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Journal articles on the topic 'Cooperative societies Agricultural societies'
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1
Набиева, Алсу, and Alsu Nabieva. "METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES IN THE CHOICE OF ACTIVITY FOR COOPERATIVES IN RURAL AREAS." Russian Journal of Management 7, no. 2 (August 5, 2019): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/article_5d4846be404e78.51139709.
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The article defines the role and place of consumer societies of the Central Union of the Russian Federation in rural areas, considers methodological approaches in the choice of activities for cooperatives, cooperative organizations of consumer cooperation, consumer societies and unions, considers the evolution of the choice of activities for cooperatives in rural areas. Analyzed the multifaceted activities of consumer cooperation, characterized by areas of specialization of the work of cooperative enterprises, covering the area of procurement and processing of agricultural products, storage and marketing through their own cooperative trading network of retail shops. The prerequisites for improving the efficiency of consumer cooperation, cooperative enterprises and organizations, development and strengthening of the material and technical base of cooperative formations are analyzed. On the materials of consumer societies and unions of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Volga Federal district, the results of consumer cooperation are analyzed, methodological approaches are outlined, taking into account the analysis of practice in choosing the type of activity for cooperatives in rural areas. The ratio of the share of food and non-food, industrial goods in the system of retail cooperative trade of consumer societies is revealed. The development of various sectors of specialization in consumer societies of the Central Union of Russia is analyzed, the review of procurement activities of cooperative organizations is made. The directions of development of cooperation and integration in the field of procurement of agricultural products and raw materials are formulated.
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Mistris, Jānis, Baiba Mistre, and Anda Zvaigzne. "FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF GRAIN COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN LATVIA." Journal of Regional Economic and Social Development 1, no. 12 (November 17, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/jresd2020vol1.12.5387.
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The present research continues and complements previous research by the authors on the performance of grain cooperative societies in Latvia. The research aim is to identify and assess the factors affecting the performance of grain cooperative societies in Latvia.The research results revealed that the main endogenous factor hindering the performance of grain cooperatives was technological – underdeveloped grain processing –, as the cooperatives did not own processing enterprises, which was mainly due to an unclear situation in the sales market. The industry experts referred to the socio-economic factor as the key opportunity for improving the performance of cooperative societies – cooperation between small cooperative societies and large ones within the industry –, as well as the promotion of cooperation with scientists, technological progress and the positive effects on industry development in the country and the region. The research results revealed that the main threat to the development of cooperative societies was the political factor – possible sudden and significant changes in the national agricultural policy, which might be affected by the turnover of policy makers and the priorities set for the industry, as well as the economic situation in the country.The research employed the following methods: monographic, induction and deduction, graphical, comparison, a sociological research method – structured expert surveying –, SWOT analysis, pairwise analysis and statistical analysis.
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Riehl, Christina, and Megan E. Frederickson. "Cheating and punishment in cooperative animal societies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1687 (February 5, 2016): 20150090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0090.
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Cheaters—genotypes that gain a selective advantage by taking the benefits of the social contributions of others while avoiding the costs of cooperating—are thought to pose a major threat to the evolutionary stability of cooperative societies. In order for cheaters to undermine cooperation, cheating must be an adaptive strategy: cheaters must have higher fitness than cooperators, and their behaviour must reduce the fitness of their cooperative partners. It is frequently suggested that cheating is not adaptive because cooperators have evolved mechanisms to punish these behaviours, thereby reducing the fitness of selfish individuals. However, a simpler hypothesis is that such societies arise precisely because cooperative strategies have been favoured over selfish ones—hence, behaviours that have been interpreted as ‘cheating’ may not actually result in increased fitness, even when they go unpunished. Here, we review the empirical evidence for cheating behaviours in animal societies, including cooperatively breeding vertebrates and social insects, and we ask whether such behaviours are primarily limited by punishment. Our review suggests that both cheating and punishment are probably rarer than often supposed. Uncooperative individuals typically have lower, not higher, fitness than cooperators; and when evidence suggests that cheating may be adaptive, it is often limited by frequency-dependent selection rather than by punishment. When apparently punitive behaviours do occur, it remains an open question whether they evolved in order to limit cheating, or whether they arose before the evolution of cooperation.
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Ustyukova, Valentina Vladimirovna. "Subsidiary responsibility of the members of agricultural cooperative societies." Сельское хозяйство, no. 2 (February 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2453-8809.2020.2.33840.
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The research subject is social relations in the field of establishing and applying the subsidiary responsibility measures in agricultural cooperative societies. The purposes of the research are: legal assessment of the provisions of the Federal law “ On agricultural cooperation” about subsidiary responsibility of members of cooperative societies and their application by courts; analysis of doctrinal views of lawyers and economists on the problems of subsidiary responsibility in general and such responsibility in agricultural cooperative societies in particular; development of scientifically grounded suggestions on the improvement of legislation in this sphere which will allow correcting law-enforcement practice. Using general and specific legal methods of research, the author arrives at the conclusion that the proposals about the cancellation of subsidiary responsibility in agricultural cooperative societies can hardly be implemented in the current conditions. In this situation it seems more reasonable to correct the provisions of the current legislation in the following directions: equal responsibility of all members of a cooperative society should be established in the Law rather than that depending on their share; it should be clearly stated that subsidiary responsibility of the members of the cooperative society is not solidary; the order of making additional contributions for covering losses should be regulated in detail; subsidiary responsibility for the cooperative society’s debts should be imposed not only the newly adopted members, but also on the leaving ones (for losses formed during their membership) during five years upon their withdrawal. The authors substantiate constructive ideas proposed earlier in specific literature, and formulate new suggestions which can make agricultural and consumer cooperative societies more attractive for agricultural workers.
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Desai, B. M., and N. V. Namboodiri. "Comparative Performance of Farmers' Service Societies and Primary Agricultural Cooperative Credit Societies." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 16, no. 4 (October 1991): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919910403.
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Have the Farmers' Service Societies (FSS) performed better than the Primary Agricultural Cooperative Credit Societies (PACS)? B.M. Desai and N.V. Namboodiri's paper focuses on this question. They compare the performance of FSS and PACS on seven criteria and conclude that FSS have performed better than PACS though neither has been successful in undertaking agromarketing and processing functions.
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BAKYTZHAN, Kalymbek, Lazzat YERKINBAYEVA, Daniya NURMUKHANKYZY, Madina ZHUSUPBEKOVA, and Indira NESIPBAYEVA. "Legal Regulation of Agricultural Cooperation: New Approaches and Prospects for Developing Rural Areas." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 11, no. 7 (November 30, 2020): 1799. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.11.7(47).19.
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Throughout the post-independence period, the development of agriculture and rural areas has been among the main priorities of Kazakhstan's economic policy.
