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Journal articles on the topic 'Cooperative agriculture – Finance'
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Lokesha and Iqbal Thonse Hawaldar. "Impact of factors on the utilization of agricultural credit of banks: an analysis from the borrowers’ perspective." Banks and Bank Systems 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.14(1).2019.16.
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Agricultural credit is required for the development of agriculture scenario in any economy. Commercial, cooperative and regional rural banks have extended agricultural credit to the farmers in Dakshina Kannada district of India. The effectiveness of agricultural credit system depends on the utilization of credit funds by the borrowers. The present study made an attempt to understand the factors influencing the utilization of agricultural credit of banks in Dakshina Kannada. The study used primary and secondary data. Primary data are gathered from the borrowers of banks operating in Dakshina Kannada district. The study found that there is an impact of demographic, agriculture and agricultural credit factors on the purpose of utilization of agricultural credit in Dakshina Kannada district.
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Gonzalo Herranz De, Rafael, and Sebastián Fernandez-Prados Juan. "Intensive agriculture, marketing and social structure: the case of south-eastern Spain." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 8 (August 30, 2018): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/318/2016-agricecon.
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The main purpose of this study was to analyse the opinions of farmers in the province of Almería concerning the state of the fruit and vegetable sector, to learn about the main considerations in their decision-making processes when marketing their products and their assessment of the image of companies and cooperatives and to analyse the social structure of this collective. To that end, the analysis was conducted on three levels: a descriptive analysis on two levels – a quantitative analysis of the socio-demographic, socio-economic and marketing characteristics of farmers in the province of Almería and a qualitative analysis based on the opinions of farmers and a group of experts in the sector; and an explanatory analysis, based on a binary logistic regression model, to show how decision-making occurs in the marketing dialectic, whether it either be at the source (auction) or the end-point (cooperative). The conclusion is that the marketing variables that are most tied to context – such as price, timeframe or certification – better explain the decision-making process of farmers in the province of Almería when marketing their products, both for cooperative members and for those who sell their products in alhóndigas (traditional auction houses).
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Chumarina, Gulnara Raisovna, and Olga Alexandrovna Shipshova. "Ways to Increase the Competitiveness of Agricultural Consumer Cooperatives in Modern Conditions." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n2p318.
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This paper explores the problem of developing agricultural consumer cooperation enterprises and increasing their competitiveness. According to the authors, the development of agricultural cooperation can give an impetus to increasing the potential of rural areas, will solve the food security problem of the Russian Federation, and stimulate the development of national agriculture. The study identifies the main problems that hinder the development of agricultural cooperation in Russia, including the low competitiveness of these enterprises, insufficient knowledge and poor motivation of the population to create a cooperative movement, the lack of effective state support for agricultural producers from the regional and federal authorities, as well as policies pursued by large retailers, which are mainly aimed at increasing imports of agricultural products. The authors propose a comprehensive approach to solve these problems by highlighting several key priority areas. At the same time, the priority task is to increase the competitiveness of consumer cooperation enterprises and their products. The paper analyses the activities of agricultural consumer cooperation enterprises in the Republic of Tatarstan and offers recommendations to improve the competitiveness of consumer societies, in particular, by creating a wholesale distribution and logistics link for cooperation, reducing costs, and optimizing the assortment.
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Colvin, Christopher L., Stuart Henderson, and John D. Turner. "The origins of the (cooperative) species: Raiffeisen banking in the Netherlands, 1898–1909 1." European Review of Economic History 24, no. 4 (January 14, 2020): 749–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez018.
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Abstract Cooperatively owned Raiffeisen banks first emerged in the Netherlands in the late 1890s and spread rapidly across the country. Using a new dataset, we investigate the determinants of their market entry and early performance. We find the cooperative organisational form, when allied to a change in the structure of Dutch agriculture and the socioreligious pillarisation of Dutch society, was an important factor explaining their entry into rural financial markets. While religious organisations provided a necessary impetus for the emergence of Raiffeisen banks, the economic advantages associated with cooperative enterprises ensured the subsequent survival and success of these banks. “We will now discuss in a little more detail the Struggle for Existence.” From Charles Darwin, The Origins of the Species (1859)
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Sun, Hongbo. "China-Venezuelan Oil Cooperation Model." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 13, no. 5-6 (October 8, 2014): 648–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341322.
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With the shift of the world growth gravity from the industrialized countries to the emerging economies, the China-Latin American relationship has greater political and economic implications in the current international power transition. The energy ties between China and Latin America have been significantly strengthened in the oil sector and the China-Venezuela oil cooperation model is a unique example that might explain the dynamics of China’s energy interaction with Latin American resource countries. This oil cooperation model is a plural collaboration pattern with the oil sector as the cooperation axis and is extended to the infrastructure, high-tech, agriculture and other sectors under the intergovernmental institutionalized cooperative framework, which is supported by Chinese financial credit. China and Venezuela have high complementarities of energy interest in terms of the oil trade, finance and infrastructure building, based on the two countries’ relative economic advantages.
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Abdulzahra Hamdan, Ahmed, and Safaa Ali Hussein. "Cooperative decision-making on fiscal and monetary policy in Iraq using the prisoner’s dilemma." Banks and Bank Systems 15, no. 4 (December 9, 2020): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(4).2020.08.
