Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cooperative society'

Within the context of economic history, this case study discusses “separatist cooperation” as an organizational and economic strategy for addressing multiple forms of alienation and inequality. Unique in the European cooperative movement at the time, The Women’s Cooperative Society Swedish Homes (Kvinnornas Andelsförening Svenska Hem), active in Stockholm 1905-1916, is a case in point. Using a theoretical framework drawn from social and economic reconstruction as well as critical perspectives inspired by intersectionality, the study analyzes how arguments, practices and choices of Svenska Hem are manifested in terms of three themes/strategies of de-alienation: democratic participation, asset-building and narrative representation. Cutting through each of these themes/strategies, explicit and implicit conceptions of gender, class and group solidarity are critically analyzed. The results show that the separatist strategy in combination with cooperative organizing generated considerable movement energy and capital accumulation e.g. in the face of an organized boycott from competing (male) traders. Further, the women’s cooperative constituted a space for asset-building while negotiating the changing social role of women generally and housewives in particular. The analysis shows that Svenska Hem’s organization and narrative was marked by class bias, while striving to become a cooperative relevant to “women of all classes”, invoking the housewife-as-consumer as a collective with a shared interest.

Kosovo is a disputed territory, in conflict with Serbia, the country it declared independence from in 1999. The two states share water resource, in the form of the Ibër river. Kosovo is facing issues of water scarcity and the water it has access to is heavily polluted with untreated wastewater metallurgy waste.Kosovo does not only have poor relations with Serbia, there are also conflict within Kosovo with communities of both Kosovo Albanian majority and Serb majority. These communities have shown different willingness to cooperate over the water management of the Ibër river basin. Cooperating over shared water resources have in other cases been used as a way to improve on relations in conflict affected societies, through environmental peacemaking. In this case study, the environmental and socio-political conditions for environmental peacemaking is investigated through interviews of municipal and regional stakeholders, involved in the management of the Ibër river basin. Interviews were conducted with two municipal employees and one representative from the regional river basin authority in Kosovo. These interviews were complemented with a comprehensive literature review. The findings were analysed, using a conceptual framework developed to analyse and compare different cases of environmental peacemaking. The conceptual framework consists of six elements: resource scarcity, interdependence, lack of environmental sustainability, mutual interests, shared values, and power (a)symmetries. External actions and interests was also included as an element to reveal in what way external actors can intervene and assist in improving relations through environmental peacemaking initiatives. The analysis concluded that the Ibër river basin is in a need of transboundary management to improve on the water quality in a more effective and efficient way. The resource scarcity that is currently facing the stakeholders could be used as a cooperative trigger between the different actors. And while there is a lot of complexity to within the socio-political conditions, the interviewees express the need and interest for increased cooperation. This indicates that increased collaboration could be possible, but most likely there would be a need for external interventions to create an ongoing dialogue, that in turn can build trust between the conflicting parties.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to challenge the predominant theories of the firm in economics by demonstrating that the firm can only be properly understood if the importance of cooperation based on trust and loyalty, and the ability of the firm to achieve that cooperation by influencing the social foundations of behaviour, is appreciated. Chapter 1 demonstrates that neglecting this ‘social nature’ of the firm renders the predominant theories incomplete and incompatible, with contract-based theories clinging to a rigid model of behaviour and competence-based theories failing to develop the social foundations of knowledge. The second chapter constructs a theory of the firm that rectifies these shortcomings by maintaining that the firm fulfils its purpose of developing and applying productive knowledge by achieving cooperation, which, along with the dual function of achieving coordination, involves a combination of organisational structures and organisational culture. In Chapter 3, this theory reveals that, contrary to deterministic views on organisation and economic development, a range of organisational forms are possible for any given technology or culture, and that organisation in fact shapes technology and culture. In Chapter 4, the dissertation shows that, contrary to the predominant theories of the firm, cooperative firms may have an inherent advantage in achieving cooperation based on trust and loyalty, and in maintaining that cooperation while also achieving the coordination required for advanced technologies. Although this ability may be suppressed by the prevailing institutional environment, the case of Mondragón, discussed in Chapter 5, demonstrates that it can be activated by innovations such as cooperative groups and ‘second-tier coops’. Although Mondragón’s success has been attributed to the uniquely cooperative traits of Basque culture (as opposed to its structural innovations), Chapter 6 demonstrates through primary and secondary research that Mondragón has in fact been used as model across the globe.

This study assesses the effects of an agribusiness collapse, on the contracted growers and their surrounding communities in Lusaka Province, Zambia. In 2004, Agriflora Limited, a Trans-Zambezi Industries Limited (TZI) agribusiness in Lusaka Zambia was sold off. Agriflora Limited was one ofthe largest fresh vegetable exporters in Africa. It had contracted almost 500 small-scale farmers with 1-4 hectares of land within 50 km radius of Lusaka to grow vegetables for export. Makeni Cooperative Society was one of the targeted groups of growers. It grew baby corn, mangetout peas, and sugar snap and fine beans for export. The case study relied on both primary and secondary data. I undertook two months of ethnographic fieldwork utilising observations, in-depth interviews and informal discussions with some community members in Makeni. I also reviewed the literature on contract farming schemes (documenting both the negative and positive effects for growers) in developing countries. The case study showed that the impact of the collapse of Agriflora on the growers has been severe indeed; there has been a significant reduction in production with only a few farmers producing for export. Those that are producing are limited to one crop, baby corn. The effect on the local labour market (farm workers) has been quite drastic with a drop in employment. A new agribusiness company, York Farm, was sourced by the government for the contract growers of Makeni. York Farm has signed a procurement contract under which only sale and purchase conditions are specified. This means that, services such as extension services are no longer provided. It was also found that despite the price for baby corn at York Farm being better than what Agriflora used to offer the farmers, farmers are not producing peas which have a higher turnover than baby corn because York farm does not buy peas from the farmers. However, the farmers are hopeful that they will soon start producing peas after they pass the Eurep gap requirements. Furthermore, the farmers are still interested in contract farming as they are convinced that it can lead to higher farm incomes. While the neoliberal critique of the pre- Structural Adjustment agricultural policies was based on the need to improve rural farming income and productivity, my study shows that the contract farmers are not the "traditional" peasant farmers but retired civil servants or former public sector employees who lost their jobs during the contraction of the sector. In conclusion, my field work revealed that the collapse of Agriflora has had negative effects on the growers of MCS in terms a significant decrease in crop production, decline in farmer income, lack of technical assistance such as extension services, transportation problems (to take produce to the new market-York Farm) and reduced contraction in employment opportunities for farm workers.

O desenvolvimento de comunidades, regiões, nações e do planeta será pleno quando contemplada, de modo equitativo, a evolução nas áreas econômica, política, social e ambiental. O desenvolvimento sustentável ocorre quando há interação dessas áreas de modo equilibrado entre todos os atores sociais, promovendo qualidade de vida e bem-estar. As organizações empresariais são os principais mecanismos de promoção do desenvolvimento regional quando avaliadas por gestores e stakeholders. Normalmente buscam-se informações que levam as empresas a planejarem e a agir com objetivo de maximização do lucro. Nesse contexto, o objetivo principal deste estudo é analisar a Demonstração do Valor Adicionado (DVA) como mecanismo de mensuração de desenvolvimento na dimensão da sustentabilidade social. Para analisá-la utilizaram-se informações de empresas cooperativas. Surge daí o segundo objetivo do estudo, que é verificar a capacidade de as cooperativas promoverem de modo diferenciado o desenvolvimento regional. O estudo se instrumentou por meio de pesquisas exploratória, bibliográfica, documental e análise de dados de caráter quantitativo. O escopo territorial situa-se no município de Mineiros (GO), e o período estudado restringe-se aos anos de 2011 e 2012. As análises, com informações elucidadas pela DVA entre as cooperativas, permitiram identificar o comportamento das empresas quanto à destinação de recursos para os empregados e, para o governo, além de distribuídos aos sócios, e assim inferir qual contribui de modo mais incisivo para o desenvolvimento na dimensão social. Com o estudo constatou-se que a DVA pode ser adotada como ferramenta de mensuração da sustentabilidade social, no entanto, quanto à avaliação das sociedades cooperativas promoverem o desenvolvimento sustentável em maior intensidade do que as demais empresas, o universo pesquisado foi insipiente para fundamentar tal questionamento, de modo que não se permitiu tecer considerações nesse sentido.
The community, region, nations and the planet development will be fulfilled when it contemplates in an equitable way, the economic, politic, social and environmental area evolution. The sustainable development occurs when there is interaction in these areas in a balanced way between all social actors, promoting life quality and well-being. Entrepreneurial organizations are the main mechanisms of promoting regional development, when assessed by managers and stakeholders. Normally is search for information that leads the enterprises planning and acting with the objective of profit maximization. In this sense, the aim of this study is analyse the Statement of Value Added (SVA) as a mechanism of social sustainability development dimension mensuration. To achieve this analysis it was used Cooperative enterprises. From this point the second objective of this study emerge, that is to verify the Cooperative capacity of promoting in a differentiated way the regional development. This study was conducted by exploratory, bibliographical and documental research and the data analysis was done from quantitative character. The territorial scope was Mineiros county (GO) and the study period was limited to the years of 2011 and 2012. The analysis with the SVA cleared informations between Cooperatives, allowed to identify the behaviour of the enterprises regarded to employees and government resources destination, besides those distributed to the partners and in that way to infer which one contributes in a more incisive way to the development in a social dimension. With this study was possible to verify that SVA can be adopted as a mensuration tool for social sustainability, however, when the evaluation of the cooperative society promoting the sustainable development with greater intensity than other kind of enterprises was the issue, the researched universe was incipient to give support to the questioning and in that way was not allowed to give any consideration in this sense.

In our complex world of today we see that the leader- and followership is getting harder and harder to “command and control” our organizations and our society. The awareness of the decision makers are often too fragmented in relation to the often complex real situations out there. The information is only flowing in organizational stovepipes and not across boundaries as it should today. The patterns of mutual complex dependencies have taken over and we have difficulties in controlling the consequences of our decisions. The relations over organizational borders are often weak and fragmented and the mutual trust is low. Technology has always been a driver for the society to evolve and our idea is that technology can be the main driver for evolving cross boundary collaboration in order to meet the demands of the world. Technology can be the main driver but only if we consider all of the important dimensions when implementing Information and communication technologies (ICT) In order to find the right method of using technology and scientific methods for achieving better cross boundary collaboration a number of data collection activities has been performed, described and analyzed in the work with this thesis. The activities has been diverse in its nature, brainstorming activities, qualitative interviews and a small case study has been combined in order to derive the result – a path forward against further research for a better cross boundary collaboration in our western community. The thesis now have identified a path forward and a scientific framework for taking all of our experiences, existing capabilities, earlier performed research one step further and lift it up to the cross boundary level in organizations and in our society. We have the chance of cultivating all of the properties, relations, amounts of information, and evolve our technology. This may be all that we need in order to achieve a more socially sustainable climate in leader- and followership in our organizations and society. Who knows … maybe we can change the world … or at least make a real difference somewhere!

