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1
Kryvtsova, M. V., I. Salamon, J. Koscova, D. Bucko, and M. Spivak. "Antimicrobial, antibiofilm and biochemichal properties of Thymus vulgaris essential oil against clinical isolates of opportunistic infections." Biosystems Diversity 27, no. 3 (July 19, 2019): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011936.
Full textAbstract:
Thyme belongs to a genus encompassing over 215 species of hardy perennial herbaceous plants and sub-shrubs, which are native to Europe, particularly around the Mediterranean. Thymus vulgaris L., or garden thyme, with narrow small leaves and clusters of tubular mauve flowers, is used mainly in cookery. Dried herb yields 1% and more essential oil, which is a pale yellowish-red liquid with a sweet, very aromatic odour. Thyme is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry and is a source of substances of antimicrobial effect upon antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms. The purpose of our work was to identify the biochemical and antimicrobial peculiarities of Th. vulgaris essential oil against clinical isolates of opportunistic microorganisms. The analysis of thyme essential oil was carried out using GC/MS analysis. The clinical isolates were isolated with the use of differentially diagnostic nutrient media. The antibiotic susceptibility was identified with the help of the disc-diffusion test. The sensitivity of microorganisms to plant extracts was determined by the agar diffusion test. The antibiofilm activity of the extracts was tested in standard 96-well microtitration plates. The GC/MS results confirm the earlier reports that the major volatile constituents obtained from the aerial parts of thyme species were thymol, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, 3-carene and carvacrol. After subjecting the selected essential oil to effective steam distillation, substantial contents of phenolic monoterpenoids were obtained – thymol (67.7%) and γ-terpinene (8.2%). The European Pharmacopoeia set quality standards for thyme essential oil, which dealt mainly with the % content (w/w) of the volatile phenols (expressed as thymol: 36.0–55.0%). Garden thyme essential oil has been found to show a high antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant microorganism strains. The obtained results proved the wide spectrum of antibiotic activity of thyme essential oil. The highest antimicrobial activity was registered against the typical and clinic strains of S. aureus and microscopic Candida genus fungi. Garden thyme essential oil was ascertained to show high antibiofilm-forming activity against S. aureus. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm-forming activities of thyme essential oil against both bacterial pathogens of opportunistic infections and microscopic fungi have proven the good prospects for development of a broad-spectrum agent against opportunistic microbial associations based on this oil.
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Lebel, Teresa, and Michael A. Castellano. "Australasian truffle-like fungi. IX. History and current trends in the study of the taxonomy of sequestrate macrofungi from Australia and New Zealand." Australian Systematic Botany 12, no. 6 (1999): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97039.
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Australian sequestrate macrofungi have not been studied extensively until recently, even though their presence in Australia was recognised over 120 years ago by Baron Ferdinand von Mueller in connection with mycophagy by marsupials. The early mycological history in Australia is linked to the first expeditions and collections of plant material by naturalists from 1790 to 1830. These collections were sent to, and described by, foreign mycologists such as the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, the Rev. C. Kalchbrenner and E. M. Fries. M. C. Cooke's (1892) Handbook of Australian Fungi was the first attempt at compiling an Australian mycoflora. D. McAlpine and L. Rodway were the first resident collectors to expand on the information collated by Cooke. Later, G. H. Cunningham (1944) wrote The Gasteromycetes of New Zealand and Australia, bringing together the taxonomy of all known sequestrate macrofungi in the region. By 1895 approximately 2000 species of fungi had been recorded from Australia, 32 of them sequestrate. Recent intensive efforts in limited habitats have expanded our knowledge considerably, with more than 600 new species of sequestrate fungi recorded over the past 7 years. Many more remain to be discovered in Australia and New Zealand and knowledge of their biology and ecology needs to be developed.
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Ogórek, Rafał, Agata Piecuch, Zuzana Višňovská, Magdalena Cal, and Katarzyna Niedźwiecka. "First Report on the Occurence of Dermatophytes of Microsporum Cookei Clade and Close Affinities to Paraphyton Cookei in the Harmanecká Cave (Veľká Fatra Mts., Slovakia)." Diversity 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11100191.
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Keratinolytic and keratinophilic fungi, such as dermatophytes, are frequently a cause of infections in humans and animals. Underground ecosystems are inhabited by various animals and are of interest for tourists. Therefore, the main goal of our research was the first evaluation of sediment and soil samples taken inside and outside the Harmanecká Cave in Slovakia for the occurrence of keratinolytic and keratinophilic fungi. Tests with Vanbreuseghema bait, as well as phenotyping and molecular methods, showed that all of the sampling sites contained ten isolates, all of the same species of keratinophilic fungi, belonging to the Microsporum cookei clade and with close affinities to Paraphyton cookei (Ajello) Y. Gräser, Dukik & de Hoog. Our research showed that, dependent on the medium, its mycelium varied in color and showed different growth rates. It also produced metabolites alkalizing DTM (dermatophyte test medium) medium. It dissolved keratin in in vitro hair perforation tests and was able to utilize most substrates in the API® 20C AUX, except for MDG (α-methyl-D-glucoside). In addition, the vegetative structures of mycelium were viable after storage at temperatures from −72 to −5 °C for 56 days, and actively grew after 28 days at a temperature range from 15 to 37 °C, with 25 °C being optimal. It showed weak, but active, growth at 5 and 10 °C after 56 days. We can assume that due to the low temperature in the caves, this fungus will not be able to actively grow rapidly on keratin substrates, but the contact with mammals, along with other favorable factors, might lead to an infection.
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Maha, Hetty Lendora, Erly Sitompul, and Jansen Silalahi. "The Effect of Turmeric Extract (Curcuma Domestica Val) Against the Durability of Yellow Rice Storage." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 2, no. 1 (June 14, 2019): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v2i1.950.
Full textAbstract:
Yellow cooked rice is a traditional food in some regions in Indonesia. Yellow cooked rice with the addition of turmeric and flavoring which can longer shelf life of savings because it has antibacterial activity and flavor. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of turmeric extract (Curcuma domestica Val) to extend shelf life of yellow cooked rice. The samples used were made of yellow cooked rice with handmade and without any seasoning flavored with turmeric extract concentration of 1.8% and 2.4%. Organoleptic testing were conducted every 3 hours, test of microbial growth daily and inhibition of turmeric extract with a concentration of 1.8% and 2.4% of fungi isolated from yellow cooked rice with a total plate count method. Research showed that turmeric extract concentration and the addition of herbs affect the longer shelf life of yellow cooked rice store. High more and more concentration of the turmeric extract can made longer the shelf life of yellow cooked rice either through organoleptic and also total plate count. Yellow cooked rice without seasoning with turmeric extract concentration of 1.8% and 2.4% were 30 and 33 hours respectively, while the yellow cooked rice was flavored with the same concentration of turmeric extract were 36 and 39 hours respectively.
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Soares, Ana Cristina Fermino, Carla da Silva Sousa, and Marlon da Silva Garrido. "Streptomycetes antagonism against Cladosporium fulvum Cooke and Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. lycopersici." Ciência Rural 39, no. 6 (June 19, 2009): 1897–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782009005000117.
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This research aimed to evaluate the secondary effects of secondary metabolites produced by streptomycetes on spore germination and mycelial growth of the phytopathogenic fungi Cladosporium fulvum Cooke and Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. lycopersici from tomato plants. Metabolites produced by streptomycete isolates codified as AC-147 and AC-92 caused 94.1% inhibition of C. fulvum while AC-95 isolate caused 33.9% inhibition. AC-92 was the most efficient for F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, causing 94.2% inhibition of spore germination. For mycelial growth, AC-26 and AC-92 were the most efficient in inhibiting C. fulvum growth by 46.6% and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by 29.9%. These streptomycetes are potential agents for biocontrol development methods of these tomato plant pathogenic fungi.
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Reid, James, and Colin Booth. "Winterella, the correct name for Cryptospora and Ophiovalsa." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 1320–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-185.
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Winterella O. Kuntze is proposed as the correct generic name for the fungi previously assigned to Cryptospora Tul. & C. Tul. and Ophiovalsa Petr. Eleven species are accepted in the genus, including Winterella confusa sp.nov., W. wehmeyeriana sp.nov., W. albofusca (Cooke & Ell.) comb.nov., W. alnicola (Höhn.) comb.nov., W. aurantiaca (Wehm.) comb.nov., W. aurantiaca subsp. valsoides (Rehm) comb.nov. Two new genera are proposed, Mycocryptospora (type M. anthostomoides (Rehm) comb.nov.) and Servazziella (type S. longispora (Servazzi) comb.nov.). Forty-nine other fungi with names in the genus Cryptospora are discussed and, when possible, a disposition is suggested.
