Journal articles: 'Cooling treatment'

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Zuo, Z. J., Si Bi, L. R. Fu, Z. Q. Weng, and S. H. Peng. "Cooling System Design of Ion Nitriding and PCVD Composite Treatment Furnace." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 3462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.3462.

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Keywords: ion nitriding furnace cooling system vacuum system Abstract. About fuction of vacuum plasma nitriding furnace cooling system, and its design and calculation of main parts, in particular control of water consumption. The cooling water system have been set into the water flowing through the four heat shield, and gradually take the heat, then the coolant out by outlet pipe. Cooling water flows through layers of insulation to varying degrees of cooling, to ensure that each level of temperature, precise calculation of water flow can only be guaranteed to ensure the maximum water savings and cooling the furnace down. This article provide the basis for vacuum furnace cooling system design in the future.

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Bergmann, H., A. Rittel, T. Iourtchouk, K. Schoeps, and K. Bouzek. "Electrochemical treatment of cooling lubricants." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 42, no. 2 (February 2003): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0255-2701(02)00020-x.

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Lin, Sheng H., and Kuo L. Yeh. "Cooling water treatment by ozonization." Chemical Engineering & Technology 16, no. 4 (August 1993): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160411.

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Wellauer, R., and M. Oldani. "Cooling Water Treatment with Ozone." Ozone: Science & Engineering 12, no. 3 (June 1990): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919519008552194.

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Glover, Simon, and Daniel Wolf Savin. "cooling in primordial gas." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1848 (September 20, 2006): 3107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1867.

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Simulations of the thermal and dynamical evolution of primordial gas typically focus on the role played by H 2 cooling. H 2 is the dominant coolant in low-density primordial gas and it is usually assumed that it remains dominant at high densities. However, H 2 is not an effective coolant at high densities, owing to the low critical density at which it reaches local thermodynamic equilibrium and to the large opacities that develop in its emission lines. It is therefore important to quantify the contribution made to the cooling rate by emission from the other molecules and ions present in the gas. A particularly interesting candidate is the ion, which is known to be an effective coolant at high densities in planetary atmospheres. In this paper, we present results from simulations of the thermal and chemical evolution of gravitationally collapsing primordial gas, which include a detailed treatment of chemistry and an approximate treatment of cooling. We show that in most cases, the contribution from is too small to be important, but if a sufficiently strong ionizing background is present, then cooling may become significant.

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Verma, K. M., M. P. Gupta, B. B. Sinha, and J. S. Rai. "Studies on Alkaline Cooling Water Treatment." Key Engineering Materials 20-28 (January 1991): 2461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.20-28.2461.

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Forsberg, SA. "Scalp Cooling therapy and cytotoxic treatment." Lancet 357, no. 9262 (April 2001): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04293-8.

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Kaiga, N., T. Seki, and K. Iyasu. "Ozone Treatment in Cooling Water Systems." Ozone: Science & Engineering 11, no. 3 (June 1989): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919518908552445.

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Goryany, V., and V. Radsinsky. "Thermomechanical treatment of reinforcing steel." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 38, no. 3-4 (2002): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0204171g.

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The work deals with application of interstand and after deformation cooling of coiled ( .10, 12 mm) and reinforcing ( .14,16 mm) bar steel in the accelerated cooling installations behind the prefinishing and finishing stands of the light-section mill which provides the formation of the even fine-grained ferrite-perlite structure and reduces grain growth in the mid section of the coil. The application of the roll stock interstand cooling behind the 11th stand together with the afterdeformation accelerated roll stock cooling to 800-8500C enabled us getting reinforcing bar steel diameter .14mm with high impact strength..

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Park, S. J., and T. H. Kwon. "Thermal and Design Sensitivity Analyses for Cooling System of Injection Mold, Part 1: Thermal Analysis." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 120, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830126.

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In recent years, increased attention has been paid to the design of cooling systems in injection molding, as it becomes clear that the cooling system affects significantly both productivity and part quality. In designing the cooling system of a mold efficiently in terms of rapid and uniform cooling, it would be desirable for mold designers to have an optimal CAD system. For this optimal design, one needs capabilities of both a thermal analysis (to be discussed in Part 1) and a corresponding DSA (to be presented in Part II) for the 3-d mold heat transfer during the cooling stage of an injection molding process. It was found that seemingly negligible inaccuracy in the thermal analysis result sometimes leads to meaningless DSA result. With a successful DSA being an intermediate goal towards optimum design, we have improved the thermal analysis system based on the modified BEM in terms of accuracy and developed rigorous treatments of B.C.s appropriate for DSA by considering the following issues: (i) numerical convergency, (ii) the series solution in part thermal analysis, iii) treatment of tip surface of line elements, (iv) treatment of coolant, and (v) treatment of mold exterior surface. Using two examples, this paper amply demonstrates the importance of these issues.

