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Journal articles on the topic 'Cool Environment'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Gascho, J. A., D. Gehman, and R. Brandt. "Effects of environmental temperature on the venodilatory response to nitroglycerin." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 5 (November 1, 1991): 1843–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.5.1843.

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The venodilatory response to nitroglycerin (0.8 mg sublingually) was measured in 10 healthy young male volunteers in a cool [24.3 +/- 0.6 degrees C skin temperature (Tsk)] and a warm environment (34.7 +/- 0.2 degrees C Tsk). Nitroglycerin caused mean arterial pressure to fall and heart rate to rise in both the cool (105 +/- 2 to 96 +/- 3 mmHg; 55 +/- 3 to 62 +/- 3 beats/min) and the warm environment (87 +/- 3 to 81 +/- 3 mmHg; 66 +/- 4 to 75 +/- 3 beats/min), but the fall in pressure was greater in the cool than in the warm environment. Forearm blood flow was reduced and forearm vascular resistance elevated in the cool (117 +/- 19 units; 1.15 +/- 0.08 ml.100 cc arm-1.min-1) compared with the warm environment (15 +/- 3 units; 8.60 +/- 1.89 ml.100 cc arm-1.min-1). Nitroglycerin caused forearm vascular resistance to fall in the cool but had no effect in the warm environment. Venous distensibility (increase in venous volume per 30-mmHg increase in venous pressure) was twice as great in the warm as in the cool environment (3.90 +/- 0.27 vs. 1.88 +/- 0.23 ml/100 cc arm). However, the venodilatory effect of nitroglycerin was similar in the cool and warm environments (0.79 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.67 +/- 0.13 ml/100 cc arm, respectively). Arterioles are not dilated by nitroglycerin in the warmer environment, but the venodilatory effect of nitroglycerin is quantitatively similar in the two environments.

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2

Kaiser, J. "Environment: Green Grass, Cool Climate?" Science 274, no. 5293 (December 6, 1996): 1610b—0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5293.1610b.

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3

Hilton, Jim. "A Really Cool Image Database Environment:." Microscopy Today 4, no. 6 (August 1996): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950006082x.

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Growing your own microscopy client/server image database requires addressing many issues. If you are going to grow your own, the following ideas will get you “out of the box.”The ideal microscopy image database environment might appear like this: The core of the image database would be a very powerful, universally available, extensible, cost effective, flexible and serviceable database engine. The core engine would allow the user to perform fast and seamless SQL searches across a large database without reducing the available network bandwidth. It would be able to take advantage of current and future technologies (i.e., 64 bit processing, 1 GB networks, digital, video, multi media, etc.) The same core would be able to share information with other databases, applications and platforms. What an odd concept.

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Jima, Wegene Demisie, Tewodros Kassa Dada, and Thanikaivelan Palanisamy. "Cool garment leathers for hot environment." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 135, no. 6 (July 24, 2018): 3289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7569-0.

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Young, A. J., M. N. Sawka, L. Levine, B. S. Cadarette, and K. B. Pandolf. "Skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise is influenced by heat acclimation." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 6 (December 1, 1985): 1929–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.6.1929.

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The influence of heat acclimation on skeletal muscle metabolism during submaximal exercise was studied in 13 healthy men. The subjects performed 30 min of cycle exercise (70% of individual maximal O2 uptake) in a cool [21 degrees C, 30% relative humidity (rh)] and a hot (49 degrees C, 20% rh) environment before and again after they were heat acclimated. Aerobic metabolic rate was lower (0.1 l X min-1; P less than 0.01) during exercise in the heat compared with the cool both before and after heat acclimation. Muscle and plasma lactate accumulation with exercise was greater (P less than 0.01) in the hot relative to the cool environment both before and after acclimation. Acclimation lowered (P less than 0.01) aerobic metabolic rate as well as muscle and plasma lactate accumulation in both environments. The amount of muscle glycogen utilized during exercise in the hot environment did not differ from that in the cool either before or after acclimation. These findings indicate that accumulation of muscle lactate is increased and aerobic metabolic rate is decreased during exercise in the heat before and after heat acclimation; increased muscle glycogen utilization does not account for the increased muscle lactate accumulation during exercise under extreme heat stress; and heat acclimation lowers the aerobic metabolic rate and muscle and blood lactate accumulation during exercise in a cool as well as a hot environment.

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Morton, Cathy A., and R. Gordon Harvey. "Simulated Environments Influence Primisulfuron Efficacy." Weed Science 42, no. 3 (September 1994): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500076724.

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The influence of hot-dry and cool-moist environments on primisulfuron efficacy on giant foxtail and quackgrass was compared at the University of Wisconsin Biotron. Primisulfuron was applied POST at 20 and 40 g ai ha-1with nonionic surfactant (NIS) or crop oil concentrate (COC) and with or without 28% nitrogen fertilizer (28% N). Giant foxtail control 3 wk after treatment was not affected by primisulfuron rates or adjuvants. Adding 28% N tended to improve quackgrass control with primisulfuron plus NIS or COC. Primisulfuron was more injurious to both giant foxtail and quackgrass in the cool-moist than the hot-dry environment. Absorption of14C-primisulfuron into giant foxtail tissue 3 days after treatment (DAT) was greater in the cool-moist than the hot-dry environment Translocation of14C out of treated leaf of quackgrass 3 DAT was greater in the cool-moist than the hot-dry environment. More14C was absorbed and translocated in giant foxtail than quackgrass. Absorbed14C was translocated equally to underground and above treated leaf sections of quackgrass, whereas more14C was translocated above the treated leaf of giant foxtail.

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7

Wright, GC, and GL Hammer. "Distribution of nitrogen and radiation use efficiency in peanut canopies." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 3 (1994): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9940565.

