Academic literature on the topic 'Cook Islands – Population'

Race and ethnicity are important analytical categories in Hawai‘i, but the issue of place can at times be more important to an individual in declaring his or her social/cultural identity. Outside observers may initially assess another person visually according to race/ethnicity – but follow up questions, often in Hawai‘i Creole, frequently ask about place of origin, neighborhoods, schools attended, and other matters inherently related to place. Such questions are indirect ways to ask about how long one’s family has been in the islands and whether or not a person has a working knowledge of Hawai‘i’s Native Hawaiian and local ways of life. As a geographically isolated archipelago, Hawai‘i had limited interactions with the outside world until the arrival of Captain James Cook in 1778, American missionaries in 1820, and the immigration of sugar plantation laborers since the 1850s. This essay argues that the islands’ current population consists of four broad groups that are partially defined by race/ethnicity, but also strongly determined by matters of place and historical circumstances. Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians), Haole, Locals, and Others are four groups in contemporary Hawai‘i seeking to understand their individual and collective histories and place in the islands.

In Chapters 7 to 11, we have examined a series of recurring themes in the geography of war and disease since 1850 through regional lenses. In this chapter, we conclude our regional–thematic survey by illustrating further prominent themes which, either because of their subject-matter or because of their geographical location, were beyond the immediate scope of the foregoing chapters. In selecting regional case studies for this chapter, we concentrate on wars which have not been examined in depth to this point (the South African War and the Cuban Insurrection) or which, on account of their magnitude and extent, merit examination beyond that afforded in previous sections (World War I and World War II). Four principal issues are addressed: (1) Africa: population reconcentration and disease (Section 12.2), illustrated with reference to civilian concentration camps in the South African War, 1899–1902; (2) Americas: peace, war, and epidemiological integration (Section 12.3), illustrated with reference to the civil settlement system of Cuba, 1888–1902; (3) Asia: prisoners of war, forced labour, and disease (Section 12.4), illustrated with reference to Allied prisoners on the line of the Burma–Thailand Railway, 1942–4; (4) Europe: civilian epidemics and the world wars (Section 12.5), illustrated with reference to the spread of a series of diseases in the civil population of Europe during, and after, the hostilities of 1914–18 and 1939–45. As before, the study sites in (1) to (4) span a broad range of epidemiological environments, from the cool temperate latitudes of northern Europe, through the tropical island and jungle environments of the Caribbean and Southeast Asia, to the warm temperate and subtropical savannah lands of the South African Veld. Diseases have been sampled to reflect this epidemiological range. The South African War (1899–1902) has been described as the last of the ‘typhoid campaigns’ (Curtin, 1998)—a closing chapter on the predominance of disease over battle as a cause of death among soldiers (Pakenham, 1979: 382). From the military perspective, typhoid was indeed the major health issue of the war, accounting for a reported 8,020 deaths in the British Army (Simpson, 1911: 57).

Heretofore, the concept of developing power from the tropical oceans, (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, or OTEC) has assumed the mooring of large platforms holding the plants in deep water to secure the coldest possible condensing water. As the Ocean Thermal Gradient Hydraulic Power Plant (OTGHPP) does not depend, on the expansion of a working fluid, other than forming a foam of steam bubbles. It does not need extremely cold water as would be dictated by Carnot’s concept of efficiency and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. Plants may be based on or near-shore on selected tropical islands, where co

This paper analyzes the impacts of a changing climate to long-term energy activity reflected in power consumption and carbon emissions for the United States (US) Northeast (NE) region. This region represents approximately four percent of the total power consumption of the US. The paper revises the potential changes in the regional climate in the NE by analyzing long-term records of climatological data, and how these potential changes are impacting the energy demands and anthropogenic emissions due to power production. Climate records from 372 stations spread over the 9 states in the NE region