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Radchenko, Andrii, Mykola Radchenko, Andrii Konovalov, and Anatolii Zubarev. "Increasing electrical power output and fuel efficiency of gas engines in integrated energy system by absorption chiller scavenge air cooling on the base of monitoring data treatment." E3S Web of Conferences 70 (2018): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187003011.

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An advanced scavenge air cooling system for reciprocating gas engines of integrated energy system for combined electricity, heat and refrigeration generation has been developed. New method of deep scavenge air cooling and stabilizing its temperature at increased ambient air temperatures and three-circuit scavenge air cooling system with absorption lithium-bromide chiller and wet-type cooling tower was proposed. Such cooling method does not require essential constructive changes in the existing scavenge air cooling system but only an addition heat exchanger for chilling scavenge air cooling water of scavenge air low-temperature intercooler closed contour by absorption chiller. A chilled water from absorption chiller is used as a coolant. To evaluate the effect of gas engine scavenge air deeper cooling compared with its typical radiator cooling, data on the dependence of fuel consumption and power output of gas engine on ambient air temperature at the inlet of the radiator are analized. The efficiency of engine scavenge air deep cooling at increased ambient air temperatures was estimated by reducing the gas fuel consumption compared with radiator cooling.

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Shakouri, Ehsan, Hossein Haghighi Hassanalideh, and Seifollah Gholampour. "Experimental investigation of temperature rise in bone drilling with cooling: A comparison between modes of without cooling, internal gas cooling, and external liquid cooling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 232, no. 1 (November 18, 2017): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411917742944.

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Bone fracture occurs due to accident, aging, and disease. For the treatment of bone fractures, it is essential that the bones are kept fixed in the right place. In complex fractures, internal fixation or external methods are used to fix the fracture position. In order to immobilize the fracture position and connect the holder equipment to it, bone drilling is required. During the drilling of the bone, the required forces to chip formation could cause an increase in the temperature. If the resulting temperature increases to 47 °C, it causes thermal necrosis of the bone. Thermal necrosis decreases bone strength in the hole and, subsequently, due to incomplete immobilization of bone, fracture repair is not performed correctly. In this study, attempts have been made to compare local temperature increases in different processes of bone drilling. This comparison has been done between drilling without cooling, drilling with gas cooling, and liquid cooling on bovine femur. Drilling tests with gas coolant using direct injection of CO2 and N2 gases were carried out by internal coolant drill bit. The results showed that with the use of gas coolant, the elevation of temperature has limited to 6 °C and the thermal necrosis is prevented. Maximum temperature rise reached in drilling without cooling was 56 °C, using gas and liquid coolant, a maximum temperature elevation of 43 °C and 42 °C have been obtained, respectively. This resulted in decreased possibility of thermal necrosis of bone in drilling with gas and liquid cooling. However, the results showed that the values obtained with the drilling method with direct gas cooling are independent of the rotational speed of drill.

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Cheng, Shi Chang, Zhao Jie Lin, Gang Yang, and Zheng Dong Liu. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Properties of Inconel X-750." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 1220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.1220.

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The authors experimentally investigated the change of mechanical properties of Inconel X-750 alloy under various heat treatments. For the selected specimens, solid solution treatment under different temperatures was carried out, followed air cooling or furnace cooling. Results show that suitable solid solution treatment and air cooling enhances the strength, plasticity, impact toughness at room temperature of the alloy and lowers the hardness of the alloy at room temperature.

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Huang, Qiang, Jin Xia Song, Qing Li, Wei Peng Ren, Xin Guang Guan, and Hao Chen. "Influence of Heat Treatment on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of K465 Superalloy." Materials Science Forum 849 (March 2016): 570–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.849.570.

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The microstructures and mechanical properties of superalloy K465 under different heat treatment, including as as-cast, solution treatment and aging, were investigated. The results showed that γ' precipitates in as-cast condition exhibited two kinds of morphologies of fine regular cuboidal shape at dendritic arm and coarse irregular form in interdendritic region. MC carbides decomposed into M6C carbides partly after 1210°C/4h solution treatment. The high temperature stress-rupture life can be improved obviously with the increasing cooling rate. When cooling rate was lower than 70°C/min, the room temperature tensile elongation increased with cooling rate increasing. When cooling rate was higher than 90°C/min the room temperature tensile elongation decreased with cooling rate increasing. The proper cooling rate of 70oC/min~90oC/min is advantageous for the achievement of excellent comprehensive properties. When aging treatments continued the regularization of γ' resulted in the improvement of stress-rupture life and the reduction of tensile elongation. The mechanical property gap between the solution treatment and aging can be decreased with increasing cooling rate.

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Kim, Joong-Seon, Dong-Seop Lee, and Duck-Hyun Wang. "Development of Coolant/Waste-oil Separating and Cooling System with Chip Treatment." Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers 16, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14775/ksmpe.2017.16.3.016.

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Avdeyev, Boris, Aleksey Vyngra, and Aleksander Bordiug. "Testing the efficiency of abrasive treatment of reconditioned parts using coolant cleaning in a magnetic sump." MATEC Web of Conferences 298 (2019): 00115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929800115.