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Janovský, L., A. Vágner, and J. Apltauer. "The decomposition of wood mass under conditions of climax spruce stands and related mycoflora in the Krkonoše Mountains." Journal of Forest Science 48, No. 2 (May 17, 2019): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11857-jfs.
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The mycoflora was investigated under the conditions of climax spruce stands in the Krkonoše Mountains in relation to wood decomposition. The areas under observation have been affected more or less by air pollution since the eighties. The average mass of deadwood found on the plots is 124 m<sup>3</sup> per ha – the mass of fallen trunks is about 32 m3 per ha, mean value from total average. About 128 species of macrofungi were identified that besides others included 43 species of wood-decaying fungi. Also 54 mycorrhizal species were identified. Among the mycorrhizal fungi about 10 species were dominant, such as Laccaria laccata (Scop.: Fr.) Cooke, Lactarius helvus Fr., Lactarius mitissimus Fr., Lactarius rufus (Scop.) Fr., Russula emetica (Schaeff.: Fr.) Pers. and Russula ochroleuca Pers. etc. Concerning the volume of decomposed wood on monitored plots in climax spruce stands, the prevalent wood-decaying fungi are brown rot fungi. The proportion of brown rot fungi in wood decomposition is 60–95% of deadwood mass on the plots of climax spruce stands. A dominant species is Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) P. Karst. causing the brown rot. Concerning the group of white rot fungi, the most important is Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schw.: Fr.) Fr., participating by 17% in wood decomposition on plots damaged by deer.
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TRIERVEILER-PEREIRA, LARISSA, R. GREG THORN, and ADRIANA DE MELO GUGLIOTTA. "Type studies on cyphelloid species (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) described by Rick kept at Herbarium PACA." Phytotaxa 427, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.427.1.7.
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Type specimens of cyphelloid fungi described by Johannes Rick kept at Herbarium PACA (São Leopoldo, Brazil) were studied, described, illustrated and their species names were updated when necessary. Two invalid names, Cyphella grisea Rick and Solenia minima Rick, are reduced to synonyms of existing names, Lachnella subfalcispora D.A. Reid and Henningsomyces minimus (Cooke & W. Phillips) Kuntze, respectively. Cyphella congregatissima Rick, Glabrocyphella rubescens Rick, Solenia pezizoidea Rick and Theleporus griseus Rick are combined to Seticyphella Agerer, Henningsomyces Kuntze, Maireina W.B. Cooke and Resupinatus Nees, respectively, with the last requiring a new name, Resupinatus rickii. Descriptions, color photographs of basidiomes, and line-drawing illustrations of microstructures from the examined material are given.
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Ji, Ying, Kexue Zhu, Haifeng Qian, and Huiming Zhou. "Effect of water activity and temperature on growth of Penicillium citreoviride and Penicillium citrinum on MiGao (rice cake)." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53, no. 2 (February 2007): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w06-096.
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Contamination by mold is a serious problem in steam-cooked rice cake, a traditional Chinese food. Growth responses to different temperatures and water activity values for Penicillium citreoviride and Penicillium citrinum , two of the most common molds, were investigated. Partial least square regression analysis showed that the growth of the two fungi did not differ in response to changes in water activity and temperature. Optimum water activity for growth was 0.90 and optimum temperatures for growth were 30 °C in most cases.
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Wilson, Julia, P. A. Mason, F. T. Last, K. Ingleby, and R. C. Munro. "Ectomycorrhiza formation and growth of Sitka spruce seedlings on first-rotation forest sites in northern Britain." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 957–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-149.
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The potential benefits of inoculation of Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr. seedlings with ectomycorrhizal fungi are being explored in trials on two first-rotation forest sites (at Wealside and Gleedlee) in Northumberland. Trials have been initiated on two contrasting soil types at each site, using plants inoculated with isolates of fungi that occur early in the mycorrhizal succession (Hebelomacrustuliniforme (Bull, ex St. Amans) Quélet, H. subsaponaceum Karst., Laccarialaccata (Scop, ex Fr.) Cooke, L. proximo (Boud.) Pat., L. tortilis (Bolt.) S. F. Gray, Paxillusinvolutus (Batsch) Fr., and Thelephoraterrestris Ehrenb. ex Fr.), together with appropriate control treatments. Inoculation treatments produced significant differences in growth on both sites. At Wealside, and on one soil type at Gleedlee, height increment was positively correlated with the proportion of the root system that was mycorrhizal at planting, rather than to the type of inoculum perse. In contrast, on the other soil at Gleedlee, increment was positively correlated with root/shoot ratio at the time of planting, not with mycorrhizal infection. Examination of root systems at Wealside suggested that inoculant fungi could infect new roots on site for at least 4 years and that, despite proximity of established woodland, mycorrhizal formation with indigenous fungi was slow. The data suggest that further work on mycorrhizal inoculation for British forestry and elsewhere is justified.
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Jang, Chan Ho, Jisun Oh, Ji Sun Lim, Hyo Jung Kim, and Jong-Sang Kim. "Fermented Soy Products: Beneficial Potential in Neurodegenerative Diseases." Foods 10, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10030636.
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Fermented soybean products, such as cheonggukjang (Japanese natto), doenjang (soy paste), ganjang (soy sauce), and douchi, are widely consumed in East Asian countries and are major sources of bioactive compounds. The fermentation of cooked soybean with bacteria (Bacillus spp.) and fungi (Aspergillus spp. and Rhizopus spp.) produces a variety of novel compounds, most of which possess health benefits. This review is focused on the preventive and ameliorative potential of fermented soy foods and their components to manage neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
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Ulfig, Krzysztof. "A preliminary study on the occurrence of Dermatophyles and other keratinophilic fungi in bottom sediments of rivers and lakes." Acta Mycologica 19, no. 2 (August 20, 2014): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1983.026.
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Sam pies of bottom sediments from the Rivers Nacyna, Ruda and from an eutrophic reservoir holding cooling waters were examined for dermatophytes and correlated fungi. The species isolated were: <i>Trichophyton terrestre</i> complex, <i>T. ajelloi</i> (and its perfect form <i>Anhroderma uncinatum</i>). pathogenic strains of <i>T. mentagrophytes</i> and <i>Microsporum</i> cookei; also isolated were five species of the genus <i>Chrysosporium</i>.
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Cortez, Vagner Gularte, and Rosa Mara Borges da Silveira. "Species of Hypholoma (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Strophariaceae, Agaricales) in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil." Acta Botanica Brasilica 21, no. 3 (September 2007): 609–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062007000300008.
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Detailed descriptions, illustrations, discussions and a key for identification of the known species of the genus Hypholoma (Fr.) P. Kumm. in Rio Grande do Sul state are presented, as well as a revision of the Hypholoma specimens deposited in the Fungi Rickiani collection. Based on the authors' collections and the herbarium revision, the following species were recognized: H. aurantiacum (Cooke) Faus, H. ericaeum (Pers.: Fr.) Kühner, and H. subviride (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Dennis.
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Fernandez, Myriam R., and Michèle C. Heath. "Cytological responses induced by five phytopathogenic fungi in a nonhost plant, Phaseolus vulgaris." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 648–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-083.
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Responses of the French bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pinto) to the nonpathogenic fungi Helminthosporium maydis Nisikado and Miyake (perfect stage Cochliobolus heterostrophus (Drechsler) Drechsler), Stemphylium sarcinaeforme (Cav.) Wiltish., S. botryosum Wallr., Cladosporium fulvum Cooke, and Uromyces vignae Barcl. were examined by cytological and histochemical techniques. All fungi penetrated bean leaves through stomata, and elicited similar modifications in guard and mesophyll cells. Responses involving cell contents were collapse, browning, autofluorescence, and a toluidine blue reaction indicative of the presence of phenolic compounds. Responses associated with cell walls were yellowing, autofluorescence, staining for phenolic compounds, and deposition of callose and of noncallosic, refractive material. In some of the interactions, decolorization and clearing of the tissue for light microscopy induced changes in the frequencies of autofluorescence of cell contents and walls when compared with those observed in fresh tissue. Despite the general similarity of responses elicited by each fungus, striking variations were found among fungi in the percentage of infection sites showing a particular response. For some responses, this variation seemed to be related to the type of interaction each of the fungi has with its susceptible host. It is suggested that even in nonhost plants, the nature and activities of the fungus determine the frequency and extent of the plant's responses. Also, it seems unlikely that all of these responses are involved in the cessation of fungal growth.
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Jin, Lehong, Bart J. Van Der Kamp, Jack Wilson, and Eric P. Swan. "Biodegradation of thujaplicins in living western red cedar." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 784–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-119.