This thesis takes in to account mainly the cooperative design and human factors from ubiquitous computing design perspective. Areas such as role of cooperative design in ubiquitous computing perspective, the changing attributes of society and the associated issues, the changing shape of public service delivery and need for a change in methodology in ubiquitous computing projects have been discussed. The overall approach is taking advantage of Suchman’s idea of ‘design as an artful integration of different social as well as technical aspects'. The advantage of the technique has been taken by bringing together social and societal aspects, agenda of governments from IT perspective, human factors and purely designs methodology to frame up in which we need to re-assess ubiquitous computing design methodology. The thesis work comprises literature review, and a case study to pick up on the role of cooperative and participatory design. The probe was specifically in the context of ubiquitous computing design requirements and ubiquitous computing vision
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Solidary economy in Brazil appeared in the 1980s, when inflation rates and unemployment were high. It encouraged the organization of workers in cooperatives to recover the companies they worked for and that had failed, and thus keep theirjobs. The recyclable waste pickers emerged in Brazil because of the social exclusion that part of the population was exposed, around the 1950s, and began to organize themselves into cooperatives by the need of continue working after the banning of picking at landfills and dumpsites. This organization came in partnership with government, religious institutions, NGOs and universities, among other supporters. Actually, it s observed that cooperatives of recyclable waste pickers are not only composed of ex-pickers of the landfills and dumpsites, but also of other workers that are facing unemployment in current times. For the organization of economic-solidary cooperatives, it is necessary for the pickers to acquire knowledge about the nature of the project and about the progress of work. They also need the promotion of the socio-technical adaptations (STA) for the development of social technologies (TS) that that allow their development and sustainability. This process, which influences the organizational form of the enterprise, depending on how it occurs, it will need the partnership between the various agents involved in the movement of solidary economy. The consideration of various knowledges in search of a suitable scientific and technological production that benefits the people, is in keeping of the principles of the field science, technology and society (STS). Whereas that the economic and social inclusion and the labor have influence in the life of the individual and that the solidary economy with their values - solidary, individual freedom, income distribution equally, associative or cooperative organization of work and self-management-, proposes a new form of organization the work, as well as providing the economic and social inclusion, the objective of this work it to investigate the influences of labor economic-solidary relations in the family dynamics of the recyclable waste pickers. The method used is the oral history, and semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect stories about the lives of family groups of the pickers, who are members of a joint economic-solidary cooperative (COOPERVIDA) located in the city of São Carlos-SP. The interviews were transcribed and after they were validated by the interviewed people, by the transcriation process. After this validation, the transcribed data were analyzed using the technique of content analysis. Before the interviews, it was done a field work in the cooperative, with the use of the participant observation technique which was conducted in search of understanding how internal working relationships occur and how the solidary economy and cooperative working relationships traverses the environment. Among the results, we can cite the lack of AST that contribute to the organization of work processes in the cooperative; the economic and solidary principles permeate the relationships in the cooperative, but not entirely; that there is a demand for training of new cooperative to acquire knowledge about the work; families presented influences of the relations of economic-solidary work in their family dynamics, organizing their routine in a egalitarian and solidary way; and that even without being able to define what is solidary economy, the collectors and families develop behavior permeated by its principles. It s indicated the need to develop state policy, including family in programs and actions performed.
A economia solidária começou a aparecer no Brasil na década de 1980, quando os índices inflacionários e de desemprego estavam altos. Ela estimulou a organização de trabalhadores em cooperativas para recuperarem as empresas em que trabalhavam e que haviam falido, e assim, manterem seus postos de trabalho. Os catadores de materiais recicláveis surgiram no Brasil pela exclusão social a que parte da população foi submetida, em torno da década de 1950, e começaram a se organizar em cooperativas pela necessidade de continuar trabalhado, após a proibição de catar nos aterros sanitários e lixões. Esta organização ocorreu em parceria com o poder público, instituições religiosas, ONGs e universidades, dentre outros apoiadores. Atualmente, observa-se que as cooperativas de catadores não são compostas somente de ex- catadores de aterros e lixões, mas também de outros trabalhadores vítimas do desemprego em épocas atuais. Para a organização dos empreendimentos econômico-solidários, é necessário que os catadores se apropriem de conhecimentos necessários sobre a natureza do empreendimento e sobre o desenvolvimento do trabalho. É preciso também que sejam realizadas adaptações sociotécnicas (AST) para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias sociais (TS) que possibilitem seu desenvolvimento e sustentabilidade. Esse processo, que influencia na forma de organização do empreendimento dependendo de como ocorrer, necessita da realização de parcerias entre os diversos atores envolvidos no movimento da economia solidária. A consideração de vários saberes em busca de uma produção científica e tecnológica adequada que beneficie a população de fato, vai ao encontro do campo de pesquisa ciência, tecnologia e sociedade (CTS). Considerando que a inclusão econômico- social e o trabalho influenciam na vida do indivíduo e que a economia solidária com seus valores (solidariedade, liberdade individual, distribuição de renda de forma igualitária, organização cooperativa ou associativa do trabalho e autogestão) propõe uma nova forma de organização do trabalho, além de propiciar a inclusão econômico-social, tem-se como objetivo investigar as influências das relações de trabalho econômico-solidárias na dinâmica familiar dos catadores. O método utilizado é o da história oral, e foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas para coletar relatos sobre a vida dos grupos familiares dos catadores, que são membros de uma cooperativa econômico-solidária localizada na cidade de São Carlos-SP, a COOPERVIDA. As entrevistas foram transcritas e após ocorreu a validação dos dados pelos entrevistados, pelo processo de transcriação. Após essa validação, os dados transcritos foram analisados pela técnica da análise de conteúdo. Antes das entrevistas, foi realizado um trabalho de campo no empreendimento com a utilização da técnica da observação participante, visando compreender como ocorrem as relações internas de trabalho e como a economia solidária e as relações de trabalho cooperativistas permeiam o ambiente. Dentre os resultados, podemos citar a carência de AST que contribuam para a organização dos processos de trabalho no empreendimento; que os princípios econômico-solidários permeiam as relações na cooperativa, mas não totalmente; que existe uma demanda de capacitação de novos cooperados para que adquiram conhecimentos sobre o trabalho; que as famílias apresentaram influências das relações de trabalho econômico-solidárias na dinâmica familiar, organizando sua rotina de forma igualitária e solidária; e que mesmo sem conseguir definir o que é economia solidária, os catadores e famílias desenvolveram comportamentos permeados por seus princípios. Indica-se a necessidade de desenvolver políticas estatais de economia solidária, incluindo-se a família nos programas e ações realizados.

This ethnography explores the underground art world in Portland, Oregon by showing how a Portland area artist collective, Oregon Painting Society, navigates their art world. Participant observation, in-depth interviews, and a short latent content analysis triangulate data to show the features and values of the underground art world. Using Becker's concept of art worlds, I show how artists working outside of a traditional art career in a commercial gallery system do their work by exploring how Portland's art world is structured and sustained. I find that group work, cooperation, and resource sharing in a vibrant neighborhood based social network enables artists to substitute resources usually provided by gallery representation and sustain their ability to make artwork without financial support. This is a network that rejects the competitive structure of the commercial system and runs more smoothly the more artists participate in it. I also explore the reasons for Portland's particular ability to support this kind of environment, citing geographic proximity to other art cities, DIY cultural roots, neighborhood structure, affordable city amenities, and a creative class population.