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This article discusses pilot study of effectiveness of abrasive machining of the recoverable parts for cleaning cooling lubricants involved in technological processes of processing of the parts. One of the cleaning methods is a magnetic sump, which has high efficiency at relatively low cost of operation and maintenance. Laboratory tests of the magnetic sump were carried out according to a full-factor experiment, varying with certain parameters in order to identify the purity index of cooling lubricant when cleaning from mechanical impurities. Dependencies are obtained that connect the value of purity index of coolant with the technological and structural parameters of the magnetic sump. The influence of the cooling lubricant purity index in the magnetic sump on the roughness of grinded surface of the samples was revealed. The most rational parameters of the magnetic sump have been determined at which optimum surface roughness is observed when processing the engine crankshaft using cooling lubricant cleaned in the magnetic sump.

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Butorina, Antonina V., Sergei B. Nesterov, and Nikolay A. Andreev. "Experimental study of cooling spray for physiotherapeutic treatment." Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation 19, no. 1 (October 23, 2020): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/1681-3456-2020-19-1-6.

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For cooling damaged areas of biotissue in order to achieve a rapid analgesic effect, a procedure for applying a thin film to the skin, boiling at a temperature of T0 = 273238 K of a gas mixture, is widely used. This temperature is achieved when using a cooling spray. Experimental data on the temperature distribution on the cooled surface when throttling a propane/butane/R123 mixture from a nozzle with a diameter of 0.5 mm to the temperature level Т0 = 240; 263; 270 К, used for physiotherapy purposes, are presented. A comparison of the efficiency of cooling the skin using a cryopresponder and using ice was also made. It is shown that cooling with a cooling spray is more efficient.

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Woźnicki, A., D. Leśniak, G. Włoch, P. Pałka, B. Leszczyńska-Madej, and A. Wojtyna. "The Effect of Cooling Rate after Homogenization on the Microstructure and Properties of 2017a Alloy Billets for Extrusion with Solution Heat Treatment on the Press." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0269.

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AbstractThe influence of cooling rate after homogenization on the 2017A alloy microstructure was analysed. The capability of the θ (Al2Cu) particles, precipitated during various homogenization coolings, for rapid dissolution was estimated. For this purpose, the DSC test was used to determine the effect of the cooling rate after homogenization on the course of melting during a rapid heating. Moreover, the samples after solution heat treatment (with short time annealing) and ageing, were subjected to the microstructure investigations and the microhardness of grains interiors measurements. It was found that cooling after homogenization at 160 °C/h is sufficient for precipitation of fine θ phase particles, which dissolve during the subsequent rapid heating. The cooling at 40 °C/h, causes the precipitation of θ phase in the form of large particles, incapable of further fast dissolution.

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Lu, Xu Dong, Jin Hui Du, Qun Deng, and Zeng Yong Zhong. "Slow Cooling Treatment of High-Alloyed Superalloy." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.98.

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The very poor hot workability of high-alloyed GH4742 superalloy is represented in the aspects of very narrow available deformation temperature range, high deformation-resistant force and poor ductility. In this paper, a special heat treatment to change the ingot microstructure is proposed to improve the hot workability of the GH4742 superalloy. The' phase with a appropriate size and morphology and tortuous grain boundary were obtained by slow cooling in the ' two phases region after solution treatment. Modified microstructure induces that the hot deformation flow stress of GH4742 superalloy was decreased effectively and hot deformation plasticity was increased obviously.

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PEREIRA, César Augusto, and Sergio Machado CORRÊA. "WATER TREATMENT IN OPEN RECIRCULATING COOLING SYSTEMS." Periódico Tchê Química 09, no. 17 (January 20, 2012): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v9.n17.2011.38_periodico17_pgs_38_41.pdf.

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Studies for the use of cleaner water treatment technology in open recirculation systems lead to the development of a treatment philosophy based on the search of an operation with ideal cycle of concentration. In this way, the material balance control in the cooling system may reach a concentration level which the circulating water exhibit naturally and, at the same time, low iron corrosion tendency and low calcium carbonate scale formation. The treatment using corrosion and deposit formation inhibitors would be only a complement, reducing the chemicals addition for the water conditioning. The present work intents to show that the treatment criteria based on the stability index is only a first approach. It does not consider the fact that water-soluble species do not concentrate by the same way, mainly due to conversion reactions involving the carbonate ion and the calcium ion precipitation.

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Liu, Hong Wei, Hong Yun Zhao, and Jing Bo Yu. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 22MnB5 Steel with Different Heat Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 1063 (December 2014): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1063.55.

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Microstructure and mechanical properties of 22MnB5 Steel were analysis with different heat treatment experiment. The result show that the martensite lath with water cooling become smaller than that with metal die cooling, The lath martensitic microstructure is disappeared with die cooling & tempered specimen. The tensile strength reaches the highest 1645.34MPa by water cooling, but the plastic strength product is lowest. Q&P and die cooling & tempering process can improve the elongation of 22MnB5 with a small amount of tensile strength decrease. The plastic strength product reaches the highest of 20312.74MPa•% by die cooling & tempering method.

