy, Bradley F., Scott B. Power, and Simon McGree. "The Varied Impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on Pacific Island Climates." Journal of Climate 27, no. 11 (2014): 4015–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00130.1.

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Abstract El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drives interannual climate variability in many tropical Pacific island countries, but different El Niño events might be expected to produce varying rainfall impacts. To investigate these possible variations, El Niño events were divided into three categories based on where the largest September–February sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies occur: warm pool El Niño (WPE), cold tongue El Niño (CTE), and mixed El Niño (ME), between the other two. Large-scale SST and wind patterns for each type of El Niño show distinct and significant differences, as well as shifts in rainfall patterns in the main convergence zones. As a result, November to April rainfall in many Pacific island countries is significantly different among the El Niño types. In western equatorial Pacific islands, CTE events are associated with drier than normal conditions whereas ME and WPE events are associated with significantly wetter than normal conditions. This is due to the South Pacific convergence zone and intertropical convergence zone moving equatorward and merging in CTE events. Rainfall in the convergence zones is enhanced during ME and WPE and the displacement is smaller. La Niña events also show robust impacts that most closely mirror those of ME events. In the northwest and southwest Pacific strong CTE events have much larger impacts on rainfall than ME and WPE, as SST anomalies and correspondingly large-scale surface wind and rainfall changes are largest in CTE. While variations in rainfall exist between different types of El Niño and the significant impacts on Pacific countries of each event are different, the two extreme CTE events have produced the most atypical impacts.

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Lintner, Benjamin R., Baird Langenbrunner, J. David Neelin, et al. "Characterizing CMIP5 model spread in simulated rainfall in the Pacific Intertropical Convergence and South Pacific Convergence Zones." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 121, no. 19 (2016): 11,590–11,607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016jd025284.

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Koch, Steven E., and Charles A. Ray. "Mesoanalysis of Summertime Convergence Zones in Central and Eastern North Carolina." Weather and Forecasting 12, no. 1 (1997): 56–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0056:mosczi>2.0.co;2.

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Council, O. P., and V. N. Keaton. "Fine structure variability of acoustic signals propagating to two convergence zones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 90, no. 4 (1991): 2367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.402071.

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McCaffrey, Robert. "Dependence of earthquake size distributions on convergence rates at subduction zones." Geophysical Research Letters 21, no. 21 (1994): 2327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94gl02153.

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Pan, Jiayi, Xiao-Hai Yan, Quanan Zheng, and W. Timothy Liu. "Observation of western boundary current atmospheric convergence zones using scatterometer winds." Geophysical Research Letters 29, no. 17 (2002): 13–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002gl015015.

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Martinod, J., L. Husson, P. Roperch, B. Guillaume, and N. Espurt. "Horizontal subduction zones, convergence velocity and the building of the Andes." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 299, no. 3-4 (2010): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.010.

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Bockheim, James G., and Fiorenzo C. Ugolini. "A Review of Pedogenic Zonation in Well-Drained Soils of the Southern Circumpolar Region." Quaternary Research 34, no. 1 (1990): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90072-s.

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AbstractThe concept of zonality is used to link well-drained mineral soils and processes along a bioclimatic gradient extending from ca. 48° to 87° S, including southernmost Chile, the subantarctic islands, and maritime and continental Antarctica. The following environmental factors decline along this gradient: mean annual temperature and precipitation and the type and number of plant species. Six pedological zones (along with representative soils) are identified along the gradient: (1) Subantarctic Forest Zone (Podzol?), (2) Subantarctic Low Tundra zone, (3) Subantarctic High Tundra Zone (Subantarctic Brown soil, without permafrost), (4) Antarctic Sub-Polar Desert Zone (Subantarctic Brown soil, with permafrost), (5) Antarctic Polar Desert Zone (Red Ahumisol), and (6) Cold Desert Zone (Ahumisol). Zonal mineral soils in the Subantarctic Forest and Low Tundra Zones are rare, because large amounts of precipitation (≥2500 mm) and cool summers have led to thick accumulation of peat. Whereas the processes of rubification, melanization, and peat accumulation decline in relative magnitude southward, the processes of salinization and desert pavement formation increase in relative importance along this bioclimatic gradient. Carbonation and pervection (silt and clay migration) are maximized in the Subantarctic Tundra and Antarctic Polar Desert Zones. Because of the limited amount of land between 40° and 65° S and the presence of the Antarctic Convergence, comparable pedogenic zones occur at lower latitudes in the Southern than in the Northern Circumpolar Region.