This study considers new approaches and prospects for the legal regulation of agricultural cooperation and the development of rural areas.
The article analyzes the legal regulation of agricultural cooperation in the Republic of Kazakhstan and foreign countries. The authors have identified the main constraining factors to the development of agricultural cooperative societies, in particular, and rural areas, in general. They have also determined the key measures for developing agricultural cooperation and rural areas, as well as provided a detailed overview of such measures.
The study results prove that the formation of a multi-level system of agricultural cooperative societies, functioning in collaboration with state (local) authorities, contributes to the development of rural areas.
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Nimisha, M., and P. Shanmugam. "Trends in Production, Procurement of Milk by Co-Operative Societies in Kerala." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 9, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v9i1.3833.
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Dairy sector has great contribution to the GDP of the country has come from the milk dairy cooperative sector. Milk and milk products are perhaps one of the very few consumption items common in all cultures around the world. Indian dairy Co-operative Societies sector contributes the large share in agricultural gross domestic products. Presently there are around 70,000 village dairy cooperative societies across the country. The main aim of this paper is to analyses the performance of Milk procurement and sales by dairy co-operative societies in Kerala. The study based on secondary data has been collected from dairy co-operative society’s annual reports and the period of study from 1995 to 2018 and 2018 to 2020, expressed that the procurement has shown an increasing trend throughout the state of Kerala.
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Abad, Arif, Rais Ahmad, and Mohd Abdul Muqeet Maaz. "Why farmers hesitate to join agricultural marketing co-operative societies? Evidence from Indian farmers." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 11, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/11.2/237-247.
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The biggest problem for Indian farmers, which is the root cause of every other problem, is middlemen. Middlemen pay very less amount to farmers for their produce and sell it to customers for a high price. Agricultural marketing cooperative societies, which allow a group of farmers to join together and perform all the activities concerned with moving the produce from the producers to the consumers, are the ultimate tool to uplift farmers. Indian farmers hesitate to join Agricultural marketing cooperative societies despite they prefer to be exploited by the middlemen. This research work is therefore aims to find out the roots for this kind of thinking so that the policy makers/government can know exactly what is needed in order to make agricultural marketing cooperatives popular and successful among farmers, so that the conditions of farmers can be improved. In this research work with the help of multistage sampling technique Bidaraka village, from Iglas tehsil of Aligarh district, Uttar Pradesh has been selected and the data has been collected from 311 farmers in that village. This sample size was determined using appropriate formula. Furthermore, with the help of focused interview technique this study identify six variables which influence farmer’s decision to join/form agricultural marketing cooperative societies and with the help of multi linear regression model the study analysed these variables in order to find out the extent to which these identified variables are the predictors of the farmers’ willingness to join /form agricultural marketing cooperatives. Findings indicate that general and procedural knowledge, cooperation and coordination and willingness to try something new are the major factors that influence farmers’ willingness to join/form agricultural Marketing cooperatives followed by family influence, benefits in being a member and freedom in being a member.
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Ruiz Rodríguez, Rosmery, Flor Lucila Delfín Pozos, and Maria Pilar Acosta Marquez. "El civismo fiscal y los costos de producción de las sociedades cooperativas agrícolas." Neumann Business Review 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22451/3002.nbr2017.vol3.2.10010.
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Lukas, Dieter, and Tim Clutton-Brock. "Cooperative breeding and monogamy in mammalian societies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1736 (January 25, 2012): 2151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2468.
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Comparative studies of social insects and birds show that the evolution of cooperative and eusocial breeding systems has been confined to species where females mate completely or almost exclusively with a single male, indicating that high levels of average kinship between group members are necessary for the evolution of reproductive altruism. In this paper, we show that in mammals, the evolution of cooperative breeding has been restricted to socially monogamous species which currently represent 5 per cent of all mammalian species. Since extra-pair paternity is relatively uncommon in socially monogamous and cooperatively breeding mammals, our analyses support the suggestion that high levels of average kinship between group members have played an important role in the evolution of cooperative breeding in non-human mammals, as well as in birds and insects.
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Záhlava, Frantisek. "The nature and role of agricultural cooperative societies in Czechoslovakia." International Review of Applied Economics 3, no. 2 (June 1989): 214–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/758530011.
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Silk, Joan B., and Bailey R. House. "The evolution of altruistic social preferences in human groups." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1687 (February 5, 2016): 20150097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0097.
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In this paper, we consider three hypotheses to account for the evolution of the extraordinary capacity for large-scale cooperation and altruistic social preferences within human societies. One hypothesis is that human cooperation is built on the same evolutionary foundations as cooperation in other animal societies, and that fundamental elements of the social preferences that shape our species' cooperative behaviour are also shared with other closely related primates. Another hypothesis is that selective pressures favouring cooperative breeding have shaped the capacity for cooperation and the development of social preferences, and produced a common set of behavioural dispositions and social preferences in cooperatively breeding primates and humans. The third hypothesis is that humans have evolved derived capacities for collaboration, group-level cooperation and altruistic social preferences that are linked to our capacity for culture. We draw on naturalistic data to assess differences in the form, scope and scale of cooperation between humans and other primates, experimental data to evaluate the nature of social preferences across primate species, and comparative analyses to evaluate the evolutionary origins of cooperative breeding and related forms of behaviour.
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Liu, Mark, Bo-Fei Chen, Dustin R. Rubenstein, and Sheng-Feng Shen. "Social rank modulates how environmental quality influences cooperation and conflict within animal societies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1935 (September 30, 2020): 20201720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1720.
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Although dominance hierarchies occur in most societies, our understanding of how these power structures influence individual investment in cooperative and competitive behaviours remains elusive. Both conflict and cooperation in animal societies are often environmentally regulated, yet how individuals alter their cooperative and competitive investments as environmental quality changes remain unclear. Using game theoretic modelling, we predict that individuals of all ranks will invest more in cooperation and less in social conflict in harsh environments than individuals of the same ranks in benign environments. Counterintuitively, low-ranking subordinates should increase their investment in cooperation proportionally more than high-ranking dominants, suggesting that subordinates contribute relatively more when facing environmental challenges. We then test and confirm these predictions experimentally using the Asian burying beetle Nicrophorus nepalensis . Ultimately, we demonstrate how social rank modulates the relationships between environmental quality and cooperative and competitive behaviours, a topic crucial for understanding the evolution of complex societies.
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Kaurova, Ol'ga, Aleksandr Maloletko, and Aleksandr Tkach. "CONSUMER COOPERATION IN THE FORMATION OF FOOD RESOURCES." Russian Journal of Management 8, no. 4 (January 25, 2021): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-6024-2020-8-4-26-30.