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The allocation pattern of leaf nitrogen throughout a crop canopy can theoretically affect crop photosynthetic performance and radiation use efficiency (RUE). No information is available on the existence of leaf nitrogen gradients in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) canopies, nor on how these gradients might impact on RUE. Peanut crops (cv. Tifton-8) were grown in warm and cool environments, and the canopy profiles of leaf area index, light interception, specific leaf weight (SLW), leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) and specific leaf nitrogen (SLN) were examined at 73 and 112 days after planting. Crop RUE was also measured during this period. There was a marked decline in SLN from the top to the base of the canopy in both environments. The gradient in SLN occurred due to changes in SLW and LNC in the warm environment, but only due to changes in SLW in the cool environment. The gradient appeared to be largely controlled by the light environment within the canopy, as evidenced by the commonality (across environments) of the relationship between SLN and cumulative light interception throughout the canopy. Radiation use efficiency was 33% higher in the crop grown in the warm compared to the cool environment, suggesting that cool temperatures can limit RUE in peanut. For the crop at the warm site, RUE was 32% higher than the theoretical RUE assuming a uniform SLN distribution in the canopy. It is suggested that the existence of non-uniform SLN distribution in the canopy may allow enhanced RUE compared to canopies with uniform SLN distribution.

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Johnson, Caleb D., Andrew J. Simonson, Matthew E. Darnell, James P. DeLany, Meleesa F. Wohleber, and Christopher Connaboy. "Energy expenditure and intake during Special Operations Forces field training in a jungle and glacial environment." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 43, no. 4 (April 2018): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0622.

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The purpose of this study was to identify and compare energy requirements specific to Special Operations Forces in field training, in both cool and hot environments. Three separate training sessions were evaluated, 2 in a hot environment (n = 21) and 1 in a cool environment (n = 8). Total energy expenditure was calculated using doubly labeled water. Dietary intake was assessed via self-report at the end of each training mission day, and macronutrient intakes were calculated. Across the 3 missions, mean energy expenditure (4618 ± 1350 kcal/day) exceeded mean energy intake (2429 ± 838 kcal/day) by an average of 2200 kcal/day. Macronutrient intakes (carbohydrates (g/(kg·day body weight (bw))−1) = 3.2 ± 1.2; protein (g/(kg·day bw)−1) = 1.3 ± 0.7; fat (g/(kg·day bw)−1) = 1.2 ± 0.7) showed inadequate carbohydrate and possibly protein intake across the study period, compared with common recommendations. Total energy expenditures were found to be similar between hot (4664 ± 1399 kcal/day) and cool (4549 ± 1221 kcal/day) environments. However, energy intake was found to be higher in the cool (3001 ± 900 kcal/day) compared with hot (2200 ± 711 kcal/day) environments. Based on the identified energy deficit, high variation in energy expenditures, and poor macronutrient intake, a greater attention to feeding practices during similar training scenarios for Special Operations Forces is needed to help maintain performance and health. The differences in environmental heat stress between the 2 climates/environments had no observed effect on energy expenditures, but may have influenced intakes.

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Liu, Yu Jie, Guo Dong Liu, Yi He, and Zhong Quan Nie. "Groundwater Numerical Simulation in Cool Water Well Coal Mine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1596.

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Coal mining had destructed and polluted precious groundwater resources of Cool water Wells coal mine. To more accurately assess the groundwater resources and forecast coal mine groundwater systems status and change trend under state of development and utilization is the foundation work of mining area environment protection and treatment. The paper established the groundwater numerical simulation model in the study area using Visual MODFLOW software, calculated and evaluated the groundwater resources of study area by identification and examination.There are important practical significance to protection preciou water resource of mining area.

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10

Stencel, Robert E. "The Environments of Cool Stars." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 103 (1988): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100103148.

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AbstractThis review describes recent conclusions about the physical environment of red giant and supergiant stars. This includes coronae, chromospheres, dust formation and stellar winds. This knowledge can provide the boundary conditions for considering what role such objects play as members of binary star systems, where tidal forces and companion behavior alter observed characteristics.

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11

Stajic, J. "A qubit keeping cool in a hot environment." Science 349, no. 6249 (August 13, 2015): 702–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.349.6249.702-d.

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12

Uchida, Kunitoshi, Tetsuya Shiuchi, Hitoshi Inada, Yasuhiko Minokoshi, and Makoto Tominaga. "Metabolic adaptation of mice in a cool environment." Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 459, no. 5 (February 26, 2010): 765–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-010-0795-3.

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Belesky, David P., and James M. Fedders. "Comparative Growth Analysis of Cool‐ and Warm‐Season Grasses in a Cool–Temperate Environment." Agronomy Journal 87, no. 5 (September 1995): 974–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700050034xdup.

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Strigo, Irina A., Franco Carli, and M. Catherine Bushnell. "Effect of Ambient Temperature on Human Pain and Temperature Perception." Anesthesiology 92, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200003000-00014.