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Callado, A., and R. Pascual. "Diagnosis and modelling of a summer convective storm over Mediterranean Pyrenees." Advances in Geosciences 2 (August 5, 2005): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-2-273-2005.

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Abstract. Over the Mediterranean Pyrenees and near coastal region there is a high frequency of convective storms during summertime. This fact determines a local maximum of precipitation at this season unlike the normal and general minimum over Mediterranean basin. The common synoptic and mesoscale patterns associated to convective phenomena are briefly analyzed and diagnosed with radar imagery, surface pressure and isobaric level fields and surface data. They usually involves a little distant through at medium levels, very weak pressure gradient at the surface and not significant instability, but a preferred Planetary Boundary Layer low-level convergence zones tied to the orography. As a result of this analysis two different kinds of circulations associated to recurrent convergence zones have been recognized: upvalley/upslope winds and sea breezes. High resolution simulations from a Numerical Weather Prediction model for a case study have carried out to analyze the role of the main key components, i.e. the orography, the sea and valley breeze and their influence to generate local convergence zones. Furthermore, the skills of the model to simulate the location and the intensity of the precipitation of these summer Mediterranean storms have been discussed.

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Asongu, Simplice. "Are proposed African monetary unions optimal currency areas? Real, monetary and fiscal policy convergence analysis." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 5, no. 1 (2014): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-02-2012-0010.

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Purpose – A spectre is hunting embryonic African monetary zones: the European Monetary Union crisis. The purpose of this paper is to assess real, monetary and fiscal policy convergence within the proposed WAM and EAM zones. The introduction of common currencies in West and East Africa is facing stiff challenges in the timing of monetary convergence, the imperative of central bankers to apply common modeling and forecasting methods of monetary policy transmission, as well as the requirements of common structural and institutional characteristics among candidate states. Design/methodology/approach – In the analysis: monetary policy targets inflation and financial dynamics of depth, efficiency, activity and size; real sector policy targets economic performance in terms of GDP growth at macro and micro levels; while, fiscal policy targets debt-to-GDP and deficit-to-GDP ratios. A dynamic panel GMM estimation with data from different non-overlapping intervals is employed. The implied rate of convergence and the time required to achieve full (100 percent) convergence are then computed from the estimations. Findings – Findings suggest overwhelming lack of convergence: initial conditions for financial development are different across countries; fundamental characteristics as common monetary policy initiatives and IMF-backed financial reform programs are implemented differently across countries; there is remarkable evidence of cross-country variations in structural characteristics of macroeconomic performance; institutional cross-country differences could also be responsible for the deficiency in convergence within the potential monetary zones; absence of fiscal policy convergence and no potential for eliminating idiosyncratic fiscal shocks due to business cycle incoherence. Practical implications – As a policy implication, heterogeneous structural and institutional characteristics across countries are giving rise to different levels and patterns of financial intermediary development. Thus, member states should work towards harmonizing cross-country differences in structural and institutional characteristics that hamper the effectiveness of convergence in monetary, real and fiscal policies. This could be done by stringently monitoring the implementation of existing common initiatives and/or the adoption of new reforms programs. Originality/value – It is one of the few attempts to investigate the issue of convergence within the proposed WAM and EAM unions.

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van der Velden, Arie J., and Frederick A. Cook. "Products of 2.652.58 Ga orogenesis in the Slave Province correlated with Slave Northern Cordillera Lithospheric Evolution (SNORCLE) seismic reflection patterns." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no. 8 (2002): 1189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e02-034.