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The role of three common fungal isolates from the heartwood of mature coastal western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn) in the detoxification of thujaplicins was investigated. A Sporothrix species, Kirschsteiniellathujina (Peck) Pomerleau & Etheridge, and a Phialophora species are shown to form a succession of fungi, in that order, which invade red cedar heartwood from within and cause discolouration of the heartwood from light straw to red and various shades of brown. Thujin, a recently described lactone compound in red cedar heartwood extractives, is shown to be present in discoloured wood only. It is formed by the oxidative dimerization and isomerization of thujaplicins by the Sporothrix isolate. The other two fungi may play a minor role in thujaplicin degradation. Thujin is shown to lack toxicity to Poriarivulosa (B. & C.) Cooke, the common decay fungus of coastal western red cedar.
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Kashchits, Yu P. "Species composition of phytopathogenic micromycetes of leaves and berries of garden strawberry in Krasnodar region and the republic of Adygeya." Bulletin of the State Nikitsky Botanical Gardens, no. 137 (December 31, 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/0513-1634-2020-137-23-28.
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The results of surveys of strawberry plantations in the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea during the period from 2017 to 2020 are presented. From the generative and vegetative parts of garden strawberry 12 species of micromycetes, belonging to 6 orders of 5 classes, were singled out: Hyphomycetes, Coelomecetes, Pyrenomycetes, Zygomycetes, Disomicetes. The infection of berries by the fungi Alternaria tenuissima (Kuntze: Fr.) Wiltshire and Discohainesia oenotherae (Cookeet Ellev.) Nanf., which previously were not found in the southern region, was noted for the very first time in 2020. The species, representing the greatest danger for strawberry cultivation, have been identified and the frequency of their occurrence has been determined.
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Kashchits, Yu P. "Species composition of phytopathogenic micromycetes of leaves and berries of garden strawberry in Krasnodar region and the republic of Adygeya." Bulletin of the State Nikitsky Botanical Gardens, no. 137 (December 31, 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/0513-1634-2020-137-23-28.
Full textAbstract:
The results of surveys of strawberry plantations in the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea during the period from 2017 to 2020 are presented. From the generative and vegetative parts of garden strawberry 12 species of micromycetes, belonging to 6 orders of 5 classes, were singled out: Hyphomycetes, Coelomecetes, Pyrenomycetes, Zygomycetes, Disomicetes. The infection of berries by the fungi Alternaria tenuissima (Kuntze: Fr.) Wiltshire and Discohainesia oenotherae (Cookeet Ellev.) Nanf., which previously were not found in the southern region, was noted for the very first time in 2020. The species, representing the greatest danger for strawberry cultivation, have been identified and the frequency of their occurrence has been determined.
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Fekete, Katalin, Renáta Honfi, and Zoltán Pap. "Mycorrhizal inoculation of onion (Allium cepa l.) in the early developement stages." Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 7, no. 1-2 (November 1, 2019): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2018.1-2.49-54.
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The onion (Allium cepa) is one of the most widely cultivated vegetables. As a food item, it is usually served cooked, as a vegetable or part of a prepared savoury dish, but can also be eaten raw or used to make pickles or chutneys.
Mycorrhiza fungi are special fungi, which live in connection with plant roots. These are symbiotic fungi which have three main types: arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), ectomycorrhiza and ectendomycorrhiza. AM are probably the most widespread plant symbionts and are formed by 80–90% of land plant species. Crops inoculated with AM have higher yield and quality, and those plants react to stress factors better (e.g. drought, high temperature). Several Allium spp. responded with growth promotion on AM inoculation. According to studies AM fungi also has a positive effect on nutrient content.
The aim of our experiment was to find an appropriate method for inoculation of onion seedlings, and define the minimum time for the appearance of symbiosis under greenhouse conditions.
The experiment took place at Szent István University Faculty of Horticultural Science, at the experimental glasshouse of the Department of Vegetable and Mushroom growing, from 11th September 2017. We used Daytona F1 onion seeds, the media was Latagro KB2 type peat and two types of mycorrhizal products: MycoGrow and Aegis Irriga. The experiment was made with 12 treatments with 30-30 seeds per each treatment. During the experiment, chemically treated and non-treated seeds were used. The seedlings were sampled 5, 7 and 14 weeks after sowing, 5-5 seedlings from each treatment per time. Altogether 96 painted and prepared samples were checked, each with 3-3 roots with a Zeiss Axio Imager A2 microscope.
The results showed the appearance of mycorrhizal fungi in a few treatments. In our examination not only typical AM fungi were found, but also in a treatment we found hyphaes with big amount of septas.
The results show opportunity of artificially infecting transplants after a few weeks with mycorrhizal products. However, continuing the experiment is necessary with some modification of the factors, to make the procedure more effective.
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Koukol, O., L. Mrnka, A. Kulhánková, and M. Vosátka. "Competition of Scleroconidioma sphagnicola with fungi decomposing spruce litter needles." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 3 (March 2006): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-021.
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This study addressed competition of Scleroconidioma sphagnicola Tsuneda, Currah & Thormann with saprotrophic ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. We isolated this fungus, previously considered as a preferentially necrotrophic parasite of moss, from spruce needle litter. Competition of Scleroconidioma sphagnicola was simulated with strains of the autochthonous litter colonizers Ceuthospora pinastri (Fr.) Höhn., Chalara longipes (Preus) Cooke, Setulipes androsaceus (L.) Antonín ( Marasmius androsaceus (L.) Fr.), and Mollisia minutella (Sacc.) Rehm and the wood-decaying fungus Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) Quél. Pairings were performed on agar plates with two types of low-nutrient medium made from spruce litter needles. Reisolation on nutritionally rich agar medium following the competition revealed that Sleroconidioma sphagnicola was mostly successfully reisolated even though apparently being replaced by the mycelium of other fungi. It formed strongly melanised mycelium and microsclerotia that seem to be responsible for its resistance to fungal competition. All tested strains of needle litter colonizers were outcompeted by Hypholoma fasciculare. Enzymatic screening aimed at semiquantitative assay of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and tyrosinace revealed that Scleroconidioma sphagnicola, together with other strains, was able to produce polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase on various nutritional media. Activity of tyrosinase was detected only for Hypholoma fasciculare. Previous records of Scleroconidioma sphagnicola from moss, wood, and our isolations from spruce litter suggest that this species possesses an ability to occupy a wide spectrum of niches.
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Carvalho, Júlio Cesar de, Bruno Oliva Oishi, Ashok Pandey, and Carlos Ricardo Soccol. "Biopigments from Monascus: strains selection, citrinin production and color stability." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, no. 6 (November 2005): 885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132005000800004.
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Fungi form the genus Monascus are a promising source for natural color additives. However, before effectively applying Monascus to foods, it is important to select strains which produce large amounts of biopigments but little or no citrinin, a mycotoxin usually also produced by these fungi. Also, color stability of these pigments should be properly investigated. In order to compare Monascus strains for biopigment production in solid substrate fermentation (SSF), 4 strains (NRRL 1991, NRRL 2897, CCT 3802 and LPB 31) were cultivated over PDA in Petri dishes, and compared for radial growth velocity. Also, these strains were cultivated over cooked rice, and compared in relation to their capacity to produce biopigments and citrinin. The results showed that the strain LPB 31 is the best strain for biopigment production in SSF, giving both higher pigment concentration and lower citrinin concentration on the extracts, showing that it is a promising strain for production of this bioproduct. Biopigmentassays for heat and pH stability, show that these biopigments are unstable at low pH and high temperatures, but may be successfully used at near-neutrality pH's and in non-thermal processed foods.
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WERMELINGER, E. D., and J. C. ZANUNCIO. "Development of Lutzomyia intermedia and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) larvae in different diets." Brazilian Journal of Biology 61, no. 3 (August 2001): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842001000300009.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this research was to evaluate, in laboratory, the development of Lutzomyia intermedia and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) larvae, vectors of leishmaniasis in Brazil, in the following diets: industrialized food for rabbits, dogs, hamsters and aquarium fishes, besides liver powder, cooked lettuce, wheat germ, beer yeast, oat, wheat bran and a diet denominated aged food. Except wheat bran for L. intermedia, all diets provided adequate development for both species, which showed that any of them can be used in laboratory insectaries for these insects. L. intermedia showed better development with most nutritious diets and both species presented better development with aged food. Fungi as an additional nutrient source for L. intermedia and L. longipalpis is suggested.
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AL DUGHAISHI, SUMAIYA, SAJEEWA S. N. MAHARACHCHIKUMBURA, and ABDULLAH M. AL-SADI. "Bipolaris omanensis, a novel saprobic species of Bipolaris from Oman based on morphology and sequence data." Phytotaxa 385, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.385.1.3.