Si pendant près d'un siècle de tâtonnements la coopération a cherché à se bâtir un droit propre, elle semble aujourd'hui, plus que jamais, être l'un des atouts majeurs des petits producteurs face aux oligopoles capitalistes. Dans une économie aux échanges mondialisés, le statut coopératif est un gage de stabilité qui ne recherche pas la rentabilité à court terme et qui n'a de compte à rendre qu'à ses seuls sociétaires, lui permettant de mieux résister aux crises économiques en raison d'une conception non capitaliste de l'entreprise. D'ailleurs, les groupes français tels que Chèque Déjeuner, Sofiprotéol, Système U ou Cristal Union sont des exemples de la réussite des sociétés coopératives. Pour faire face à la crise économique mondiale qui secoue tous les pays industrialisés depuis 2008, l'ONU a déclarée l'année 2012, année internationale des coopératives. Cette mise en avant démontre l'actualité et le besoin de publicité de la coopération. Pourtant, si son succès semble indéniable, son émergence et son développement tardifs ont longtemps laissé croire qu'elle n'arriverait pas à maturité et resterait une notion archaïque et sommaire, sans incidence sur l'évolution de la ruralité et de l'économie locale. Cette étude entend ainsi mettre en exergue les particularismes nombreux du droit coopératif qui a longtemps agi pour corriger la pratique jusqu'à parvenir à l'encadrer puis à la restreindre dans un cadre des plus rigoureux. Pourtant, bien qu'actualisée pour correspondre aux nécessités économiques et fiscales, la législation coopérative demeure incomplète et comporte de nombreuses spécificités d'un type de coopérative à un autre, ne permettant pas d'appréhender ce droit dans son ensemble mais uniquement en référence à une espèce particulière. La loi portant statut de la coopération du 10 septembre 1947, votée au sortir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, encore en vigueur aujourd'hui malgré de nombreuses réformes, n'était à l'époque de sa rédaction que l'ébauche d'un travail bien plus conséquent. A côté des Code civil et de commerce devait apparaître celui de la coopération reprenant toute la législation concernant les coopératives et garantissant ainsi le regroupement de tout le droit leur étant applicable au sein d'un seul et même ouvrage. Si depuis quelques années plusieurs autorités universitaires ainsi que de nombreux praticiens souhaitent voir parachever cette construction juridique, le manque de connaissance sur son histoire et l'évolution de son droit freine tout projet. Fondamentalement, l'intérêt de cette recherche est de permettre d'agir pour l'avenir de la coopération ; il s'agit dès lors d'agir de façon prospective, à l'aune de son évolution historique et juridique, pour permettre de favoriser de futures améliorations du droit actuel en s'appuyant sur l'histoire coopérative et sa tradition. En effet, c'est aujourd'hui en raison du manque de connaissance et de recul historique que les réformes sont empêchées, la dénaturation de l'esprit coopératif étant crainte
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Deal with social environment question in Brazil, particularly, with the problem of urban solid waste, selective collection and organization of recyclable materials collector‟s, connected with geographical science, has been a hard reflective exercise. Especially from the point of view of rethinking and dialectically understand the production and consumption of, and in, the space besides the discourse of sustainability that involves the green capitalism of the current economy stage. By the end of twentieth century, the environmental issue was inserted in different debates about the relationship between society and nature, creating discussions and tensions of confronting ideals from economic development. We have a model of development based on capitalist relationships of production, consumption and consolidation of the triad produce - consume – discard. Thus, the large amount of waste created together with the current economic model ignores the social aspects and environmental quality, becoming one of the great challenges of contemporary times, as the environmental question is the most convincing representation of socioeconomic crisis and imperative of new ways of social participation, politics and promotion of citizenship, as well as it is the boost to the emergence of new organized social groups. Organized into six sections, with the introduction and closing remarks, the research aimed to understand the process of creation and organization of the Cooperative of Selective Collection and Recycling of Caetité City (COOPERCICLI) and the challenges of maintaining and strengthening itself. The city is located at Bahia countryside. Intent to verify the difficulties encountered by members and supporting entities in the process of development and strengthening of the activity and, in parallel, to investigate the reached wins and prospects for improved management model and urban solid waste management, with emphasis on selective collection, as well the participation of collectors in this scene. For the development of this research and to contemplate the objectives proposed, the methodology adopted followed parallel steps, namely: theoretical research, desk research and field research. The collected data‟s are presents along the dissertation in form of maps, graphs, tables, flowcharts, photographs, as well as insertion of fragments of interviews and oral histories. It was evident that the model of selective collection does not strengthen the work of scavengers; as well there is the resistance of informal collectors in joining the cooperative, having the city landfill as a more attractive space for carrying out the work of scavenging recyclables.
Tratar da questão socioambiental no Brasil, em especial, da problemática dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, da coleta seletiva e da organização dos catadores de materiais recicláveis, em interface com a ciência geográfica, tem sido um exercício reflexivo árduo. Sobretudo, do ponto de vista de repensar e compreender dialeticamente a produção e o consumo do, e no, espaço e os discursos de sustentabilidade que envolvem a fase ecocapitalista da economia vigente. No final do século XX, a questão ambiental foi inserida nos diferentes debates acerca da relação sociedade e natureza, gerando discussões e tensões de enfrentamento aos ideais de desenvolvimento econômico. Temos um modelo de desenvolvimento alicerçado nas relações capitalistas de produção e consumo e a consolidação da tríade produzir-consumir-descartar. Assim, a grande quantidade de resíduos gerados atrelada ao modelo econômico vigente desconsidera os aspectos sociais e a qualidade ambiental constituindo-se em um dos grandes desafios da contemporaneidade, uma vez que a questão ambiental é a representação mais contundente da crise socioeconômica e imperativa de novas formas de participação social, política e de promoção à cidadania, bem como a força motriz ao surgimento de novos grupos sociais organizados. Organizada em seis seções, com a Introdução e considerações finais, a pesquisa visou compreender o processo de criação e organização da Cooperativa de Coleta Seletiva e Reciclagem da Cidade de Caetité (COOPERCICLI) e os desafios atuais de manutenção e fortalecimento da mesma. Situada no interior da Bahia, a fim de averiguar as dificuldades encontradas pelos membros e entidades apoiadoras no processo de realização e fortalecimento da atividade e, paralelamente, investigar as conquistas alcançadas e as perspectivas de melhoria do modelo de gestão e gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos, com ênfase na coleta seletiva, bem como a participação dos catadores nesse cenário. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, e para contemplar os objetivos propostos, a metodologia adotada seguiu em etapas paralelas, a saber: pesquisa teórica; pesquisa documental e pesquisa de campo. Os dados coletados em estão presentes em todo o corpo da dissertação sob forma de mapas, gráficos, tabelas, fluxogramas, fotografias, bem como inserção de fragmentos das entrevistas e dos relatos orais. Evidenciou-se que o modelo de coleta seletiva não fortalece o trabalho dos catadores, bem como a resistência dos catadores informais em fazer parte da cooperativa de catadores, sendo o lixão da cidade o espaço mais atrativo para a realização do trabalho de catação de materiais recicláveis.

By their very nature, attempts by civil society organizations to promote democracy abroad involve cooperation and contact across the borders of nation states. The dissemination of the ideas and practices of the promoters is often essential; in the case of Swedish democracy promotion, popular education or folkbildning has been important.

This thesis investigates the dissemination of ideas and practices by civil society organizations in Sweden and Estonia in the field of popular education. More specifically, a number of projects run by member organizations of the Swedish study association ABF (Workers’ Educational Association) and member organizations of the Estonian AHL (Open Education Association) are studied. These projects are also part of democracy-promoting activities whose funding comes mainly from Swedish donor agencies. The thesis aims to understand not only what has been spread but also how ideas and practices have been translated to fit the Estonian context. The primary theoretical concept used is therefore translation, even though one aim of the thesis is to systematize the field of study concerning processes of dissemination and to enrich the concept of translation with the aid of previous work on diffusion and socialization.

The main contribution of the thesis consists of the in-depth study of cooperation between Swedish and Estonian popular education organizations. It also contributes to the theoretical development of the concept of translation by identifying different phases in this kind of process and important elements of these phases. Popular education is an important part of Swedish democracy promotion and this study also contributes to this rather undertheorized subject, and also to the discussions of transnational civil society cooperation, by demonstrating an analytical framework that can be of use in future research into these issues.

Die Entwicklung Sachsens im 19. Jh. - Die Geschichte der ersten beiden sächsischen Baugenossenschaften: (1.) in Mittweida und (2.) in Meißen – Die Pioniere des deutschen Genossenschaftswesens: Victor Aimè Huber und Schulze-Delitzsch. - (1.) Die Entwicklung der Industrie in Mittweida und 1873 die Gründung des Bauvereins zu Mittweida - Die drei Wohnbauten des Bauvereins mit Lageplan und alten Bauzeichnungen sowie kritische Untersuchung der Wohnungsgrundrisse. - (2.) Die Entwicklung Meißens zu einer Industriestadt des 19. Jahrhunderts und die Bedeutung ihrer keramischen Industrie. - Zur Gründung des Meißner Bauvereins Jahre 1873 und seiner Baugeschichte. - Die drei genossenschaftlichen Wohnbauten mit Lageplan und alten Bauzeichnungen. Kritische Betrachtung der Wohnungsgrundrisse unter Berücksichtigung des Einbaus von Kachelöfen aus Meißener Produktion. - (3.) Ein Epilog: Das Heizen der Wohnung im 19. Jh. - Verbesserung der Heiz- und Kochtechnik durch den Einsatz von Kachelöfen - Die Kachelproduktion in Meißen und in Velten/Mark. - Zur Gewinnung von Rohbraunkohle und der Brikettierung - Das Braunkohlenbrikett. - Fotografien gusseiserner Öfen und Kachelöfen aus Meißen und Velten/Mark im 19.Jh. Insgesamt 51 Seiten mit 33 Abbildungen.