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Reflection patterns along Lithoprobe Slave Northern Cordillera Lithospheric Evolution (SNORCLE) seismic reflection line 1 in the southwestern Slave Province are interpreted as products of tectonic wedging during late Archean lithospheric convergence. The interpretation is aided by application of new seismic imaging techniques, by correlation of upper crustal reflection patterns to known geology, and by a comparison of lithospheric reflection patterns to similar convergent zones elsewhere. In the Yellowknife area, reflection patterns consist of (1) east-dipping reflections at 1214 s that project into the upper mantle, (2) a wedge-shaped body in the lower crust with an east-dipping reflection fabric that is truncated on the west by (3) a series of west-dipping reflections that outline thrust-and-fold structures in the upper crust. The similarity of these reflection patterns to those of the Proterozoic Fort Simpson Hottah collision zone ~300 km to the west provides support for the interpretation that reflection patterns beneath the Slave Province are also products of collisional tectonics. Rocks within the Slave Province preserve evidence of a ~2.652.58 Ga pan-Slave orogenic event, in which the >2.9 Ga Central Slave Basement collided with the ~2.7 Ga juvenile eastern Slave Province. Their suture is interpreted to be a west-dipping surface at 45 s (1215 km) beneath Yellowknife and to project to the surface east of the profile. In the lower crust and upper mantle, east-dipping reflections are interpreted to delineate a coeval subduction zone and accretionary wedge. The upper crustal thrust-and-fold structures are likely linked to gold-bearing shear zones at Yellowknife. These results provide tantalizing evidence that processes similar to those of modern convergent zones were operational at 2.652.58 Ga.

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Jing, Zhao, and Ping Chang. "Modulation of Small-Scale Superinertial Internal Waves by Near-Inertial Internal Waves." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 12 (2016): 3529–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0239.1.

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AbstractDynamics of small-scale (<10 km) superinertial internal waves (SSIWs) of intense vertical motion are investigated theoretically and numerically. It is shown that near-inertial internal waves (NIWs) have a pronounced influence on modulation of SSIW strength. In convergence zones of NIWs, energy flux of SSIWs converge and energy is transferred from NIWs to SSIWs, leading to rapid growth of SSIWs. The opposite occurs when SSIWs enter divergence zones of NIWs. The underlying dynamics can be understood in terms of wave action conservation of SSIWs in the presence of background NIWs. The validity of the theoretical finding is verified using realistic high-resolution numerical simulations in the Gulf of Mexico. The results reveal significantly stronger small-scale superinertial vertical motions in convergence zones of NIWs than in divergence zones. By removing near-inertial wind forcing, model simulations with identical resolution show a substantial decrease in the small-scale superinertial vertical motions associated with the suppression of NIWs. Therefore, these numerical simulations support the theoretical finding of SSIW–NIW interaction.

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Ezray, Briana D., Drew C. Wham, Carrie E. Hill, and Heather M. Hines. "Unsupervised machine learning reveals mimicry complexes in bumblebees occur along a perceptual continuum." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1910 (2019): 20191501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1501.

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Müllerian mimicry theory states that frequency-dependent selection should favour geographical convergence of harmful species onto a shared colour pattern. As such, mimetic patterns are commonly circumscribed into discrete mimicry complexes, each containing a predominant phenotype. Outside a few examples in butterflies, the location of transition zones between mimicry complexes and the factors driving mimicry zones has rarely been examined. To infer the patterns and processes of Müllerian mimicry, we integrate large-scale data on the geographical distribution of colour patterns of social bumblebees across the contiguous United States and use these to quantify colour pattern mimicry using an innovative, unsupervised machine-learning approach based on computer vision. Our data suggest that bumblebees exhibit geographically clustered, but sometimes imperfect colour patterns, and that mimicry patterns gradually transition spatially rather than exhibit discrete boundaries. Additionally, examination of colour pattern transition zones of three comimicking, polymorphic species, where active selection is driving phenotype frequencies, revealed that their transition zones differ in location within a broad region of poor mimicry. Potential factors influencing mimicry transition zone dynamics are discussed.

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Masatoshi, YOSHINO, ISHIYAMA Takashi, and SUZUKI Jun. "Local convergence zones or discontinuous lines in the Taklimakan Desert, Northwest China." Journal of Arid Land 2, no. 2 (2010): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1227.2010.00077.

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Damasio, Antonio R. "The Brain Binds Entities and Events by Multiregional Activation from Convergence Zones." Neural Computation 1, no. 1 (1989): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1989.1.1.123.

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The experience of reality, in both perception and recall, is spatially and temporally coherent and “in-register.” Features are bound in entities, and entities are bound in events. The properties of these entities and events, however, are represented in many different regions of the brain that are widely separated. The degree of neural parcellation is even greater when we consider that the perception of most entities and events also requires a motor interaction on the part of the perceiver (such as eye movements and hand movements) and often includes a recordable modification of the perceiver's somatic state. The question of how the brain achieves integration starting with the bits and pieces it has to work with, is the binding problem. Here we propose a new solution for this problem, at the level of neural systems that integrate functional regions of the telencephalon.

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