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Journal articles on the topic 'Conversion challenges'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Rumyantsev, Yuriy, and Aleksey Kholodov. "Conversion challenges in Russian nuclear cities." Nonproliferation Review 10, no. 3 (September 2003): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10736700308436951.

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2

Yan, T. Y. "Coal conversion technology: Opportunities and challenges." Energy 11, no. 11-12 (November 1986): 1239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(86)90061-7.

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3

Powell, Cynthia A., and Bryan D. Morreale. "Materials Challenges in Advanced Coal Conversion Technologies." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 4 (April 2008): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.64.

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AbstractCoal is a critical component in the international energy portfolio, used extensively for electricity generation. Coal is also readily converted to liquid fuels and/or hydrogen for the transportation industry. However, energy extracted from coal comes at a large environmental price: coal combustion can produce large quantities of ash and CO2, as well as other pollutants. Advanced technologies can increase the efficiencies and decrease the emissions associated with burning coal and provide an opportunity for CO2 capture and sequestration. However, these advanced technologies increase the severity of plant operating conditions and thus require improved materials that can stand up to the harsh operating environments. The materials challenges offered by advanced coal conversion technologies must be solved in order to make burning coal an economically and environmentally sound choice for producing energy.
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4

Nusair, Furqan, Nathan Franck, and Rafael Klein-Cloud. "Conversion Disorder With Conceptual and Treatment Challenges." American Journal of Psychiatry Residents' Journal 11, no. 7 (July 2016): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2016.110708.

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5

Gallezot, Pierre. "Catalytic Conversion of Biomass: Challenges and Issues." ChemSusChem 1, no. 8-9 (September 1, 2008): 734–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.200800091.

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6

Li, Fanxing, and Liang-Shih Fan. "Clean coal conversion processes – progress and challenges." Energy & Environmental Science 1, no. 2 (2008): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b809218b.

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7

Chiaramonti, David, Matteo Prussi, Marco Buffi, David Casini, and Andrea Maria Rizzo. "Thermochemical Conversion of Microalgae: Challenges and Opportunities." Energy Procedia 75 (August 2015): 819–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.142.

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8

DIPAOLO, JOSHUA. "Conversion, Causes, and Closed-Mindedness." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 6, no. 1 (2020): 74–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2019.32.

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Abstract‘You just believe that because you were raised to believe it!’ is a familiar criticism. Many converts, however, believe the opposite of what they were raised to believe. Does this make them immune to these challenges? I scrutinize this ‘conversion defense’. If these challenges only concern belief genealogy, a certain kind of convert is immune to them. However, these challenges often concern closed-mindedness rather than genealogy. Seen in this light, the convert who is immune to the genealogical critique may be more susceptible to these challenges due to her conversion. Her conversion may make her more likely to engage in ‘epistemic self-licensing’ akin to the empirically documented phenomenon of ‘moral self-licensing’.
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Al-Saydeh, Sajeda A., Syed J. Zaidi, and Muftah H. El-Naas. "Conversion of Carbon Dioxide: Opportunities and Fundamental Challenges." American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2018.138.153.

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10

Yasar, Muhammad, and Chamhuri Siwar. "Paddy Field Conversion in Malaysia : Issues and Challenges." Rona Teknik Pertanian 9, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/rtp.v9i2.5653.