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Background Animal studies show reduced nociceptive responses to noxious heat stimuli and increases in endogenous beta-endorphin levels in cold environments, suggesting that human pain perception may be dependent on ambient temperature. However, studies of changes in local skin temperature on human pain perception have yielded variable results. This study examines the effect of both warm and cool ambient temperature on the perception of noxious and innocuous mechanical and thermal stimuli. Methods Ten subjects (7 men and 3 women, aged 20-23 yr) used visual analog scales to rate the stimulus intensity, pain intensity, and unpleasantness of thermal (0-50 degrees C) and mechanical (1.2-28.9 g) stimuli applied on the volar forearm with a 1-cm2 contact thermode and von Frey filaments, respectively. Mean skin temperatures were measured throughout the experiment by infrared pyrometer. Each subject was tested in ambient temperatures of 15 degrees C (cool), 25 degrees C (neutral), and 35 degrees C (warm) on separate days, after a 30-min acclimation to the environment. Studies began in the morning after an 8-h fast. Results Mean skin temperature was altered by ambient temperature (cool room: 30.1 degrees C; neutral room: 33.4 degrees C; warm room: 34.5 degrees C; P < 0.0001). Ambient temperature affected both heat (44-50 degrees C) and cold (25-0 degrees C) perception (P < 0.01). Stimulus intensity ratings tended to be lower in the cool than in the neutral environment (P < 0.07) but were not different between the neutral and warm environments. Unpleasantness ratings revealed that cold stimuli were more unpleasant than hot stimuli in the cool room and that noxious heat stimuli were more unpleasant in a warm environment. Environmental temperature did not alter ratings of warm (37 and 40 degrees C) or mechanical stimuli. Conclusions These results indicate that, in humans, a decrease in skin temperature following exposure to cool environments reduces thermal pain. Suppression of Adelta primary afferent cold fiber activity has been shown to increase cold pain produced by skin cooling. Our current findings may represent the reverse phenomenon, i.e., a reduction in thermal nociceptive transmission by the activation of Adelta cutaneous cold fibers.

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Mujika, Iñigo, Rafa González De Txabarri, and David Pyne. "Effects of a New Evaporative Cooling Solution During Rowing in a Warm Environment." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 5, no. 3 (September 2010): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.3.412.

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Energicer is a new solution which purportedly increases evaporative cooling during exercise in the heat.Purpose:To evaluate the effect of Energicer on performance during indoor rowing in a warm environment.Methods:Eighteen highly trained rowers (age 23.3 ± 6.7 y, height 181.3 ± 6.0 cm, mass 76.7 ± 5.0 kg, peak aerobic power (PAP) 322.1 ± 24.3 W; mean ± SD) performed two indoor rowing trials at 25.0°C and 65.0% relative humidity. Each trial consisted of 10 min at 55% PAP, 5 min of rest, 10 min at 70% PAP, 10 min of rest, and 2000 m time trial. Subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental (COOL) or a placebo (PLA) condition, using a double-blind, crossover design. During COOL, subjects wore sweatbands soaked in Energicer on both forearms; during PLA, they wore identical sweatbands soaked in cool water. Physiological measures and rowing performance were analyzed in a post-test-only crossover design. Magnitude of the difference between treatments was interpreted using the Cohen’s effect statistic.Results:No substantial differences were observed in heart rate, blood lactate and RPE between treatments during the submaximal row (COOL 163 ± 10 bpm, 4.3 ± 1.0 mM, 14.5 ± 1.8; PLA 165 ± 11 bpm, 4.8 ± 1.4 mM, 14.6 ± 1.6) and the time trial (COOL 179 ± 9 bpm, 10.7 ± 2.3 mM, 20 ± 0; PLA 179 ± 10 bpm, 11.1 ± 2.2 mM, 20 ± 0). Time (419 ± 11 vs 420 ± 12 s), mean power (305 ± 24 vs 304 ± 26 W), sweat loss (1013 ± 186 vs 981 ± 161 mL) and pacing strategy during the time trial were similar in COOL and PLA. The magnitude of differences between treatments was trivial for all measured variables.Conclusion:Energicer failed to provide a substantial benefit during indoor rowing in a warm environment. Whether Energicer is beneficial during more prolonged exercise and/or under more stressful environmental conditions remains to be elucidated.

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Philp, Calvin P., Martin Buchheit, Cecilia M. Kitic, Christopher T. Minson, and James W. Fell. "Does Short-Duration Heat Exposure at a Matched Cardiovascular Intensity Improve Intermittent-Running Performance in a Cool Environment?" International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 6 (July 2017): 812–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0072.

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Purpose:To investigate whether a 5-d cycling training block in the heat (35°C) in Australian Rules footballers was superior to exercising at the same relative intensity in cool conditions (15°C) for improving intermittent-running performance in a cool environment (<18°C).Methods:Using a parallel-group design, 12 semiprofessional football players performed 5 d of cycling exercise (70% heart-rate reserve [HRR] for 45 min [5 × 50-min sessions in total]) in a hot (HEAT, 35°C ± 1°C, 56% ± 9% RH) or cool environment (COOL, 15°C ± 3°C, 81% ± 10% RH). A 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test to assess intermittent running performance (VIFT) was conducted in a cool environment (17°C ± 2°C, 58 ± 5% RH) before and twice after (1 and 3 d) the intervention.Results:There was a likely small increase in VIFT in each group (HEAT, 0.5 ± 0.3 km/h, 1.5 ± 0.8 × smallest worthwhile change [SWC]; COOL, 0.4 ± 0.4 km/h, 1.6 ± 1.2 × SWC) 3 d postintervention, with no difference in change between the groups (0.5% ± 1.9%, 0.4 ± 1.4 × SWC). Cycle power output during the intervention was almost certainly lower in the HEAT group (HEAT 1.8 ± 0.2 W/kg vs COOL 2.5 ± 0.3 W/kg, –21.7 ± 3.2 × SWC, 100/0/0).Conclusions:When cardiovascularexercise intensity is matched (ie, 70% HRR) between environmental conditions, there is no additional performance benefit from short-duration moderate-intensity heat exposure (5 × 50 min) for semiprofessional footballers exercising in cool conditions. However, the similar positive adaptations may occur in HEAT with 30% lower mechanical load, which may be of interest for load management during intense training or rehabilitation phases.

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Lorenzo, Santiago, John R. Halliwill, Michael N. Sawka, and Christopher T. Minson. "Heat acclimation improves exercise performance." Journal of Applied Physiology 109, no. 4 (October 2010): 1140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00495.2010.