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This paper investigates the interaction between fiscal and monetary policy in Iraq after 2003 using the prisoner’s dilemma.The paper aims to determine the best form of coordination between these policies to achieve their goals; payoff matrix for both policies was constructed. To achieve the purpose, the quantitative approach was applied using several methods, including regression, building payoff matrices and decision analysis using a number of software.The results of the monetary policy payment function show that inflation rate has an inverse relationship with the auctions of selling foreign currency and a positive relationship with the government’s activity, while the fiscal policy function shows that real growth is positively related to price levels (the inverted Phillips curve) and correlates with the government’s activity. After using the Gambit Solution to determine the Nash balance, which is achieved through the expansion strategies of both policies to confirm the results, the Promethee-Gaia method was used for multi-criteria decision making. When the two policies interact with similar forces (50% each), the best decision is one of the expansionary strategies that help achieve their main objectives in the short and long term, represented by price stability and economic growth.The main conclusion is that the best way to achieve the goals of economic policy in Iraq is that the coordination of procedures between the two policies should be expansionary, since the Iraqi economy needs to be stimulated due to the under-exploitation of many its sectors, such as agriculture and industry.
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Maulida, Sri, and Ahmad Yunani. "Masalah dan Solusi Model Pengembangan Pembiayaan Pertanian dari Aspek Keuangan Syari’ah." Cakrawala: Jurnal Studi Islam 12, no. 2 (December 23, 2017): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/cakrawala.v12i2.1677.
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This study aims to discuss the problems and solutions in terms of sharia financial aspects of the development of agricultural financing. This study used multiple linear regression analysis with ordinary least square method (OLS) combined with a descriptive explorative approach and developed by using literature review approach or literature study. The theory or conceptual approach is done by referring from several sources, such as books, scientific journals, and the internet. All existing idea descriptions are combined into a single frame of thought. The results showed that the variable of problem financing in agriculture sector had a significant negative effect on the profitability of sharia banking, therefore the application of financing concept for farmers through Sharia Finance Cooperative or Baitul Maal bi Tamwil (BMT) using Bai 'Salam".
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Zanasi, Margherita. "Exporting Development: The League of Nations and Republican China." Comparative Studies in Society and History 49, no. 1 (December 15, 2006): 143–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417507000436.
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In 1931, the Chinese minister of finance, Song Ziwen (T. V. Soong), reached an agreement with the League of Nations on a Program of Technical Cooperation with China. The program was intended to provide the Nationalist government—the republican government that ruled China from 1927 to 1949—with much-needed technological and financial aid in support of its nation-building effort. As a result, the League sent a number of experts to China. The first group focused mostly on public health, education, water conservation, and transportation (Zhang 1999). In 1933, however, the original agreement was revised and expanded to include economic development, with special emphasis on agriculture. In this context, a new group of League specialists visited China. Among them were three experts in rural cooperative societies: the Briton William Kenneth Hunter Campbell, the Italian Mario Dragoni, and the German Max Brauer.
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Раманаускас, Юлюс, Julius Ramanauskas, Римантас Сташис, and Rimantas Stays. "Agriculture Cooperatives in Lithuania: development issues." Russian Journal of Management 3, no. 4 (August 31, 2015): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/13107.
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The evolution of cooperation in Lithuanian agriculture during the past century is analysed in the paper. It was found that cooperation has greatly depended on farming conditions, traditions of communication, state policy with respect to the development of agriculture and cooperation, and various economic conditions. Particularly significant are the specific features of development during transition of economic conditions: weak agricultural structures (farmer’s farms, agricultural companies); the domination of share capital in the processing industry and commerce, and the insufficiency of agricultural and foodstuffs markets.
The basis of analysis in this paper are the theoretical preconditions for the principles of development of the activity of cooperatives. It was determined that most prospective preconditions for development of cooperation at present and in the near future emphasize the comparitive weight of the cost of production of raw materials, i.e. cooperatives of facilities, realisation, finance and representation of interests.
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Rankin, R., and D. L. Creech. "THE STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY ARBORETUM: DEVELOPING AN EDUCATIONAL OUTREACH POTENTIAL." HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 848e—848. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.848e.
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Horticultural enrollments have fallen since the late 1970's and faculties are scrambling to find new ways to creatively finance educational and outreach programs. The Stephen F. Austin State University Arboretum was sanctioned by the administration in March, 1987. Eight acres of land that lie on LaNana creek are directly associated with the Agriculture building and horticultural facility. Gardens that feature a wide range of rare, unusual, and untested landscape plants are being developed by students, volunteers, and a mix of outside monies. The history of a City/SFASU project to develop a three mile LaNana Creek trail will be described. A cooperative effort with the Herb Society of Deep East Texas, a 121-acre conservancy easement project, and Asian vegetable studies are currently under the arboretum umbrella.
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Bakucs, Zoltán, Imre Fertő, and Gábor G. Szabó. "Benefits of a marketing cooperative in transition agriculture: Mórakert purchasing and service co-operative." Society and Economy 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 453–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/socec.34.2012.3.6.
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Briggeman, Brian C., Keri L. Jacobs, Phil Kenkel, and Gregory Mckee. "Current trends in cooperative finance." Agricultural Finance Review 76, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-04-2016-0034.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the recent financial trends affecting grain and farm supply cooperatives. Design/methodology/approach Review of and descriptive analysis of current cooperative finance topics. Findings In recent years three important trends have become apparent among grain marketing and farm supply cooperatives. These farmer-owned firms have been rapidly investing in infrastructure, reformulating profit distribution and equity strategies, and have pursued consolidation with other cooperatives. Originality/value Grain and farm supply cooperatives are changing at a rapid clip to meet the needs of their evolving and growing farmer-owners. New research is needed to help these cooperatives meet these needs, and this paper identifies new areas of research in cooperative finance.
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Mutamuliza, Eularie, K. Vishwanatha, and SR Mbaraka. "Determinants of smallholder farmers’ participation in microfinance markets in Huye district, southern province, Rwanda." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 07 (September 2, 2021): 18319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.102.19445.