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The relevance, novelty and economic significance of consumer cooperation in the formation of food resources in Russia is justified by the huge state significance of the effective use of cooperative resources in the organization of sales of products of personal subsidiary and peasant (farm) farms. The article reveals the economic mission of consumer societies, consumer cooperatives and consumer unions, and reveals their role in saturating the agri-food market with various types of food products, including environmentally friendly forest products: mushrooms, berries, nuts, etc. The author reveals and argues the role of consumer cooperation in the formation of food resources, in the development of small agricultural businesses, agricultural sectors, in improving the efficiency of procurement cooperative enterprises, increasing the competitiveness of domestic agricultural producers, and improving the standard of living in rural areas. In order to improve the efficiency of small businesses, it is advisable to create vertical cooperatives with the participation of producers and processors of agricultural products, determine the development prospects, and fulfill the contractual relations of cooperation partners.
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Yehia, Yehia, Doaa Soliman, and Ahmed Mohamed. "Yellow Maize Value Chain and The Role of Agricultural Cooperative Societies." Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 98, no. 2 (November 6, 2020): 359–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejar.2020.122589.
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Greyson, Kenedy Aliila. "Agribusiness System Hub for Rural Agricultural Cooperative Societies in Developing Countries." Computer Science and Information Technology 6, no. 4 (December 2018): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/csit.2018.060403.
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Alao, T. B., A. S. Bamire, and A. D. Kehinde. "Gender analysis of agricultural financing in cocoa-based farming system in Oyo and Osun States of South Western Nigeria." Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science 55, no. 1 (July 16, 2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjas.v55i1.4.
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This paper aimed to study the gender differentials in agricultural financing in cocoa-based farming systems in Southwestern Nigeria. A multi stage sampling procedure was employed to select 200 cocoa farmers for the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logit regression model. The results revealed that cooperative societies are dominant sources of finance for both male and female cocoa farmers. The findings also revealed that male cocoa farmers have more sources of finance than their female counterparts in the study area. The determinant of access to finance for both male and female cocoa farmers was age; specific to male cocoa farmers were average income, household size and membership in cooperative societies while level of education and possession of collateral were specific to female cocoa famers. It was concluded that policy strategies aimed at improving access to finance must consider education and ownership of certain resources among female cocoa farmers and formation of cooperative societies among male cocoa farmers.
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Shpikuliak, O. G., and A. A. Shvet. "INTEGRATION-COOPERATIVE RELATIONS IN THE AGRARIAN SPHERE OF THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE AND THE PROSPECTS OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT." THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ISSUES OF ECONOMICS, no. 40/41 (2020): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/tppe.2020.40.5.
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The purpose of this study was to reveal the essence, factors and economic mechanism of development of integration and cooperation and their role in the effective activity of entrepreneurship formation in the agrarian sphere of economy. The economic essence of integrated and cooperative entities and the interdependence of these categories are determined. The essence of integrated structures is substantiated, the concept of integrated structure and cooperative is clarified. The development of integration processes ensures the efficiency of the agrarian economy. In the last period, the integration of integrated structures based on the joint activity of legally independent economic entities aimed at the competitiveness of producers due to the effect of scale and closed cycle has become widespread. Justifying their efforts on the basis of corporatization, integration, cooperation and clustering, business entities achieve the best results of production activity. Agricultural cooperatives may be members of large-scale agro-industrial associations. A proposal for the characterization of integration and cooperative formations through the establishment of inter-economic links using cluster form mechanisms has been developed. It is revealed that further development will be gained by the product organizations of the local structure of mainly organizational and legal forms of simple societies and unions. Instead, simple societies can be seen as a first step towards establishing agricultural service cooperatives. It is proved that cooperation and integration of interested economic entities create an economic base for sustainable development not only of the material and technical potential of the associations, but also of all socio-economic infrastructure where the interests of the state and producers and consumers of products are realized while guaranteeing the state stable socio-economic relations.
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Ukamaka, Anigbogu, Theresa. "Environmental Determinants of Agricultural Output Among Members of Farmers Multipurpose Cooperative Societies in Ogbaru Local Government Area, Anambra State." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (June 30, 2018): 1327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd14226.
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Ajah, Eucharia Agom, Kingsley Okoi Itam, and Asuquo Innocent Asuquo. "Analysis of Cooperative Societies Effectiveness in Credit Delivery to Agricultural Enterprises in Calabar Municipality of Cross River State, Nigeria." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4, no. 8 (September 9, 2014): 354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/gjas.2014.8.080914323.
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Grinsted, Lena, and Jeremy Field. "Biological markets in cooperative breeders: quantifying outside options." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1856 (June 14, 2017): 20170904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0904.
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A major aim in evolutionary biology is to understand altruistic help and reproductive partitioning in cooperative societies, where subordinate helpers forego reproduction to rear dominant breeders' offspring. Traditional models of cooperation in these societies typically make a key assumption: that the only alternative to staying and helping is solitary breeding, an often unfeasible task. Using large-scale field experiments on paper wasps ( Polistes dominula ), we show that individuals have high-quality alternative nesting options available that offer fitness payoffs just as high as their actual chosen options, far exceeding payoffs from solitary breeding. Furthermore, joiners could not easily be replaced if they were removed experimentally, suggesting that it may be costly for dominants to reject them. Our results have implications for expected payoff distributions for cooperating individuals, and suggest that biological market theory, which incorporates partner choice and competition for partners, is necessary to understand helping behaviour in societies like that of P. dominula . Traditional models are likely to overestimate the incentive to stay and help, and therefore the amount of help provided, and may underestimate the size of reproductive concession required to retain subordinates. These findings are relevant for a wide range of cooperative breeders where there is dispersal between social groups.
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Kaurova, O. V., A. N. Maloletko, and A. V. Tkach. "Consumer Cooperation in the Formation of Regional Food Resources." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 1 (January 2021): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2021-0-1-54-59.
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The main area of activity of consumer cooperatives is rural areas, where, in cooperation with regional authorities, it solves the problems of forming food resources. Providing the population with food is one of the main tasks of consumer cooperation in the sphere of national security of the state. Consumer societies participate in the formation of the regional market of agri-food products, acting as an integral part of the infrastructure of the regional economy. The volume of purchases of agri-food products by the consumer cooperative is a reliable indicator of the relationship with agricultural producers. In the system of purchasing agricultural products, an important place is occupied by the cooperative store, acting as an Outpost of consumer cooperation. Procurement points of consumer cooperation play a significant role in the development of the regional economy and the formation of food resources. In the regions of Russia, the Centrosoyuz consumer cooperative has its own material and technical resources, a system for harvesting agricultural products, and a network of wholesale and retail trade. Consumer cooperation is a reliable channel for selling agricultural products of small businesses through distribution points and cooperative stores. The activity of consumer cooperatives in the food supply system of the regions fully fits into the solution of the tasks formulated in the Russian food security Doctrine. Consumer cooperation is of particular importance for the development of private subsidiary and peasant (farm) farms. Consumer cooperatives buy agricultural products and raw materials; sell compound feed, fertilizers, varietal seeds of agricultural crops, etc. to the rural population. Procurement organizations of consumer cooperatives (receiving points and cooperative stores) they have extensive experience in purchasing agricultural products from agricultural producers, thus ensuring that small agricultural businesses sell their products, including through retail regional markets, through which 48% of the volume of potatoes, 44% of fruit and vegetable products, almost 40% of meat and poultry, and 20% of eggs are sold.