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This study examined the impact of heat acclimation on improving exercise performance in cool and hot environments. Twelve trained cyclists performed tests of maximal aerobic power (V̇o2max), time-trial performance, and lactate threshold, in both cool [13°C, 30% relative humidity (RH)] and hot (38°C, 30% RH) environments before and after a 10-day heat acclimation (∼50% V̇o2max in 40°C) program. The hot and cool condition V̇o2max and lactate threshold tests were both preceded by either warm (41°C) water or thermoneutral (34°C) water immersion to induce hyperthermia (0.8–1.0°C) or sustain normothermia, respectively. Eight matched control subjects completed the same exercise tests in the same environments before and after 10 days of identical exercise in a cool (13°C) environment. Heat acclimation increased V̇o2max by 5% in cool (66.8 ± 2.1 vs. 70.2 ± 2.3 ml·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.004) and by 8% in hot (55.1 ± 2.5 vs. 59.6 ± 2.0 ml·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.007) conditions. Heat acclimation improved time-trial performance by 6% in cool (879.8 ± 48.5 vs. 934.7 ± 50.9 kJ, P = 0.005) and by 8% in hot (718.7 ± 42.3 vs. 776.2 ± 50.9 kJ, P = 0.014) conditions. Heat acclimation increased power output at lactate threshold by 5% in cool (3.88 ± 0.82 vs. 4.09 ± 0.76 W/kg, P = 0.002) and by 5% in hot (3.45 ± 0.80 vs. 3.60 ± 0.79 W/kg, P < 0.001) conditions. Heat acclimation increased plasma volume (6.5 ± 1.5%) and maximal cardiac output in cool and hot conditions (9.1 ± 3.4% and 4.5 ± 4.6%, respectively). The control group had no changes in V̇o2max, time-trial performance, lactate threshold, or any physiological parameters. These data demonstrate that heat acclimation improves aerobic exercise performance in temperate-cool conditions and provide the scientific basis for employing heat acclimation to augment physical training programs.

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Holdsworth, Bill. "Cool thinking." Refocus 5, no. 2 (March 2004): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-0846(04)00107-6.

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Eggertson, Bill. "Green cool." Refocus 6, no. 4 (July 2005): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-0846(05)70435-2.

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Takeno, Yoshiaki, Yoshi-Ichiro Kamijo, and Hiroshi Nose. "Thermoregulatory and aerobic changes after endurance training in a hypobaric hypoxic and warm environment." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 1520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.4.1520.

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Plasma volume (PV) expansion by endurance training and/or heat acclimatization is known to increase aerobic and thermoregulatory capacities in humans. Also, higher erythrocyte volume (EV) fractions in blood are known to improve these capacities. We tested the hypothesis that training in a hypobaric hypoxic and warm environment would increase peak aerobic power (V˙o 2 peak) and forearm skin vascular conductance (FVC) response to increased esophageal temperature (Tes) more than training in either environment alone, by increasing both PV and EV. Twenty men were divided into four training regimens ( n = 5 each): low-altitude cool (610-m altitude, 20°C ambient temperature, 50% relative humidity), high-altitude cool (2,000 m, 20°C), low-altitude warm (610 m, 30°C), and high-altitude warm (HW; 2,000 m, 30°C). They exercised on a cycle ergometer at 60%V˙o 2 peak for 1 h/day for 10 days in a climate chamber. After training, PV increased in all trials, but EV increased in only high-altitude trials (both P < 0.05). V˙o 2 peak increased in all trials ( P < 0.05) but without any significant differences among trials. FVC response to increased Tes was measured during exercise at 60% of the pretrainingV˙o 2 peak at 610 m and 30°C. After the training, Tes threshold for increasing FVC decreased in warm trials ( P < 0.05) but not in cool trials and was significantly lower in HW than in cool trials ( P < 0.05). The slope of FVC increase/Tes increase increased in all trials ( P < 0.05) except for high-altitude cool ( P > 0.4) and was significantly higher in HW than in cool trials ( P < 0.05). Thus, against our hypothesis, the V˙o 2 peak for HW did not increase more than in other trials. Moreover, slope of FVC increase/Tes increase in HW increased most, despite the similar increase in blood volume, suggesting that factors other than blood volume were involved in the highest FVC response in HW.

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Ramprasad Vittal and Subbaiyan Gnanasambandam. "Perceived Thermal Environment of NaturallyVentilated Classrooms in India." Creative Space 3, no. 2 (January 4, 2016): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/cs.2016.32003.

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A ield study of thermal environment in naturally ventilated classrooms was conducted in the Department of Architecture at the National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India. The study included 176 architecture students and was conducted over ive days during the comparatively cool months of December and January. The results show that 82% of participants voted for ‘comfortable’ on the thermal sensation scale. Cross tabulation of thermal sensation and thermal preference shows that 50% of those who voted within the ‘neutral’ thermal sensation range preferred cooler temperatures and 43% wanted no change. Classroom temperature was acceptable to 85% of students and unacceptable to 15% of students. Perceived thermal sensation tends toward the cool side (mean -0.26). Regression analysis yielded a comfort zone (voting within -1 and +1) of 26.9–30.8 °C, with neutral temperature of 29.0 °C. Standard adaptive comfort models yielded lower temperature than ield indings.

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Bardosono, Saptawati, and Ermita Ilyas. "Health, nutrition and hydration status of Indonesian workers: a preliminary study in two different environmental settings." Medical Journal of Indonesia 23, no. 2 (June 19, 2014): 112–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.13181/mji.v23i2.993.