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Microfinance markets play a significant role in enhancing socio-economic development of developing countries. In Rwanda, access to microfinance in financing agriculture is very important for future development. Despite this development, smallholder farmers still have limited access to institutional financial services. This study assessed factors that affect smallholder farmers’ participation in microfinance markets in three sectors of Maraba, Mukura and Ngoma in Huye district in Southern province of Rwanda. Primary data were collected using questionnaires and personal interviews. A total of 300 respondents were selected using a simple random sampling technique from participants and non-participants in microfinance markets. Data collected were analyzed through descriptive statistics and Probit regression model. Results from descriptive statistics revealed that major sources of income were farming and business activities. Findings revealed also that each household had an average of about five members with standard deviation of 1.901 and mean value of household land size of 1.87 ha with standards deviation of 0.758. Findings from Probit analysis revealed that household size, education, total annual income, cooperative membership, and household savings had a positive and significant effect on smallholder farmers’ participation in microfinance markets. Distance from microfinance institutions negatively influenced participation in microfinance markets. Households that were located far from to the microfinance institutions were less likely to participate in microfinance markets compared to those nearer to the institutions. This study recommends microfinance institutions in Rwanda to expand their financial systems to enable smallholder farmers access affordable agricultural finance. Further, there is need for microfinance institutions to create more awareness programs to help smallholder farmers get key information related to microfinance services. This is expected to influence smallholder farmers’ willingness to apply for microcredits for agricultural development. This will in the long-run help the smallholder farmers to adopt new practices and technologies thus increasing their agricultural production.
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Özdemir, Gülen. "Cooperative–shareholder relations in agricultural cooperatives in Turkey." Journal of Asian Economics 16, no. 2 (April 2005): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2005.01.004.
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Royer, Jeffrey. "Financing agricultural cooperatives with retained earnings." Agricultural Finance Review 77, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 393–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-06-2016-0060.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the advantages equity capitalization programs based on retained earnings from patronage sources may provide cooperatives and their patrons that traditional equity financing methods do not offer. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on a model used to assess patron benefits from a cooperative that is financed by a combination of allocated equity acquired from noncash patronage refunds and unallocated equity acquired from retained earnings. The level of patron benefits is represented by the present value of the after-tax cash flow patrons receive from the cooperative, and the model is used to determine the combination of noncash patronage refunds and retained earnings that provides the greatest present value given the levels of those parameters that affect capitalization of the cooperative and the distribution of cash benefits to patrons. Findings The analysis demonstrates that only pure plans, i.e., plans based entirely on retained patronage refunds or entirely on retained earnings, will be associated with the greatest present value for any particular set of parameter values. Cooperatives that are characterized by low marginal tax rates and growth rates and whose patrons are characterized by high marginal tax rates and discount rates are those most likely to benefit from equity capitalization programs based on retained earnings. Research limitations/implications The model is based on the assumption of constant parameter values and does not account for the existence of nonpatronage income. Practical implications A useful extension of this work would be the development of a decision aid capable of generating basic operating statement and balance sheet data and enabling cooperative decision makers to conduct experiments concerning alternative financing strategies based on retained earnings. Originality/value The analysis contained in this paper is based on an explicit model and extends across a broad range of values for various parameters that affect the level, timing, and present value of cash distributions from cooperatives. Because the cash flow received by patrons is determined after the cooperative’s planned equity growth is met, cash flow comparisons are equivalent with respect to the capital provided the cooperative. In addition, the revolving period is endogenously determined.
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Yen, Meng-Fen, Mario Miranda, and Ani Katchova. "The effects of capital constraints on the growth of agricultural cooperatives." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 1 (January 27, 2020): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/151/2019-agricecon.
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In this paper, we examine how capital constraints affect the growth of US agricultural cooperatives. Employing a panel data set obtained from CoBank on 669 US agricultural cooperatives over 5 years, we employ system-generalised method of moments to estimate models of cooperative growth that incorporate long-term debt, allocated reserves, and retained earnings as continuous measures of capital constraints. We find that long-term debt use and size have positive impacts on cooperative growth, in violation of Gibrat’s law, which posits that firm size and firm growth are independent. In particular, cash flow, unallocated equity and long-term debt financing are critical contributors to asset growth for small and medium-sized cooperatives.
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Mizik, Tamas. "Bonusz Agro Cooperative: loan options." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 23, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2019.0113.
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Cooperation of producers is essential in agricultural production. The producer group is the official organization of the European arable sector. The Bonusz Agro producer group was established in 2015, and its legal form is cooperative. They use cooperative principles such as the democratic decision-making process ‘one member – one vote’ principle for both significant and insignificant decisions, unlike some other cooperatives. The management of the cooperative is considering investing in a new industrial site. This new site will be for cleaning/drying the produce, and storing it in a new storage facility, among other things. The company currently lacks sufficient financial resources to make this investment possible. One of the obstacles to obtaining the necessary finances is the lack of collateral the organization has control over. This case study examines the investment decision. The main focus is on how the organization can enlist the contribution of all members. The most delicate part of the decision-making dilemma is that all members would have to offer some of their own assets as collateral. These assets would be part of their agricultural land, which is necessary to obtain the required external financial resources from banks.
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Moyo, Busani. "Revolutionising agricultural finance in Africa: opportunities and challenges." Corporate Ownership and Control 11, no. 1 (2013): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv11i1c1art6.
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Africa needs business models that are capable of bringing affordable, life-changing products and services in order to reduce or even eliminate poverty. These business models through appropriate and responsible funding must, as a matter of necessity, create jobs and lead directly to economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study therefore provides a detailed analysis of the different types of major agricultural financial initiatives in Africa relating them to the problems faced by small farmers in the region. We also look at innovative finance schemes that are also making inroads in the continent like patient capital, agriculture pull mechanisms, value chain financing as well as Sovereign wealth funds. We argue that these innovative schemes can make a difference in helping innovative business models that address poverty see the light of day. Thus policies that protects farmers from natural risks like drought and floods, encourage the proliferation of donors, philanthropic organizations as well as the creation of strong linkages and cooperation among all those involved in agricultural value chains are important for the development of Africa’s agriculture.