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Nduka, Helen O., Uche R. Ezeokafor, Gabriel E. Ekwere, and Ikechukwu E. Ngoka. "Gender Disparity Among Cooperative Farmers in Accessing Agricultural Credits in Anambra State, Nigeria." Journal of Business Administration Research 9, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jbar.v9n1p1.
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Women have been the focus of gender disparity and this has been widely referred to the disparity faced by women in the field of agriculture. Agricultural credit is imperative for sustainable agricultural development in any country of the world. In order to substantiate the assertion, this study evaluated the issues of gender disparity in farmers’ access to agricultural credit among cooperative societies in Anambra north zone of Anambra State. Specific objectives were to ascertain the quantum of credit obtained and repaid by female and male members; determine the effect of gender on the quantum of credit obtained and repaid; ascertain critical factors influencing access to credit by cooperative members; determine how gender contributed to credit repayment behaviour of cooperative members and examine perception of members on gender-related issues in credit operations. ANOVA and regression models were used to test hypotheses 1-5. Findings revealed that male members obtained more credit than female members, and female members repay more than their male counterparts. Gender was not a significant determinant of credit obtained and repaid by cooperative members and gender issues in credit operation were handled among cooperative members. However, the researcher recommended that the issues of gender inequality should not be encouraged. Both males and females should have equal access to credit and repayment of credit operation; despite the membership strength, more members should be encouraged to join cooperative societies in order to access credit and repay accordingly and cooperative officers should set up friendly credit scheme to ensure a functional and effective credit access.
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Vanlalmuana, Mr, and Dr Laldinliana. "Structure and Financial Performance of Primary Agricultural Credit Cooperative Societies in Mizoram." International Research Journal on Advanced Science Hub 2, Special Issue ICARD (August 31, 2020): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjash.2020.120.
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Hatchwell, Ben J. "The evolution of cooperative breeding in birds: kinship, dispersal and life history." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1533 (November 12, 2009): 3217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0109.
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The evolution of cooperation among animals has posed a major problem for evolutionary biologists, and despite decades of research into avian cooperative breeding systems, many questions about the evolution of their societies remain unresolved. A review of the kin structure of avian societies shows that a large majority live in kin-based groups. This is consistent with the proposed evolutionary routes to cooperative breeding via delayed dispersal leading to family formation, or limited dispersal leading to kin neighbourhoods. Hypotheses proposed to explain the evolution of cooperative breeding systems have focused on the role of population viscosity, induced by ecological/demographic constraints or benefits of philopatry, in generating this kin structure. However, comparative analyses have failed to generate robust predictions about the nature of those constraints, nor differentiated between the viscosity of social and non-social populations, except at a coarse level. I consider deficiencies in our understanding of how avian dispersal strategies differ between social and non-social species, and suggest that research has focused too narrowly on population viscosity and that a broader perspective that encompasses life history and demographic processes may provide fresh insights into the evolution of avian societies.
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Cram, Dominic L., Jonathan D. Blount, and Andrew J. Young. "The oxidative costs of reproduction are group-size dependent in a wild cooperative breeder." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1819 (November 22, 2015): 20152031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2031.
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Life-history theory assumes that reproduction entails a cost, and research on cooperatively breeding societies suggests that the cooperative sharing of workloads can reduce this cost. However, the physiological mechanisms that underpin both the costs of reproduction and the benefits of cooperation remain poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that reproductive costs may arise in part from oxidative stress, as reproductive investment may elevate exposure to reactive oxygen species, compromising survival and future reproduction and accelerating senescence. However, experimental evidence of oxidative costs of reproduction in the wild remains scarce. Here, we use a clutch-removal experiment to investigate the oxidative costs of reproduction in a wild cooperatively breeding bird, the white-browed sparrow weaver, Plocepasser mahali . Our results reveal costs of reproduction that are dependent on group size: relative to individuals in groups whose eggs were experimentally removed, individuals in groups that raised offspring experienced an associated cost (elevated oxidative damage and reduced body mass), but only if they were in small groups containing fewer or no helpers. Furthermore, during nestling provisioning, individuals that provisioned at higher rates showed greater within-individual declines in body mass and antioxidant protection. Our results provide rare experimental evidence that reproduction can negatively impact both oxidative status and body mass in the wild, and suggest that these costs can be mitigated in cooperative societies by the presence of additional helpers. These findings have implications for our understanding of the energetic and oxidative costs of reproduction, and the benefits of cooperation in animal societies.
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Aktipis, Athena, and Carlo C. Maley. "Cooperation and cheating as innovation: insights from cellular societies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1735 (October 23, 2017): 20160421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0421.
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The capacity to innovate is often considered a defining feature of human societies, but it is not a capacity that is unique to human societies: innovation occurs in cellular societies as well. Cellular societies such as multicellular bodies and microbial communities, including the human microbiome, are capable of innovation in response to novel opportunities and threats. Multicellularity represents a suite of innovations for cellular cooperation, but multicellularity also opened up novel opportunities for cells to cheat, exploiting the infrastructure and resources of the body. Multicellular bodies evolve less quickly than the cells within them, leaving them vulnerable to cellular innovations that can lead to cancer and infections. In order to counter these threats, multicellular bodies deploy additional innovations including the adaptive immune system and the development of partnerships with preferred microbial partners. What can we learn from examining these innovations in cooperation and cheating in cellular societies? First, innovation in social systems involves a constant tension between novel mechanisms that enable greater size and complexity of cooperative entities and novel ways of cheating. Second, cultivating cooperation with partners who can rapidly and effectively innovate (such as microbes) is important for large entities including multicellular bodies. And third, multicellularity enabled cells to manage risk socially, allowing organisms to survive in challenging environments where life would otherwise be impossible. Throughout, we ask how insights from cellular societies might be translated into new innovations in human health and medicine, promoting and protecting the cellular cooperation that makes us viable multicellular organisms. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Process and pattern in innovations from cells to societies’.