The last half of twentieth century has witnessed a key shift in the production process of knowledge: the most important discoveries and innovations in science and technology are not anymore the result of the work of very talented individuals working alone, but the result of cooperation and teamwork. The remarkable increase in scale of cooperation in knowledge intensive production processes has renewed the interest in analyzing the mechanisms by which large scale cooperation emerges and thrives. The two main theoretical approaches to cooperation are, on the one hand, a micro approach that considers cooperation as an atomic process in which cooperation is produced between two individuals and, on the other hand, as a macro level phenomenon in which the center of analysis is the collectively or group. The aim of this research is to bridge the gap between macro level and micro level approaches to cooperation by focusing on meso level mechanisms, which until recently have received little attention in the theoretical debate. I argue that a meso level approach has to focus on the structural dimension of cooperation, that is, the patterns of relations between the individuals that participate in production processes, what I call cooperation networks. This perspective shows that between the dyadic interactions among individuals, and the shared goals and values that guide large organizations and groups, there are subgroups of individuals that play a key role in enabling the kind of large scale cooperation that we have witnessed during the last decades. This research focuses on the case study of two large, mature, and successful Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) projects ---the Debian operating system and the Python programming language--- in order to build a structural theoretical framework that helps explain and understand how large scale cooperation works. I present a network model, that I name Cohesive Small World, which is based on two well established network models: the Small World model and the Structural Cohesion model. I propose that these two models are not mutually exclusive. The family of networks that fit in the intersection of both models exhibit consistent structural patterns. These patterns, I argue, provide the scaffolding for the emergence of collaborative communities, such as FOSS projects, and enable and foster effective large scale cooperation. On the one hand, the generation of trust and congruent values among heterogeneous individuals are fostered by structurally cohesive groups in the connectivity hierarchy of cooperation networks because individuals embedded in these structures are able to compare independent perspectives on each other through a variety of paths that flow through distinct sets of intermediaries, which provides multiple independent sources of information about each other. Thus, the perception of an individual embedded in such structures of the other members of the group to whom she is not directly linked is filtered by the perception of a variety of others whom she trusts because is directly linked to them. This mediated perception of the group generates trust at a global scale. On the other hand, the existence of dense local clusters connected between them by relative short paths allows successful cooperation among heterogeneous individuals with common interests and, at the same time, fosters the flow of information between these clusters preventing the local clusters to be trapped in echo chambers of like minded collaborators. I developed heuristics to compute the k-components structure, along with the average node connectivity for each k-component. These heuristics allow to compute the approximate value of group cohesion for moderately large networks, along with all the hierarchical structure of connectivity levels, in a reasonable time frame. I show that these heuristics can be applied to networks at least one order of magnitude bigger than the ones manageable by the only algorithm available until now. I test empirically the new network model that I proposed to further our understanding how cooperation in collaborative communities works. I find that the model that I named “Cohesive Small World” is a good fit to describe the cooperation patterns of the two big and mature FOSS projects that I analyze in the empirical part of this thesis. To further the empirical analysis, I explore the dynamic dimension of the connectivity hierarchies that emerge on the cooperation networks of the Python and Debian projects. I defined cooperation networks as the patterns of relations among developers established while contributing to the project. The dynamic analysis that I present is not only a longitudinal account of the changes in the hierarchy through time, but also the analysis of the pace of renewal of individuals in the positions defined by the hierarchy. I show that the Cohesive Small World model is a solid theoretical framework to define cohesive groups in cooperation networks. The nested structure of k-components nicely captures the hierarchy in the patterns of relations that individual contributors establish when working together. This hierarchy, on the one hand, reflects the empirically well established fact that in FOSS projects only a small fraction of the developers account for most of the contributions. And, on the other hand, refutes the naive views of early academic accounts that characterized FOSS projects as a flat hierarchy of peers in which every individual does more or less the same. I also show that the position of individual developers in the connectivity hierarchy of the cooperation networks impacts significantly, on the one hand, on the volume of contributions that an individual does to the project. And, on the other hand, the median active life of developers in the project. I argue that the latter is a better way to analyze robustness of FOSS projects than the classical random and targeted attacks that has been used to assess robustness in other kinds of networks. I argue that the connectivity structure of collaborative communities' cooperation networks can be characterized as an open elite, where the top levels of this hierarchy are filled with new individuals at a high pace. This feature is key for understanding the mechanisms and dynamics that make FOSS communities able to develop long term projects, with high individual turnover, and yet achieve high impact and coherent results as a result of large scale cooperation. I conclude that cooperation in FOSS communities has a structural dimension because membership in cohesive groups that emerge from cooperation networks has an important and statistically significative impact on both the volume of individual contributions, and on the median active life of developers in the projects under analysis.
L'última meitat del segle XX ha estat testimoni d'un canvi fonamental en el procés de producció de coneixement: els descobriments més importants i les innovacions en ciència i tecnologia no són el resultat de la tasca de persones amb molt talent que treballen soles, sinó que són el resultat de processos de cooperació i de treball en equip. El notable augment de l'escala de la cooperació en els processos de producció intensius en coneixement ha renovat l'interès en l'anàlisi dels mecanismes pels quals emergeix i prospera la cooperació a gran escala. Els dos principals enfocaments teòrics sobre la cooperació són, d'una banda, un enfocament micro que considera que la cooperació com un procés atòmic en el qual l'interès es centra en com es produeix cooperació entre dues persones i, d'altra banda, com un fenomen a nivell macro en el qual el centre de l'anàlisi és el grup com a col·lectivitat. L'objectiu d'aquesta recerca és acostar posicions entre l'enfoc macro i el micro sobre la cooperació tot centrant-se en els mecanismes a nivell meso, que fins fa poc han rebut poca atenció en el debat teòric. El meu argument és que un enfocament de nivell meso ha de centrar-se en la dimensió estructural de la cooperació, és a dir, en els patrons de relacions entre les persones que participen directament en els processos de producció, el que jo anomeno xarxes de cooperació. Aquesta perspectiva mostra que entre les interaccions diàdiques entre els individus, i els grans objectius i valors compartits que guien les grans organitzacions i grups, hi ha subgrups d'individus que tenen un paper fonamental en generar i fomentar la cooperació a gran escala de la que hem estat testimonis en les últimes dècades. Aquesta recerca es centra en l'estudi de cas de dos projectes de programari lliure (FOSS en anglès) ---el sistema operatiu Debian i el llenguatge de programació Python--- per tal de construir un marc teòric estructural que ens ajudi a explicar i entendre com funciona la cooperació gran escala. En aquesta tesi presento un model de xarxa, que anomeno “Cohesive Small World”, que es basa en dos models teòrics ben establertes: el model “Small World” i el model de cohesió estructural. Proposo que aquests dos models no són mútuament excloents. La família de xarxes que s'ajusten a la intersecció de tots dos models mostren patrons estructurals consistents. Aquests patrons proporcionen els fonaments per al sorgiment de comunitats de col·laboració, com ara projectes de programari lliure, i tenen un paper clau en fomentar la cooperació a gran escala. D'una banda, els grups estructuralment cohesius en la jerarquia de connectivitat de les xarxes de cooperació generen confiança i valors compartits entre individus heterogenis perquè els individus inclosos en aquestes estructures poden comparar perspectives independents sobre cadascun dels altres membres de la col·lectivitat a través de múltiples intermediaris, la qual cosa els proporciona múltiples fonts d'informació independents. Per tant, les persones incloses en aquests grups cohesius, tenen una percepció dels altres membres de la xarxa de cooperació amb qui no estan directament connectats que està filtrada per altres membres d'aquests grups cohesius amb qui confien perquè hi estan directament connectades. Aquesta percepció mediada pels grup cohesius genera confiança i valors compartits a escala global. D'altra banda, l'existència de “clusters” locals ---grups de persones que treballen estretament entre elles--- connectats per distàncies relativament curtes amb altres “clusters” de la xarxa de cooperació, permet la cooperació entre individus heterogenis amb interessos comuns i, al mateix temps, fomenta el flux d'informació entre aquests “clusters” que impedeixen que aquests grups de persones que treballen estretament entre elles siguin atrapades en caixes de ressonància formades per col·laboradors afins amb les mateixes idees. En la part metodològica de la tesi, he desenvolupat heurístiques per a calcular l'estructura de k-components de les xarxes de cooperació. Aquestes heurístiques permeten calcular en un temps raonable el valor aproximat de la cohesió dels grups en xarxes de cooperació moderadament grans, juntament amb tota l'estructura jeràrquica dels diferents nivells de connectivitat. En la tesi demostro com aquestes heurístiques poden ser aplicades a xarxes almenys un ordre de magnitud més grans que les que podia assumir l'únic algoritme disponible fins ara. Amb l'ajuda d'aquestes heurístiques poso a prova empíricament el nou model que proposo per tal de millorar la nostra comprensió de com funciona la cooperació en les comunitats de col·laboració. L'anàlisi empírica demostra que el model estructural que proposo en la part teòrica s'ajusta als patrons de cooperació que observem en els projectes de programari lliure analitzats en la part empírica de la tesi. L'anàlisi empírica d'aquesta tesi explora la dimensió dinàmica de les jerarquies de connectivitat que sorgeixen en les xarxes de cooperació dels projectes de Python i Debian. Defineixo xarxes de cooperació com els patrons de relació entre les persones que participen en els processos productius dels projectes analitzats. L'anàlisi dinàmic que presento no és només una anàlisi longitudinal dels canvis en la jerarquia a través del temps, sinó també una anàlisi del ritme de renovació dels individus en les posicions definides per aquesta jerarquia. Demostro que el model estructural que proposo és un marc teòric sòlid per tal de definir grups cohesius en les xarxes de cooperació. L'estructura d'aquests grups cohesius defineix la jerarquia de connectivitat dels patrons de relacions que estableixen els individuals al treballar conjuntament. Aquesta jerarquia, d'una banda, reflecteix el fet empíricament ben establert que en projectes de programari lliure només una petita part dels participants contribueix la major part de la feina feta en cada projecte. I, d'altra banda, refuta les opinions ingènues dels primers relats acadèmics que caracteritzen els projectes de programari lliure com una jerarquia plana de persones en la qual cada individu fa més o menys el mateix. L'anàlisi empírica d'aquesta tesi també mostra que la posició dels desenvolupadors individuals en la jerarquia de connectivitat de les xarxes de cooperació impacta significativament, d'una banda, en el volum de les contribucions que cada persona fa al projecte. I, d'altra banda, en el temps de vida mitjana de les persones en el projecte, entesa com el temps que de mitjana una persona és participant activa en el projecte. Finalment, argumento que l'estructura de connectivitat de xarxes de cooperació de les comunitats de col·laboració pot caracteritzar-se com una elit oberta, on els nivells més alts d'aquesta jerarquia es renoven constantment amb la incorporació de noves persones. Aquesta característica és clau per entendre els mecanismes i dinàmiques que fan que les comunitats de programari lliure siguin capaces de desenvolupar projectes a llarg termini, amb un alt volum de renovació individual, i no obstant això, aconsegueixin uns resultats coherents com a resultat de la cooperació a gran escala. Finalment concloc que la cooperació en les comunitats de programari lliure té una dimensió estructural ja que la pertinença a grups cohesius que sorgeixen en les xarxes de cooperació té un impacte important i estadísticament significatiu tant en el volum de les contribucions individuals com en la vida activa mitjana de les persones que participen en els projectes analitzats en aquesta tesi.

La tesi si occupa del gruppo cooperativo gerarchico. Nel primo capitolo si esaminano una serie di problematiche legate alle legittimità o meno di una simile struttura di gruppo. Nel secondo capitolo, ricco anche di un'analisi empirica di taluni statuti di gruppi cooperativi gerarchici operanti a livello europeo, si passa all'esame delle modalità di attuazione del rapporto mutualistico in una struttura di gruppo; in particolare, si valuta la possibilità dello spostamento a valle della gestione di servizio con conseguente riduzione della cooperativa capogruppo a holding pura. Nel capitolo terzo si esamina, invece, la compatibilità di una simile struttura di gruppo con i principi fondanti il diritto della cooperazione, ovvero la disciplina dei ristorni, il principio della porta aperta e della parità di trattamento e il criterio della prevalenza dell'attività mutualistica.
My doctorate thesis considers a vertically organized corporation in which the mother company is a cooperative, with particular reference to the repercussions of such a structure on the mutual relationship involved. As the need to compete on the market through a single management body in charge of diversified activities becomes more pressing, the cooperatives currently find themselves at a disadvantage with respect to profit-making enterprises, as their adoption of a holding structure to run their business activities is looked upon with a certain suspicion. There are many who sustain in fact that such a structure is in open conflict with the principles of the cooperative movement, such as, inter alia, the open door principle. In particular, doubts have been raised as to whether the mutual-benefit purpose on which cooperatives are founded, involving the supply of management services to the members at conditions which are more beneficial than those generally available on the market, can be fully applied within a holding structure. In my doctorate thesis, I assert the full legitimacy of the holding cooperative on the basis of a series of arguments which I have developed by comparing several European legal systems, focusing in particular on the key concept of my research, the mutual-benefit purpose in vertical integrated companies.

This dissertation investigates regime-based efforts by states to cooperate in providing assistance and protection to refugees since 1648. It argues from a constructivist perspective that state interests and identities are shaped both by other actors in the international system - including norm entrepreneurs, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations - and by the broader normative environment. Refugees are a by-product of this environment. Fundamental institutions - including territoriality, popular sovereignty, and international law - formed a system in which exit was one of the few mechanisms of survival for those who were religiously and politically persecuted. This led states to recognize that people who were so persecuted were different from ordinary migrants and had a right to flee their own state and seek accommodation elsewhere. States recognized this right to leave, but did not recognize a requirement that any given state had a responsibility to accept these refugees. This contradiction creates a dilemma in international relations, one which states have sought to solve through international cooperation. The dissertation explores policy change within the United States and Great Britain at the international and domestic levels in order to understand the tensions within current refugee protection efforts. Three regimes, based in different normative understandings, have framed state cooperation. In the first, during the 19th century, refugees were granted protections under domestic and then bilateral law through extradition treaties. The second, in the interwar period, saw states taught by norm entrepreneurs that multilateral organizations could successfully assist refugees, though states remained unwilling to provide blanket assistance and be bound by international law. These issues led to the failure of states to accommodate Jewish refugees fleeing from Germany in the 1930s. The third, since the Second World War, had a greater consistency among its norms, especially recognition by states of the need for international law. Once again, this process was shaped by other actors, including the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). This regime has been challenged by increased refugee numbers and restrictions on the part of states, but its central purpose remains robust due to the actions of actors such as the UNHCR.