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Bipolaris species are responsible for important cereal diseases, worldwide and are often isolated as endophytes as well as saprobes. We are investigating the fungi in Oman. In this paper, we report a novel taxon of Bipolaris, collected from the leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, during the survey. The taxon is shown to be novel based on morphological and sequence data and introduced here as Bipolaris omanensis sp. nov. Bipolaris omanensis forms a sister clade to B. cookei based on the combined sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and partial glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) region, being distinct from the latter species in having shorter conidiophores, narrower conidia and having a higher number of septa.
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Falandysz, Jerzy, Małgorzata Mędyk, Martyna Saba, Ji Zhang, Yuanzhong Wang, and Tao Li. "Mercury in traditionally foraged species of fungi (macromycetes) from the karst area across Yunnan province in China." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104, no. 21 (September 21, 2020): 9421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10876-6.
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Abstract The objective of this study is to better quantify the occurrence, intake, and potential risk from Hg in fungi traditionally foraged in SW China. The concentrations and intakes of Hg were measured from 42 species including a “hard” flesh type polypore fungi and a” soft” flesh type edible species that are used in traditional herbal medicine, collected during the period 2011–2017. Three profiles of forest topsoil from the Zhenyuan site in 2015 and Changning and Dulong sites in 2016 were also investigated. The concentrations of Hg in composite samples of polypore fungi were usually below 0.1 mg kg−1 dry weight (dw) but higher levels, 0.11 ± 0.01 and 0.24 ± 0.00 mg kg−1 dw, were noted in Ganoderma applanatum and Amauroderma niger respectively, both from the Nujiang site near the town of Lanping in NW Yunnan. Hg concentrations in Boletaceae species were usually well above 1.0 mg kg−1 dw and as high as 10 mg kg−1 dw. The quality of the mushrooms in this study in view of contamination with Hg showed a complex picture. The “worst case” estimations showed probable intake of Hg from 0.006 μg kg−1 body mass (bm) (“hard” type flesh) to 0.25 μg kg−1 bm (“soft” flesh) on a daily basis for capsulated products, from 17 to 83 μg kg−1 bm (“soft” flesh) in a meal (“hard” type flesh mushrooms are not cooked while used in traditional herbal medicine after processing), and from 0.042 to 1.7 and 120 to 580 μg kg−1 bm on a weekly basis, respectively. Graphical abstract Key points • Polypore species were slightly contaminated with Hg. • Hg maximal content in the polypore was < 0.25 mg kg−1dry weight. • Many species from Boletaceae family in Yunnan showed elevated Hg. • Locals who often eat Boletus may take Hg at a dose above the daily reference dose.
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Bedada, Tesfaye L., Tatek K. Feto, Kaleab S. Awoke, Firehiwot A. Derra, Samson G. Gebre, Waktole G. Sima, Tigist Y. Negassi, and Yosef Beyene. "Microbiological and Public Health Status of Cooked Meat and Fish in Ethiopia." Open Microbiology Journal 14, no. 1 (June 16, 2020): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285802014010123.
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Background: Due to poor sanitation practices and handling of food, weak regulatory systems, lack of resources and education for food-handlers, food-borne infections happen frequently and pose a serious threat to human health in developing countries like Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: A total of 265 samples of meat and fish with berbere spice added or not were collected from Ethiopia between Jan. 2013 to Dec. 2017. The food samples were analysed using colony count for Aerobic Colony Count (ACC) and S. aureus, spread method for yeasts and moulds enumeration, Nordic Committee on Food Analysis Method No. 44 for coliforms and ES ISO 6579:2002 for Salmonella and Shigella species. The data was analysed using SPSS 20.0. Results: The unsatisfactory levels for aerobic colony count, total and thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, moulds and yeasts counts for the total samples were 12.1% (N=32), 11.7% (N=31), 1.9% (N=5), 3.4% (N=9), 1.2% (N=3) and 1.9% (N=5), respectively. Among the categories of three ready-to-eat foods examined, beef and mutton meats, fish and poultry, had the highest and lowest microbial contamination. Microbial quality of packaged samples with berbere spice added was reasonable compared with unpackaged samples with no berbere spice added. Conclusion: About 21% of the samples had unsatisfactory microbial quality because of aerobic colony count, coliforms or fungi. However, Salmonella, Shigella spp. and S. aureus were not detected in the samples tested. Processing under hygienic conditions, adding berbere spice to foods and packaging enhances the quality of ready to eat articles.
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Kuragina, Nadezhda, and Alexandra Krakhmaleva. "Taxonomic Composition and Structure of Mycobiota in Olkhovsky District of Volgograd Region." Natural Systems and Resources, no. 3 (April 2020): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nsr.jvolsu.2019.3.3.
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The article describes the results of studying mycobiota in Olkhovsky district located in the Central part of Volgograd region. The standard protocol included methods of collecting, photographing in natural and laboratory conditions. To identify the material Mikmed-5 binocular microscope, Levenhuk C510 NG camera and a standard set of reagents (alkali solution, Melzer reagent) were used in the laboratory of Experimental biology of Volgograd State University. The works of Russian and foreign mycologists such as M.A. Bondartsev, V.M. Kotkov, L.G. Perevedentseva, T. Niemelä, L. Ryvarden became a base for determining fungi. The specimens were cut in half before drying and dried at a temperature of 38° C. Dried samples placed in paper envelopes are stored in the Mycological herbarium of Volgograd State University. Freezing of aphyllophoroid fungi for a month was a necessary procedure before placing it in a mycological herbarium. As a result of preliminary studies from September to November 2019, we identify nine species of basidiomycetes such as Bovistella utriformis (Bull.) Demoulin et Rebriev, Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr., Lepista personata (Fr.) Cooke, Marasmius oreades (Bolton) Fr., Phellinus igniarius (L.) Quél., Pholiota populnea (Pers.) Kuyper et Tjall.- Beuk., Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm., Saproamanita vittadinii (Moretti) Redhead, Vizzini, Drehmel et Contu, and Schizophyllum commune Fr. The article presents an annotated list of fungi with the indication of data on the location, substrate, frequency of occurrence and the name of the collector, if the collection was not carried out by the authors, for each type. Species names were accepted according to CABI “Index Fungorum” international electronic database (www.indexfungorum.org) as of December 2019. The trophic analysis of the composition of macromycetes shows that the largest number of species was found on dead branches and trunks, as well as live weakened trees of Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh., Populus nigra L., Salix alba L. This study of mycobiota in Olkhovsky district will be continued.
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YU, LINDA S. L., and DANIEL Y. C. FUNG. "Comparisons of Selected Methods with the Fung-Yu Tube Procedure for Determining Listeria monocytogenes and Other Listeria spp. in Meats." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.5.349.
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The ability of the motility enrichment Fung-Yu tube procedure with Oxyrase™ enzyme to detect the presence of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated into ground beef samples was compared to the USDA-FSIS method. Three strains of L. monocytogenes (LM 101M, LM 103M, and Scott A) were inoculated separately into sterilized ground beef or culture broth. The inoculum levels used were as low as 1 to 1000 Listeria cells per g of meat or per ml of broth. The Fung-Yu tube procedure produced results as sensitive as the USDA procedures and provided a shorter detection time of 26–48 h. A total of 215 retail-level meat and poultry products were analyzed comparatively by the Fung-Yu tube and the GENETRAK® DNA hybridization methods for Listeria detection. Six Listeria spp. (L. denitrificans, L. grayi, L. innocua, L. ivanovii, L. monocytogenes, and L. murrayi) were identified among the isolates. All 48 presumptively positive samples determined by the Fung-Yu tube method were further confirmed to harbor Listeria by biochemical tests. Eleven samples were missed by the GENETRAK® procedure, probably because of the enrichment procedure. L. monocytogenes was isolated from ground beef, pork sausage, smokie links, and cheese hot dogs. Among cooked samples examined, only cheese hot dogs and macaroni and cheese loaf showed substantial incidence of Listeria contamination.
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Cooke, R. C., H. O. Safar, and S. N. Wood. "The coprome: another model system – abstract." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 94 (1988): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000007107.
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The ability of Ascobolus crenulatus Karsten, Chaetomium bostrychodes Zopf and Sordaria macrospora Auersw. to produce biomass within, fruit upon, and degrade rabbit faeces was followed using semi-natural faecal resource units (copromes) (Wood & Cooke 1984, 1987). On these criteria the performance of the fungi was in the order C. bostrychodes > S. macrospora > A. crenulatus. Species mixtures produced only slightly higher degradation rates than those effected by single species. This implied competition for available nutrients which was also indicated by depressed fruiting of all species in species mixtures when compared with fruiting levels of each species grown individually. For single species the time of onset and subsequent fruiting level were determined by the time at which sufficient resources could be allocated to reproduction rather than simply to hyphal extension rates.