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Farkhoutdinov, Il'nur Ildusovich, and Aleksei Gennadevich Isavnin. "Restructuring Outsourcing: Classification and Methodical Approach to Evaluating Expediency and Economic Effect." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n2p274.
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A large part of a country's national production is the result of the efforts and performance of organizations and institutions that are engaged in the production of goods and services. These organizations or institutions that operate in various forms of government, private and cooperative and in various sectors of industry, agriculture and services are called economic enterprises or manufacturing enterprises.Among the strategies that have played a role in economic development in recent decades and have led to its expansion; It is the creation of small and medium-sized enterprises that in most countries (developed and developing) the tendency to this type of enterprises has increased. Medium-sized enterprises, in terms of their significant role in job creation, competitiveness, innovation and organizational and economic development, are considered as drivers and engines of economic growth and are one of the most important priorities in economic development programs.In the modern world, classification and methodical approach to evaluating expediency and economic effect has a critical role. In this paper, we consider the restructuring of Russian industrial enterprises through the use of industrial outsourcing. An approach to the classification of restructuring industrial outsourcing is proposed, and a method of assessing the feasibility and economic effect of the usage of this type of outsourcing is developed.
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Turvey, Calum G. "Historical developments in agricultural finance and the genesis of America’s farm credit system." Agricultural Finance Review 77, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-09-2016-0076.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of major historical developments in agricultural finance, with particular emphasis on agricultural credit. It reviews the development of Raiffeisen and related banks that emerged in Germany and Europe throughout the nineteenth century and how the cooperative banking system made its way into the banking system of the USA in the early twentieth century. The paper emphasizes the role of the state in the developing of agricultural credit, especially with respect to farm mortgages, securitization, and bond structures. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents a historical synthesis of historical literature on agricultural credit. Findings This paper shows the direct linkage between the developments in Raiffeisen credit cooperatives and the Farm Credit System (FCS) and details the emergence of the land banks, farm credit banks, agricultural bonds and the role of joint-stock banks in agricultural credit policy. Originality/value In total, 2016 marks the 100th anniversary of the passing of the 1916 Federal Farm Loan Act which set in motion the USs’ first Government Sponsored Enterprise and catalyzed the formation of the FCS as it operates today to provide credit to farmers and rural communities on a cooperative basis. Although there are a few wonderful books written on certain aspects of the FCS the story of how the FCS was initiated and the many struggles it faced up to the 1933 Act has not been told often enough. This paper tells the story of the evolution of agricultural credit that ultimately led to the formation of the FCS.
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Rebelo, João, José Caldas, and Scott C. Matulich. "Performance de las cooperativas tradicionales: las cooperativas portuguesas de Viño del Duero." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 10, no. 2 (October 8, 2011): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2010.02.07.
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<span>Globalization is challenging the very core of cooperative governance and ownership decision, especially in Southern European countries, like Portugal, where a large number of producers are organized in traditional and Mediterranean-style agricultural cooperatives. This paper analyses the effects of governance and control variables related with size over two alternative indicators of performance: revenues transferred to members/patrons and capital structure. The results suggest that these cooperatives have difficulties being sustainable in the more competitive global wine markets, if they follow, essentially, a practice of maximum patronage refund, reducing their capacity to improve leverage and to finance more profitable, but risky, long run investments.</span>
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Wang, Lu, and Jianli Luo. "Vegetable supply chain integration: the case of a trinity cooperative in China." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 22, no. 5 (September 11, 2019): 767–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2019.0023.
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China’s vegetable supply chain faces challenges, such as the shortage of technologies for vegetable production, storage and preservation, imperfect rural finance services, and uncertainty in terms of vegetable production and sales. Companies and the Chinese government focus on food safety and security, as well as supply stability. The Meiyu Cooperative is a National Top 100 farmers’ cooperative in China that addresses these concerns successfully. It has established ‘a trinity cooperation mechanism’ to coordinate and integrate vegetable production, supply and sale, and financial credit. The cooperative has successfully built close relationships with farmers and companies, thus achieving financial, social, and environment benefits. This cooperation mechanism represents an innovative model for integrating the vegetable supply chain and providing necessary services based on farmers’ demands. This case study is addressed to senior undergraduate students and postgraduate students specialising in agricultural economics and can also be used for training administrators in food companies.
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Royer, Jeffrey. "An equity management and planning tool for cooperatives." Agricultural Finance Review 75, no. 2 (July 6, 2015): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-03-2014-0004.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe an equity management and planning tool used by rural electric cooperatives (RECs) and based on the times-interest-earned ratio (TIER). The objectives of the paper are to construct a mathematical model that provides a rigorous foundation for the TIER approach, modify the approach so the rate of return on equity is a function of the cooperative’s equity position, demonstrate how elements of the model can be used by RECs in setting electric rates that will enable them to accelerate the retirement of member equity, and derive a generalized form of the “modified Goodwin formula” that can be used by both RECs and agricultural cooperatives. Design/methodology/approach – Mathematical and graphical expressions of the TIER approach are developed. Simulations are used to demonstrate how RECs can set electric rates according to a target revolving period. The modified Goodwin formula is generalized to include the payment of cash patronage refunds through use of a growth model of an agricultural cooperative developed in Royer (1993). Findings – This paper demonstrates how TIER analysis and the modified Goodwin formula can be used by cooperatives to aid their decisions regarding debt and equity financing and their choices regarding cash patronage refunds, equity retirement, and growth. The paper demonstrates that cooperatives that fail to recognize the functional relationship between the rate of return on equity and the equity position may substantially underestimate the equity position necessary to meet interest coverage requirements and overestimate their ability to grow and retire equity. It also shows that RECs may be able to make substantial improvements in equity revolvement with only modest increases in electric rates. Research limitations/implications – The model developed in this paper has been simplified to focus on fundamental financial relationships. To apply this model, cooperatives may need to modify it to accommodate the complexities of their business operations. Practical implications – TIER analysis can provide a useful equity management and planning tool for both RECs and agricultural cooperatives. It also can be used by lending institutions to assess the financial health of individual cooperative organizations. Originality/value – Constructing a mathematical model that provides a foundation for TIER analysis, modifying the approach so that the rate of return on equity is a function of the equity position, demonstrating how RECs can use the model to set electric rates according to a target revolving period, and generalizing the modified Goodwin formula so it can be used by agricultural cooperatives are all original contributions.