Les scop, ou societes cooperatives ouvrieres de production, entreprises dont les travailleurs sont les proprietaires, sont tres peu nombreuses en france. Leur developpement economique depuis 1945 s'integre a l'evolution de l'industrie francaise, mais les pratiques des societaires demeurent traditionnellement liees au militantisme social
Although few in number, the economic development since 1945 of the french scop -productives co-operatives -has been integrated into the general evolution of french industry. However in practice, the workers, who are owners of the companies, have remained tied to traditional social militancy

Thesis: Ph. D. in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society (HASTS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Science, Technology and Society, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 157-162).
Early 20th century America is a critical context for understanding industrial innovation. Departing from a focus on innovation itself as manifested through the creation of new products and consumer opportunities, this project focuses instead on an important infrastructure for innovation - academic-industrial cooperation. Its particular emphasis is on the Mellon Institute for Industrial Research and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The Mellon Institute, an independent nonprofit entity devoted to the promotion of industrial research, contributed not only through its novel scientific work, but also through its efforts aimed at engaging broad audiences through popular writing. As a competing model, this dissertation also examines interdisciplinary laboratories and administrative structures at MIT to argue that these schemes for academic-industrial cooperation that began as an informal series of ad hoc arrangements between researchers and corporate partners were increasingly formalized and centralized into a unique educational model that combined fundamental science and industrially relevant research. Rarely used archival materials are drawn on to argue that "narratives of progress," shared stories and rhetoric that were conceived for, and deployed in the service of, a particular idea of creating a better world through the enterprise of science were essential components of institutional and industrial change. Mechanisms for academic-industrial cooperation, no matter how well organized or funded, could not stand alone without a foundational narrative to give them broader purpose and context. Building on an institutional approach and employing a novel analysis of narrative as text, the built environment, and exhibit, this study offers new perspective on sites of academic-industrial cooperation as institutes for innovation.
by Ellan F. Spero.
Ph. D. in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society (HASTS)

Este trabalho debruça-se sobre os conceitos de inovação social e desenvolvimento local sustentável. Ambos têm em comum a reflexão crítica sobre os desafios impostos por modelos de desenvolvimento hegemónicos e a procura de respostas alternativas centradas nos recursos endógenos e na ação da sociedade civil. O estudo pretende explorar a relação entre os dois conceitos, nomeadamente perceber de que forma as iniciativas de inovação social podem promover e/ou limitar o desenvolvimento local sustentável. Para tal, realizou-se um estudo de caso numa cooperativa multissectorial, a Cooperativa Integral Minga, sediada num território de baixa densidade, Montemor-o-Novo, que centra a sua ação na produção e consumo local e advoga princípios associados à economia solidária, decrescimento e práticas sustentáveis. Entre as principais conclusões, retira-se que a organização contribui para o desenvolvimento local sustentável através do estímulo à economia local, constituição de redes e consciência crítica, contudo o impacte é limitado pelo baixo envolvimento comunitário; ABSTRACT: This work focuses on the concepts of social innovation and sustainable local development. Both have in common a critical reflection on the challenges imposed by hegemonic development models and the search for alternative responses centered on endogenous resources and the action of civil society. This study intends to explore the relationship between the two concepts, namely to understand how social innovation initiatives can promote and / or limit sustainable local development. To this end, a case study was carried out in a multisectoral cooperative, Cooperativa Integral Minga, based in a low-density territory, Montemor-o-Novo, which focuses its action on local production and consumption and advocates principles associated with the solidarity economy, degrowth and sustainable practices. Among the main conclusions, it can be seen that the organization contributes to sustainable local development by stimulating local economy, building networks and critical awareness, however the impact is limited by low community involvement.

O presente trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa que teve por objetivo analisar as motivações e justificativas dos fruticultores da Serra Gaúcha para associar-se a organizações. Foram utilizadas como fundamento, duas bases teóricas: os princípios, objetivos e características das organizações cooperativas e o paradigma paraeconômico segundo as proposições de Guerreiro Ramos. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em caráter qualitativo, através de contato com associados, ativos e não ativos e ou não associados, com interesse e sem interesse em associar-se à organizações cooperativas agropecuárias, que trabalham com armazenagem, classificação e comercialização de frutas in natura. O contato com esses fruticultores pertencentes a Região 4 da OCERGS – Organização das Cooperativas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, denominada Serra foi realizado através da técnica bola-de-neve e se constituíram então no público-alvo desta pesquisa. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados constituíram-se de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, pesquisa documental e observação direta e, para análise dos dados adotou-se o método de análise de conteúdo. A análise de dados aconteceu levando em consideração o aspecto externo do sistema social de acordo com as dimensões propostas na lei dos requisitos adequados e, por um conjunto de categorias de valores, que configuram o aspecto interno do sistema social. Ao final se expõem as razões que levam os fruticultores a associar-se ou a abandonarem as organizações cooperativas nesta região, identificando que tipo de racionalidade orienta suas decisões.
The present work presents a research that had for objective to analyze the motivations and justifications of Serra Gaucho's fruit growing to associate to organizations. They were used as foundation, two theoretical bases: the beginnings, objectives and characteristics of the cooperative organizations and the paradigm paraeconômico according to Guerreiro Ramos propositions. The field research was accomplished in qualitative character, through contact with associates, assets and no assets and or no associates, with interest and without interest in associating to agricultural cooperative organizations, that work with storage, classification and commercialization of fruits in natura. The contact with those Area 4’ fruit growing of OCERGS Organization of the Cooperatives of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, denominated Serra was accomplished through the technique ball-of-snow and they were constituted then in the public-objective of this research. The data collection instruments were constituted of semi-structured interviews, document retrieval and direct observation. The method of content analysis was adopted for analysis of the data. The data analysis happened taking into account the external aspect of the social system in agreement with the dimensions proposed in the law of the appropriate requirements and, for a group of categories of values, that configure the internal aspect of the social system. At the end the reasons that take the fruit growing to associate or abandon the cooperative organizations in this area were exposed, identifying what rationality type guides their decisions.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009
Title from PDF (viewed on 19 August 2009) Department of Organizational Behavior Includes abstract Includes bibliographical references Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center

Vortrag anlässlich des Doktoranden-Kolloquiums des UNESCO-Lehrstuhls für Internationale Beziehungen am 23. Juli 2012 im Lingnerschloss Dresden. Die westliche Gesellschaft befindet sich im Übergang von der Industrie- zur Wissensgesellschaft – so lautet eine der bekanntesten Thesen der aktuellen Gesellschaftstheorie. Dabei ist es in erster Linie der Umgang mit Wissen, der die Grundlage für die Bearbeitung aktueller Herausforderungen auf nationaler wie internationaler Ebene darstellt.

La présente étude tente de fournir des explications aux blocages qui compromettent le succès d'une opération de développement destinée à rationaliser la conduite de l'élevage. Cette "nécessité" d'introduire dans la steppe de nouvelles techniques d'élevage est justifiée par les difficultés de réalisation de la pratique d'élevage. Les pouvoirs publics ont attribué a ces difficultés une foule de raisons parmi les plus importantes figure la forme nomade. Ceux-ci pensent que le nomadisme est seul responsable de la sous-productivité de l'élevage et que seule sa suppression permet à la société pastorale de s'ouvrir à la modernité. Cette tentative d'éliminer le nomadisme s'est traduite par la mise en place du système coopératif qui se voit assigner la tache de modernisation de l'élevage. Le but de cette modernisation est de réunir les conditions de sédentarisation. Ce sont les villages pastoraux qui accueilleront les nomades coopérateurs. Au niveau des résultats, l'étude a montré que les destinataires du changement ont manifesté une réaction de refus a l'égard de la novation technique pour la bonne raison qu'elle ignore leur savoir ancien
The aim of this research is to try to find out explanatious to obstacles that are endangering success to development. This questioning on the necessity to introduce in the steppe new techniques is justified by the difficulties of the achievement of sheep breeding which is still carried on traditionally. Authorities attributed difficulties to a crowd of reasons, the most important of which is the nomadic existence. Those think that only nomadic life is responsible for under-productivity of sheep-breeding and that its suppression alone allows traditional and pastoral society to be acquainted with modernism. The aim of this modernisation is to get a better production of ovine-meat, wool, and skin. It offers the cattle and its titular conditions of living sedentarily pastoral villages which are programmed as part of country planning will received nomadic shepherds regrouped in cooperatives. The villages are conceived for modern sheep-breeding, rejecting any traditional method which doesn't obey to rationality. The research carried out in Marhoum commune showed that nomadic shepherds showed refusal with regard to this innovation (technique). Therefore, refusal to accept the benefit of this innovation explains the check of this development operation

This thesis is about government surveillance technology in relation to the value of trust in society. The 2006 EU Data Retention Directive is used as an example of surveillance technology that invades privacy for the sake of security. I will show that trust enables cooperation and morality in society, and ask in what way the Directive relates to these values. The focus lies upon the relation of trust between government and citizens. I will argue that the Directive fails to recognize the value of trust in relation to cooperation and morality in society, because it fails to respect its citizens, and therefore has a bad influence on the climate of trust.