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Abstract. The diminishing of paddy field due to land use conversion to non-agricultural or non-paddy agricultural purpose is a serious threat to national food security prospect. This present study intends to explain the phenomena of diminishing paddy field range in Malaysia. This is a descriptive correlation study. The result of the study found that the size of paddy field in Peninsular Malaysia either according to the state or the granary area was diminished. According to the state, the size of paddy field has reduced by 88,321 ha (22.17%) in the last 15 years or equivalent to 1.49% per year. Whereas, according to granary area, the size of the paddy field has reduced by 10,790 ha (5.10%) or equivalent to 0.34% per year. The diminishing of the size of the paddy field indicates a significant correlation to the national paddy production. In the meantime, the population growth is expected to increase whilst productivity expands slowly. The government needs to emphassion this matter to attain the goal of food security. Konversi Lahan Sawah di Malaysia : Isu dan Tantangan Abstrak. Berkurangnya lahan sawah karena konversi penggunaan tanah ke non-pertanian atau tujuan lain yang bukan lahan padi merupakan ancaman serius bagi prospek ketahanan pangan nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan fenomena berkurangnya lahan sawah di Malaysia. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ukuran sawah di Peninsular Malaysia juga daerah lainnya atau lokasi pusat padi/lumbung juga berkurang. Berdasarkan data nasional penurunan luas lahan sebesar 88,321 ha (22,17 %) untuk 15 tahun terakhir atau setara dengan 1,49 % per tahun. Sedangkan pada daerah lumbung, luas sawah telah mengalami pengurangan sebesar 10,790 ha (5.10 %) atau setara dengan 0,34 % per tahun. Berkurangnya lahan sawah ini terindikasi adanya korelasi yang signifikan untuk kondisi produksi padi secara nasional. Sementara itu , pertumbuhan penduduk diperkirakan terus meningkat pada saat produktivitas padi mengalami pertumbuhan dengan lambat. Pemerintah perlu mengendalikan hal ini untuk mencapai tujuan ketahanan pangan nasionalnya.
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11

Nyland, Ralph D. "Even- to uneven-aged: the challenges of conversion." Forest Ecology and Management 172, no. 2-3 (January 2003): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00797-6.

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12

Himmel, Michael E., and Edward A. Bayer. "Lignocellulose conversion to biofuels: current challenges, global perspectives." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 20, no. 3 (June 2009): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.05.005.

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13

Roer-Strier, Dorit, Roberta G. Sands, and Joretha Bourjolly. "Family Reactions to Religious Change: The Case of African American Women who Become Muslim." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 90, no. 2 (April 2009): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3877.

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This paper presents a study of family reactions to African American adult daughters’ conversions from Christianity to Islam. Examining qualitative data from interviews with Christian mothers and Muslim daughters in 17 family units, we explored reactions to a family member's religious conversion initially and over time. We also identified the specific challenges facing African American families when a daughter converts to Islam. We found a wide range of initial emotional responses to an adult daughter's conversion. Over time, the families showed marked changes, predominantly in the direction of increased respect and acceptance. Reactions to the change and the challenges facing the families are discussed in relation to several theories, including ambiguous loss, and implications for practice are described.
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14

Gates, Bruce C., George W. Huber, Christopher L. Marshall, Phillip N. Ross, Jeffrey Siirola, and Yong Wang. "Catalysts for Emerging Energy Applications." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 4 (April 2008): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.85.

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AbstractCatalysis is the essential technology for chemical transformation, including production of fuels from the fossil resources petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Typical catalysts for these conversions are robust porous solids incorporating metals, metal oxides, and/or metal sulfides. As efforts are stepping up to replace fossil fuels with biomass, new catalysts for the conversion of the components of biomass will be needed. Although the catalysts for biomass conversion might be substantially different from those used in the conversion of fossil feedstocks, the latter catalysts are a starting point in today's research. Major challenges lie ahead in the discovery of efficient biomass conversion catalysts, as well as in the discovery of catalysts for conversion of CO2 and possibly water into liquid fuels.
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15

Vijayan, Karthika, Haizhou Li, and Tomoki Toda. "Speech-to-Singing Voice Conversion: The Challenges and Strategies for Improving Vocal Conversion Processes." IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 36, no. 1 (January 2019): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2018.2875195.

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16

Walker, Theodore W., Ali Hussain Motagamwala, James A. Dumesic, and George W. Huber. "Fundamental catalytic challenges to design improved biomass conversion technologies." Journal of Catalysis 369 (January 2019): 518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2018.11.028.

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17

Khan, M. J., M. T. Iqbal, and J. E. Quaicoe. "River current energy conversion systems: Progress, prospects and challenges." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12, no. 8 (October 2008): 2177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.04.016.

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18

Shanks, Brent H. "Conversion of Biorenewable Feedstocks: New Challenges in Heterogeneous Catalysis." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 49, no. 21 (November 3, 2010): 10212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie100487r.

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19

Zhang, Jin Z. "Challenges and Opportunities in Light and Electrical Energy Conversion." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2, no. 11 (June 2, 2011): 1351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz2005607.

