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Sozak, Ahmet. "Uncertainty Analysis Of Coordinate Measuring Machine (cmm) Measurements." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12608887/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, the measurement uncertainty of Coordinate Measuring Machine
(CMM) is analysed and software is designed to simulate this. Analysis begins with
the inspection of the measurement process and structure of the CMMs. After that,
error sources are defined with respect to their effects on the measurement and then an
error model is constructed to compensate these effects. In other words, systematic
part of geometric, kinematic and thermal errors are compensated with error
modelling. Kinematic and geometric error model is specific for the structure of
CMM under inspection. Also, a common orthogonal kinematic model is formed and
with using the laser error data of the CMM and error maps of the machine volume is
obtained. Afterwards, the models are compared with each other by taking the
difference and ratio.
The definition and compensation of the systematic errors leave the uncertainty
of measurements for analysing. Measurement uncertainty consists of the
uncompensated systematic errors and random errors. The other aim of the thesis is to
quantify these uncertainties with using the different methods and to inspect the
success of these methods. Uncertainty budgeting, comparison, statistical evaluation
by designing an experiments and simulation methods are examined and applied to
the CMM under inspection. In addition, Virtual CMM software is designed to simulate the task specific measurement uncertainty of circle, sphere and plane
without using the repeated measurements. Finally, the performance of the software, highly depending on the
mathematical modelling of machine volume, is tested by using actual measurements.
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Bittle, Steven Douglas. "An active piezoelectric probe for precision measurement on a coordinate measuring machine (CMM)." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18186.
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Pettersson, Ulf. "Identification and Adaptive Control of a Coordinate Measuring Machine." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2293.
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Important factors in manufacturing are quality and cost. Measuring machines play an important role for these fields. In order to meet higher demands on cost and accuracy, measuring machines can be constructed with weaker materials and increased mechanical flexibilities, and therefore there is a need to include the flexibilities in measuring machine models to obtain good performance.
The core theme in this thesis is modeling and idenfication of the physical parameters of drive mechanisms of a Brown&Sharpe Inc. Global A coordinate measuring machine. The approximation made is that the drive mechanisms can be described by a mass connected by springs, dampers and gear changes. It has been found that a one-spring model gives a reasonably good description of the studied CMM drive mechanism. The physical parameters of this model are identified using off-line algorithms. The algorithms are based on prediction error methods. For the off-line identification the MATLAB System Identification Toolbox and the bond graph representation is used.
The chosen model is then used for control. Traditional control and a Model-reference Adaptive System is derived and studied with the aim to increase the damping of CMM drive mechanisms. It is found that the adaptive system has very good disturbance rejection and can correct for drastic model errors. Another impact is that the damping of the studied drive mechanism can be increased with at least a factor of nine.
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Karuc, Emre. "Design Of A Touch Trigger Probe For A Coordinate Measuring Machine." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609112/index.pdf.
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Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) have been widely used in industry in
order to determine the form / dimensional tolerances of workpieces with very
complicated geometrical shapes. Therefore, CMM is an important tool during the
manufacturing and quality control phases. Workpiece to be measured on a CMM is
probed via touch trigger probe through its stylus tip. In other words, by virtue of the
touch trigger probes CMM can acquire the dimensional data of the workpiece that is
to be measured. Therefore the probe has become the most vital and fundamental
part of the CMM. In this thesis, a novel type of touch trigger probe / scanning probe
is proposed. The proposed probe can also be used as a scanning probe for different
applications. The main purpose of this thesis is to develop a novel type of touch
trigger / scanning probe that has different kinematic stage and sensing stage than the
other probes currently used in the industry. Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors
are used for building the sensing stage of the proposed probe. GMR sensors are
selected due to their outstanding sensitivity to small disturbances. Furthermore, in order to test the proposed probean anvil gauge setup is designed and proposed in this study. Finally, proposed probe is tested on a three-axis computer controlled electrical discharge machine (EDM), and the results acquired from those experiments are discussed.
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Avvari, Ddanukash. "A Literature Review on Differences Between Robotic and Human In-Line Quality Inspection in Automotive Manufacturing Assembly Line." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-56038.