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Hoffman, Elizabeth, and Gary D. Libecap. "Institutional Choice and the Development of U.S. Agricultural Policies in the 1920s." Journal of Economic History 51, no. 2 (June 1991): 397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700039024.
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We examine U.S. agricultural policy as an institutional choice. Price controls in World War I had demonstrated the government's influence in markets, and with falling crop prices in the 1920s, farmers appealed to the federal government. The federal government was large enough by then to intervene in variou ways. It could have assisted private cooperatives by providing antitrust exemptions, market information, and enforcement of cooperative rules or intervened directly with mandatory output reductions and targeted prices. The policies adopted were influenced by crop-specific characteristics and broader market conditions affecting the success of private cooperatives.
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Alao, T. B., A. S. Bamire, and A. D. Kehinde. "Gender analysis of agricultural financing in cocoa-based farming system in Oyo and Osun States of South Western Nigeria." Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science 55, no. 1 (July 16, 2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjas.v55i1.4.
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This paper aimed to study the gender differentials in agricultural financing in cocoa-based farming systems in Southwestern Nigeria. A multi stage sampling procedure was employed to select 200 cocoa farmers for the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logit regression model. The results revealed that cooperative societies are dominant sources of finance for both male and female cocoa farmers. The findings also revealed that male cocoa farmers have more sources of finance than their female counterparts in the study area. The determinant of access to finance for both male and female cocoa farmers was age; specific to male cocoa farmers were average income, household size and membership in cooperative societies while level of education and possession of collateral were specific to female cocoa famers. It was concluded that policy strategies aimed at improving access to finance must consider education and ownership of certain resources among female cocoa farmers and formation of cooperative societies among male cocoa farmers.
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Cheng, Yuxi (Lance), and Ani L. Katchova. "Testing capital structure theories for agricultural cooperatives." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 22, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2018.0050.
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This study investigates adjustments in capital structures for agricultural cooperatives and differences before and during the agricultural downturn which started in 2013. We estimate a simultaneous equation model to test for cooperatives’ capital structure strategies based on two main theories from the corporate finance literature: the trade-off theory and the pecking order theory. Estimation results reveal that agricultural cooperatives in the U.S. generally adjust to short-term financial targets for equity and debt, supporting the trade-off theory while there is little support for the pecking order theory within the agricultural cooperatives sector.
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Li, Ziran, Keri L. Jacobs, and Georgeanne M. Artz. "The cooperative capital constraint revisited." Agricultural Finance Review 75, no. 2 (July 6, 2015): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-11-2014-0034.
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Purpose – There is little reason a priori to expect that a cooperative firm’s capital needs are different from a non-cooperative firm’s needs if the two firms are otherwise similar in function and size and operate within similar market economies. However, the notion that cooperatives face capital constraints that investor-owned firms (IOFs) do not is a persistent theme in the literature. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The authors revisit this hypothesis with an empirical examination of capital constraints in a panel data set of US agricultural supply and grain cooperatives and IOFs. Findings – The findings are mixed. While the authors find little to suggest that cooperatives face financial constraints on borrowing in the short run, relative to IOFs, the authors do find some evidence that for long-term investments, a capital constraint may exist. Originality/value – These short and long run differences have implications for the survival and growth of agricultural cooperatives. While in the short run, access to debt financing allows these firms to operative profitably, ultimately long-term large investments in technology and fixed assets will be required to maintain competitiveness in this industry.
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Jones, Bruce L. "A Model of Cooperative Finance: Comment." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 68, no. 1 (February 1986): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1241664.
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VanSickle, John J., and George W. Ladd. "A Model of Cooperative Finance: Reply." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 68, no. 1 (February 1986): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1241665.
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Pokharel, Krishna Prasad, Madhav Regmi, Allen M. Featherstone, and David W. Archer. "Examining the financial performance of agricultural cooperatives in the USA." Agricultural Finance Review 79, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-11-2017-0103.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify financial stress and the causes of financial stress for agricultural cooperatives and provide management recommendations to stakeholders including cooperatives’ managers, boards of directors and lenders. Design/methodology/approach This research used the geometric mean of the real rate of return on equity to identify financially stressed agricultural cooperatives. The real rate of return on equity allows the allocation of total financial stress among the return on assets, leverage and interest rate issues. Findings This study found that financially non-stressed agricultural cooperatives had a higher rate of return on equity and rate of return on assets, but lower leverage ratios and interest rates than stressed agricultural cooperatives. Further, non-stressed cooperatives had higher total assets and sales compared to stressed cooperatives. This suggests that smaller cooperatives are more likely to face financial stress than larger cooperatives. The decomposition of the financial problem showed that a substantial percentage of financial stress was correlated with a low return on assets or profitability. A smaller percentage of financial stress was due to financing decisions. Originality/value This study provides value by measuring the impact of profitability, leverage and interest rate on the financial performance of agricultural cooperatives. Results showed that a substantial proportion of financial stress was associated with a low return on assets. This indicates that profitability is a problem for agricultural cooperatives. This study also examines profitability during a period of volatile returns in production agriculture.