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Fan, Sheng Ping, Rui Yuan Zhang, Shu Nan Cao, and Shi Nian Liu. "Reviews of Generator Stator Cooling Water Treatment Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 737 (March 2015): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.737.574.

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Discuss the corrosion factors of generator stator cooling water system (SCWs) in detail. Summarize the development and application status of generator stator cooling water control technology at home and abroad.

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Nie, Xingxin, Xiaobin Wei, Xiaochen Li, and Caiwu Lu. "Heat Treatment and Ventilation Optimization in a Deep Mine." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (August 1, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1529490.

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In order to address the issue of high temperatures and thermal damages in deep mines, the factors causing downhole heat damage at high temperatures were analyzed, the mine ventilation system was optimized and rebuilt, and a cooling system was established. The proposed cooling system uses mine water as the cooling source, and its features are based on the analysis of traditional cooling systems. The current ventilation system in the 1118 m deep pit of the Jinqu Gold Mine was evaluated, and the ventilation network, ventilation equipment, and ventilation structures near the underground working face were optimized. The low-temperature mine water stored in the middle section of the mine at 640 m depth was used as the cooling source, and a cooling system was established near the 440 m deep middle return well to alleviate the high-temperature and high-humidity conditions of the 280 m deep middle-western area. The results show that the effective air volume in the west wing at 280 m was 3.0 m3/s, the operating ambient temperature was 27.6°C, the relative humidity was reduced to 76%, and the temperature was reduced by 5-6°C after the optimization of the system.

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Li, Hui, Fu Lin Li, Shu Suo Li, Heng Zhang, and Sheng Kai Gong. "Influence of Ageing Treatments on Stress Rupture Properties of Ni₃Al-Base Single-Crystal Alloy IC21 at 850°C." Materials Science Forum 747-748 (February 2013): 659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.747-748.659.

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The influence of three different ageing treatments (R1:1100/2h,air cooling+870/32h,air cooling, R2: 870/32h,air cooling and R3: 1060/2h,air cooling+870/32h,air cooling) on stress rupture properties of Ni3Al-base single-crystal alloy IC21 was investigated. The results indicate that ageing heat treatments have obvious effects on stress rupture properties of IC21 at 850/500Mpa. After R3 ageing treatment, IC21 alloy presents the longest rupture life and the smallest ellipticity and elongation compared to those after the other two ageing treatments. Microstructure examination shows that the mean size of γ precipitate is about 0.44μm after R3 ageing heat treatment (1060/2h, ac + 870/32h, ac). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) study on the rupture samples illustrates that after R1 and R2 ageing heat treatments, the density of stacking faults increases and the length is larger compared to that after R3 heat treatment. Meanwhile the shearings of γ precipitates are more severe. The appropriate γ phase size and γ channel width after R3 treatment promote homogenous deformation by <110>{111} slip in the matrix, and facilitate the formation of finer dislocation networks on the γ/γ interface, which can restrain the shearing of γ phase by dislocations.

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Crisosto, Carlos H., David Garner, Harry L. Andris, and Kevin R. Day. "Controlled Delayed Cooling Extends Peach Market Life." HortTechnology 14, no. 1 (January 2004): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.1.0099.

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A commercial controlled delayed cooling or preconditioning treatment was developed to extend peach (Prunus persica) market life of the most popular California peach cultivars. A 24 to 48 h cooling delay at 68 °F (20.0 °C) was the most effective treatment for extending market life of internal breakdown susceptible peaches without causing fruit deterioration. This treatment increased minimum market life by up to 2 weeks in the cultivars tested. Weight loss and softening occurred during the controlled delayed cooling treatments, but did not reduce fruit quality. Detailed monitoring of these fruit quality changes during the delayed cooling period and proper use of fungicides is highly recommended for success in this new fruit delivery system. Rapid cooling after preconditioning is important to stop further fruit deterioration such as flesh softening, senescence, decay and weight loss. Controlled delayed cooling can also be used to pre-ripen susceptible and nonsusceptible peaches to deliver a ready-to-buy product to the consumer.

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Chotěborský, R. "Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure, hardness and abrasive wear resistance of high chromium hardfacing." Research in Agricultural Engineering 59, No. 1 (March 6, 2013): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/62/2011-rae.

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The effect of destabilization heat treatment on the microstructure, hardness, fracture toughness and abrasive wear resistance of high chromium hardfacing was investigated. The results from the study shows that the hardness, fracture toughness and abrasive wear resistance are influenced by temperature of destabilization heat treatment and air and furnace cooling conditions, respectively. Destabilization treatment of materials by furnace cooling caused higher secondary carbides in the dendritic austenite whilst by air cooling it showed smaller particles of secondary carbide. Also, it was found that destabilization temperature at 1,000°C improves hardness compared with hardfacing after weld depositing. The study, however, indicated that Palmqvist fracture toughness method is a useful technique for measuring the fracture toughness of high chromium hardfacing compared to Vicker’s hardness method.    