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The advent of the industrial revolution has brought a great number of changes in the functioning of various processes in manufacturing industries. The ways and means of working have evolved exponentially with the implementation of advanced technology. Moreover, with the increasing technology, the customer demands have also been varying dynamically due to changes in customer requirements focusing on individual customization. To cope with the dynamic demand, manufacturing industries had to make sure their products are manufactured with higher quality and shorter lead times. Implementation and efficient usage of technology has provided industries with the necessary tools to achieve market demand and stay competitive by growing continuously. The transformation aims to reach the level of zero-defect manufacturing and ensure higher first-time right yield capability with minimum utilization of available resources. However, technological advancements have not developed the quality inspection process of the manufacturing industry at the same level as other processes. Due to this, the quality inspection processes are still human dependent which requires a highly skilled human operator to perform inspection procedures using sensory abilities to detect deviations. Research suggests that human quality inspection is prone to errors due to fatigue as the process is continuous, strenuous, and tedious work. The efficiency of human inspection is around 80% which becomes a chronic problem in safety-critical and high-value manufacturing environments. Moreover, with the increasing level of customization and technology, the products are becoming more complex with intricate shapes and only human inspection is not enough to meet the customer requirements. Especially in the case of automotive industry in Body in White applications, human inspection of outer body panels, engine parts with tighter tolerances alone does not make the cut. Advancements in the field of metrology have led to the introduction of Coordinate measuring machines (CMM), which are classified as contact and non-contact measuring machines. The measurements are performed offline away from the production line, using the sampling method. The contact measuring machines are equipped with touch trigger probe devices that travel all over the part to make a virtual image of the product which is time-consuming but accurate. Whereas the noncontact measuring machines are equipped with laser scanners or optical devices which scan the part and develop a virtual model which is fast but has accuracy and repeatability issues due to external factors. But coordinate measuring machines have proven to be bottlenecks as they were not able to synchronize with the production pace and could not perform aninspection on all the produced parts, which would help in collecting data. The gathered data can be used to analyse root causes and generate trends in defect detection. With the advancements in non-contact measuring systems, automotive industries have also realized the potential of implementing inline measurement techniques to perform quality inspection. The non-contact measuring system consists of a robotic arm or setup which is equipped with a camera, sensors, and a complex algorithm to identify defects. This provides the robotic arm with machine vision which is works by taking a series of images of the product from various and process these images to detect deviations using digital image processing techniques. The inline measurement has proven to be accurate, fast, and repeatable to be implemented in synchronization with the production line. Further, the automotive industries are moving towards hybrid inspection systems which capitalize on the measuring speed of the robot and the fast decision-making ability of human senses.
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Baird, Patrick James Samuel. "Mathematical modelling of the parameters and errors of a contact probe system and its application to the computer simulation of coordinate measuring machines." Thesis, Brunel University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320548.
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Rugbani, Ali Milud. "The design, kinematics and error modelling of a novel micro-CMM parallel manipulator." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86518.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research presented in this dissertation establishes a micro-CMM parallel manipulator as a viable positioning device for three degree of freedom micro measurement applications. The machine offers the advantages associated with parallel kinematic manipulators, such as light carrying weight, high stiffness and no accumulation of errors, while avoiding some of the traditional disadvantages of parallel manipulators such as the associated effects of angular errors (Abbé error), singularity problems, work space limitation and the extensive use of spherical joints. In this dissertation, the direct position kinematic solution is developed analytically and the solution of the inverse position kinematic is solved numerically. A workspace analysis has been performed. A fully functional prototype demonstrator is fabricated to demonstrate this machine. While the demonstrator was not intended to achieve submicron accuracy, it was intended to validate the error models. Computer controlled measurement is developed and used to position the probe and to record measurements. A reliable kinematic error model based on the theory of error propagation is derived analytically. A numerical method is used to verify the analytical results. Comparison shows that the results of the error model, both analytical and numerical, represent a very good match and follow the same trend. The kinematic position model is validated using a conventional CMM. Results show that an average difference of less than 0.5 mm over a set of 30 points is achieved. This result of the micro-CMM demonstrator measurements falls within the error budget of approximately 0.75 mm estimated by the proposed analytical error model.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing in hierdie tesis vestig ‘n mikro-CMM parallelle manipuleerder as ‘n lewensvatbare posisioneringstoestel vir drie vryheidsgraad-mikrometing toepassings. Die masjien bied voordele geassosieer met parallelle kinematiese manipuleerders, bv. ligte dra-gewig, hoë styfheid en geen ophoping van foute nie. Die tradisionele nadele van parallelle manipuleerders soos die geassosieerde gevolge van hoekfoute (Abbé fout), enkelvoudigheidsprobleme, werkspasiebeperking en die uitgebreide gebruik van sferiese koppelings word vermy. In hierdie tesis word die direkte posisie kinematiese oplossing analities ontwikkel en die oplossing van die omgekeerde posisie kinematies word numeries opgelos. ‘n Werkspasie analise is uitgevoer. ‘n Ten volle funksionele prototipe demonstrasie-model is vervaardig om hierdie masjien te demonstreer. Die model is nie vervaardig om submikron akkuraatheid te bereik nie, maar eerder om foutmodelle geldig te verklaar. Rekenaar-beheerde metings is ontwerp en gebruik om die toetspen te posisioneer en om metings te neem. ‘n Betroubare kinematiese foutmodel gebaseer op die teorie van foutvoortplanting is analities afgelei. ‘n Numeriese metode word gebruik om die analitiese resultate te bevestig. Vergelyking toon aan dat die resultate van die foutmodel, beide analities en numeries, goeie pasmaats is en dieselfde tendens volg. Die kinematiese posisie model word geldig verklaar deur gebruik te maak van ‘n konvensionele CMM. Resultate wys dat daar ‘n gemiddelde verskil van minder as 0.5 mm oor ‘n stel van 30 punte behaal word. Die resultate van die mikro-CMM model se metings val binne die foutbegroting van ongeveer 0.75 mm geskat by die voorgestelde analitiese foutmodel.