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Sexton, Richard J. "The Formation of Cooperatives: A Game‐Theoretic Approach with Implications for Cooperative Finance, Decision Making, and Stability." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 68, no. 2 (May 1986): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1241423.
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Khasanah, Ukhwatul, Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto, Slamet Hartono, and Liana Fatma Leslie Pratiwi. "A Potency And Challenge Of Warehouse Receipts System (Wrs) Implementation In Niaga Mukti Cooperation, Cianjur." Agro Ekonomi 28, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jae.32560.
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Declining of agricultural commodity prices during the harvest season has become detrimental to farmers. It often makes farmers not harvest their crops because the cost of harvesting is more expensive than the selling price of the product. The government makes a Warehouse Receipt System (WRS) program to help farmer to solve the cost of farm business and anticipation of low price of farmer income in harvest time. The goal of the research is to analyze and to describe regarding the potency and challenge of warehouse receipts system implementation in Niaga Mukti Cooperation, Cianjur. The method used was descriptive analysis with the subject of Niaga Mukti Cooperation as the sample of WRS for rice commodity. The result of the research shows that warehouse receipts system has potency to become collateral credit document to obtain farming budgeting for the member of Niaga Mukti cooperation with 6% per year or 1,5% per month after receiving government grant. In conducting WRS program, the cooperation confronts various challenges such as economic society empowerment through WRS, warehouse empowerment receipts as alternative finance, finance instruments and agricultural marketing. However, it requires coordination and correlation among the government, regions, farm cooperation, endeavor and finance institutions.
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Malik, Mykola, and Larysa Malik. "AGRICULTURAL COOPERATION AS A COMPONENT OF THE AGRARIAN REFORM." Economics & Sociology 2, no. 1a (July 20, 2009): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2009/2-1a/7.
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Grashuis, Jasper. "A quantile regression analysis of farmer cooperative performance." Agricultural Finance Review 78, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2017-0031.
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Purpose A financial perspective of farmer cooperative performance is assumed by conceptualizing the cooperative as an independent firm. The purpose of this paper is to explore variability in the financial performance of the largest 1,000 US farmer cooperatives with emphasis on efficiency, productivity, and leverage. Design/methodology/approach Cooperative performance is analyzed by means of the extended DuPont identity, an accounting tool which decomposes return on equity into five ratios of efficiency, productivity, and leverage. The extended DuPont identity is applied empirically with quantile regression, which allows estimation of the statistical interrelationship of the DuPont components across the full response distribution. Findings Per the results, variability in the financial performance of US farmer cooperatives is for the most part associated with the operating profit margin, which confirms prior findings of cost inefficiency in the empirical literature. Therefore, US farmer cooperatives may improve financial performance by emphasizing sales and operating costs. Specifically, recommendations include placing emphasis on bargaining power, product differentiation, and scale economies. Supply cooperatives may also consider issuing non-qualified equity and securing long-term debt access as additional possibilities to improve financial performance. Originality/value The empirical application of the extended DuPont identity with quantile regression facilitates a novel investigation of cooperative performance by placing emphasis on the efficiency, productivity, and leverage of cooperatives with various degrees of performance.
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Kontogeorgos, A., F. Chatzitheodoridis, and E. Loizou. "Adaptation strategies for the Greek agricultural cooperatives during the economic crisis." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 62, No. 1 (June 6, 2016): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/22/2015-agricecon.
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Maijala, K., A. Neimann-Sorensen, S. Adalsteinsson, N. Kolstad, B. Danell, and B. Gjelstad. "CONSERVATION OF GENE RESOURCES OF FARM ANIMALS IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES." Animal Genetic Resources Information 7 (April 1990): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s101423390000300x.
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The Nordic Council of ministers decided in 1979 to finance a working party for coordinating the Nordic Animal-Gene Banks (NAGBs). This party has five members, one from each Nordic country and a part-time secretary. The working party has been in contact with several other researchers and institutions and is represented in the corresponding European working party. These links have provided possibilities for fruitful commication. on the initiative of the working party, the agricultural ministries reported on the national situation in their respective countries (maiiala et al., 1986). overall responsibility is considered as an official task. EacF- Kirnistry of Agriculture, in cooperation with other ministries, is responsible for animal conservation. That includes providing necessary investment funds and covering the operating expenses of gene banks.
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Ozalp, Asaf. "Financial Analysis of Agricultural Development Cooperatives: A Case of Western Mediterranean Region, Turkey." New Medit 18, no. 2 (June 15, 2019): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/nm1902h.
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In Turkey, Agricultural Development Cooperatives are very important for bringing the resources in rural area to the economy, establishment of agro-industrial facilities for processing agricultural products and preventing migration from rural area to cities. While the number of Agricultural Development Cooperatives in Turkey was 6000 in 1974, it rose to 7196 in 2017. Total number of partners of these cooperatives is 775255.The aim of the study is to reveal financial structures of Agricultural Development Cooperatives within the scope of the research by using ratio analyses. Data in this study were retrieved from income statement and balance sheets belonging to 2016 of 70 Agricultural Development Cooperatives in the Western Mediterranean Region. Ratio analyses were classified as financial structure ratios, activity efficiency ratios and profitability ratios in this study. Financial analysis was conducted for Agricultural Development Cooperatives by comparing the values obtained as a result of analysis with the standard values. Findings obtained from this study and other similar studies suggest that one of the most significant problems of agricultural development cooperatives is finance. As a result of the study, it was determined that the cooperatives studied were not in financial sufficient level. The financial weaknesses of the cooperatives examined mean that they can face financial problems in the long run. Financial insufficiency poses a risk in terms of the continuity of the surveyed cooperatives.