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Zhang, Chong Cai, Xiao Lan Yi, Qun Qun Yuan, and Long Wang. "Microstructure and Mechanism of Three Spheroidizing Treatment for the Carbide of GCr15 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.351.

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Three groups of GCr15 steel were heat-treated respectively by conventional spheroidizing annealing, circulation spheroidizing annealing, 1050°C for 30min oil cooling quenching + 700°C tempering. The final heat treatment of these GCr15 steel was 840°C oil cooling quenching + 150°C tempering. The microstructure of the heat-treated GCr15 were observed and the mechanism of three spheroidizing treatment were discussed in this paper. The results showed that: There is obvious difference among the three groups carbide of GCr15 for the mechanism of three spheroidizing treatments is different. The GCr15 has 1050°C for 30min oil cooling quenching + 700°C tempering showed the best result of carbide spheroidizing. The microstructure of GCr15 after 840°C oil cooling quenching + 150 °C tempering was tempered martensite and carbide which is fine, round and widely distributed.

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Kong, Fan Tao, and Yu Yong Chen. "The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure of Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.3Y Alloy." Materials Science Forum 614 (March 2009): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.614.55.

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Effects of heat treatment on the microstructure of as-cast and as-forged Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.3Y alloy are discussed. The as-cast Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.3Y alloy exhibits a microstructure consisting of fine equiaxed grains which average size is almost 100μm. Phase transformation of as-cast Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.3Y alloy greatly depends upon cooling rate. During furnace cooling, the alloy transform to fully lamellar microstructure. During air cooling, massive transformation predominates. During oil cooling, extremely fine fully lamellar microstructure is formed. During water cooling, ordering α2 phases are primary. Thermo-mechanical treatments, through combined action of hot canned forging and heat treatment, were performed on a Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.3Y alloy to investigate their effect on the microstructure of the alloy. The as-forged Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.3Y alloy is comprised of a large number of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) γ grains, curved and broken lamellae, and a small amount of remnant lamellae. And three different microstructures, duplex (DP), nearly lamellar (NL) and fine fully lamellar (FFL), have been obtained through heat treatment at different temperatures (1320-1370°C), respectively.

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Hnizdil, Milan, Martin Chabicovsky, Miroslav Raudenský, Eric Magadoux, and Florent Code. "Spray Cooling Unit for Heat Treatment of Stainless Steel Sheets." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1720–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1720.

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Stainless steel sheets are successively heated to a temperature of 1150°C and cooled until ambient temperature during the production process. Requirements for high cooling rates of stainless steel sheets producers lead to use water as a cooling medium. The information about cooling intensity (heat transfer coefficient) of different nozzles configurations is necessary for designing cooling sections. Although many researchers deal with water spray cooling, actually a general correlation for predicting heat transfer coefficient for wide range of nozzles configurations does not exists. That is the reason why heat transfer coefficient for different nozzles configurations can be only obtained by laboratory measurements. Heat transfer coefficient is mostly influenced by water impingement density and impact velocity. However other factors e.g. water temperature and velocity of the sheet can influence the heat transfer coefficient. Optimized design of the cooling unit with high cooling intensity and low water consumption was achieved by appropriate choice of these parameters. The moving experimental sheet was cooled from a temperature of 900°C to a temperature of 50°C with various configurations of nozzles. The tests shown that heat transfer coefficient was increasing with water impingement density and impact velocity. Increasing water temperature from 20 °C to 80 °C caused a decrease of the heat transfer coefficient and Leidenfrost temperature. The effect of velocity is negligible when velocities are between 25 and 100 m/min. The cooling unit was designed according to laboratory measurements to fulfill the stainless steel producer's requirements. The measurements which were done in an industrial plant confirmed the accuracy of heat transfer coefficient obtained in the laboratory. The maximum difference between laboratory and plant measurements was 15%.

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Syahri, Budi, Zonny Amanda Putra, and Nofri Helmi. "HARDNESS ANALYSIS OF STEEL ASSAB 705 GIVEN THAT HARDENING HEAT TREATMENT AND COOLING MEDIUM." INVOTEK: Jurnal Inovasi Vokasional dan Teknologi 17, no. 1 (April 10, 2017): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/invotek.v17i1.20.

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Steel assab 705 is a medium carbon steel carbon content of 0.38% -0.43% C. The carbon content allows this steel hardened by hardening heat treatment process and the cooling medium. experimental method used in this research, with a total of 12 specimens and cooled at different cooling medium is oil, water and salt solution. Brinell hardness testing method results showed that the increase in violence in the specimen in quenching the intermediate cooling oil around 15.62%, on a specimen in a water cooling medium with an increase of about 17.28%, on a specimen in quenching with a salt solution increases the cooling medium of about 20, 30%. The cooling medium that provides the highest increase in violence of cooling the cooling medium with a salt solution, which analyzes the value of BHN reached 597.13 compared to the untreated specimen has a hardness of 327.21 to 341.21 BHN analysis.