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20

Rashford, Benjamin S., Shannon E. Albeke, and David J. Lewis. "Modeling Grassland Conversion: Challenges of Using Satellite Imagery Data." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 95, no. 2 (December 6, 2012): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aas110.

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21

Huber, George W., and Robert C. Brown. "Prospects and Challenges of Pyrolysis Technologies for Biomass Conversion." Energy Technology 5, no. 1 (October 12, 2016): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ente.201600538.

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22

Opila, E. J. "High Temperature Materials Corrosion Challenges for Energy Conversion Technologies." Interface magazine 22, no. 4 (January 1, 2013): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.f07134if.

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23

Xie, Shangxian, Arthur J. Ragauskas, and Joshua S. Yuan. "Lignin Conversion: Opportunities and Challenges for the Integrated Biorefinery." Industrial Biotechnology 12, no. 3 (June 2016): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ind.2016.0007.

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24

Kanaan, Richard A. A., and Philip K. McGuire. "Challenges for Psychiatric Neuroimaging: The Case of Conversion Disorder." Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology 18, no. 4 (2011): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2011.0041.

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25

Wickramasinghe, Sameera, Jingxin Wang, Badie Morsi, and Bingyun Li. "Carbon Dioxide Conversion to Nanomaterials: Methods, Applications, and Challenges." Energy & Fuels 35, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 11820–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c01533.

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26

Halberthal, MD, MHA, Michal, Gidon Berger, MD, Khetam Hussein, MD, Shimon Reisner, MD, MHA, Michal Mekel, MD, Netanel A. Horowitz, MD, Yael Shachor-Meyouhas, MD, Yuval Geffen, PhD, Gila Hyams, RN, and Rafael Beyar, MD, DSc. "Israeli underground hospital conversion for treating COVID-19 patients." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 15, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2020.0371.

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Objective: This paper describes how a large academic medical center solved the challenges of war preparedness and subsequently adapted them for the COVID-19 pandemic.Setting: A 1,000-bed academic medical center in Northern Israel has faced two extreme challenges since 2006: operating under missile attack during the 2006 Second Lebanon War, and rapid establishment of a scalable infrastructure for COVID-19 patients. The first challenge led to construction of a dual-use facility: a parking lot during peacetime, and a fully functioning fortified underground emergency hospital (FUEH) in times of emergency. Several drills have confirmed readiness for various scenarios including conventional and unconventional warfare, and treating isolated patients during the Ebola and SARS threats.Results: The hospital achieved preparedness for patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic, including all facilities and personnel, including infrastructure, laboratories, and innovations, to maintain standard patient care and separate COVID-19 treatment facilities. The hospital’s second challenge represented by the COVID-19 pandemic led to adaptation of the FUEH as a key strategic facility in Northern Israel for treating hundreds of COVID-19 patients. Each solution was supported by innovations targeted for specific purposes and needs.Conclusions: The function and unique mechanisms used to leverage use of a dual facility was proven viable for several emergency conditions, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Infrastructure and technological flexibility is essential when planning for handling different emergencies situations.
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27

Jagodzińska, Agnieszka. "Badania nad konwersją: nowe trendy, metody, wyzwania." Studia Judaica, no. 2 (46) (2021): 425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/10.4467/24500100stj.20.021.13664.

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Research on Jewish Conversion: New Trends, Methods, and Challenges This review article addresses the recent popularity of studies on Jewish conversion. In particular, it examines the volume Bastards and Believers: Jewish Converts and Conversion from the Bible to the Present edited by Theodor Dunkelgrün and PawełMaciejko (Philadelphia, 2020). The author of the article suggests looking at this volume as at a representative example of recent trends, themes, methods, and challenges present in studying Jewish conversion.
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28

Velásquez, Antonio J., and Héctor Alfonso. "Depth-conversion techniques and challenges in complex sub-Andean provinces." Interpretation 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): T209—T229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2017-0046.1.