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Background: Hydration status in the working environment of hot and conveniently cool may influence the health status of workers, including their hydration status. This study aimed to determine the health, nutrition and hydration status of workers in two different working environment, i.e. hot and conveniently cool environment.Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was done on apparently healthy male subjects, age 25-45 years. Two groups of factory workers consisted of 39 subjects working in environment exposed directly to heat and the other doing administrative work in cool environment. Data on their health status (physical examination), weight, height, waist circumference, fat body composition, laboratory result, were collected. The data was presented as average value and proportion; statistical analysis with unpaired-t (Mann-Whitney test) and chi-square test was used.Results: Subjects working in a hot environment were more prone to dehydration in comparison to their counterparts, as was shown by significantly higher values of several hydration status biomarkers: hemoglobin (15.6 vs 14.8 g/dL, p = 0.017), hematocrit (46 vs 44.5%, p = 0.040), blood viscosity (23 vs 12 mEq/L, p < 0.001), and blood sodium concentration (140 vs 138 mEq/L, p < 0.001). In contrast, subjects working in a conveniently cool environment who did more administrative tasks were physically less active, had significantly lower HDL-cholesterol level (43 vs 52.1 mg/dL, p = 0.005), higher body and visceral fat compositions (21.6 vs 17.6%, p = 0.008, and 10 vs 8%, p = 0.015, respectively) compared to their counterparts.Conclusion: Workers in hot and cool working environment are prone to nutrition- and health problems as well as dehydration, suggesting special attention to the provision of timely drinking water, and physical activity during working time.

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Savage, D. B., J. V. Nolan, I. R. Godwin, D. G. Mayer, A. Aoetpah, T. Nguyen, N. D. Baillie, T. E. Rheinberger, and C. Lawlor. "Water and feed intake responses of sheep to drinking water temperature in hot conditions." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08056.

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When live-export sheep from Australia arrive in the Middle East during the northern summer months, they may be offered drinking water at temperatures exceeding 40°C. There is little published research to indicate whether drinking water temperature is important in managing heat stress in sheep or its effect on their health and welfare. Three studies were conducted with Merino wethers in climate-controlled rooms to investigate: (i) responses to drinking water temperatures of 20°C, 30°C and 40°C in a cool (20°C) and hot (40°C) environment, (ii) preferences for drinking water temperature at 20°C or 30°C when in a hot or cool environment and (iii) effects of water restriction when offered hot water (40°C) in a hot environment. Sheep assigned to the hot room had significantly higher respiration rates than those assigned to the cool room. In the cool environment, water intakes were the same when water temperatures were 20°C, 30°C or 40°C; however, when the sheep were given a choice between drinking water at 20°C and 30°C, they preferred (P < 0.05) to drink water at 20°C. In the hot environment, water intake increased as drinking water temperature increased, and sheep preferred to drink water at 30°C rather than 20°C. When the availability of 40°C drinking water was restricted (to ~10% of liveweight) in the hot environment, sheep had higher respiration rates than those offered unlimited water.

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Eysink, Tessa H. S., Alieke M. van Dijk, and Ton de Jong. "BE COOL! a digital learning environment to challenge and socially include gifted learners." Educational Technology Research and Development 68, no. 5 (February 21, 2020): 2373–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09754-9.

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Abstract This paper describes the development of the BE COOL! learning environment that gives all children, gifted and non-gifted, the opportunity to learn at a level matching their specific needs and abilities within the social context of regular education. BE COOL! uses the ability-adjusted jigsaw method, in which children of varying ability levels work together on a design for which they acquire knowledge by working on tailored assignments in groups with children with the same ability level. This differentiation method unites elements of learning by design, learning together, and learning by inquiry. In this article, we first present the conceptual foundations underlying BE COOL! Next, we describe the learning environment and its components as incorporated in a seven-week science lesson series in which fourth to sixth graders must design a liveable house on the moon for a family of four. Then, we describe our design process, in which research and development alternated and we end with a brief presentation of the learning environment’s added value for educational practice.

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He, Jing, and Guang Sheng Ren. "CNC Cutting Performance in Processing Using Cool-Air Cutting Technology." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 973–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.973.

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The technology of low temperature cool-air & minority of oil conditions (cool-air cutting technology) is employed to cut three materials— Steel 45, the alloy of titanium and 2WCrNi, then the results are contrasted with the normal cutting method. Firstly, Steel 45 and the alloy of titanium are tested with cool-air cutting and dry cutting method. Then 2WCrNi is tested by employing both cool-air cutting and oil solution cutting method. Finally, the effect of cool-air cutting technology on the life of cemented carbide tools is discussed after contrast test, and the impact of those methods on environment is also evaluated.

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van, Zelst SJ, JL Zupp, DL Hayman, and BP Setchell. "X-Y chromosome dissociation in mice and rats exposed to increased testicular or environmental temperatures." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 5 (1995): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9951117.

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Heating the testes, scrota and tails of mice and rats by immersion in a water bath at 42 degrees C for 20 min caused an increased percentage of X-Y univalents in meiotic preparations made after 6 and 12 days respectively. It was also confirmed that exposing mice of a cool-adapted strain to an environment at 33 degrees C for 5 days resulted in an increase in the percentage of X-Y and autosomal univalents in meiotic preparations made after a recovery period of 2 days. Mice of a strain adapted to living at 33 degrees C also showed a higher rate of X-Y dissociation than control cool-adapted mice, but a lower frequency of autosomal univalents than cool-adapted mice exposed to the hot environment. The testes of the heat-adapted mice were even more sensitive than the testes of cool-adapted mice to the effects of local heating, as judged by the fall in testis weight 21 days afterwards.

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Ohnaka, K. "VLTI’s view on the circumstellar environment of cool evolved stars." New Astronomy Reviews 51, no. 8-9 (October 2007): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.newar.2007.04.007.

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28

Belesky, D. P., H. D. Perry, W. R. Windham, E. L. Mathias, and J. M. Fedders. "Productivity and Quality of Bermudagrass in a Cool Temperate Environment." Agronomy Journal 83, no. 5 (September 1991): 810–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1991.00021962008300050007x.