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Hajdu, Štefan, and Bohumil Taraba. "The Effect of Real and Averaged Boundary Conditions on the Cooling Rate for the Simulation of Heat Treatment Processes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 693 (December 2014): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.693.299.

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The paper deals with problems of computer modelling of heat treatment processes. The effect of the choice of the coefficient of heat transfer between the coolant and components was quantified. The oil Isorapid HM 277 was chosen as the coolant. Two cases of application of the convective boundary condition were studied through numerical experiment. In the first of the cases, a real functional dependence of the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) was applied on the surface temperature. In the second case, it was used constant and temperature independent values of HTC on the surface temperature. Cooling curves were obtained through numerical experiment. Derived variables such as cooling rate, the density of the thermal flows are shown in the paper. Code ANSYS was used as interpretative tool of the numerical experiment.

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Vukics, A., J. Janszky, and P. Domokos. "Cavity cooling of atoms: a quantum statistical treatment." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 38, no. 10 (May 3, 2005): 1453–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/38/10/005.

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Gaida, B. J., Oezguer O. Yaldizli, S. Mink, C. Muroi, R. Mudra, and J. Fröhlich. "Treatment of resistant fever with local cerebral cooling." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 25, Supplement 43 (January 2008): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003643-200801001-00029.

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Mann, M. D., W. G. Willson, J. G. Hendrikson, and S. L. Winton. "Gasifier wastewater treatment: Phase I cooling tower assessment." Environmental Progress 4, no. 1 (February 1985): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.670040111.

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MILLER, W. R., and R. E. MCDONALD. "CARAMBOLA QUALITY AFTER HEAT TREATMENT, COOLING AND STORAGE." Journal of Food Quality 23, no. 3 (July 2000): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4557.2000.tb00214.x.

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Bresci, Bruno, Maria Luisa Cialdella, Luigi Petarca, and Sandra Vitolo. "Treatment of cooling water in the glass industry." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 17, no. 1 (July 1996): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(96)01099-3.

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Saifutdinov, K. Z., G. I. Usmanova, and E. F. Kurgaev. "Flotation treatment of cooling water in oil refineries." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 26, no. 1 (January 1990): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00730060.

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Gorzka, Z., M. Kaźmierczak, A. Socha, and A. Michalska-Jednoralska. "Utilization and treatment of exhausted cooling oil-emulsions." Waste Management 12, no. 4 (January 1992): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-053x(92)90036-i.

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Munsi, A. S. M. Y., A. J. Waddell, and C. A. Walker. "Vibratory weld conditioning: Treatment of specimens during cooling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 214, no. 3 (July 2000): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146442070021400302.

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Wang, Zhi Gang, Dong Xiang, Ke Gao Liu, and Min Jing. "Research of Control Cooling Heat Treatment Process in the Ductile Iron Gear." Advanced Materials Research 1014 (July 2014): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1014.134.

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By controlling the cooling, mean temperature adjustment and isothermal cooling process, bainite and martensite can be produced in the surface and the core of the ductile iron gear using the 75°C hot water as the quenching medium. Since it has a high hardness value in the point and the pitch circle, a low hardness value in the root and the core, this ductile iron can be applied to the actual production of the gear. The gear surface organization will be affected by quenching cooling time. The appearance of the temper phenomenon can result in the decrease of hardness value in the surface of the gear when the cooling time is short..However, the content of the lower bainite can be increased by extending the cooling time properly in the surface of the gear. The influence of the quenching cooling time on the core organization of the gear is small.

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Dobrzański, Leszek Adam, Tomasz Tański, and Jacek Trzaska. "Optimization of Heat Treatment Conditions of Magnesium Cast Alloys." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 1488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.1488.

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In this paper there are presented results of the optimization of heat treatment conditions, which are temperature and heating time during solution heat treatment or ageing as well the cooling rate after solution treatment for MCMgAl12Zn1, MCMgAl9Zn1, MCMgAl6Zn1, MCMgAl3Zn1 cast magnesium alloys. A casting cycle of alloys has been carried out in an induction crucible furnace using a protective salt bath Flux 12 equipped with two ceramic filters at the melting temperature of 750±10°C, suitable for the manufactured material. The heat treatment involve the solution heat treatment and cooling in different cooling mediums as well water, air and furnace. The improvement of the manufacturing technique and chemical composition as well as of heat treatment and cooling methods leads to the development of a material designing process for the optimal physical and mechanical properties of a new developed alloy.

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Creechan, T., K. Vollman, and ME Kravutske. "Cooling by convection vs cooling by conduction for treatment of fever in critically ill adults." American Journal of Critical Care 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2001.10.1.52.