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S, Velanganni. "An assessment of socio– economic effect of tiruchengode agricultural producers cooperative marketing society with reference to namakkal district in tamil nadu (tcms): An empirical study." Journal of Management and Science 1, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 218–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2014.20.
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Marketing societies have been creating, maintaining and enhancing the economic development among the community. They seek to raise agricultural output, create employment and eradicate poverty by providing market accessibility to farm producers, securing reasonable and remunerative prices, supplying adequate inputs like seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural implements at reasonable prices, implementing effective linking of credit with marketing,distributing consumer articles at reasonable prices through fair price shops, etc. They help to promote the growth and development even in the most remote rural areas. An attempt is made to analyze the demographic indicators (age, gender, education, community and family size), social indicators (social participation, exposure to mass media and contact with change agents) and economic indicators (occupation, family annual income, assets, size of land holdings and debts) influencing individuals. As regards to farmers categories, big farmers have high perception towards the economic contributions of marketing cooperatives, farm income, assets, occupation,knowledge about cooperative management, and participation in cooperative management have greatly effected to realize the economic contributions of marketing cooperatives. Thus the marketing cooperatives in the study area have made imprints on the economic lives of the farming community in the region. This study indicates the existence of significant level of differences among farmers in their socio, economic profile as well as cooperation indicatorvariables such as knowledge about cooperative, cooperative management and services availed from cooperatives.
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Makushok, O. V., V. F. Nevlad, and L. A. Pankratova. "Peculiarities of business planning at functioning of agricultural service cooperative societies: practical aspect." BULLETIN OF KHARKIV NATION AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER V.V.DOKUCHAYEVA. SERIES "ECONOMIC SCIENCES", no. 2 (2018): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31359/2312-3427-2018-2-249.
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Martin, J. S., E. J. Ringen, P. Duda, and A. V. Jaeggi. "Harsh environments promote alloparental care across human societies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1933 (August 19, 2020): 20200758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0758.
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Alloparental care is central to human life history, which integrates exceptionally short interbirth intervals and large birth size with an extended period of juvenile dependency and increased longevity. Formal models, previous comparative research, and palaeoanthropological evidence suggest that humans evolved higher levels of cooperative childcare in response to increasingly harsh environments. Although this hypothesis remains difficult to test directly, the relative importance of alloparental care varies across human societies, providing an opportunity to assess how local social and ecological factors influence the expression of this behaviour. We therefore, investigated associations between alloparental infant care and socioecology across 141 non-industrialized societies. We predicted increased alloparental care in harsher environments, due to the fitness benefits of cooperation in response to shared ecological challenges. We also predicted that starvation would decrease alloparental care, due to prohibitive energetic costs. Using Bayesian phylogenetic multilevel models, we tested these predictions while accounting for potential confounds as well as for population history. Consistent with our hypotheses, we found increased alloparental infant care in regions characterized by both reduced climate predictability and relatively lower average temperatures and precipitation. We also observed reduced alloparental care under conditions of high starvation. These results provide evidence of plasticity in human alloparenting in response to ecological contexts, comparable to previously observed patterns across avian and mammalian cooperative breeders. This suggests convergent social evolutionary processes may underlie both inter- and intraspecific variation in alloparental care.
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Chumarina, Gulnara Raisovna, and Olga Alexandrovna Shipshova. "Ways to Increase the Competitiveness of Agricultural Consumer Cooperatives in Modern Conditions." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n2p318.
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This paper explores the problem of developing agricultural consumer cooperation enterprises and increasing their competitiveness. According to the authors, the development of agricultural cooperation can give an impetus to increasing the potential of rural areas, will solve the food security problem of the Russian Federation, and stimulate the development of national agriculture. The study identifies the main problems that hinder the development of agricultural cooperation in Russia, including the low competitiveness of these enterprises, insufficient knowledge and poor motivation of the population to create a cooperative movement, the lack of effective state support for agricultural producers from the regional and federal authorities, as well as policies pursued by large retailers, which are mainly aimed at increasing imports of agricultural products. The authors propose a comprehensive approach to solve these problems by highlighting several key priority areas. At the same time, the priority task is to increase the competitiveness of consumer cooperation enterprises and their products. The paper analyses the activities of agricultural consumer cooperation enterprises in the Republic of Tatarstan and offers recommendations to improve the competitiveness of consumer societies, in particular, by creating a wholesale distribution and logistics link for cooperation, reducing costs, and optimizing the assortment.
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Lang, Martin, Benjamin G. Purzycki, Coren L. Apicella, Quentin D. Atkinson, Alexander Bolyanatz, Emma Cohen, Carla Handley, et al. "Moralizing gods, impartiality and religious parochialism across 15 societies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1898 (March 6, 2019): 20190202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0202.
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The emergence of large-scale cooperation during the Holocene remains a central problem in the evolutionary literature. One hypothesis points to culturally evolved beliefs in punishing, interventionist gods that facilitate the extension of cooperative behaviour toward geographically distant co-religionists. Furthermore, another hypothesis points to such mechanisms being constrained to the religious ingroup, possibly at the expense of religious outgroups. To test these hypotheses, we administered two behavioural experiments and a set of interviews to a sample of 2228 participants from 15 diverse populations. These populations included foragers, pastoralists, horticulturalists, and wage labourers, practicing Buddhism, Christianity, and Hinduism, but also forms of animism and ancestor worship. Using the Random Allocation Game (RAG) and the Dictator Game (DG) in which individuals allocated money between themselves, local and geographically distant co-religionists, and religious outgroups, we found that higher ratings of gods as monitoring and punishing predicted decreased local favouritism (RAGs) and increased resource-sharing with distant co-religionists (DGs). The effects of punishing and monitoring gods on outgroup allocations revealed between-site variability, suggesting that in the absence of intergroup hostility, moralizing gods may be implicated in cooperative behaviour toward outgroups. These results provide support for the hypothesis that beliefs in monitoring and punitive gods help expand the circle of sustainable social interaction, and open questions about the treatment of religious outgroups.
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Young, Andrew J., and Tim Clutton-Brock. "Infanticide by subordinates influences reproductive sharing in cooperatively breeding meerkats." Biology Letters 2, no. 3 (March 14, 2006): 385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0463.
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In cooperative animal societies, dominant females typically show higher breeding success than subordinates, and are commonly believed to control the extent of reproductive sharing. However, studies of social insect societies reveal that subordinates too can interfere with the breeding attempts of others, with important implications for the distribution of fitness within colonies. Here, we show that subordinate females in a high-skew vertebrate (the meerkat, Suricata suricatta ), also exert a substantial influence over the reproductive attempts of others. In meerkat societies, pregnant dominants are known to kill subordinate litters, but we show that pregnant subordinates also kill pups; not only those of other subordinates but the dominant's as well. Litters born to females of any rank were half as likely to survive their first 4 days if a subordinate was pregnant. However, dominant females were more likely than subordinates to give birth when no other females were pregnant, and so lost fewer litters to infanticide than subordinates. This is probably due in part to dominants employing counter-tactics to reduce the incidence of subordinate pregnancy. We discuss the broad implications of subordinates having a degree of control over reproductive sharing for future attempts to understand the distribution of reproduction in animal societies.