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Jones, Hannah E., John M. Whipps, Barry J. Thomas, Tim LW Carver, and Sarah J. Gurr. "Initial events in the colonisation of tomatoes by Oidium lycopersici, a distinct powdery mildew fungus of Lycopersicon species." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 1361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-108.
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The rDNA intergenic spacer sequence of Oidium lycopersici (ana.; Cooke & Massee 1888, emend. Noordeloos and Loerakker 1989, emend. Mieslerova and Lebeda 1999) was determined and compared with the sequences of other powdery mildews. This pathogen was shown to be distinct from other powdery mildew fungi found on tomato, but it exhibited a close similarity to Erysiphe aquilegiae var. ranunculi. The initial events involved in the germination of conidia and subsequent formation of the appressorium in the newly described powdery mildew of tomato, O. lycopersici, were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the conidial coat to be smooth to slightly rugose and the appressoria to be multilobed and attached to the host by a mucilaginous pad of extracellular material.Key words: Oidium lycopersici, tomato powdery mildew, ITS, life cycle, light microscopy, electron microscopy.
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Acosta-Estrada, Beatriz A., Javier Villela-Castrejón, Esther Perez-Carrillo, Carlos Eduardo Gómez-Sánchez, and Janet A. Gutiérrez-Uribe. "Effects of solid-state fungi fermentation on phenolic content, antioxidant properties and fiber composition of lime cooked maize by-product (nejayote)." Journal of Cereal Science 90 (November 2019): 102837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102837.
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Srivastava, Ritu, and Amritesh Chandra Shukla. "Fusarium pallidoroseum: A potential entomopathogenic agent for the biological management of Aphis gossypii." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 775–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2687.
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With rising need of switching over to sustainable agricultural practices, utilization of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) as biocontrol agents, provides better substitute against chemical pesticides- having several side-effects. Therefore, an attempt have been made to explore the potential EPF fungi that could be incorporated into IPM practices for control of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Aphis gossypii Glover. Regarding this, an entomopathogenic fungus, Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Sacc, was isolated from natural population of H. armigera infesting chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and explored efficacy under in-vitro & field conditions. The findings of present investigation shows efficacy of F. pallidoroseum as potential biocontrol agent against okra aphid (A. gossypii), as it inflicted initial mortality of 43.33% nymphs on 2nd day and lead to complete annihilation (93.33%) of nymph population on 8th day of spore suspension application at 1x1010 spores/mL concentration. The observations against adult okra aphid clearly demonstrated that spraying of 1 x 1010 spores/mL of F. pallidoroseum resulted 66.67% mortality after 8th days of spraying. Increased mortality was recorded with increase in spore suspension concentrations. The LC50 & LC90 value for F. pallidoroseum against nymphs of A. gossypii was recorded 3.79 x 105 and 2.74 x 108, respectively. The findings were used to develop formulations (1 × 104 to 1 × 1010 spore suspension/mL conc), and tested at field-level. The results showed that formulation at 1 x 1010 spores/mL conc was most effective against A. gossypii, recorded 93.33% mortality of nymphs & 66.67% mortality of adults; could be used under IPM practices.
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Xue, H. Q., R. G. Upchurch, and P. Kwanyuen. "Ergosterol as a Quantifiable Biomass Marker for Diaporthe haseolorum and Cercospora kikuchi." Plant Disease 90, no. 11 (November 2006): 1395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-1395.
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The relationship between ergosterol content and biomass was determined for the soybean fungal pathogens Diaporthe phaseolorum (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. var. sojae, causal agent of Phomopsis seed decay, and Cercospora kikuchii (Matsumoto & Tomoy.), causal agent of leaf blight and purple seed stain. Biomass was manipulated by varying incubation period, and ergosterol was quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Fungal dry mass was linearly correlated with ergosterol content (r2 = 0.90, P < 0.05 for D. phaseolorum, and r2 = 0.95, P < 0.01 for C. kikuchii). In vitro ergosterol content of fungi was 3.16 μg/mg for D. phaseolorum and 2.85 μg/mg for C. kikuchii. Ergosterol content of inoculated seed was qualitatively correlated with observed seed colonization by both pathogens. Soybean variety had a significant effect on fungal colonization by D. phaseolorum and ergosterol content. Results show that ergosterol content can be used to quantify colonization of soybean seed by both pathogens.
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Mallett, Kenneth I., and David W. Langor. "The association of young weevil-killed pine and spruce terminals with Phellinuspini in western Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 2224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-251.
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Terminals of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.), lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud. van latifolia Engelm.), and white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss), killed by either Pissodesstrobi (Peck) or Pissodesterminalis Hopping, were sampled from 17 sites in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and the Northwest Territories. The weevil-killed terminals were examined for decay caused by Phellinuspini (Brot.:Fr.). Wood chips taken from the terminals were placed on agar media in an attempt to isolate P. pini. No decay was observed in the terminals. Of 192 isolations from freshly killed terminals, 32% were sterile. Phellinuspini was not isolated from any of the terminals. The predominant fungi found were Aureobasidiumpullulans (de Bary) Arn., Hormonemadematioides Lagerberg & Melin, and Phialemoniumdimorphosporum W. Gams & W.B. Cooke. Weevil-killed terminals from lodgepole pine and white spruce that had been dead for up to 6 years were sampled for the presence of P. pini. The fungus was not found in any of the decayed wood in the terminals, although several other unidentified Basidiomycete species were isolated.
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Nofiani, Risa, and Puji Ardiningsih. "Physicochemical and Microbiological Profiles of Commercial Cincalok from West Kalimantan." Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia 21, no. 2 (August 16, 2018): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v21i2.22851.
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<p>Cincalok, a traditional fermented shrimp product, is prepared with mix small and fresh shrimp, salt, and sugar in a certain ratio incubated for 3-7 days. Different recipes of each the commercial cincalok products obtain different of quality and safety level. The aim of this study is to assess the quality and safety of the commercial cincalok products of West Kalimantan based on their physicochemical and microbiological properties. Seven commercial cincalok products collected from the traditional market of West Kalimantan were analyzed physicochemical (moisture content, pH, free amino nitrogen (FAN), titratable acidity, salt content, glucose content, sucrose content, ethanol content) and microbiological (total number of mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMABs), total halotolerant bacteria (THBs), endospores bacteria, lactic acid bacteria (LABs), fungi, Enterobacteriaceae, <em>Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringen</em>s, and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>)<br />properties. The mean of moisture content, pH, free amino nitrogen (FAN), titratable acidity, salt content, glucose content, sucrose content, ethanol content for 7 samples was 67.59%, 5.16, 0.60 mM/g, 1.75%, 10.56%,<br />1.30%, 0.49% and 0.59%, respectively. The mean of TMABs, THBs, endospores bacteria, LABs, fungi, and Enterobacteriaceae for 7 samples was 1.19-5.18 log CFU/g and 1.76 log CFU/g, respectively, while <em>B. cereus,</em><br /><em>C. perfringens,</em> and<em> S. aureus</em> were not detected for all of the samples. The results showed high variation of physicochemical and microbiological properties of the products. Some of the products are safe to ate without<br />cooked but the other still contain pathogenic bacteria such as some of the enterobacteriaceae strains.</p>
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Pedri, Z. C., L. M. S. Lozano, K. L. Hermann, C. V. Helm, R. M. Peralta, and L. B. B. Tavares. "Influence of nitrogen sources on the enzymatic activity and grown by Lentinula edodes in biomass Eucalyptus benthamii." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 4 (November 10, 2015): 940–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.03214.
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Abstract Lignocellulose is the most abundant environmental component and a renewable organic resource in soil. There are some filamentous fungi which developed the ability to break down and use cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin as an energy source. The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of three nitrogen resources (ammonium sulfate, saltpetre, soybean) in the holocellulolitic activity of Lentinula edodes EF 50 using as substrate sawdust E. benthamii. An experimental design mixture was applied with repetition in the central point consisting of seven treatments (T) of equal concentrations of nitrogen in ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate and soybean. The enzymatic activity of avicelase, carboxymetilcellulase, β-glucosidase, xylanases and manganese peroxidase was determined. The humidity, pH, water activity (aw) and qualitative analysis of mycelial growth in 8 times of cultivation were evaluated. The results showed negative effect on enzyme production in treatments with maximum concentration of ammonium sulfate and potassium nitrate. The treatments with cooked soybean flour expressed higher enzymatic activities in times of 3, 6 and 9 days of culture, except in the activity of manganese peroxidase. The highest production was observed in the treatment with ammonium sulfate, and soybean (83.86 UI.L–1) at 20 days of cultivation.