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Davis, Tyler Addison. "Flexible machine tool control for direct, in-process dimensional part inspection." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2004. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/139.
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For some time now coordinate measuring machines have been an integral part of the shop floor. The goal has been to make coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) into tools that can easily be used by machinists to improve their manufacturing capabilities. The value of a CMM as a quality control tool is undisputed. Now efforts are being made to further reduce the time and cost of measurement by reducing the physical distance between machining and measuring processes. The ability to reduce that distance to zero and measure a part directly on the chip-making machine has been a goal for many years. Dimensional inspection of parts is primarily conducted by coordinate measuring machines operating on motion instructions from task planning software. The research in direct machining and control (DMAC) at BYU has identified a potential application of CMM technologies on existing machine tools. To prove that a machine tool can be controlled as a CMM with the DMAC controller, this research will integrate the software package PC-DMIS provided by Wilcox Associates, Inc. with a DMAC controller provided by Direct Controls, Inc. to conduct in-process dimensional inspection of parts as they are being machined. This process is referred to as DirectCMM because it will link the DMAC controller directly to PC-DMIS without need for post-processing. This thesis will lay the groundwork for future efforts at developing systems that utilize in-process part inspection to dynamically correct computer aided manufacturing (CAM) process plans. To aid future efforts at dynamic CAM process updating, a software interface specification will be created for passing measurement data between CMM and CAD/CAM software packages. A CMM control specification will also be created to provide a standard method for controlling coordinate measuring machines with the DMAC controller. Possible methods for dynamic CAD/CAM updating will be explored.
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Hájková, Alena. "Návrh interní metodiky pro měření výrobků a dílů na přístroji CMM UPMC Zeiss na pracovišti ČMI Brno." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417433.
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This diploma thesis deals with the proposal of internal methodology for measurement of products and parts on CMM UPMC Zeiss at CMI Brno. The first part of this work analyzes the current state of knowledge in the field of accurate measurement on coordinate measuring machines (CMM), which includes the definition of basic metrological concepts, methodology for determining and expressing uncertainties of measurement and a general description of CMM. The diploma thesis also contains a detailed description of the UPMC 850 CARAT S-ACC device from the company Zeiss and summarizes the requirements for the testing laboratory in accordance with the standard ČSN EN 17 025: 2018. The next part of the work is focused on defining and determining the measurement uncertainties for this CMM and on developing a testing procedure for measurements on this machine. The final part of this thesis summarizes the achieved results and recommendations for practice.
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Marques, Alessandro. "Uma interface eletrônica e computacional para medições a três coordenadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-18122015-143939/.