El comportamiento prosocial, como compartir y cooperar, es una característica central del ser humano y también es considerada central en la estrategia adaptativa humana. Observaciones y estudios experimentales previos indican que las personas cooperan por diversas motivaciones, las cuales pueden diferir según el contexto. Esta tesis examina el compartir individual y el comportamiento cooperativo de una población de cazadores-recolectores con una fuerte tradición de compartir, los Punan Tubu. Se pregunta cómo este comportamiento cambia a medida que esta sociedad se integra cada vez más en la sociedad nacional indonesia y en el sistema económico de mercado, una situación relevante en muchos países en vías de desarrollo. Metodológicamente, combino observaciones del comportamiento diario recogidas mediante entrevistas a 118 adultos durante 18 meses de observación en dos pueblos, con resultados de dos experimentos de campo llevados a cabo con 212 adultos en siete pueblos con diferentes niveles de integración en el sistema estatal y la economía de mercado. Las preguntas realizadas en los tres capítulos empíricos son: 1) ¿Cómo se relacionan los niveles individuales de integración en la economía de mercado y la sociedad nacional con una práctica prosocial, i.e., compartir, en una sociedad de pequeña escala?; 2) ¿Están las variaciones en compartir relacionadas con los diferentes niveles de integración en el mercado económico cuando se comparan a) observaciones e información experimental y b) se comparten diferentes productos?; y 3) ¿Hasta qué punto varían los niveles de compromiso en las políticas gubernamentales relacionadas con decisiones de cooperación en programas gubernamentales? Los resultados de las observaciones empíricas de los comportamientos diarios sugieren que compartir, y más específicamente la demanda de compartir, es un comportamiento prominente entre los contemporáneos Punan Tubu. Más aún, compartir no está directamente relacionado con los niveles individuales de integración en el mercado económico, ni con la participación en programas de desarrollo nacional. Sin embargo, sí encontré la existencia de variaciones en la forma en que los productos alimenticios producidos localmente y comprados en el mercado son compartidos. Argumento que la variación en cómo los productos son compartidos depende de 1) su visibilidad, 2) su significado cultural, y 3) el reparto de las labores de trabajo seguido para producirlos u obtenerlos. La comparación entre compartir en las observaciones de la vida diaria y entre compartir en condiciones experimentales sugiere que los datos obtenidos mediante los dos métodos no están correlacionados, probablemente debido cada uno mide diferentes aspectos de compartir. En el tercer capítulo empírico, analizo el comportamiento cooperativo mediante un juego experimental enmarcado en torno a un programa gubernamental en vigor consistente en la construcción de viviendas que requería cooperación. Encontré que los individuos y los pueblos con experiencia en cooperación con personas más allá de sus familias (i.e., los que han participado previamente en programas gubernamentales) estaban más dispuestos a ejercer un comportamiento cooperativo en condiciones de anonimato. Los resultados de esta tesis permiten avanzar en el entendimiento de cómo el compartir y la cooperación surgen en un contexto dinámico mediante una perspectiva interdisciplinar basada en una mezcla metodológica de descripción etnográfica, recogida de información de observaciones sistemáticas y juegos experimentales económicos. Esta tesis enfatiza la importancia de examinar la validación externa de juegos experimentales empleados para medir el comportamiento prosocial. Políticas orientadas a capitalizar el comportamiento cooperativo existente para estimular acciones colectivas comunitarias deberían tener en cuenta las condiciones específicas en los que el compartir y la cooperación se dan en un entorno real, ya que ignorarlos puede obstaculizar la consecución del objetivo deseado de comportamiento social.
Prosocial behavior, such as sharing and cooperation, is a central characteristic of the human species and is thought to be human adaptive tendency. Previous observational and experimental studies indicate that people share and cooperate under various motivations, which might differ according to the context. This dissertation examines individual sharing and cooperative behavior in a population of contemporary hunter-gatherer group with a strong tradition of sharing, the Punan Tubu. It also question how increasing integration into the Indonesian national society and the market economic system is influencing their prosocial behavior, a situation that is relevant to many indigenous group in developing countries,. Methodologically, I combine observations from daily behavior collected through surveys among 118 adults over 18 months of observations in two villages; with, results from two framed field experiments played with 212 adults in seven villages (including the previous two) with different levels of integration into the state system and the market economy. The questions asked in the three empirical chapters are: 1) how individual levels of integration into the market economy and the national society relate to a prosocial practice, i.e., sharing, in a small-scale society?; 2) do variations in sharing relate to different levels of integration into the market economy when comparing a) observational and experimental data and b) the sharing of different products?; and 3) to what extent varying levels of involvement in development policies relate to decisions to cooperate in government programs? Results from empirical observations of daily behavior suggest that sharing, and more specifically demand sharing (i.e., requesting claim of food/resource), is a prominent behavior among contemporary Punan Tubu. Moreover, sharing is neither directly related to individual levels of integration into the market economy, nor to participation in national development programs. However, I also found that there are variations in the way locally-produced and market-purchased food products are shared. I argue that variation on how products are shared depends on 1) their visibility, 2) their cultural meaning, and 3) the division of labor followed to produce or obtain them. The comparison of sharing in daily life observations and sharing in experimental conditions suggest that data obtained through the two methods are not correlated, probably because each measures different aspect of sharing. In the third empirical chapter, I analyzed cooperative behavior through an economic game experiment, framed around an ongoing house building government program that required cooperation. I found that individuals and villages with experience cooperating with people beyond their kin (i.e., those who had previously participated in government programs) were more likely to display cooperative behavior under anonymous conditions. Findings from this dissertation advance the understanding of how sharing and cooperation arises in a dynamic context with an interdisciplinary perspective based on mix methodology of ethnographic description, systematic observational data collection and experimental economic game. This dissertation emphasizes the importance of examining the Aexternal validity of experimental games used to measure prosocial behavior. Policies aiming to capitalize on existing cooperative behavior to stimulate community collective action should take into account the specific conditions under which sharing and cooperation occurs in daily life setting, as ignoring them might hamper the achievement of the desired outcome of social behavior.

Environmental degradation and climate change are complex cross-cutting issues. They both call for a high level of policy coordination by all actors. This thesis examines the experienceof two Swedish popular movements integrating sustainable development as a cross cutting theme in their development cooperation: an approach known as mainstreaming. I seek to show how sustainability is understood and further how it is realized in the application of the work plans. The two case studies are the International Department of the Church of Sweden and Olof Palme International Centre. I have accounted for practical experiences via using informants as the main data source. Mainstreaming theory has been applied as tools foranalysation. Sustainability has been used in relation to sustainability of results andenvironmental aspects of the work plan. There is an increased demand to report on results and the longevity of the results in addition to address environment in all works undertaken in development cooperation organisations. The significance in studying the current interpretations and above all the challenges in application is to enable consideration in futur eamendments to strategies, policies and efforts made to mainstream sustainability. The findings conclude that there are similarities between the two cases in the identification of sustainability as pertaining to results and in the need for sustainability to focus on relationships to partners. Mainstreaming of environmental concerns is stated as a good and wanted aim. However, the actual negative environmental impact caused by the work plan is seen as low and sometimesenvironmental mainstreaming is even understood as a risk to partnerships. Environmental impact is only identified and addressed when seen as relevant and not as a concept to mainstream, this based on the relative low impact. This is in accordance with Sida guidelines but not with the stated policy wants.

Malawi is one of the poorest countries in the world and suffers from recurring disasters but no ongoing conflicts. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) working there must therefore take relief, rehabilitation, and development into account as shifting between these stages is the reality of the rights-holders. What approaches that should be used while doing this is unique in each context. The aid structure is however clearly divided between those working with relief and those working with development, and even though the conceptual development suggest that the aid structure should join there has been no change towards this. At the same time Result Based Management (RBM) as a principle for aid effectiveness has been heavily criticized for focusing on short term results, among others. This qualitative study has contributed to closing two research gaps; in identifying that Disaster Risk Reduction, Human Rights Based Approach, economic empowerment, and sustainable relief interventions are the approaches that CSOs in Malawi tend to focus on when working close to a community where there is a need to link relief, rehabilitation, and development (LRRD); and in identifying that not only can the pressure from a divided aid structure be blamed for the challenges facing CSOs implementing LRRD approaches, but RBM is also a contributing part. This results in CSOs being torn between accountability issues towards donors and staying legitimate towards rights-holders and that because of these challenges they cannot live up to their potential and provide the most effective aid.
Malawi är ett av de fattigaste länderna i världen och lider av återkommande katastrofer men inga pågående konflikter. Perioder av humanitära katastrofer, återuppbyggnad, och utveckling, skiftar och växlar fram och tillbaka i olika stadier och eftersom det är rättighetsbärarnas verklighet så är det också något civilsamhällsorganisationer som arbetar med olika typer av utvecklingssamarbete måste ta hänsyn till att. Vilka metoder som bör användas när organisationer arbetar i detta klimat är unikt för varje kontext. Biståndet är emellertid tydligt uppdelad mellan de som arbetar med humanitärt arbete och de som arbetar med utveckling, och trots att den konceptuella utvecklingen föreslår att biståndet bör kopplas samman så har det inte skett någon strukturell förändring. Samtidigt har resultatbaserat arbete som är en princip för biståndseffektivitet starkt kritiserats, bland annat för att det fokuseras för mycket på kortsiktiga resultat. Denna intervjubaserade studie har bidragit till att minska två forskningsgap; genom att identifiera att katastrofförebyggande arbete, rättighetsbaserat arbete, ekonomisk empowerment, och hållbara humanitära insatser som de tillvägagångssätt som civilsamhällesorganisationer i Malawi tenderar att fokusera på när de arbetar nära ett samhälle där det finns ett behov av att koppla samman humanitärt arbete med rehabilitering och utveckling (LRRD); och genom att identifiera att det inte bara är trycket från en uppdelad biståndsstruktur som förklarar de utmaningar som organisationer står inför när d arbetar med LRRD utan att resultatbaserat arbete också är en bidragande del. Lokala civilsamhällesorganisationer balanserar mellan ansvaret de har mot gentemot givare och legitimiteten de måste ha gentemot rättighetsinnehavare. I slutändan kan de på grund av dessa utmaningar inte leva upp till sin potential och tillhandahålla det mest effektiva stödet.

Trust, cooperation and equal value. The purpose of the current study has been to present evidence of interracial bridging social capital between groups and individuals in South African small-town society. An ethnological field study has been executed by searching, observing and interviewing citizens at various meeting points in civil society where interracial interaction is taking place. The collected empirical data will be evaluated in relation to established theories regarding the importance of social capital in relation to political prospering of liberal democracies. This will be done in order to answer the question: in what way and in which spheres of South African society can evidence of bridging social capital be found? The discussion and conclusion will be dependent on to what extent bridging social capital is taking place in conjunction with interracial meetings. The research will be divided into three phases. The first phase will be presenting the idea of the research and the preparation of how it is going to be performed. The second phase demonstrates the execution of data gathering with the theories at its core. Finally, the third phase of the essay will be carried out by discussing the results and how it contributes to the existing science base (George and Bennet, 2005, p. 73). In conclusion, the study showed that bridging social capital is possible to find primarily in the spheres of education and Christian parishes close to communities where the middle and upper-class live.

Background International cooperation became a wide-spread way of exchanging experience and ideas between organizations of the non-profit sector all over the world. The exchange of new ideas and experience on the international level can very often contain cases of policy transfer, which beyond all doubts can influence the participants of international cooperation. Aim The aim of the presented Master's thesis consists of the investigation and analysis of international project on violence prevention between Swedish and Ukrainian NGOs, assessing and verifying the representation in the project the particular case of policy transfer. Method In order to collect the empirical data, mixed qualitative methods were used in this thesis, which included the concept of triangulation used for the data collection. Result The conduction of the presented qualitative research gave an opportunity to uncover and examine the different roles played by Ukrainian and Swedish NGOs in the welfare systems of their respective countries. It also became possible to observe an occurrence of a particular form of cooperation between the two NGOs in the international cooperation project, which can be related to a particular type of policy transfer. Conclusions Due to the fact that the project analysed in this study is still ongoing, it is still too early to derive any final conclusion about its achievements and formulate an evaluation concerning the nature of the policy transfer process. So far the author of the presented thesis can see that the project on its current stage has an occurrence of lesson-drawing policy transfer.

The focus of this thesis is on foreign-policy decision-making in circumstances of water scarcity. In particular the study focuses on how the issue of water has been treated in the interstate negotiations within the Peace Process between Israel and the Palestinians and Israel and Jordan. It also analyses the implementation phase. The aim of this study is to analyse why and under what conditions co-operation has taken place and how it has functioned in the water sector. As such the study moves beyond the vast quantitative material which states that transboundary water co-operation does occur by exploring why co-operation has occurred in the Jordan River Basin. Based on an overall actor-structure framework the factors deemed to be important in affecting the process and outcome are identified. The development of a shared system of norms, rules and procedures for how to manage the water resource are seen as a vital explanatory variable for the water co-operation in the Jordan River Basin. It is concluded that the water negotiations, both between Israel and the Palestinians and between Israel and Jordan have been intimately linked to the other issues on the negotiation table. Further-more, it is concluded that water has been sub-ordinate to other politically more salient questions in the negotiations. The thesis contributes to the body of research on water in the Jordan River Basin in three ways. First, it provides and empirical overview of the implementation process of the water elements of the Peace Treaty between Israel and Jordan and of article 40 (which deals with water) of the Interim Agreement between Israel and the Palestinians. Second, the thesis has analysed the role that scientific experts play in the water negotiations. Expert advice has been used in the negotiations and can be said to be important in that it reduces uncertainty for decision-makers as well as provide tools with which to legitimise political decisions. Third, the thesis contributes to the understanding of why the parties in the Jordan River Basin have chosen co-operative strategies rather than resorting to conflictual behaviour to handle their shared waters. Of key importance in this respect is that shared water is an interdependent resource. Thus mutual dependence on a shared resource stimulates and reinforces the need for cooperation.