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Ткач, Александр, Aleksandr Tkach, Алсу Набиева, and Alsu Nabieva. "THE MAIN MILESTONES OF THE CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT OF CONSUMER COOPERATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND WAYS OF ITS REALIZATION." Russian Journal of Management 7, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/article_5d0a42963a1030.17037639.
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The relevance and novelty of the topic is justified by the increasing importance of various forms and types of cooperative entrepreneurship and the organization of agricultural products in rural households and other small farms in the modern period. The purpose of the work is to identify the role and usefulness of consumer cooperation in the formation of food resources of the country. Statistical data on the activities of societies and unions of the Central Union of Russia were used to highlight the problems of this topic, various methods of economic research were used. As a result of generalizations the conclusions emphasizing the role of cooperative entrepreneurship, milestones of expansion of application and use of advantages of consumer cooperation in economy of Russia are edited.
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P.E, Adejo, Adejo E.G, and Shaibu U.M. "ASSESSMENT OF GENDER ACCESS TO AGRICULTURAL LOANS FROM COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN DEKINA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KOGI STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 1, no. 2 (July 5, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v1i2.1183.
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This study assessed gender access to agricultural loans from cooperative societies in Dekina Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. Primary data used were collected from 160 registered cooperative members in the study area. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, binary Logit regression analysis, and mean score. Results of the findings showed that 62.9% and 54.3% of the male and female cooperative members were married with household size of 1 – 5 members. Most of the respondents were within the age bracket of 31 – 50 years. Finding on gender difference indicated that male cooperative members had more access (3.52) to loan than the female (2.88). Estimates of the binary logit model showed that the slope coefficients of household size, educational status, years of membership, and income were positive and statistically significant at 10% and 5% for the male and female cooperative members respectively. Furthermore, the major problems faced by cooperative members in accessing loans are reluctance from financial institutions (M=2.8) and fear of repayment by borrowers (M=2.7). Amongst others, comprehensive development of gender specific policy interventions by government to enhance access to loan by female cooperative members was recommended.
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Helanterä, Heikki, Oliver Aehle, Maurice Roux, Jürgen Heinze, and Patrizia d'Ettorre. "Family-based guilds in the ant Pachycondyla inversa." Biology Letters 9, no. 3 (June 23, 2013): 20130125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0125.
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High relatedness promotes the evolution of sociality because potentially costly cooperative behaviours are directed towards kin. However, societies, such as those of social insects, also benefit from genetic diversity, e.g. through enhanced disease resistance and division of labour. Effects of genetic diversity have been investigated in a few complex eusocial species. Here, we show that genetically based division of labour may also be important in ‘simple societies’, with fewer individuals and limited morphological caste differentiation. The ponerine ant Pachycondyla inversa has small colonies, headed by several unrelated queens. We show that nest-mate workers from different matrilines engage in different tasks, have distinct chemical profiles and associate preferentially with kin in the nest, while queens and brood stay together. This suggests that genetically based division of labour may precede the evolution of complex eusociality and facilitate the existence of low relatedness societies functioning as associations of distinct families that mutually benefit from group living.
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Selvaraju, P. "Operational Efficiency of the Pondicherry Health Employees Co-operative Society: A Study." Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (August 5, 2018): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.2.1427.
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Activity in a Co-operative Spirit and in a commercial spirit has distinction. In Co-operative activity the purpose is not to earn profit but it is collective activity of the members for common purpose. No one is owner of the Co-operative activity but all are members of such activity. The urban credit co-operatives including Employees’ Cooperative Banks were registered under All India Co-operative Societies Act 1912. Subsequently, urban credit co-operatives/ employees’’ co-operatives were organized in various parts of the country. Among the non-agricultural credit co-operatives next to the urban co-operative banks, prominent are the employees’ co-operative credit societies, salary earners’ co-operatives and employees’’ co-operative banks. This paper will argue that cooperatives present a strong alternative for playing an important role in the health-set up of the country. On this line, health care employees play a vital role in facilitating and providing medical services to people. This service may be considered as Nobel service to humanity. Further, economic viability of those people is great factor for doing their profession effectively, in order to fulfill their credit needs and banking services, formal system take place in such a healthy way. In this way, health care employees’ cooperative credit societies are functioning to promote their involvement in doing health services indirectly by way of fulfilling their credit needs and which creates healthy attitude to perform duty well. The prime objective of the study is to examine the working performance of the PHECCS. This study is an Empirical Research in nature.
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Boyd, Robert, and Peter J. Richerson. "Culture and the evolution of human cooperation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1533 (November 12, 2009): 3281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0134.
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The scale of human cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. All of the available evidence suggests that the societies of our Pliocene ancestors were like those of other social primates, and this means that human psychology has changed in ways that support larger, more cooperative societies that characterize modern humans. In this paper, we argue that cultural adaptation is a key factor in these changes. Over the last million years or so, people evolved the ability to learn from each other, creating the possibility of cumulative, cultural evolution. Rapid cultural adaptation also leads to persistent differences between local social groups, and then competition between groups leads to the spread of behaviours that enhance their competitive ability. Then, in such culturally evolved cooperative social environments, natural selection within groups favoured genes that gave rise to new, more pro-social motives. Moral systems enforced by systems of sanctions and rewards increased the reproductive success of individuals who functioned well in such environments, and this in turn led to the evolution of other regarding motives like empathy and social emotions like shame.
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Keller, Laurent, and Michel Chapuisat. "Cooperation among Selfish Individuals in Insect Societies." BioScience 49, no. 11 (November 1999): 899–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1313649.
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Mendonça, Rute, Philippe Vullioud, Nathan Katlein, Armelle Vallat, Gaétan Glauser, Nigel C. Bennett, and Fabrice Helfenstein. "Oxidative costs of cooperation in cooperatively breeding Damaraland mole-rats." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1934 (September 9, 2020): 20201023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1023.