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Johnson, Richard F., and Shelley R. Strowman. "Effects of Cooling and Flavoring Drinking Water on Psychological Performance in a Hot Environment." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, no. 7 (September 1987): 825–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703100731.

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During exposure to a hot environment, unacclimatized soldiers may not voluntarily drink enough water to compensate for the loss of fluids. This study evaluated whether, with increased voluntary drinking (due to cooling and/or flavoring the drinking water), the soldier (a) will be less likely to report feelings of discomfort and symptoms of heat illness and (b) will also be better able to maintain his ability to perform psychomotor and cognitive tasks. On each of four test days in a heat chamber, eight subjects were permitted to drink ad lib only one of four beverages: cool water, warm water, cool flavored water, or warm flavored water. The subjects felt more uncomfortable and reported more symptoms of heat illness under the warm water conditions. Psychomotor performance (manual dexterity) and cognitive performance (logical reasoning) were significantly degraded under the warm water conditions but only after at least four hours of heat exposure. Flavoring the water had no effect on any of the measures. It is concluded that under hot weather conditions, degradation in psychological performance may be attenuated if soldiers are provided cool as opposed to warm drinking water.

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Burns, James A. "Mid-Wisconsinan Vertebrates and their Environment from January Cave, Alberta, Canada." Quaternary Research 35, no. 1 (January 1991): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(91)90100-j.

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AbstractJanuary Cave, in the Rocky Mountains of southwestern Alberta, has yielded vertebrate remains from a coprocenosis of mid-Wisconsinan-age. Taphonomic analysis indicates accumulation by raptors, mostly owls, and mammalian carnivores. The vertebrate record, together with pollen analysis, indicates that cool, dry conditions prevailed in an extensive tundra-like environment, with prairie elements in the valleys below. Thirty-four mammalian taxa have been recovered from January Cave. Today, some of these species (e.g., Lemmus sibiricus and Dicrostonyx torquatus) do not coexist with others (e.g., Cynomys sp., Mustela nigripes, Vulpes velox, and Lagurus curtatus). Therefore, the January Cave local fauna represents a “nonanalog” mammalian community characteristic of the late Pleistocene. It suggests that the region enjoyed an equable climate, with reduced climatic extremes but still cool, further supporting a mid-Wisconsinan age estimate for the fauna. It is the first major, small vertebrate fauna of its age to be reported from Alberta.

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Dickey, John M., Monika Marx-Zimmer, Christian Düsterberg, Ulrich Mebold, Snezana Stanimirović, Lister Staveley-Smith, and H. A. Kobulnicky. "Interstellar Phases in the Magellanic Clouds." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 190 (1999): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900117371.

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Surveys of λ21-cm absorption in the Magellanic System show that the cool phase of the HI is less abundant in the SMC than in the Milky Way, and may be so also in the LMC. The typical cool cloud temperature is colder than in the Milky Way, 30 to 40 K rather than 60 to 75 K. The lower abundance of cool phase HI can be traced to the lower heavy element abundances in the Magellanic environment. The cooler cloud temperatures are somewhat mysterious.

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Carmichael, Stephen W. "Microscopy Used to Discover New, Cool Mineral!" Microscopy Today 16, no. 1 (January 2008): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500054249.

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It is relatively infrequent these days for a novel mineral to be discovered in the natural environment (in this context, this implies on the Earth). On the rare events of such a discovery, the new mineral is typically found in milligram quantities. In an article by Ronald Peterson, William Nelson, Bruce Madu, and Herbert Shervell, they describe the discovery of kilograms of a mineral that had only been synthesized previously, but never before detected in the natural environment. As if that were not impressive enough, they went looking for this mineral because they thought it had been observed on Mars!

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Childs, C., H. B. Stoner, R. A. Little, and P. J. Davenport. "A Comparison of Some Thermoregulatory Responses in Healthy Children and in Children with Burn Injury." Clinical Science 77, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0770425.

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1. Changes in body heat content in five normal adults, in 30 healthy children and in 24 children who had suffered burn injury 1–5 h previously, have been studied in cool (20°C) and warm (30°C) environments. 2. On moving from a cool to a warm environment, the heat content rose in both normal adults and healthy children, but the increase was significantly larger in the children. 3. Much larger changes occurred in the burned children in whom the heat content rose to a new plateau within about 8 h of the accident. 4. The changes after burn injury were unrelated to the bandaging of the burn and were little affected by the environmental temperature.

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34

Pembleton, K. G., R. S. Smith, R. P. Rawnsley, D. J. Donaghy, and A. W. Humphries. "Genotype by environment interactions of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in a cool temperate climate." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 6 (2010): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09269.

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Genotype by environmental interactions in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) present considerable challenges when selecting an appropriate cultivar for a particular location and farming system. Data on the yield and persistence of a range of lucerne cultivars and experimental lines grown in two Tasmanian environments, Forth (41.20°S, 146.27°E, Red Ferrosol soil, under cutting with high fertiliser inputs, i.e. a high yield potential environment) and Cranbook (42.00°S, 148.03°E, Red Ferrosol soil, under grazing with low fertiliser inputs, i.e. a low yield potential environment) were examined using winter activity class as the experimental factor. At Forth, winter-dormant lucernes were the lowest yielding genotypes. In contrast, at Cranbrook, highly winter-active genotypes had lower plant persistence and dry matter yield than winter-dormant genotypes. Modified joint linear regression analysis showed that in a cool temperate climate, winter-dormant genotypes are more suited to a low yield potential environment, whereas highly winter-active genotypes are adapted to a high yield potential environment. Both the semi-winter-dormant and the winter-active genotypes were adapted to all environments. The dry matter yield of winter-dormant and highly winter-active genotypes was most sensitive to environmental conditions in winter and spring, while performance of all cultivars and experimental lines was most stable over summer.