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
A Cooperação Descentralizada surge num contexto em que existe um conjunto vasto de novos actores que participam e contribuem activamente para a Cooperação Internacional para o Desenvolvimento, a par da acção dos Estados e Organismos Internacionais. A Cooperação Intermunicipal é uma forma de Cooperação Descentralizada, que pressupõe o estabelecimento de relações entre duas ou mais comunidades, em que os actores determinantes nestas relações são, geralmente, os Municípios. A Cooperação Intermunicipal pode assumir várias formas: geminações, protocolos/acordos de colaboração/cooperação e redes. Num contexto de Globalização, as relações que se estabelecem entre os vários actores são cada vez mais complexas e criam formas inovadoras de Cooperação Descentralizada, numa perspectiva de parceria e desenvolvimento integrado. Tendo em conta estes novos relacionamentos a uma escala intercontinental e global, que dão origem, cada vez mais, a uma Sociedade em Rede, os actores tendem a ligar-se em Redes de Cooperação. A Região Autónoma do Príncipe está geminada com seis autarquias portuguesas desde 1988. No entanto, apesar destes 21 anos de Cooperação Intermunicipal, verificamos que o Príncipe ainda sofre de dupla insularidade e de vários constrangimentos sócio-económicos incompatíveis com os Objectivos de Desenvolvimento do Milénio. É necessário procurar soluções conjuntas para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Príncipe. Através de um inquérito realizado no Príncipe e em Portugal pretendeu-se aferir sobre: a caracterização de cada geminação, o envolvimento da Sociedade Civil na cooperação com o Príncipe, os impactos locais em Portugal e no Príncipe das acções de cooperação e a opinião dos vários actores sobre um projecto conjunto - Rede de Cooperação - que envolveria todos os intervenientes que promovem acções de Cooperação Intermunicipal Portugal - Príncipe. Pretendemos demonstrar que a implementação de uma Rede de Cooperação entre Portugal - Príncipe seria mais eficiente: criaria sinergias, relações inovadoras e acções dinâmicas que permitiriam uma cooperação e uma canalização de recursos mais eficazes.
Decentralized Cooperation arises in a context where there is a wide range of new actors who participate and contribute actively to International Cooperation for Development together with the action of States and International Organizations. Intermunicipal Cooperation is a form of Decentralized Cooperation, which presupposes the establishment of relationships between two or more communities, in which the actors determining these relationships are usually the Municipal Councils. Intermunicipal Cooperation can take many forms: twinning, protocols/agreements of collaboration/cooperation and networks. In a context of Globalization, the relationships established between various actors are increasingly complexes and create innovative forms of Decentralized Cooperation, in terms of partnership and integrated development. Given these new relationships on an intercontinental and global scale, given rise, increasingly, to a Network Society, the actors tend to connect to Networks of Cooperation. The Autonomous Region of Príncipe is twinned with six Portuguese Municipal Councils since 1988. However, despite these 21 years of Intermunicipal Cooperation, we find that Príncipe still suffers of a double insularity and various socio-economic constraints incompatible with the Millennium Development Goals. It's necessary to look for joint solutions to the Sustainable Development of Príncipe. Through an inquest conducted in Príncipe and Portugal aimed to asses on: characterization of each twinning, the involvement of Civil Society in cooperation with Príncipe, the local impacts on Portugal and Príncipe of the cooperation's actions and feedback from the various stakeholders on a joint project -Cooperation Network - involving all stakeholders that promote actions of Intermunicipal Cooperation Portugal - Príncipe. We intend to demonstrate that the implementation of a Cooperation Network between Portugal - Príncipe would be more efficient: would create synergies, innovative relationships and dynamic actions than could lead to a more effective cooperation and resource channeling.

L'objectif de ce travail est d'exploiter les potentialités offertes par la conduite coopérative afin de fluidifier le trafic au niveau des intersections isolées. Pour ce faire, nous avons proposé un nouveau système de régulation au sein des intersections en s'inspirant du principe de l'intersection autonome. Nous avons appelé notre système : SVAC (système du véhicule-actionneur coopératif). Il repose sur la possibilité des échanges d'information entre le véhicule et son environnement de conduite.Le SVAC permet une régulation plus précise du trafic puisqu'il se base sur les requêtes de droit de passage envoyées par les véhicules réellement présents dans l'intersection. En outre, grâce à la signalisation à bord, la régulation consiste à définir les séquences de passage des véhicules, ce qui permet de personnaliser la signalisation. Le gain de précision soulève plusieurs obstacles. D'une part, nous nous heurtons systématiquement à l'absence de modèles mathématiques permettant d'aborder le problème. D'autre part, la simple énumération des séquences implique une explosion combinatoire, ce qui ne convient pas à l'application temps-réelle de la régulation des intersections. Pour s'affranchir des deux problématiques nous avons utilisé les réseaux de Petri P-temporisés. Le modèle nous a permis de décrire sous la forme d'équations mathématiques les compteurs des différents évènements observés par les véhicules. Deux objectifs de régulation ont été dégagés après avoir déduit le temps moyen d'attente basé sur la formule de Little. Le premier consiste à vider les intersections au plus tôt. Nous avons proposé un algorithme de programmation dynamique et deux heuristiques. La première heuristique est directement issue de l'analyse des propriétés du problème posé. La deuxième est basée sur l'algorithme de colonies de fourmis. En effet, le problème défini est un cas particulier du problème du voyageur de commerce. Le deuxième objectif de régulation consiste à minimiser instantanément la longueur de la file d'attente. Dans ce cadre, nous avons supposé le fonctionnement à vitesse maximale du réseau de Petri. L'utilisation des contraintes sur les ressources nous a permis de définir des règles simples de régulation en utilisant le mapping.Dans ce mémoire, nous avons utilisé la simulation microscopique basée sur les lois de poursuite pour s'approcher du comportement de conduite. La simulation a servi pour la comparaison des différentes approches proposées dans ce mémoire avec les régulateurs adaptatifs et les intersections autonomes. Dans tous les cas notre approche se distingue par un gain de capacité, ce qui nous a encouragé de reproduire le SVAC à travers un prototype de robots. Cette maquette montre la faisabilité du système au moins pour des applications industrielles.

Policy networks is a body of literature dedicated to modelling state-civil society relationship formats. In this particular relationship, an interest group with privileged (insider) access to the party in power gains advantage in the policy-making process by utilizing party’s ability to make political appointments in the civil service. The parentela (or type 1 parentela) was first discovered by Joseph La Palombara (1964) in 1960s Italy and was documented later again by Greer (1994) in 1920s-1970s Northern Ireland. Still, there has been no parentela research since 1994, save for Yishai (1992), who argued the parentela did not exist in Israel in 1980s. It seems the concept is considered of little utility to the academic community today. At the same time, as a category of policy networks, the parentela is also susceptible to the wider criticism of Thatcher (1997) and Dowding (1995; 2001) that the policy network literature is unable to introduce causal dynamics in its models and distinguish between network features and network independent variables. This study, therefore, addresses both criticisms by studying the party-group-civil service relationship in Bulgaria, for the period 2013-2015, using 26 elite interviews and a number of cases. Results show that this particular policy network is still viable today. They support Yishai (1992) that hegemonic parties have no effect on parentela formation. The study demonstrates that the cooperation between ruling parties, in need of funds, and organised businesses (groups), in need of market advantage, produces the parentela. In a case study on construction tenders, the study demonstrates La Palombara’s parentela, by exposing the process of how ruling parties intervene in the civil service through political appointees to ensure construction projects are granted to their party insider groups. The study also discovers a new parentela dynamic, labelled as type 2 parentela, where the party intervention extends further to the free market by affecting party insider’s market competitors through prejudiced regulatory inspections that disrupt targeted businesses’ operations temporarily or altogether.

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
Este Trabalho Final de Mestrado resulta da realização de um estágio curricular na ACEP - Associação para a Cooperação Entre os Povos, uma ONGD portuguesa. Incide teoricamente na questão dos DH e como estes têm sido integrados nos projetos de cooperação para o desenvolvimento. Durante muito tempo, os domínios dos DH e do Desenvolvimento estiveram dissociados mas, hoje em dia, estão interligados e são complementares na implementação de projetos de cooperação para o desenvolvimento. Nesta complementaridade assenta a abordagem para o desenvolvimento baseada nos DH que se constitui como o paradigma inovador adotado por importantes organizações da sociedade civil nas últimas três décadas. O presente Relatório define o conceito de DH e aborda vertentes a ele inerentes como os mecanismos multilaterais de promoção e proteção dos DH, o debate do universalismo e relativismo, ou o papel da sociedade civil na universalidade dos DH. Além disso, analisa a evolução da interação entre o domínio dos DH e do Desenvolvimento ao longo do tempo e nas suas diversas perspetivas. Apresenta, ainda, a visão da ACEP em relação ao tema dos DH e como estes têm sido integrados nas suas iniciativas e, por último, analisa o estudo de caso relativo a um projeto de cooperação para o desenvolvimento em parceria com organizações guineenses - a "Casa dos Direitos" na Guiné-Bissau.
This Master's Final Work results of the curricular internship accomplishment at ACEP - Associação para a Cooperação Entre os Povos - a Portuguese NGOD. It addresses the field of Human Rights and how they have been integrated on cooperation to development projects. For a long time, the fields of Human Rights and Development were dissociated but nowadays they are interconnected and seen as complementary on the implementation of the cooperation to development projects. In this connection and complementarity lies the Human Rights-based approach to development which is the innovative paradigm adopted by distinguished civil society organizations in the last three decades. This Report defines the Human Rights concept and addresses some of its aspects, such as the multilateral monitoring mechanisms of Human Rights' promotion and protection, the debate about universalism and relativism, or the role of civil society in the universality of Human Rights. It also analyses the evolution of the connection between the Human Rights and the Development fields throughout time and contemplating their perspectives. It presents the ACEP's view on Human Rights and how they have been integrated in its initiatives and, lastly, it analyses the case study - a development cooperation project together with Guinean civil society organizations: "Casa dos Direitos" in Guinea Bissau.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

L'etude de la problematique generale posee par les societes transnationales en droit international contemporain decele nombre de contradictions et mystifications. Contradictions intersociales produisant le droit et mystifications voire mythifications produites par le droit et l'ideologie juridique consacree par une certaine doctrine. Nombre de "preceptes" largement enseignes s'averent en desaccord avec la verite. La these selon laquelle c'est le rapport intersocial qui est a l'origine de, et determine, la nature de la regle de droit se verifie. Le rapport intersocial etant de nature transnationale, il donne naissance a un droit transnational. Espace juridique dont l'existence se verifie au terme de l'etude de problematiques aussi diverses que: la question du statut juridique des societes transnationales, celle des contrats entre etats et societes transnationales, celle de la reglementation des societes transnationales, voire celle du reglement des differends economiques intersociaux. Ce droit transnational se developpant a l'encontre du "droit international du developpement" et des "droits des peuples" c'est ainsi qu'apparait la question de savoir quelles sont les fonctions respectives du "droit international du developpement" et du "droit transnational" ainsi que les portees de chacun d'eux face aux contradictions structurelles et conjoncturelles. D'ou la distinction entre la negation des contradictions structurelles par voie d'expressions juridico-ideologiques et le depassement des contradictions conjoncturelles par voie d'expressions ideologico-juridiques.