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BACKGROUND: Cooling with water-flow blankets, which are difficult to manipulate and interfere with patients' care, may be ineffective in controlling fever. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of cooling via convective airflow blankets with cooling via conductive water-flow blankets for treatment of fever in critically ill adults. METHOD: A 2-group experimental design was used to compare cooling via convection (n = 20) with cooling via conduction (n = 17) in critically ill adults with an infection-related fever of 38.5 degrees C or greater. Esophageal temperature was measured every 15 minutes until a temperature of 38.0 degrees C was reached or 8 hours had elapsed. Alternative cooling measures were withheld unless the temperature increased to more than 40.0 degrees C. Data on nurses' satisfaction were collected, and complications related to each cooling method were examined. RESULTS: Temperatures decreased more rapidly in the airflow group (mean decrease, 0.377 degree C/h) than in the water-flow group (mean decrease, 0.163 degree C/h). A temperature of 38.0 degrees C was achieved more often in the airflow group (75% vs 47.1%). Fever (temperature > 38.5 degrees C) recurred sooner in the water-flow group (6.6 hours) than in the airflow group (22.2 hours). Both methods were easy to use. Compared with the water-flow blanket, the airflow blanket was recommended for future use twice as often and interfered less with patients' care. CONCLUSIONS: In critically ill adults with an infection or a suspected infection, cooling with an airflow blanket is more effective and more preferred for cooling than is cooling with a water-flow blanket.

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Sasse, Caesar, Fritz Brühl, and Michael Schäfer. "Thermal Treatment of Aviation Aluminum Alloys in Strip Processing Lines." Key Engineering Materials 746 (July 2017): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.746.168.

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For many years now the use of aluminum as a light weight construction material in the aviation and automotive industry is on the rise. Without the innovative aluminum materials the strategies of constructing in light-weight design cannot be implemented. Last but not least this trend is driven by official requirements directing the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Aluminum is used both for structural components as well as for external body parts. Aluminum products for these industries have to undergo a production process which includes homogenizing of the ingots, hot rolling and cold rolling. Subsequent to the cold rolling process, the aluminum sheets have to undergo a heat treatment process to regain formability as well as the required material strength. The material properties required by the aviation and automotive industry are achieved in the annealing furnace and downstream cooling equipment. Equal and well-aimed heating and cooling along the length and across the width provide the strips with the metallurgical properties with regard to hardness and grain size. Hence the annealing furnace and the downstream cooling equipment are the decisive process components and critical for the high quality of the end material. First the material is heated up to a temperature above 500 °C for the solution heat treatment process. The following process step foresees cooling down the material to ambient temperature. Especially 6xxx automotive-alloys as well as 2xxx and 7xxx aerospace-alloys require high cooling rates. Eventually, the material gets heated up again for a certain time to apply an artificial aging process. In floatation heat treatment furnaces the strip is guided sinusoidal and contactless by floatation nozzles through the furnace. The strip is heated up and kept at the required strip temperatures in time, so the aluminum-alloy obtains their structure. The cooling process with high cooling rates is executed as a combination of water and air cooling. A mathematical model calculates the necessary settings for the annealing and cooling process under consideration of the mechanical properties. Paper and presentation will introduce the furnace technology for aluminum strips. Especially, the heat treatment facilities for heat and chemical treatment lines will be presented. It will especially emphasize on heat treatment cycles, the materials and the applications.

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Wang, Bing, Huiyuan Chen, Yonggang Li, Hongyu Si, Haomin Wei, Zupeng Guo, Zhijie Gu, and Dong Hou. "Properties of activated carbon regulated by rapid cooling treatment after pyrolysis." BioResources 14, no. 4 (August 15, 2019): 7935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.7935-7942.

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Effects of rapid cooling following pyrolysis were studied relative to the properties of activated carbon using different biomass as the raw materials. Coconut shell-based activated carbon (CSAC), bamboo-based activated carbon (BAC), and straw-based activated carbon (WSAC) were activated via high temperature and subsequently rapidly cooled to below minus 150 °C. The results showed that rapid cooling effectively increased the specific surface area, pore volume, and yield of activated carbons. Compared to natural cooling, rapid cooling increased the specific surface area of CSAC from 1076 m2/g to 1484 m2/g, increased the pore volume from 1.46 mL/g to 1.57 mL/g, decreased the average pore size from 2.25 nm to 2.13 nm, and increased the yield from 27.1% to 31.5%. The variation of the properties of activated carbon after rapid cooling using different raw materials and process conditions were studied using orthogonal experiments.

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Marlin, D. J. "Evaluation of the cooling efficacy of different equine leg cooling methods." Comparative Exercise Physiology 15, no. 2 (June 18, 2019): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep180052.