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The reliability of depth conversion in complex land areas is particularly challenging. Accuracy and precision are usually difficult to achieve simultaneously because of the limited amount and quality of seismic data and sparse control from well data. Ideally, depth-migration methods would be the right tools to produce such data for interpreters. However, despite recent significant breakthroughs in seismic imaging, the ability to provide precise depths is not always achievable with depth-imaging techniques. Therefore, depth conversion remains a crucial tool for converting a seismic image and its interpretation to geologic depth. We have developed an overview of the techniques used for depth conversion through a carefully selected set of geologically diverse field examples. We determine the challenges faced while applying each methodology and, more importantly, share our own experiences and pitfalls. We also evaluate the steps taken to overcome these limitations. All these studies highlight the pragmatic application of techniques and their common pitfalls to improve the workflows that can be implemented to solve other depth-conversion problems. Depth-conversion techniques can be classified depending on the approach used for velocity model building (VMB) (i.e., time-depth and instantaneous velocity functions, layer-cake models, or geostatistical velocity interpolations) and also depending on the ray-tracing procedure (i.e., vertical stretching or image ray). To verify the reliability of the VMB, we establish the following criteria for an acceptable velocity model: (1) honors hard data, (2) integrates all the available sources of velocity information, and (3) makes geologic sense. We reinforce the latter in complex areas where geologic control drives the chosen approach. For instance, in cases with strong velocity gradients (e.g., basement-involved structures), vertical depth conversion may not be able to solve all possible scenarios, resulting in an incomplete assessment of the structural uncertainty. To model such situations, we use a time-to-depth conversion based on the image-ray concept.
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29

Zhao, Cheng, Shangxian Xie, Yunqiao Pu, Rui Zhang, Fang Huang, Arthur J. Ragauskas, and Joshua S. Yuan. "Synergistic enzymatic and microbial lignin conversion." Green Chemistry 18, no. 5 (2016): 1306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5gc01955a.

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30

Matthews, Michael A. "Green electrochemistry. Examples and challenges." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173081305.

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Electrochemical methods have been proposed for synthesis of organic compounds, including conversion of CO2. Such methods may provide a basis for environmentally friendly and sustainable methods for chemical production. Nevertheless, electrochemical syntheses are not widely utilized. Several examples of ongoing research are presented that illustrate both the opportunities as well as the challenges associated with the utilization of electrochemistry for green chemical manufacturing.
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31

Zhu, Shanhui, Jianguo Wang, and Weibin Fan. "Graphene-based catalysis for biomass conversion." Catalysis Science & Technology 5, no. 8 (2015): 3845–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cy00339c.

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32

Ji, Anqi, Linjing Jia, Deepak Kumar, and Chang Geun Yoo. "Recent Advancements in Biological Conversion of Industrial Hemp for Biofuel and Value-Added Products." Fermentation 7, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7010006.

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Sustainable, economically feasible, and green resources for energy and chemical products have people’s attention due to global energy demand and environmental issues. Last several decades, diverse lignocellulosic biomass has been studied for the production of biofuels and biochemicals. Industrial hemp has great market potential with its versatile applications. With the increase of the hemp-related markets with hemp seed, hemp oil, and fiber, the importance of hemp biomass utilization has also been emphasized in recent studies. Biological conversions of industrial hemp into bioethanol and other biochemicals have been introduced to address the aforementioned energy and environmental challenges. Its high cellulose content and the increased production because of the demand for cannabidiol oil and hempseed products make it a promising future bioenergy and biochemical source. Effective valorization of the underutilized hemp biomass can also improve the cost-competitiveness of hemp products. This manuscript reviews recent biological conversion strategies for industrial hemp and its characteristics. Current understanding of the industrial hemp properties and applied conversion technologies are briefly summarized. In addition, challenges and future perspectives of the biological conversion with industrial hemp are discussed.
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33

Bhandari, Netra Lal, Sulakshana Bhattarai, Ganesh Bhandari, Sumita Subedi, and Kedar Nath Dhakal. "A Review on Current Practices of Plastics Waste Management and Future Prospects." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 26, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v26i1.37837.

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Inefficient solid waste management of plastics and polymeric materials is one of the global challenges leading to environmental deterioration. This challenge has brought alarming concern to minimize volume of such wastes released into the environment. The concern proposes a solution to the existing problems to some extent by reuse, recycling, and efficient conversion of waste materials into alternative application. Chemical and thermo-mechanical conversion of plastic wastes into energy and their biodegradation were taken into account. Consequently, some newly employed recycling and conversion techniques of plastic wastes, and possible future alternatives with recommendations are reviewed in this article
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Bogaerts, Annemie, Tomas Kozák, Koen van Laer, and Ramses Snoeckx. "Plasma-based conversion of CO2: current status and future challenges." Faraday Discussions 183 (2015): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00053j.