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Robins, Joseph G., Craig W. Rigby, and Kevin B. Jensen. "Genotype × Environment Interaction Patterns in Rangeland Variety Trials of Cool-Season Grasses in the Western United States." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050623.

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Rangeland revegetation is necessary to stabilize disturbed sites and increase forage production, but frequently fails due to a variety of environmental and biotic factors. Plant breeding efforts in perennial cool-season grasses result in the development of potential cultivars that must be evaluated in multi-environment trials to determine their level of adaptation. This study evaluated 49 cultivars for stand frequency and dry matter yield over five years at five environments in the Intermountain and High Plains regions of the United States. The results were significant differences among the included cultivars for both traits across and within environments. Yet, there was also crossover genotype × environment interaction. Thus, highest performing cultivars were to some extent dependent on the environment. Hycrest II crested wheatgrass and Vavilov II Siberian wheatgrass possessed high stand frequency (>80 %) and dry matter yield (>800 kg·ha−1) across environments and within environments except at the Eureka, UT environment where they possessed low stand frequency. These cultivars, and species, also possessed high productivity and stability for both traits. Thus, breeding efforts in the species resulted in widely adapted cultivars that may lack specific adaptation to some environments.

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Higgins, Steve, TIM O'BRIEN, and James Dunlop. "Numerical Simulations of Extragalactic Jets in an Inhomogeneous Environment." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 175 (1996): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090008150x.

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We have simulated the passage of an extragalactic jet through a medium containing an ensemble of cool, dense clouds. The hydrodynamic code uses the second-order Godunov method of Falle (Falle 1991, van Leer 1979) in three-dimensional, cartesian coordinates. We have estimated the synchrotron emissivity and used this to produce synthetic radio maps. The results are reminiscent of structures seen in many extragalactic radio sources.

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37

Li, Qi He, Xiao Bao Zhao, Hu Huang, Yu Zhou Cheng, and Yu Hua Liu. "A Multistage Cool Storage System of Natural Coldness Resource Based on Heat Pipe." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 1097–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.1097.

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This article proposes a multistage cool storage system of natural coldness resource storage joint operation with refrigeration unit cool storage using heat pipe as heat transfer components. This system can realize both cold energy stored in winter used in summer which is called “Seasonal storage of cold energy” and cold energy stored at night used in the day which is called “cool storage day by day”. When the user needs cooling, it will choose different cycle way to release cold energy to the cooling user according to the temperature grade of the cool storage medium and the cooling load of the user. This system can achieve the purpose of energy conservation and environment protection.

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Zheng, Guozhong, and Youyin Jing. "Air Conditioning: Selecting the Optimal Cool Storage System." Energy & Environment 18, no. 2 (March 2007): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x0701800205.

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The present paper introduces the notion of cool storage system and summarizes its benefits, especially the environmental ones: air emissions savings and CFC reductions. Four existing cool storage types are outlined: chilled water storage, ice storage, PCM (phase change material) cool storage and high temperature water cool storage and a commonly employed value analysis method is introduced and applied to select the best cool storage option. An evaluating method is established and the best type of cool storage is obtained. The results indicate that high temperature water cool storage is the optimal option, and the method of value analysis has applicability in selecting an optimal system.

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39

Eggertson, Bill. "Promoting heat and cool." Refocus 7, no. 5 (September 2006): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-0846(06)70702-8.

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40

Lorenzo, Santiago, Christopher T. Minson, Tony G. Babb, and John R. Halliwill. "Lactate threshold predicting time-trial performance: impact of heat and acclimation." Journal of Applied Physiology 111, no. 1 (July 2011): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00334.2011.

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The relationship between exercise performance and lactate and ventilatory thresholds under two distinct environmental conditions is unknown. We examined the relationships between six lactate threshold methods (blood- and ventilation-based) and exercise performance in cyclists in hot and cool environments. Twelve cyclists performed a lactate threshold test, a maximal O2 uptake (V̇o2max) test, and a 1-h time trial in hot (38°C) and cool (13°C) conditions, before and after heat acclimation. Eight control subjects completed the same tests before and after 10 days of identical exercise in a cool environment. The highest correlations were observed with the blood-based lactate indexes; however, even the indirect ventilation-based indexes were well correlated with mean power during the time trial. Averaged bias was 15.4 ± 3.6 W higher for the ventilation- than the blood-based measures ( P < 0.05). The bias of blood-based measures in the hot condition was increased: the time trial was overestimated by 37.7 ± 3.6 W compared with only 24.1 ± 3.2 W in the cool condition ( P < 0.05). Acclimation had no effect on the bias of the blood-based indexes ( P = 0.51) but exacerbated the overestimation by some ventilation-based indexes by an additional 34.5 ± 14.1 W ( P < 0.05). Blood-based methods to determine lactate threshold show less bias and smaller variance than ventilation-based methods when predicting time-trial performance in cool environments. Of the blood-based methods, the inflection point between steady-state lactate and rising lactate (INFL) was the best method to predict time-trial performance. Lastly, in the hot condition, ventilation-based predictions are less accurate after heat acclimation, while blood-based predictions remain valid in both environments after heat acclimation.

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41

Niama, Duaa Faal, and Ghada Mohammed Kammou. "The Effect of Cool Roofs on the Achieving of Energy Conservation with the Administrative Building Spaces." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 27, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.3.012.