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Fernandez, Myriam R., and Michèle C. Heath. "Interactions of the nonhost French bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris) with parasitic and saprophytic fungi. II. Fungal development after inoculation by injection or wounding." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-090.
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Germination and growth of four saprophytic and five parasitic fungi nonpathogenic on French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pinto) were examined in leaves after the epidermis was bypassed by injection or wounding. In unheated leaves, only the parasites had the ability to spread from the wound site and to germinate and grow inside the tissue after injection. The saprophytes behaved similarly only after the leaves were given a preinoculation heat treatment, suggesting a sensitivity to heat-sensitive inhibitors. For two of the saprophytes, evidence for the presence of heat-insensitive inhibitors also was found. Unlike the intercellular growth following stomatal penetration, growth of all of the parasites was affected by heat-sensitive defenses once the epidermis was bypassed. The greater intercellular growth after injection as compared with stomatal penetration suggested that the guard cells play a significant role in the resistance of intact, unheated leaves to Cladosporium fulvum Cooke. Of the saprophytes examined, Neurospora crassa Shear & Dodge appeared to posses a number of attributes that might be considered as potential pathogenicity factors.
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Selosse, M. A., D. Bouchard, F. Martin, and F. Le Tacon. "Effect of Laccaria bicolor strains inoculated on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) several years after nursery inoculation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 360–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-221.
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In the Saint-Brisson experiment conducted in central France, the American strain of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor (Maire) P.D. Orton S238N and the French strain L. bicolor 81306 inoculated on containerized Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings increased by 60% the total volume of wood produced 8 years after outplanting as compared with uninoculated but naturally mycorrhizal trees. The two strains introduced 10 years before in the inoculated plots are still present and dominant; they did not prevent the colonization of Douglas-fir roots by naturally occurring ectomycorrhizal fungi but allowed for the establishment of a very diversified symbiotic microflora. Eight to 12 years after outplanting, all the Douglas-fir plots were colonized by Laccaria laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Cooke or L. bicolor strains, as well as some other species, independently of the nursery treatments. With one exception in one plot, the presence of indigenous genets in the control treatments may have prevented the vegetative colonization of the inside of the noninoculated plots by the two introduced strains.
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Bocianowski, Jan, Piotr Szulc, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, and Adrian Cyplik. "The Effect of Agrotechnical Factors on Fusarium Mycotoxins Level in Maize." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110528.
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The occurrence of diseases in the cultivation of maize (Zea mays L.) leads to the loss of grain yield and the simultaneous deterioration of its quality. Fungi of the genus Fusarium spp. pose the greatest threat to maize cultivation. These fungi occur at all stages of the plant’s development, causing Fusarium seedling blight, root rot, foot rot, and ear rot, including grains. Therefore, the aim of the conducted field studies was to determine the influence of selected agriculture factors on mycotoxin contents in maize grain and ear core. Moreover, it should be noted that the presence of mycotoxins in food products in terms of legal regulations is quite a fundamental barrier both in domestic and international trade. The field experiment was carried out at the Department of Agronomy of Poznań University of Life Sciences, on the fields of the Experimental and Educational Unit in Swadzim, Poland, in 2013–2014, in four field replicates. The study involved the following factors: soil sowing preparation method, types of variates, and fertilization method, all of which shape mycotoxin accumulation. The results indicated that the main effects of years were significant for all observed traits for both the core and grain. The concentrations of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and zearalenone were higher in 2014 than in 2013 for both core and grain. The concentrations of fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 were higher in the first year of study for core and grain. The direct sowing of maize significantly affects plants’ health status, expressed by an increase in mycotoxin accumulation. Traditional hybrid SY Cooky characterized higher values of observed traits than “stay-green” hybrid Drim (except fumonisin B2 for cob). The positive effect of the row method of NP fertilizer application is based on a decrease in mycotoxin content.
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Carnegie, Angus J., Ian G. Johnson, and Michael Henson. "Variation among provenances and families of blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) in early growth and susceptibility to damage from leaf spot fungi." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 2314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-114.
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Growth to 38 months and severity of Mycosphaerella leaf disease and target spot (caused by Aulographina eucalypti (Cooke & Mass.) von Arx & Muller) were assessed in a Eucalyptus pilularis Smith (blackbutt) family trial in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Significant variation in growth, disease, and defoliation was found among the 40 provenances and 321 families tested; however, relatively few provenances had concentrations of superior or poor families. Most families in three higher altitude NSW provenances were superior for volume increment, while three southeast Queensland provenances had low mean volume increment. Mycosphaerella damage and defoliation tended to be low in several higher altitude northern NSW provenances, but the southeast Queensland provenances had significantly higher mean defoliation. Individual narrow sense heritability estimates were low to moderate for Mycosphaerella damage (0.38) and defoliation (0.22) and low for Aulographina damage (0.13) and volume increment (0.13). Significant genetic and phenotypic correlations between Mycosphaerella damage and defoliation were low and positive. Low to moderate negative correlations occurred between Mycosphaerella damage and volume increment and between defoliation and volume increment, suggesting that Mycosphaerella leaf disease, in particular, and defoliation had deleterious effects on tree growth. However, the impact of these foliar pathogens on the volume of E. pilularis is often low, so selecting for growth and form alone in the early stages of domestication could provide acceptable gains in yield.
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GASHE, BERHANU A., SISAI F. MPUCHANE, BUPE A. SIAME, JOSEPH ALLOTEY, and GETACHEW TEFERRA. "The Microbiology of Phane, an Edible Caterpillar of the Emperor Moth, Imbrasia belina." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.11.1376.
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The larvae of Imbrasia belina (Westwood) are cooked and sun dried to make a product known as phane, which is consumed as a delicacy. A study was conducted to determine the sanitary quality of phane and the kinds of microorganisms associated with it. It also looked into the potential for the existence of health risk associated with its consumption. Laboratory- and field-processed phane and that from open markets were subjected to microbiological analyses. The total microbial population for the larvae was in the range of 3 × 105 to 2 × 107 CFU/g. Species belonging to seven genera of bacteria and five genera of fungi were isolated from the larvae. About 50% of the identified bacteria were gram-positive, yet their combined population was much lower than that of the gram-negative bacteria. Cooking (89 to 93°C) under both sets of conditions (laboratory and field) reduced the microbial population to less than 9 × 103 CFU/g. The survivors were mostly sporeformers. Laboratory-processed phane was contaminated during drying, but none of the isolates were coliforms and the population increment was marginal. Field-processed phane, on the other hand, had a population of 4 × 104 to 1 ×108 CFU/g after 24 h of drying. The high moisture content of phane (55%) and a high degree of contamination from the soil and air appeared to have contributed to the increased population. Aspergilli including A. flavus and phycomycetes were frequently isolated from the samples. Coliforms were present in 30% and 50% of the phane processed in the field and in market phane, respectively. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were found in 33% and 21%, respectively, of samples acquired from the market. The presence of K. pneumoniae. E. coli, a toxin-producing sporeformer (Bacillus cereus), and mycotoxin-producing fungi (A. flavus, Penicillium sp., and Fusarium sp.) all point to the possible existence of health risks associated with its consumption.
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Kraepelin, G. "R. C. Cooke and A. D. M. Rayner, Ecology of Saprotrophic Fungi. 415 S., 59 Abb., 21 Tab. London-New York 1984, Longman." Journal of Basic Microbiology 25, no. 8 (1985): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jobm.3620250807.
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Jones, J. D. G., G. Bishop, B. Carroll, M. Dickinson, J. English, K. Harrison, D. Jones, S. Scofield, and C. M. Thomas. "Prospects for establishing a tomato gene tagging system using the maize transposon Activator (Ac)." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 99, no. 3-4 (1992): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005534.
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SynopsisIn tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), extensive variation can be observed in genes conditioning many plant functions including disease resistance, plant development, and fruit, leaf and hypocotyl pigmentation. Genes exist that confer resistance to viruses, nematodes, bacteria and fungi. There is great value in developing a facile system for isolating such genes, and we are attempting to create a tomato gene isolation system based on insertional mutagenesis with the maize transposon Ac. Our chosen target genes (Cf-2, Cf-4, Cf-5 and Cf-9) confer resistance to specific races of the fungus Cladosporium fulvum Cooke, the causal agent of leaf mould. We have used classical and molecular techniques to map three of these genes, correcting errors in previous reports. Ac-carrying T-DNA constructs have been developed to facilitate monitoring of Ac activity in tomato, where Ac is extremely active. These constructs have been used in plant transformation experiments, and over 100 tomato lines carrying Ac have been created. More than 20 T-DNAs carrying Ac have been localised on the tomato genetic map by testing linkage to RFLP loci. This was carried out to exploit the preference of Ac for transposition to linked sites in our tagging strategy.