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Nicolae Ioan Csép. "Phytopathological aspects of precision agriculture." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 49 (November 13, 2012): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/49/2511.
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This paper illustrates the efforts based on the results obtained in the funding of precision agriculture, during more than two decades of cooperation between University of Debrecen and University of Oradea, within the framework of joint, EU co-financed projects, and put into practice on both sides of the border. Common plant-health databases, interactive Web pages, consultation activities, professional publications, professional training activities, laboratory infrastructure improvements, common research themes proves the progress made to date and create conditions for further development of joint research activities.
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Jarábková, Jana, Ľubica Majstríková, and Tomáš Kozolka. "Financial Supporting Tools of Rural Tourism Development in Nitra Self-Governing Region." European Countryside 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/euco-2016-0010.
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Abstract Rural tourism is one of the opportunities, which can positively influence productivity and incomes in rural areas. European Union set the rural development as part of its priorities. This development has been conducted through several measures aimed at education, cooperation, municipality development, ecological agriculture, diversification of economic activities, etc. Rural tourism is a result of diversification of economic activities towards non-agricultural activities. The paper focuses on analysing financial tools of support used for rural tourism development. Development projects realized in the Nitra Self-governing Region (NSR) during programming period 2007 - 2013 (plus 2 years) are evaluated. These projects have been financed through different grant schemes created by the European Union (realised by Ministries, Local Action Groups, Agricultural Paying Agency) and also by the Nitra Self-governing Region. The paper also illustrates the localisation of approved projects and their purpose.
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Wang, Y. C. "The optimal capital structure in agricultural cooperatives under the revolving fund cycles." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 62, No. 1 (June 6, 2016): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/204/2015-agricecon.
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Tvrdoň, O., and K. Krčová. "The reasons for creation of agricultural sales organizations." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No, 7 (March 1, 2012): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5322-agricecon.
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Due to the transformation of the agricultural subjects realized after 1990, the new ownership relations occurred in the sectors of agriculture and food processing. The entrepreneurs started to build their activities on the base of market economy principles. The farmers started founding of specialized or universal-trading organizations aimed to sale of the agricultural production. The legal forms of the companies were cooperatives or companies incorporated. In practice, the subjects proved the reasonability of their existence not only on the side of agricultural production sale, but also on the side of purchasing inputs necessary for the agricultural production process. One of the best trading organizations is Agropork-družstvo in Brno, which is specialized in purchasing and sale of pigs, cows and recently poultry as well.
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Manfredo, Mark R., and Timothy J. Richards. "Cooperative risk management, rationale, and effectiveness: the case of dairy cooperatives." Agricultural Finance Review 67, no. 2 (November 2007): 311–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00214660780001211.
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Nicli, Sara, Susanne Ursula Elsen, and Armin Bernhard. "Eco-Social Agriculture for Social Transformation and Environmental Sustainability: A Case Study of the UPAS-Project." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 5510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145510.
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Rural areas are facing vulnerabilities and changes caused by negative social, economic and ecological externalities resulting from industrial agriculture systems. Locally embedded farms and bottom-linked approaches such as social cooperatives that act in the field of social agriculture are small, but valuable models to counteract these trends. This article is based on a case study conducted within the transdisciplinary research and development project Unlocking the Potential of Social Agriculture (UPAS), 2017–2020—financed by the Free University of Bolzano. The main focus of the case study is to determine the impact of social agriculture initiatives on social and healthcare systems, the natural environment and the communities in which they act. Data collection includes a literature review, observations and interviews carried out on 35 case studies of social agriculture initiatives, mainly located in Italy. The field research points out that actors in the sector of social agriculture predominantly aim to integrate disadvantaged people socially and in terms of their labor, base their production on organic methods, and that social agriculture has the potential to foster eco-social transformation and development of rural areas by the combination of social and ecological concerns. Thus, we use the term “eco-social” agriculture to describe these approaches. Furthermore, five components of eco-social agriculture have been defined, which, together, offer an ideal set of acting principles, namely: (1) the empowerment and integration of disadvantaged people, (2) the promotion of environmentally friendly agricultural practices, (3) the protection of nature, resources and cultural landscape, (4) support to the local community, and (5) education for sustainable development.
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Tajidan, Tajidan, Efendy Efendy, Halil Halil, and Edy Fernandez. "Prosfek Penumbuhan Wirausahawan Muda Pertanian (PWMP) Di Pulau Lombok." Jurnal Gema Ngabdi 1, no. 2 (July 23, 2019): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jgn.v1i2.16.
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The objectives of the community service are: maintaining the alumni commitment as agricultural young entrepreneurs; increase the capacity and ability of alumni in the management of business in agriculture; increasing the business scale by adding the ability to finance agribusiness businesses; and developing business networks (net-working) and financing and marketing cooperation. The output expected as an output of this service activity is an article published in national or international journals. To achieve the purpose of this service, it is carried out with a coaching and mentoring approach. Coaching is done by the focus group discussion (FGD) method, training with the agribusiness field school method, and mentoring in the problem solving method. From a series of implementation activities can be summarized as follows: the commitment of alumni as young agricultural entrepreneurs is still able to be held which is shown by the still strong spirit and entrepreneurial spirit; (the alumni who are members of the PWMP Group have the ability to increase the capacity of business management in agriculture, including 3 (three) of the 7 (seven) PWMP groups that have opened business branches and appointed employees to assist production activities and services to customers; in general there has been an increase in the ability of financing sourced from an average allowance for operating results of 18.3% from November 2017 to July 2018 or 2.29% / month; and the development of business networks and marketing is still an obstacle for most young agricultural entrepreneurs, except the PWMP Bintang Tani Group which has a business network and regular customers in the marketing aspect.