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Within cooperatively breeding societies, individuals adjust cooperative contributions to maximize indirect fitness and minimize direct fitness costs. Yet, little is known about the physiological costs of cooperation, which may be detrimental to direct fitness. Oxidative stress, the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (by-products of energy production) and antioxidant protection, may represent such a cost when cooperative behaviours are energetically demanding. Oxidative stress can lead to the accumulation of cellular damage, compromising survival and reproduction, thus mediating the trade-off between these competing life-history traits. Here, we experimentally increased energetically demanding cooperative contributions in captive Damaraland mole-rats ( Fukomys damarensis ). We quantified oxidative stress-related effects of increased cooperation on somatic and germline tissues, and the trade-off between them. Increased cooperative contributions induced oxidative stress in females and males, without increasing somatic damage. Males accumulated oxidative damage in their germline despite an increase in antioxidant defences. Finally, oxidative damage accumulation became biased towards the germline, while antioxidant protection remained biased towards the soma, suggesting that males favour the maintenance of somatic tissues (i.e. survival over reproduction). Our results show that heightened cooperative contributions can ultimately affect direct fitness through oxidative stress costs, which may represent a key selective pressure for the evolution of cooperation.
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Burton-Chellew, Maxwell N., Claire El Mouden, and Stuart A. West. "Social learning and the demise of costly cooperation in humans." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1853 (April 26, 2017): 20170067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0067.
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Humans have a sophisticated ability to learn from others, termed social learning, which has allowed us to spread over the planet, construct complex societies, and travel to the moon. It has been hypothesized that social learning has played a pivotal role in making human societies cooperative, by favouring cooperation even when it is not favoured by genetical selection. However, this hypothesis lacks direct experimental testing, and the opposite prediction has also been made, that social learning disfavours cooperation. We experimentally tested how different aspects of social learning affect the level of cooperation in public-goods games. We found that: (i) social information never increased cooperation and usually led to decreased cooperation; (ii) cooperation was lowest when individuals could observe how successful individuals behaved; and (iii) cooperation declined because individuals preferred to copy successful individuals, who cooperated less, rather than copy common behaviours. Overall, these results suggest that individuals use social information to try and improve their own success, and that this can lead to lower levels of cooperation.
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Agnaeva, Irina, and Natal'ya Semina. "Updating the classification, typology and methodology for assessing the effectiveness of the functioning of private household plots." Russian Journal of Management 8, no. 3 (November 24, 2020): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-6024-2020-8-3-101-105.
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The article provides an updated classification and typology of personal subsidiary plots, from the standpoint of functioning efficiency. The authors have developed an economic and psychological characteristics and given, based on their own research, an assessment of the effectiveness of types of personal subsidiary plots. The system of criteria and indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the functioning of personal subsidiary farms, taking into account the characteristics of the organizational structure, within the framework of the available research method, has been determined, consists of the following indicators: the share of private household plots in the total volume of agricultural production by all categories of farms; costs of household plots for the production of livestock products; costs of household plots for the production of crop products; profitability. The authors identified the directions for increasing their efficiency based on solving existing problems: the development of cooperative relations between private household plots and the existing forms of cooperative cooperation represented by consumer societies and agricultural consumer cooperatives; stimulating the use of small-scale mechanization devices in private household plots; digitalization of production, economics and management of private household plots and their associations; development of institutional conditions for the functioning of economic and organizational forms of organizing personal subsidiary plots: gardening, peasant (farm) economy, individual entrepreneurship, etc.
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Ribašauskienė, Erika, Diana Šumylė, Artiom Volkov, Tomas Baležentis, Dalia Streimikiene, and Mangirdas Morkunas. "Evaluating Public Policy Support for Agricultural Cooperatives." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 10, 2019): 3769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143769.
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Creation of a sustainable agricultural sector involves boosting the cooperation activities as these contribute to the societal and economic development of the farms, farmers and rural societies. This paper contributes to the literature on the analysis of the drivers and obstacles of cooperation development in agriculture. The case of Lithuania is considered as the cooperation activities are lagging behind the European Union (EU) practice here. Specifically, analysis of the public support measures and the expert survey are carried out to analyse the effectiveness of the public policy measures as represented in the relevant legal acts. The experts involve policy makers, farmers’ organisations and academia, which are the major stakeholder groups in Lithuania. The results indicate the effectiveness of the measures linked to capacity building (in the sense of human capital) requires improvement, whereas those related to financial support and promotion of the farmers’ organisations are much better perceived. Thus, public support measures are available to promote cooperation in agriculture, yet the legal system of Lithuania still requires improvement in accommodating effective agricultural cooperatives.
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Kaplan, Hillard S., Paul L. Hooper, and Michael Gurven. "The evolutionary and ecological roots of human social organization." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1533 (November 12, 2009): 3289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0115.
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Social organization among human foragers is characterized by a three-generational system of resource provisioning within families, long-term pair-bonding between men and women, high levels of cooperation between kin and non-kin, and relatively egalitarian social relationships. In this paper, we suggest that these core features of human sociality result from the learning- and skill-intensive human foraging niche, which is distinguished by a late age-peak in caloric production, high complementarity between male and female inputs to offspring viability, high gains to cooperation in production and risk-reduction, and a lack of economically defensible resources. We present an explanatory framework for understanding variation in social organization across human societies, highlighting the interactive effects of four key ecological and economic variables: (i) the role of skill in resource production; (ii) the degree of complementarity in male and female inputs into production; (iii) economies of scale in cooperative production and competition; and (iv) the economic defensibility of physical inputs into production. Finally, we apply this framework to understanding variation in social and political organization across foraging, horticulturalist, pastoralist and agriculturalist societies.
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Bahagia, Bahagia, Fachruddin Majeri Mangunjaya, Zuzy Anna, and Rimun Wibowo. "INDIGENIOUS KNOWLEDGE OF URUG SOCIETIES FOR AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION IN BOGOR WEST JAVA." JURNAL SOSIAL HUMANIORA 11, no. 2 (October 12, 2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jsh.v11i2.3226.
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The objective of this research to investigate traditional agricultural irrigation based on indigenious knowledge of customary urug societies in Bogor West Java. The research method use is Ethnoecology qualitative approach. This method is implemented because research have conection among human (cultural & social) and environment including traditional agriculture water management as well as the knowledge about environment. Data are collected by in-depth interview, observation and documentation. In order to determine respondents as major sources information use purposive sampling technique. The outcome is analized with combination numerous of method such as in-dept interview, observation, and documentation (triangulation data). There are some results including rice paddy field in Urug societies exert traditional terrascering for inventing land for cultivating of paddy because geograhpycally location of wet land paddy is mountainious. The another is traditional irrigation of Urug slue river water (main sources of irrigation) to to susukan (traditional reservoir). After that water is flowed to Selokan and continue to rice paddy field. The person who have mandatory for water agriculture management is mentioned as Ulu-ulu. Ulu-ulu is pivotal person because have chores for ensuring all farmer received water from river, Susukan and selokan. The other finding is Urug customary societies applicate gotong royong (mutual cooperation) among member of societies typically in traditional agriculture irrigatin activity. Keywords: Indigenious Knowledge, Susukan, Ulu-ulu, Traditional irrigation, traditional agriculture
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Holekamp, Kay E., and Maggie A. Sawdy. "The evolution of matrilineal social systems in fissiped carnivores." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1780 (July 15, 2019): 20180065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0065.