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This paper discusses our recent results on plasma-based CO2 conversion, obtained by a combination of experiments and modeling, for a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), a microwave plasma and a packed bed DBD reactor. The results illustrate that plasma technology is quite promising for CO2 conversion, but more research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and to further improve the capabilities.
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35

Tang, Xinxin, Xiangqing Jia, and Zheng Huang. "Challenges and opportunities for alkane functionalisation using molecular catalysts." Chemical Science 9, no. 2 (2018): 288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sc03610h.

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36

Galadima, Ahmad, and Oki Muraza. "Catalytic thermal conversion of CO2 into fuels: Perspective and challenges." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 115 (November 2019): 109333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109333.

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37

Bindra, Ashok. "ECCE Plenary Talks Highlight Challenges in Energy Conversion [Society News]." IEEE Power Electronics Magazine 5, no. 4 (December 2018): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpel.2018.2875500.

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38

Chiang, Jong-Tsong. "Defense conversion and systems architecture: challenges to Taiwan's aircraft industry." Technology in Society 21, no. 3 (August 1999): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-791x(99)00014-7.

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39

Ali, Jazib, Tahir Rasheed, Mutayyab Afreen, Muhammad Tauqeer Anwar, Zahid Nawaz, Hafeez Anwar, and Komal Rizwan. "Modalities for conversion of waste to energy — Challenges and perspectives." Science of The Total Environment 727 (July 2020): 138610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138610.

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40

Xie, Junfeng, and Yi Xie. "Transition Metal Nitrides for Electrocatalytic Energy Conversion: Opportunities and Challenges." Chemistry - A European Journal 22, no. 11 (October 23, 2015): 3588–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201501120.

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41

Jørgensen, Henning, Jan Bach Kristensen, and Claus Felby. "Enzymatic conversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars: challenges and opportunities." Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 1, no. 2 (October 2007): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbb.4.

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Narducci, Dario, and Bruno Lorenzi. "Challenges and Perspectives in Tandem Thermoelectric–Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion." IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology 15, no. 3 (May 2016): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnano.2016.2524680.

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43

Sobhiyah, M. H., and Y. Kh Kashtiban. "Challenges of Iran's energy conversion agreements in future competitive market." Energy Policy 36, no. 8 (August 2008): 2846–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.03.037.

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Zhang, Kexin, Zibin Liang, and Ruqiang Zou. "Metal-organic frameworks for electrochemical energy conversion: status and challenges." Science China Chemistry 63, no. 1 (October 21, 2019): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11426-019-9613-1.

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45

Bhatia, Shashi Kant, Sachin V. Otari, Jong-Min Jeon, Ranjit Gurav, Yong-Keun Choi, Ravi Kant Bhatia, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, et al. "Biowaste-to-bioplastic (polyhydroxyalkanoates): Conversion technologies, strategies, challenges, and perspective." Bioresource Technology 326 (April 2021): 124733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124733.

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46

Lin, Roger, Jiaxun Guo, Xiaojia Li, Poojan Patel, and Ali Seifitokaldani. "Electrochemical Reactors for CO2 Conversion." Catalysts 10, no. 5 (April 26, 2020): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050473.

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Increasing risks from global warming impose an urgent need to develop technologically and economically feasible means to reduce CO2 content in the atmosphere. Carbon capture and utilization technologies and carbon markets have been established for this purpose. Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) presents a promising solution, fulfilling carbon-neutral goals and sustainable materials production. This review aims to elaborate on various components in CO2RR reactors and relevant industrial processing. First, major performance metrics are discussed, with requirements obtained from a techno-economic analysis. Detailed discussions then emphasize on (i) technical benefits and challenges regarding different reactor types, (ii) critical features in flow cell systems that enhance CO2 diffusion compared to conventional H-cells, (iii) electrolyte and its effect on liquid phase electrolyzers, (iv) catalysts for feasible products (carbon monoxide, formic acid and multi-carbons) and (v) strategies on flow channel and anode design as next steps. Finally, specific perspectives on CO2 feeds for the reactor and downstream purification techniques are annotated as part of the CO2RR industrial processing. Overall, we focus on the component and system aspects for the design of a CO2RR reactor, while pointing out challenges and opportunities to realize the ultimate goal of viable carbon capture and utilization technology.
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47