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Fenyves, Veronika, Károly Pető, János Szenderák, and Mónika Harangi-Rákos. "The capital structure of agricultural enterprises in the Visegrad countries." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 4 (April 29, 2020): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/285/2019-agricecon.
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The Visegrad countries – or the V-4 countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia – is strong regional cooperation of four EU member states in Eastern-Central-Europe aimed at strengthening the positions of the members on both a European and a global level. The aim of this research is to analyse the capital structure of the agricultural and food companies in the V4 Member States. The results show that more profitable companies were less dependent on debt finance, while the fast-growing companies had limited access to the financial market. Company size had a significant effect only in the Czech Republic. Overall, the capital structure seemed to be strongly affected by the farm structure and the relative company size.
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Havlíček, Z., and J. Vaněk. "ICT and cooperative work." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 10 (February 21, 2012): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5139-agricecon.
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This article deals with the possibilities of making usage of ICT (Information and communication technology) to support cooperation among teams. There are two main approaches: systems based on the www technologies (intranets), and specialised systems, which are dedicated to cooperation (these systems are designated as groupware). Web technologies are the main element of the Internet. They are becoming the most important technology in the presentation layer of current business information systems. The web environment penetrates into all currently used applications. Its integration with all existing systems makes the users locally independent and enables them to use a variety of hardware and software platforms, as well as the advantages of mobile communications. The results of the issues discussed in the article are outlined in specific examples.
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Chloupková, J., and Bjørnskov Ch. "Could social capital help Czech agriculture?" Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 6 (February 29, 2012): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5312-agricecon.
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Recent literature and research on social capital has demonstrated the economic importance of social features, such as trust and norms that facilitate cooperation. This article focuses on the role of social capital in the context of the Czech agricultural sector. Obtaining credit, sharing machinery, and proliferating information serves as examples where an awareness and reliance on the social capital of rural communities matter. By forming groups and strengthening existing networks, Czech farmers can improve their productivity, as well as their welfare. The article concludes by warning that the Czech state cannot invest directly in social capital, but should create the necessary legal and economic incentives to encourage the formation of social capital.
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Harimaya, Kozo, and Koichi Kagitani. "Performance of agricultural cooperative banks in Japan." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 1 (October 14, 2019): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-03-2019-0036.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the efficiency of the banking business of Japan’s agricultural cooperatives (JAs), which depend heavily on financial business with non-farmers, contradictory to cooperative principles. Design/methodology/approach The authors construct a panel data set over 2005–2016 from the financial statements of JAs’ prefectural-level federations and use the input distance stochastic frontier model with a time-variant inefficiency effect for analysis. Both the flow and stock measures of the banking output are used in identical models and the efficiency results are compared. The authors also investigate the determinants of efficiency by using the Tobit and ordinary least squares regression models. Findings There is strong evidence of significant prefectural differences in efficiency values. The ratio of lending to non-members to total loans is positively related to efficiency. In contrast, the higher reliance on a central organization and credit business leads to lower efficiency. Research limitations/implications Apart from banking, JAs provide mutual insurance business services. As the authors investigate only the efficiency of JAs’ banking business in this study, it would be necessary to investigate the efficiency of their insurance business as well when evaluating JAs’ overall financial business. Originality/value There are few studies that investigate the efficiency of JAs’ banking business and its determinants, although significant attention has been paid to their excessive dependence on the financial business.
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Kamegai, Kiyoshi. "The Recent Drastic Change and the Future Tasks of Agricultural Cooperatives' Finance System in Japan." Journal of Rural Problems 27, no. 1 (1991): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7310/arfe1965.27.1.
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Radchenko, Oksana, Maryana Matveyeva, Hanna Holovanova, Kateryna Makhyboroda, and Yuliia Haibura. "Information and analytical providion of budget support of institutional sectors of the economy (on the example of the agricultural sector of Ukraine)." Independent Journal of Management & Production 11, no. 9 (November 1, 2020): 2355. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v11i9.1418.
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The aim of the article is to study the information support of the institutional field and state regulation of agricultural development of Ukraine through the analysis of current strategies and tools and programs of state support. The relevance of the study is due to the significant increase in the role of state support for key sectors of the economy in a systemic crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic COVID-19 and restrictive quarantine measures. Limitation of budget funds implies an urgent need for their most rational use, identifying trends and areas of which this study is devoted. The research methodology is based on comparative analysis, economic and mathematical modeling, methods of assessing the effectiveness of budget programs, the use of analytical surveys, statistics on self-assessment of agribusiness and data from independent news agencies on the effectiveness of government regulation. The information base is the regulatory framework for state support of the agricultural sector, analytical studies on budget support for the agricultural sector and budget expenditures for agricultural development were based on official data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine. The study analyses some components of the Strategy for the development of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, the Concept of development of farms and agricultural cooperation for 2018-2020, the project and the place of state support in its regulation. The dynamics of state support for 2016-2019 is shown, the main factors of influence are characterized and the dynamics of state support of the agricultural sector of Ukraine evaluated according to the OECD (Organization of economic cooperation and development) methodology is given. An analysis of the expenditures of the State Budget of Ukraine in 2020 on agricultural and rural development is carried out. The given research can be used at formation of current programs of budgetary support of branch, development of concepts of sustainable development of separate forms of managing – farms and peasant farms, adjustment of strategic plans, formation of their key indicators for monitoring and for increase methodological bases and principles of state regulation and other institutional factors of agricultural finance.