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Råberg, Ulrika, Christian Brischke, Andreas O. Rapp, Nils O. S. Högberg, and Carl Johan Land. "External and internal fungal flora of pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) specimens in above-ground field tests at six different sites in south-west Germany." Holzforschung 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2007.017.
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Abstract The occurrence of fungal species on pine sapwood samples obtained from an above-ground field test study was analysed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), cloning, and sequencing. Samples were taken from eight double-layer set-ups that were exposed to the environment at six different locations in south-west Germany. The occurrence of fungal species was correlated with decay intensity and rot types on one hand, and characteristics of the test sites, such as precipitation, average temperature and height above sea level on the other hand. In total, 62 different fungal species were found based on T-RFLP, cloning and sequencing. Of the 39 species that were found four or more times, 30 were ascomycetes, five were basidiomycetes, and four could not be classified. The most common fungus found in this study was Coniochaeta ligniaria ((Grev.) Cooke), a soft rot fungus that occurred in 87 of 152 samples (57%). No single factor at the test sites seemed to be decisive for the abundance of fungal species or decay intensity. Within the first years of this study, soft rot fungi was found more frequently in pine sapwood specimens than basidiomycetes.
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Kuragina, Nadezhda, and Victoria Samokish. "Mycobiota in Cemeterial Areas of Volgograd City." Natural Systems and Resources, no. 3 (April 2020): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nsr.jvolsu.2019.3.4.
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Cemeterial areas are an integral part of any urban ecosystem. The flora of cemeteries is diverse due to the large number of introduced species. This fact also implies species diversity in the macromycete biota, which is of interest for further study. Until now, special studies of mycobiota in cemeteries in Volgograd have not been conducted. We have examined three cemeteries in different districts of Volgograd City. Mushroom collection has been carried out by the route method from September to November 2019. To identify the samples we have applied standard light microscopy methods in the laboratory of Experimental biology of Volgograd State University using the guides of wellknown mycologists. Nikon D3500 SLR camera was used for shooting mushrooms. The collected species are stored in the Mycological herbarium of Volgograd State University. As a result we present an annotated list of cemeteria fungi, including 17 species, such as Agaricus arvensis Schaeff., A. xanthodermus Genev., Auricularia mesenterica (Dicks.) Pers., Coprinellus micaceus (Bull.) Vilgalys, Hopple et Jacq. Johnson, Crucibulum laeve (Huds.) Kambly, Hydroporus marginellus (Pers.) Singer, Lepista personata (Fr.) Cooke, Lycoperdon perlatum Pers., Mycena ssp., Myriostoma coliforme (Dicks.) Corda, Phellinus pomaceus (Pers.) Maire, Pilatotrama ljubarskyi (Pilát) Zmitrovich, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm., Psathyrella conopilea (Fr.) A. Pearson et Dennis, Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis (Bull.) Singer, Stropharia melanosperma (Bull.) Gillet, Tulostoma brumale Pers. Each annotation includes the date of collection, data on habitats and substrates inhabited by the species, as well as the occurrence of the species. The last index states ‘rare’ if we have no more than 5 finds, ‘often’ – 6–20 finds, ‘frequent’ – 21–50 finds, and ‘very often’ – more than 50 finds. The trophic analysis of the macromycete composition has revealed that all the found species belong to the saprotrophic group. Among them, the largest number of species was recorded on dry and dead wood (10 species). The further research of the diversity of fungi in these areas is necessary.
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Costa, Lidiomar Soares da, Paulo Henrique Grazziotti, Alexandre Christófaro Silva, Arley José Fonseca, Ângela Laís Fernandes Gomes, Danielle Cristina Fonseca Santos Grazziotti, and Márcio José Rossi. "Alginate gel entrapped ectomycorrhizal inoculum promoted growth of cuttings of Eucalyptus clones under nursery conditions." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 8 (August 2019): 978–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0129.
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Plant inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) maximizes the productive potential of forest stands. Thus, the inoculation efficiency of calcium alginate gel entrapped EMF vegetative mycelium was evaluated in a commercial nursery using cuttings of Eucalyptus clones GG100 and GG680. The cuttings were inoculated with Pisolithus microcarpus G. Cunn. (Cooke & Massee), Hysterangium gardneri E. Fisch., and Scleroderma areolatum Ehrenb. The cuttings were cultivated under low phosphate fertilization and compared with uninoculated control treatments with reduced phosphate (low P control) and full phosphate (high P control) fertilization. Pisolithus microcarpus inoculation increased shoot height, root collar diameter, shoot dry mass, total dry mass, and frequency of maximum score for root ball formation of the two clones compared with the low P control treatment. Also, in relation to the low P control treatment, H. gardneri inoculation increased shoot dry mass in GG100 rooted cuttings. Scleroderma areolatum inoculation did not enhance any characteristic of Eucalyptus rooted cuttings. Inoculation of vegetative mycelium with EMF impregnated in calcium alginate gel intensified rooted cutting growth in a commercial Eucalyptus nursery and decreased the phosphate dose required. Based on the comparison of two Eucalyptus clones, efficiency of the inoculants in promoting benefits depends on the fungus and the Eucalyptus clone. Pisolithus microcarpus is most promising for inoculation in Eucalyptus cuttings.
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Tsay, J. G., R. S. Chen, H. L. Wang, W. L. Wang, and B. C. Weng. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe diffusa, Oidium neolycopersici, and Podosphaera xanthii on Papaya in Taiwan." Plant Disease 95, no. 9 (September 2011): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-11-0362.
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Powdery mildew can be found in most papaya (Carica papaya L.) fields during the winter and spring seasons in Taiwan. It usually causes severe yellowing of the leaf lamina and petiole and serious defoliation. Three types of powdery mildew fungi were isolated from papaya leaves in Chiayi City (23.28°N, 120.28°E) at the beginning of 2008. Conidia of the first one were single, globose, hyaline, and 24 to 36 × 14 to 18 μm (average 30.2 × 15.6 μm) without fibrosin bodies and with straight or occasionally flexuous conidiophores at the base. The second one had short pseudo-chains of two to four conidia which were ellipsoidal to ovoid, hyaline, and 24 to 40 × 12 to 16 μm (average 29.7 × 13.4 μm) without fibrosin bodies. The third type had chains of ellipsoidal conidia that were hyaline, 24 to 28 × 12 to 16 μm (average 26.3 × 14.4 μm) and contained fibrosin bodies. To confirm the identity of the three fungi, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the primer pairs G1 (5′-TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG GAA GGA T-3′)/Ed2 (5′-CGC GTA GAG CCC ACG TCG GA-3′), G1 (5′-TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG GAA GGA T-3′)/On2 (5′-TGT GAT CCA TGT GAC TGG AA-3′), and S1 (5′-GGA TCA TTA CTG AGC GCG AGG CCC CG-3′)/S2 (5′-CGC CGC CCT GGC GCG AGA TAC A-3′). The alignment of obtained sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. GU358452, 507 bp; GU358451, 580 bp; and GU358450, 455 bp) showed a sequence identity of 100, 99, and 99% with the ITS sequences of Erysiphe diffusa, Oidium neolycopersici, and Podosphaera xanthii (GenBank Accession Nos. FJ378880, EU909694, and GQ927254), respectively. On the basis of morphological characteristics and ITS sequence similarities, these fungi were identified as E. diffusa (Cooke & Peck) U. Braun & S. Takam., O. neolycopersici L. Kiss, and P. xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & S. Takam., respectively (1,3). Single colonies on papaya leaves infected with powdery mildew were identified in the laboratory and maintained on papaya leaves as inoculum. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculations by gently pressing a single colony of each fungus onto leaves of healthy papaya seedlings (cv. Horng-Fe). Five seedlings were inoculated for each fungus and then covered with plastic bags for 2 days. Five noninoculated seedlings served as control. After inoculation, treated plants were maintained separately from the control in different rooms of a greenhouse at 25°C under natural daylight conditions. Seven days after inoculation, typical symptoms of powdery mildew were observed on inoculated plants, but not on noninoculated plants. The same species from diseased lesions following artificial inoculation with each fungus were identified with light microscopy. Papaya was previously described as a host to O. caricae Noack in many tropical and subtropical areas of the world including Taiwan (2). However E. cruciferarum, Golovinomyces cichoracearum, Oidiopsis sicula, O. caricae, O. caricae-papayae, O. caricicola, O. indicum, O. papayae, Ovulariopsis papayae, P. caricae-papayae, P. macularis, P. xanthii, and Streptopodium caricae were reported to infect papaya (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of papaya powdery mildew caused by E. diffusa and O. neolycopersici in the world and the first report of the three fungi found on papaya in Taiwan. References: (1) U. Braun and S. Takamatsu. Schlechtendalia 4:1, 2000. (2) H. S. Chien and H. L. Wang. J. Agric. Res. China 33:320, 1984. (3) L. Kiss et al. Mycol. Res. 105:684, 2001. (4) J. R. Liberato et al. Mycol. Res. 108:1185, 2004.