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The use of cold therapy or cryotherapy is widespread in human and veterinary medicine and sports medicine and ranges from focal, localised treatment to whole body treatment. In equestrian sport, a variety of methods and commercial products exist for cooling the lower limbs. To date, there have been no studies comparing the relative efficacy of these different cooling methods. Due to the difficulty in standardising techniques for comparing cooling on live horses, a repeatable laboratory method for determining cooling efficacy was developed using a metal flask. The amount of heat removed from the flask by different traditional methods (corrected for the heat lost over 30 min for the flask without treatment) and a variety of commercial cooling products was calculated by measuring the decrease in temperature (in triplicate) within the flask from an initial external temperature of 40.2±0.4 °C and an internal temperature of 42.1±0.9 °C (mean ± standard deviation) over 30 min. The methods compared were: cold hosing (15 °C), standing in ice and water (0 °C), ice-cube packs, instant cold-packs, ice boots, evaporative (water) cooled boots, ice gel and clay. The greatest amount of heat removed in 30 min was 134±4 kJ for standing in ice & water (0 °C). The next highest rates of removal were 66.4±1.3, 57.1±6.1 and 56.9±1.3 kJ for cold hosing (15 °C), Ice Horse (-23 °C) and Cryochaps (-23 °C), respectively. The lowest amount of heat removed was for covered clay (8±1 kJ; initial clay temperature 15 °C). This approach allows different methods of cooling to be compared without the difficulties encountered in standardisation in live horses.

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Hoffmann, K. "Cooling by convection vs cooling by conduction for treatment of fever in critically ill adults." American Journal of Critical Care 10, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2001.10.4.294.

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GORSHENIN, Andrey S., Yulia I. RAKHIMOVA, and Natalya P. KRASNOVA. "STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM OF OPTIMIZING THE FACTORS OF THE HEAT EXCHANGE MODEL OF ALUMINUM INGOTS IN THE COOLING CHAMBER." Urban construction and architecture 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2019.01.19.

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Casting in a cooled mold is the main way to produce aluminum semi-finished products - round ingots. Continuous casting leads to the formation of a heterogeneous structure. Its elimination occurs during heat treatment - homogenization annealing followed by cooling in the chamber. To study the heat exchange between aluminum ingots and cooling coolant in the chamber, a mathematical model was developed. She showed that the cooling time of ingots in the chamber depends on structural and operational factors. This paper is devoted to the optimization of the design factors of the mathematical model of heat transfer in the cooling chamber of aluminum ingots. The questions of optimization criteria are considered, the objective function with restrictions on the set of feasible solutions of the function is defined.

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Jiandon, Porawit, and Sukangkana Talangkun. "Effect of cooling rates on T6 Treatment of B390 Aluminium-Silicon Hypereutectic alloys." MATEC Web of Conferences 293 (2019): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929302001.

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This research aimed to study an effect of cooling rates on T6 treatment process of B390 aluminium hypereutectic alloy. B390 casting samples were casted with pouring temperature of 710°C and solidified in three different cooling rates of 33.33, 28.60 and 22.22°C/s, respectively using three metal moulds. After that samples were subjected to T6 treatment: solution treated at 510°C for 30 min and aged at 200°C at various times. However, after ageing, hardness values of as-casted samples reduced with increasing cooling rate. It was found that the specimen cooled with the highest cooling rate exhibited the highest hardness. Peak hardness values of samples cooled with cooling rate of 33.33, 28.60 and 22.22°C/s after ageing obtained from ageing time of 3, 6 and 8 hour, respectively. Furthermore, the result showed that morphology of primary silicon, eutectic silicon and Ali5(Mn, Fe)3Si2 phase presented in the aged specimen cooled with the highest cooling rate exhibited more globular, finer and distributed more evenly compared with the slower cooled samples. It can be concluded that rapid cooling rate increases concentration of a-solid solution resulted in shorter aging time.

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de Campos, Marcos Flavio. "Heat Treatment Design for NdFe and SmCo₅ Magnets with Basis on the Phase Diagram." Materials Science Forum 802 (December 2014): 619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.802.619.

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The high coercivity region of the Nd-Fe-B and Sm-Co phase diagrams is discussed. Slow cooling heat treatments may eliminate lattice defects, which are responsible for nucleation of reverse magnetization. The concept of diffusion length can be used for the design of heat treatments. Analytical formulas for calculation of the diffusion length as function of the cooling rate of the heat treatment are presented.

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Drozdz, Susan, Vincent F. Hock, David Hurt, and Stephen Maloney. "Green Chemical Treatments for Heating and Cooling Systems." Advanced Materials Research 38 (March 2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.38.1.

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Scale, corrosion and the and biological growth in industrial water handling processes result in reduced water flow though pipes, reduced heat transfer, and pump failures. Preventative treatments for these problems are based upon chemical compounds that are most often toxic and environmentally persistent. Manufacturers continue to introduce new chemicals and treatment programs onto the market, and old products have been discontinued. Many manufacturers claim that the new chemical and treatments are more environmentally friendly and safer for the plant workers and the users. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Construction Engineering Research Laboratory has undertaken a research effort to look at these new chemical treatments. The objective of this work was to develop “green” water treatment chemicals that control biological growth, corrosion and scale while reducing or eliminating the generation of toxic substances during the manufacture, use, and disposal processes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cooling treatment'

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