Ma, Yanjiao, Yuan Ma, Qingsong Wang, Simon Schweidler, Miriam Botros, Tongtong Fu, Horst Hahn, Torsten Brezesinski, and Ben Breitung. "High-entropy energy materials: challenges and new opportunities." Energy & Environmental Science 14, no. 5 (2021): 2883–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ee00505g.

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An overview of high-entropy materials for energy applications, including H2 catalysis and storage, CO2 conversion, O2 catalysis and electrochemical energy storage, is given and the challenges and opportunities within this field are discussed.
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48

Jetlund, Onstein, and Huang. "Adapted Rules for UML Modelling of Geospatial Information for Model-Driven Implementation as OWL Ontologies." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 9 (August 22, 2019): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8090365.

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This study aims to improve the implementation of models of geospatial information in Web Ontology Language (OWL). Large amounts of geospatial information are maintained in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based on models according to the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and standards from ISO/TC 211 and the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). Sharing models and geospatial information in the Semantic Web will increase the usability and value of models and information, as well as enable linking with spatial and non-spatial information from other domains. Methods for conversion from UML to OWL for basic concepts used in models of geospatial information have been studied and evaluated. Primary conversion challenges have been identified with specific attention to whether adapted rules for UML modelling could contribute to improved conversions. Results indicated that restrictions related to abstract classes, unions, compositions and code lists in UML are challenging in the Open World Assumption (OWA) on which OWL is based. Two conversion challenges are addressed by adding more semantics to UML models: global properties and reuse of external concepts. The proposed solution is formalized in a UML profile supported by rules and recommendations and demonstrated with a UML model based on the Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) standard ISO 14825 Geographic Data Files (GDF). The scope of the resulting ontology will determine to what degree the restrictions shall be maintained in OWL, and different conversion methods are needed for different scopes.
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49

Wang, Zhangxin, Thomas Horseman, Anthony P. Straub, Ngai Yin Yip, Deyu Li, Menachem Elimelech, and Shihong Lin. "Pathways and challenges for efficient solar-thermal desalination." Science Advances 5, no. 7 (July 2019): eaax0763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0763.

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Solar-thermal desalination (STD) is a potentially low-cost, sustainable approach for providing high-quality fresh water in the absence of water and energy infrastructures. Despite recent efforts to advance STD by improving heat-absorbing materials and system designs, the best strategies for maximizing STD performance remain uncertain. To address this problem, we identify three major steps in distillation-based STD: (i) light-to-heat energy conversion, (ii) thermal vapor generation, and (iii) conversion of vapor to water via condensation. Using specific water productivity as a quantitative metric for energy efficiency, we show that efficient recovery of the latent heat of condensation is critical for STD performance enhancement, because solar vapor generation has already been pushed toward its performance limit. We also demonstrate that STD cannot compete with photovoltaic reverse osmosis desalination in energy efficiency. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of factors other than energy efficiency, including cost, ease of maintenance, and applicability to hypersaline waters.
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50

Anderson, S., J. Cooper, N. Gudde, and J. Howes. "Aviation renewable fuels: technical status and challenges for commercialisation." Aeronautical Journal 116, no. 1185 (November 2012): 1103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000007521.

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Abstract An overview of the major issues to be addressed for widespread commercial introduction and use of aviation biofuels is presented in this paper. These include the progress toward standards and approvals, bio-feedstock supply and sustainability, conversion routes to suitable fuel molecules, and policy and regulation considerations to create the necessary market and investment environment. It has been shown that while technical standards are now largely in place, biojet faces competition from biodiesel markets for feedstock, and existing sources of vegetable oil face sustainability challenges for greater supply. Other conversion routes exist that can use more sustainable feedstock, but they are capital intensive and will require a high fuel price to support investment. Policy approaches to cover the expected price premium above fossil fuel may also face political difficulties.
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