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The world has gone beyond the realization that fossil fuels are a depleted energy source, that the earth is going through a global warming phase, and that it is important to find the necessary energy alternatives, with the least environmental impact, and to address energy consumption in the building sector in particular. Passive systems and their use, or combined with effective systems. due to the dependence of the Iraqi urban environment on the electricitySignificantly and the source of fossil fuel, it is important to find suitable solutions, especially in the summer because of high temperatures and increased drought, by taking advantage of the experiences of countries within this scope, and applied to buildings , Because the roof is the main source of thermal gain inside the buildings it is necessary to take the systems of cool roofs, which is a passive system in the roofing of buildings, contribute to improving the internal environment and achieve the thermal comfort of the occupants, the research problem was:"There is no clear conception of the possibility of applying cool roof systems in the local administrative buildings" and The objective of the research is to" clarify the importance of achieving the concept of conservation of energy and improve thermal performance through the application of cool roof systems in the administrative buildings in the urban environment of Iraq with a hot- dry climate, "and then ensure the research Two aspects,first one:The concept of thermal performance and conservation of energy in administrative buildings and the way of achieving energy conservation using cool roofs, while the practical side included: the handling of several global experiences of sustainable administrative buildings used cool roofs and indicate the impact of this system on the efficiency of thermal performance, The research concluded that it is possible to apply cool roofs in claimte of Iraq (hot-dry) because the cool roof has the ability to reflect a large amount of solar radiation falling on the surface of the roof, thereby reducing the thermal gain of the building and improve the thermal performance of the administrative building envelope, and as a result achieved Save energy within its spaces

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42

Lopez, Guillaume, Takahiro Tokuda, Manami Oshima, Kizito Nkurikiyeyezu, Naoya Isoyama, and Kiyoshi Itao. "Development and Evaluation of a Low-Energy Consumption Wearable Wrist Warming Device." International Journal of Automation Technology 12, no. 6 (November 5, 2018): 911–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2018.p0911.

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Today in Japan, comfortable lifestyle and environment realized by abundant electric power is being questioned by energy consumption reduction policies called “cool biz” in summer, and “warm biz” in winter. One reason of these policies is the bad energy consumption efficiency of current air-conditioning systems that cool or warm indirectly human body. Several researches have been investigating the effect of direct human body cooling and warming. However, most proposed solutions focus on direct head or neck cooling, using ice to cool a water circulating system, such temperature during use cannot be controlled accurately nor adapted to user and environment conditions. Recently, a Japanese research team developed a portable system using Peltier elements that can both cool and warm neck. Though cooling was demonstrated to affect positively both physiological and psychological state in summer heat environment, in cold climate it could be confirmed for only neck warming but not feet and hands. In our objective of developing effective energy saving technology for direct temperature-conditioning of human body, and in order to reduce the discomfort caused by body chillness, we have proposed and developed a Peltier element based wrist-mounted wearable device that directly warms human body. A first experimental study showed how wrist warming rhythm affects hyperthermic sensation. Then, we verified whether the thermal sensation of the body, including the extremities, is improved by changing the position where the wrist is warmed.

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43

Farha, Ashraf H., Mervat M. Ibrahim, and Shehab A. Mansour. "Ga-Doped ZnO Nanostructured Powder for Cool-Nanopigment in Environment Applications." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 5152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225152.

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Gallium (Ga) doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystals were successfully synthesized via a γ-radiation-assisted polymer-pyrolysis route. Ga doped ZnO samples with Ga and ZnO precursor salts with molar ratios of 0%, 3%, 5%, and 10% were produced. A γ-radiation dosage of 1.5 kGy was used for polymerization initiation during the sample preparation. The properties of the obtained nanocrystal samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV-visible absorption, NIR-VIS-UV diffused reflectance, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) characterization techniques. XRD results revealed the formation of ZnO nanocrystals with wurtzite structure for both Ga-doped and undoped ZnO samples. Noticeable increasing in the line broadening of the XRD peaks as well as pronounced decreasing of crystallite size were observed with the increasing Ga ratio in the samples. Optical peaks around Ga:ZnO samples showed a blueshift in the optical absorption peaks with increasing Ga content. These results are in good agreement with the dependency of crystallites size as well as grain size on Ga ratio obtained from XRD and TEM images, which make them fit well for the powder cool-pigment applications. The doped samples showed high values of NIR reflectance (RNIR*) with percentage varied from 84.25% to 89.05% that enabled them to qualify for cool-nanopigment applications. Furthermore, such doped samples registered low values of visible reflectance (RVIS*) that enabled to reduce the glare from the reflected visible sunlight.

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44

Vaughan, Karen L., and Paul A. McDaniel. "Organic Soils on Basaltic Lava Flows in a Cool, Arid Environment." Soil Science Society of America Journal 73, no. 5 (September 2009): 1510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2008.0257.

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Dhull, Pawan, Hirdesh Sahni, Abhaya Tewari, and Vimal Upreti. "Association of protein C deficiency with heat stroke in cool environment." Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 64, no. 9 (2010): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5359.101177.

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46

Rahman, M. M., J. G. Hampton, and M. J. Hill. "Soybean Development Under the Cool Temperate Environment of Canterbury, New Zealand." Journal of New Seeds 7, no. 4 (March 2006): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j153v07n04_02.

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47

Rosso, Federica, Claudia Fabiani, Chiara Chiatti, and Anna Laura Pisello. "Cool, photoluminescent paints towards energy consumption reductions in the built environment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1343 (November 2019): 012198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1343/1/012198.

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48

REID, JOHN R. "Bank-erosion processes in a cool-temperate environment, Orwell Lake, Minnesota." Geological Society of America Bulletin 96, no. 6 (1985): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<781:bpiace>2.0.co;2.

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49

Wittkowski, M., and C. Paladini. "From the atmosphere to the circumstellar environment in cool evolved stars." EAS Publications Series 69-70 (2014): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas/1569009.

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50

Carlson, Lara A., Michael A. Lawrence, Kaylee LeCavalier, and Alexander J. Koch. "Salivary Lymphocyte Responses Following Acute Anaerobic Exercise in a Cool Environment." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 31, no. 5 (May 2017): 1236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001593.

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