La société coopérative européenne (SCE), sœur cadette du GEIE et de la société européenne (SE), a vu le jour le 22 juillet 2003. Nouvelle forme sociale européenne, elle était censée combiner mobilité européenne et identité coopérative, tout en offrant des outils «modernes» de gouvernance et de financement destinés à relever les défis auxquels les coopératives font face. Hélas, en juxtaposant des outils tantôt des droits nationaux, tantôt empruntés à son aînée la SE, le législateur européen s'est perdu et porte ainsi la responsabilité de l'échec d'une SCE qui ne parvient ni à répondre aux besoins des coopératives, ni à créer une identité coopérative européenne, ni à permettre aux coopératives de tirer effectivement avantage du marché unique et à concourir à son développement. Les raisons à cet échec sont multiples. D'une part, la méthode utilisée consistant à s'inspirer largement du statut de la SE néglige la spécificité coopérative et ignore la complexité croissante des droits coopératifs nationaux. Ainsi, l'adoption d'un règlement-cadre offrant un grand nombre d'options aux législateurs nationaux et renvoyant excessivement aux droits coopératifs nationaux, non harmonisés et pour certains d'une complexité sans pareil, aboutit à la création de 30 variantes nationales de la SCE, qui ne conservent d'européen que l'étiquette. L'identité coopérative de la SCE apparaît ainsi comme une identité variable et plus proche de l'identité des coopératives nationales de l'État membre d'immatriculation que de celle des SCE immatriculées dans d'autres États membres. Le législateur européen, soucieux de ménager les susceptibilités nationales et l'autocompréhension nationale des mouvements coopératifs qui diverge fortement entre États membres, a ainsi négligé de doter la SCE d'une identité coopérative européenne assumée et discriminante. D'autre part, les atouts européens de la SCE, comme la constitution par voie de fusion ou le transfert du siège social, répondent mal aux besoins des coopératives, dont l'ancrage local est prononcé à raison du particularisme de leur objet. De même, les outils supposés procurer à la SCE une efficacité économique supérieure déçoivent car importés sans cohérence particulière de droits coopératifs nationaux. L'introduction de cette hétérogénéité aggrave le dilemme interne et externe des coopératives. Pour finir, le législateur communautaire néglige l'environnement disparate dans lequel évoluent les coopératives. En particulier, !'instrumentalisation du droit fiscal par certains États membres, adeptes du concept d'économie sociale, est préjudiciable à la SCE en termes de mobilité et de distorsion de concurrence sous l'angle des aides d'État.Dans ces conditions, la SCE ne paraît pas en mesure de remplir les objectifs fixés par le législateur européen et son échec ne saurait surprendre. Pourtant une autre voie était possible, consistant pour le législateur européen à proposer l'institution d'une coopérative européenne dotée d'une identité discriminante et de la flexibilité nécessaire à son efficacité, offrant ainsi une réelle alternative aux coopératives nationales et permettant de donner au mouvement coopératif européen un nouveau souffle. Pour ce faire, il aurait été nécessaire de se démarquer de la méthode adoptée pour la SE et des droits coopératifs nationaux, de réduire les renvois aux droits nationaux au maximum, de hiérarchiser les principes coopératifs et de recentrer la SCE sur son objet si particulier, tout en flexibilisant les principes coopératifs qui relèvent davantage d'une conviction idéologique que d'une nécessité juridique et qui, partant, ne contribuent pas à conférer à la SCE une identité propre
The European Co-operative Society (SCE), younger sister of the European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) and the European Company (SE), was born on July 22, 2003. New European legal form, the SCE was supposed to combine European mobility with a European co-operative identity, whilst offering co­operatives "modern" tools to improve co-operative governance and financing, the long lasting co-operative dilemma of the last century. Alas, by juxtaposing tools borrowed from national laws or from its predecessor, the SE, the European legislator loses himself and thus bears the responsibility for the failure of the SCE that does not respond ta co-operative needs, nor does it create a European co-operative identity, nor does it allow co-operatives ta effectively benefit from the single market and contribute to its development. Various reasons explain this failure. On the one hand, the method used to draw broadly on the SE statute neglects co-operative features and ignores the increasing complexity of national co-operative laws. Thus, the adoption of a framework regulation offering too many options for national legislators and excessive references ta national co-operative laws that lack harmonization and are for some of them very camplex, results in the creation of 30 national variations of SCE with a European label. The co-operative identity of the SCE appears to be variable and closer to the national identity of co-operatives in the Member State of registration. The European legislator, anxious to spare national sensitivities and the self-understanding of national co-operative movements which strongly differs among Member States, has failed to provide the SCE with an assumed and discriminating European co-operative identity. On the other hand, the European advantages of the SCE like the constitution by way of merger or the transfer of seat do not take into account co-operative needs. Co-operatives have strong local roofs and a very special legal purpose. Similarly, the tools made available to the SCE that are supposed to provide higher economic efficiency disappoint as they are imported from national co-operative law without any consistency. The introduction of this heterogeneity exacerbates the internal and external dilemma of co-operatives. Finally, the European legislator ignores the disparate environment in which co-operatives evolve. In particular, the instrumentalisation of tax law in some Member States who are attached to the concept of social economy is detrimental to the SCE's mobility and distorts competition between SCEs. Under these circumstances, the SCE does not seem able to fulfill the objectives set by the European legislator and its failure is not surprising.Yet another way would have been possible, consisting for the European legislator to propose the creation of a European co-operative with a distinct and discriminating identity and the necessary flexibility to improve efficiency, providing a real alternative to national co-operatives and giving the European co-operative movement new life. To do this, it would have been necessary to stand out from the method adopted for the SE and reduce references to national co-operative law to a maximum, prioritize co-operative principles and refocus the SCE on its particular purpose, white giving more flexibility to co-operative principles which are more of an ideological belief than a legal requirement and therefore do not contribute to give the SCE its own identity

La these est constituee d'un ensemble de travaux historiques et sociologiques sur l'evolution du mouvement syndical, des relations professionnelles et de la vie sociale des entreprises en allemagne, ainsi que d'une serie d'etudes sur l'economie allemande et les rapports economiques franco-allemands depuis le milieu des annees 80. Ces etudes sont completees par un rapport de synthese qui, dans sa premiere partie, comporte une analyse comparative de l'evolution des systemes sociaux allemand et francais depuis 1945 et fait apparaitre deux types de regulation socialie contrastes: alors que le systeme de concertation sociale allemand se caracterise par la predominance de macanismes de regulation contractuelle autonome pris en charge par les partenaires sociaux, le systeme francais reste marque p0ar la faible capacite d'engagement de ces derniers et donne une place centrale a l'intervention codificatrice et regulatrice de l'etat. Dans une seconde partie qui comporte une reflexion sur les dimensions socio-economiques de la cooperation franco-allemande dans le cadre de la construction europeenne au tournant des annees 1990, le rapport met en evidence, par des crises et des tensions pontuelles, une interdependance et une convergence croissantes des interets et des politiques poursuivis par les deux pays dans le cadre communautaire
Thge thesis is composed of a body historical and sociological research into the development of the trade union movement, industrial relations and the social organization of german companies, as well as a series of studies of the german economy and of franco-german economic relations since the mid 1980s. These studies are completed by a synthesis which, in its opening section, offers a comparative analysis of the development of the french and german systems of industrial relations since 1945, from which two types of contrasting regulation emerge: while the german system of negociation between unions and employers is characterized by the predominance of mechanisms of autonomous contractual regulation, operated by the af0re-mentioned, the french system remains marked by their weak capacity to concert and revolves around the codifying and regulatory intervention of the state. In a second part that deals with a consideration of the socio-economic dimensions of franco-german cooperation in the construction of europe at the beginning of the 1990s, the synthesus reveals, beyond the sporadically emerging crises and tensions, a growing interdependence and voncergence of interests and policies pursued by the two countries within the framework of the community

Face aux enjeux planétaires et particulièrement aux nouveaux enjeux du vivant, le système des relations et de la coopération internationales est remis en cause. Les organisations internationales se trouvent questionnées quant à leurs méthodes et leurs mandats. Si les valeurs universelles restent reconnues, la complexité des problématiques du vivant et la dimension d'urgence planétaire qu'ils acquièrent ne semblent pas traités de manière satisfaisante et durable par la communauté internationale malgré quelques succès dans certains domaines tels que le protocole de Kyoto. Or l'approche conceptuelle et les modes opératoires des organisations internationales y compris dans la formulation des projets contraints par la « matrice logique du projet » et ses relations causales linéaires, dans un cadre contractuel rigide et comptable, ne semblent pas être à la hauteur des enjeux complexes en termes de développement, d'écologie, d'éducation, de sécurité, d'alimentation, qui s'imposent aux partenaires de la coopération. Comment requalifier la coopération internationale et prendre en compte de manière effective la complexité des évolutions des systèmes vivants que représentent les sociétés humaines et leur environnement - régional, national, international - ? Quels sont les apports des démarches systémiques, dans une problématique stratégique d'action en milieu complexe? Une stratégie qui pourrait être guidée par la notion de patrimoine commun sous-jacent à chaque enjeu de coopération. L'humain au sein de son milieu et en capacité de prise en charge de ce milieu retrouve sa place dans le domaine de l'action politique et de la coopération internationale. L'intégration des logiques d'action des acteurs dans le champ de problèmes complexes, par des processus adaptés de communication et de négociation, peut entraîner l'engagement autour d'un dessein commun et conforter l'approche politique du changement. Le concept moderne de gouvernance comme processus intégré, vecteur de coopération et critère de son orientation, est porteur d'une qualité « plénière » lorsqu'il s'incarne dans des projets contractualisés, ouverts et évolutifs dans le temps, tirant parti des formes d'intelligence disponibles - universelles et pragmatiques. Une approche politique du changement nourrie par une prospective adaptée aux enjeux pluridisciplinaires est nécessaire et peut se transcrire en une politique de la coopération, reliant l'humain et ses problématiques au niveau local à une coordination éclairée entre les Etats, pour une action internationale adaptée aux enjeux de notre siècle.