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We review matrilineal relationships in the societies of fissiped mammalian carnivores, focusing on how the most complex of these may have evolved from simpler systems. Although competition for food is very intense at the trophic level occupied by most carnivores, and although most species of extant fissiped carnivores therefore lead solitary lives, some species show at least rudimentary clustering of maternal kin and matrilineal resource-sharing or transmission of critical resources between generations. The resources shared or transmitted range from individual food items and territories to entire networks of potential allies. The greatest elaboration of matrilineal relationships has occurred in two large carnivores, lions and spotted hyenas, which occur sympatrically throughout much of Africa. The societies of both these species apparently evolved in response to a shared suite of ecological conditions. The highly matrilineal societies of spotted hyenas are unique among carnivores and closely resemble the societies of many cercopithecine primates. The conditions favouring the evolution of matrilineal societies in carnivores include male-biased dispersal, female philopatry, the need for assistance in protecting or provisioning offspring, reliance on large or abundant prey, particularly in open habitat, high population density and kin-structured cooperative interactions that have strong positive effects on fitness. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of female-biased kinship in humans and other mammals’.
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Powers, Simon T., Carel P. van Schaik, and Laurent Lehmann. "How institutions shaped the last major evolutionary transition to large-scale human societies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1687 (February 5, 2016): 20150098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0098.
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What drove the transition from small-scale human societies centred on kinship and personal exchange, to large-scale societies comprising cooperation and division of labour among untold numbers of unrelated individuals? We propose that the unique human capacity to negotiate institutional rules that coordinate social actions was a key driver of this transition. By creating institutions, humans have been able to move from the default ‘Hobbesian’ rules of the ‘game of life’, determined by physical/environmental constraints, into self-created rules of social organization where cooperation can be individually advantageous even in large groups of unrelated individuals. Examples include rules of food sharing in hunter–gatherers, rules for the usage of irrigation systems in agriculturalists, property rights and systems for sharing reputation between mediaeval traders. Successful institutions create rules of interaction that are self-enforcing, providing direct benefits both to individuals that follow them, and to individuals that sanction rule breakers. Forming institutions requires shared intentionality, language and other cognitive abilities largely absent in other primates. We explain how cooperative breeding likely selected for these abilities early in the Homo lineage. This allowed anatomically modern humans to create institutions that transformed the self-reliance of our primate ancestors into the division of labour of large-scale human social organization.
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Sobolev, Alexander, Alexander Kurakin, Vladimir Pakhomov, and Irina Trotsuk. "Cooperation in Rural Russia: Past, Present and Future." Мир России 27, no. 1 (February 24, 2018): 65–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1811-038x-2018-27-1-65-89.
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Alexander Sobolev – Doctor of Science in Economics, Professor, Russian University of Cooperation. Address: 12/30, V.Voloshina St., Mytishchi, Moscow Region, 141014, Russian Federation. E-mail: sobolev-alekc@mail.ru
Alexander Kurakin – Senior Researcher, Laboratory for Studies in Economic Sociology, National Research University Higher School of Economics; Senior Researcher, Center for Agrarian Studies, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA). Address: 11, Myasnitskaya St., Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation. E-mail: akurakin@hse.ru
Vladimir Pakhomov – Doctor of Science in Economics, Professor, Russian University of Cooperation. Address: 12/30, V.Voloshina St., Mytishchi, Moscow Region, 141014, Russian Federation. E-mail: vmpahomov@yandex.ru
Irina Trotsuk – Doctor of Science in Sociology, Senior Researcher, Center for Agrarian Studies, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration; Associate Professor, RUDN University. Address: 82, Vernadskogo Av., Moscow, 119571, Russian Federation. E-mail: irina.trotsuk@yandex.ru
Citation: Sobolev A., Kurakin A., Pakhomov V., Trotsuk I. (2018) Cooperation in Rural Russia: Past, Present and Future. Mir Rossii, vol. 27, no 1, pp. 65–89. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2018-27-1-65-89
The authors consider cooperation as a specific, alternative form of economic organization to the standard business firm within a market economy, and focus on agricultural cooperation in Russia. First, the article engages with the key milestones of the history of cooperation in Russia: (1) the first attempts to establish cooperative organizations before the Russian Revolution (agricultural societies, agricultural partnerships and credit cooperatives) which gave the poor rural population a chance to improve living standards and ensured promising prospects for the long-term development of cooperation in all forms; (2) the dependent forms of consumer and production cooperation under the Soviet regime that deprived all collective forms of their true cooperative nature. In the second part of the article, the authors describe the current state of the cooperative movement in the Russian countryside and identify its basic features, such as opposition to family farming and the state capitalist tendencies of the concentration and vertical integration in the form of agroholdings; state rural cooperation policies which aim to promote and financially support small farming including the development of rural cooperatives; the number and types of cooperatives in the countryside; the reasons for debates on cooperation legislation; the viability of the main types of agricultural cooperatives (production, consumer, credit cooperation). Finally, the authors emphasize that cooperation in contemporary Russia does not fit the classic Western scheme of cooperative development and still has to overcome a number of substantial challenges (the soviet legacy, lack of bottom-up initiatives, the ideological and economic dominance of large-scale farming, poor academic expertise in the field of cooperation studies).
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Korb, Judith. "Limited food induces nepotism in drywood termites." Biology Letters 2, no. 3 (May 30, 2006): 364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0497.
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The evolution of cooperation and altruistic behaviour where individuals forego their own reproduction to help others reproduce can be explained by kin selection. Depending on the costs and benefits provided, altruism can be evolutionarily favoured if it is directed at close relatives. A considerable body of data supports the role of relatedness as a key determinant of cooperation and conflict within societies. However, the role of ecological factors and, in particular, how these costs and benefits interact with relatedness remains poorly understood. By studying 16 colonies, here I show that in a drywood termite ecological factors determine the importance of relatedness. In colonies with limited food supply, nestmates restrict cooperative interactions mainly to close relatives, while non-discriminative cooperation occurs when food is abundant. This shows for the first time directly the interaction between ecological conditions and relatedness in shaping cooperation.
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Mzuyanda, Christian, Hans Tina, and Gidi Lungile. "Factors affecting performance of youth and womens agricultural cooperatives: A case of some selected cooperative societies in Eastern Cape, South Africa." Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2018): 394–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jdae2018.0932.
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