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Zelaya-Molina, L. X., M. L. Ellis, S. A. Berry, and A. E. Dorrance. "First Report of Phytophthora sansomeana Causing Wilting and Stunting on Corn in Ohio." Plant Disease 94, no. 1 (January 2010): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-1-0125c.
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During the spring of 2004, corn seedlings with symptoms of wilting and stunting were observed in corn fields with emergence problems in Madison and Brown counties, Ohio. Phytophthora isolates were recovered from sections of root tissue of diseased seedlings placed on dilute V8 media amended with pentachloronitrobenzene, iprodione, benlate, neomycin sulfate, and chloramphenicol. Colonies were rosaceous on potato dextrose agar, with a growth rate of 5 mm per day. Homothallic isolates with paragynous antheridia were observed on lima bean agar (LBA); oogonia were 35 to 50 μm in diameter. Sporangia were ovoid to obpyriform, nonpapillate, with an average size of 49 × 30 μm. Pathogenicity was tested on corn seeds using a petri dish assay with 3-day-old cultures on LBA and a sand-cornmeal cup test amended with inoculum from 7-day-old cultures on LBA (1). After 1 week in the petri dish assay, the seeds failed to germinate completely and were covered with white, fungal-like, aerial mycelia and the pathogen was recovered from brown discolored radicle roots. In the cup assay, 2-week-old seedlings developed the same symptoms observed in the field; the pathogen was also isolated from brown discolored roots. In both assays, no symptoms developed in the noninoculated controls. Both pathogenicity tests were repeated two times. Genomic DNA was extracted from mycelia of two isolates and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified and sequenced using ITS6/ITS4 primers (2). Both isolates had identical ITS sequences (GenBank Accession No. GQ853880). A BLAST search of the NCBI database showed 100% homology with the sequence of the haplotype isolate of Phytophthora sansomeana (Accession No. EU925375). P. sansomeana is a new species characterized principally by a large oogonial diameter (37 to 45 μm), rapid growth rate (7 to 10 mm/day), and an ITS sequence falling in Cooke's clade 8 (4). Pathogenicity tests, morphological characteristics, and the ITS sequence analysis indicate that P. samsomena is the causal agent of the symptoms observed on corn seedlings. P. sansomeana has been reported as a pathogen of soybean in Indiana, Douglas-fir in Oregon, and weeds in alfalfa fields in New York (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. sansomeana infecting corn in Ohio, albeit other isolates have previously been recovered from soybean in the state. There are four previous reports of Phytophthora spp. affecting corn in the United States and Mexico (3). Crop rotation will have little effect in management of this pathogen since corn and soybean are produced in the same fields continuously throughout the state. References: (1) K. E. Broders et al. Plant. Dis. 91:727, 2007. (2) D. E. L. Cooke et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 30:17, 2000. (3) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 1989. (4) E. M. Hansen et al. Mycologia 101:129, 2009.
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Smith, Carr Joseph, and Thomas A. Perfetti. "Exposure to chemicals formed from natural processes is ubiquitous." Toxicology Research and Application 4 (January 1, 2020): 239784732092294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2397847320922940.
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Exposure to chemicals produced by natural processes is ubiquitous. First, in addition to the products of normal metabolism produced in humans of normal body weight, adipose tissue produces a large number of chemicals, including estrogen, testosterone from the produced estrogen, thyroid-stimulating hormone, leptin and approximately 500 other molecules termed adipokines, and a large number of inflammatory mediators. Second, the gut biome contains approximately the same number of bacteria as cells found in the entire body and produces a large number of small molecules. Third, the overwhelming majority (99.9%) of pesticide exposure occurs during ingestion of natural plant pesticides from eating vegetables. Fourth, consumption of cooked muscles meats leads to significant exposure to mutagenic and carcinogenic heterocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatic amines, and nitropyrenes. Fifth, many common beverages, for example, beer, coffee, and tea contain organic chemicals that display mutagenic activity. As compared with man-made production levels, from 1945 to 2015, an estimated 5000-fold more organic compounds were produced by a variety of natural processes, including common wood-degrading and forest litter-degrading fungi, microorganisms in temperate and boreal forest soils, bacteria in marine sponges, marine macro-algae, volcanoes, and forest fires. Exposure to these naturally produced organic compounds occurs via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and water, and contact with soil, freshwater, and seawater. Contact with several thousand different endogenous or exogenous chemicals per day is unavoidable. This understanding might assist in better allocating resources toward controlling exposures to agents of highest concern as determined by current concepts of chronic disease causation.
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Mello, Andrea Hentz de, Zaida Inês Antoniolli, João Kaminski, Eduardo Lorensi Souza, and Vetúria Lopes Oliveira. "Fungos arbusculares e ectomicorrízicos em áreas de eucalipto e de campo nativo em solo arenoso." Ciência Florestal 16, no. 3 (September 30, 2006): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050981909.
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O Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden forma associações simbióticas com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e ectomicorrízicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a população (direta e indireta) e a diversidade desses microorganismos nessa espécie florestal em áreas sujeitas à arenização em São Francisco de Assis, RS. Amostras de solo e raízes de três área - campo nativo, cultivo de eucalipto 3 anos e cultivo de eucalipto 8 anos - foram coletadas para identificação de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares. Corpos de frutificação de ectomicorrizas foram coletados nas três áreas. Os resultados mostram que a identificação indireta (cultura armadilha) com Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf foi eficiente na recuperação do inóculo de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares no solo. Os gêneros de FMAs presentes nas áreas avaliadas foram Glomus, Gigaspora, Acaulospora e Scutellospora. As espécies de fungos ectomicorrízicos que mais se destacam foram Pisolithus sp. Alb. & Schewein; Scleroderma sp. (Persoon) Fries e Pisolithus microcarpus (Cooke & Massee) Cumm. O fungo ectomicorrízico que apresentou a maior abundância relativa foi o Scleroderma sp. A área de campo nativo apresentou maior população e diversidade de fungos micorrizicos arbusculares do que as áreas de eucalipto.
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Zhang, Z. F., H. Y. Li, and Z. H. Shi. "First Report of Botrytis Gray Mold on Red Bayberry in China." Plant Disease 92, no. 9 (September 2008): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-9-1364a.
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Red bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc) is a special fruit produced in southeastern China. Heavy losses due to postharvest rot and short shelf-life have negatively affected farmers' incomes. In June 2007, a survey was conducted to determine the causal agents of red bayberry (cv. Dongkui) rot in Linhai City, Zhejiang Province. Only a few soft rot fruits with typical gray mold of Botrytis cinerea were found on trees, but 74% (266 of 360) of the fruits that appeared disease free during harvest showed a mass of gray mold after 5 days in storage at 22°C. Brown conidiophores bore botryose heads of hyaline, ellipsoid, unicellular conidia, measuring 9.1 to 16.1 × 8.6 to 11.0 μm. Mycelia were initially whitish and turned gray with age. Black, irregular sclerotia were formed in potato dextrose agar medium. Such features suggested B. cinerea infection (1). Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation of 20 healthy red bayberries with a conidial suspension (106/ml); 100% were infected and masses of gray mold were formed 4 days after inoculation. No mock-inoculated fruits were infected. To confirm involvement of B. cinerea, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with primers ITS4/ITS6 (2). The sequence (Accession No. AM884742) matched 100% to B. cinerea sequences deposited in Genbank (Accession Nos. EF207415, EF207414, and EF207413). To our knowledge, this is the first report of red bayberry rot caused by B. cinerea in China. References: (1) J. Y. Lu. Phytopathogenic Fungi. Chinese Agricultural Publishing, Beijing, 1995. (2) D. E. L. Cooke and J. M. Duncan. Mycol. Res. 101:667, 1997.
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Al- Matroud, Lina, Raghda Al-Baghdadi, Safia Al-Masri Arafieh, Abdellatif Al-Ghazawi, Salah Al-Chaabi, and Tayseer Abu-Fadel. "The effect of acetylsalicylic acid on conidia germination of some pathogenic fungi, and evaluation of its effectiveness against tomato leaf mold disease caused by Cladosporiumfulvum Cooke under greenhouse conditions." Arab Journal Of Plant Protection 35, no. 1 (April 2017): 016–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-035.1.016026.
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