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As Máquinas de Medir a Três Coordenadas (MM3Cs) desde sua criação evoluíram sensivelmente, entretanto poucas foram as modificações estruturais observadas. Hoje, para fabricantes de máquinas destacarem-se no mercado, são necessários grandes investimentos na busca de novos materiais estruturais e no desenvolvimento de programas computacionais cada vez mais versáteis. O sistema eletrônico e os programas computacionais utilizados durante as medições são inacessíveis e rígidos. Estes aplicativos normalmente não podem ser analisados nem modificados pelo usuário. São exemplos clássicos desta rigidez as características préestabelecidas pelo programa, ou métodos de ajustes utilizados na definição das grandezas. Este trabalho tem por objetivo exibir a interface eletrônica e computacional que quebra essa rigidez e permite a aquisição dos sinais das escalas da MM3C, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de novos aplicativos computacionais. O sistema foi aplicado em uma MM3C do tipo Ponte Móvel. Foi desenvolvido um programa computacional, MaqMed 2000, que utiliza os valores dos pontos coordenadas capturados no volume de trabalho da MM3C, e faz a compensação das coordenadas dos pontos utilizados, através das equações do Modelo Reduzido de Sintetização de Erros (MRSE). A avaliação da compatibilidade do dispositivo construído foi feita através do MaqMed 2000 em situações práticas. Foram tomados pontos no perfil de artefatos-padrão e os pontos ajustados através de duas rotinas, uma com e outra sem compensação dos erros. Os artefatos foram medidos em várias posições no volume da MM3C e averiguada a proximidade entre os resultados compensados e os não compensados, ao valor calibrado do artefato. O sistema desenvolvido permitiu compensar os erros em até 98% para compensação bidimensional e 87% para tridimensional.Since the advent Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) have improved substantially. However, only a small number of structural modifications were observed. Nowadays, considerable capital expenditure is needed to keep CMM builders competitive. Most important research fields concern structural material and production of more flexible and versatile software. The electronic system and the software used during measurement with CMM are rigid and inaccessible and no user modification is permitted. Typical examples are the predetermined software features and curve fitting methods used on the magnitudes definition process. This research aims to exhibit an interface that copes with the system stiffness and enables signal acquisition from the scales of the CMM, allowing the development of new types softwares. The proposed system was implemented on a moving bridge type CMM. A program that uses the values of the coordinate points obtained from the CMM work volume was created. The software MaqMed 2000 performs the compensation of the coordinates of the used points by means of synthesized errors equations. Evaluation of the performance of the built device was carried out using MaqMed 2000 in practical situations. Data sets were collected along the profile of artefacts and fitted by means of two routines, one with error compensation and the other not compensated. Artefacts were measured in several locations in the whole volume of the CMM. The proximity between the compensated and noncompensated results with respect to the calibrated artefact value was examined. The developed system allowed for error compensation of 98% for bi-dimensional compensation and 87% for tri-dimensional compensation.
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Branko, Štrbac. "Procena merne nesigurnosti pri merenju ravnosti na koordinatnoj mernoj mašini primenom Monte Karlo simulacije." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2017. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=104130&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Koordinatne merne mašine (KMM) su dominantni merni instrumenti udimenzionalnoj metrologiji. NJihovom upotrebom se može izmeritibilo koja makro tolerancija označena na tehničkoj dokumentaciji.Tolerancija ravnosti je često prisutna u cilju izvršenja zahtevanihfunkcionalnih zahteva radnog predmeta. Istraživanja sprovedena uovom radu se bave problemom procene greške ravnosti merene na KMMzasnovane na metodi minimalne zone i procene merne nesigurnosti zaovaj merni zadakat. Aksenat je stavljen na primeni Monte Karlometode kao simulacionog alata za procenu merne nesigurnosti.Razvijena je nova metodologija za procenu greške ravnosti kao isimulacioni model za procenu merne nesigurnosti za ovaj mernizadatak.Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are dominant measuringinstruments in dimensional metrology. These machines can measure anymacro-tolerance indicated in the technical documentation. Flatness toleranceis often present with the aim of completing the needed functionalrequirements of a workpiece. The investigation conducted in this paperconsiders the problem of assessing the flatness error measured on a CMMbased on the minimum zone method and on the method of evaluatingmeasurement uncertainty for this measuring task. The emphasis is on theuse of Monte Carlo method as a simulation tool for evaluating measurementuncertainty. A new methodology for assessing the flatness error has beendeveloped, as well as a simulation model for evaluating measurementuncertainty for this measuring task.
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Marques, Alessandro. "A correlação entre os erros de retilineidade e angulares nas máquinas de medir a três coordenadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-18122015-111301/.
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O desempenho metrológico de uma Máquina de Medir a Três Coordenadas (MM3C) está relacionado com a sua capacidade de medir peças com a precisão requerida ou desejada. No entanto, como todo instrumento de medição, essas máquinas possuem erros que afetam as medições gerando o que se convencionou chamar de erros volumétricos. Tais erros podem ser obtidos através de modelos matemáticos que descrevem como os erros individuais de todos os componentes da MM3C se combinam por todo o volume de trabalho. Atualmente, no modelamento dos erros, adota-se a independência entre os erros individuais, entretanto, se analisada a geometria estrutural da máquina, verifica-se que existe dependência entre os erros de retilineidade e os erros angulares. O objetivo deste trabalho é expressar o erro angular em função do erro de retilineidade, possibilitando assim minimizar o número de calibrações necessárias e, consequentemente, o tempo de máquina parada requerido para o levantamento do seu comportamento metrológico. Para que se pudesse atingir o objetivo proposto, foram levantados os erros de retilineidade e os angulares de uma Máquina de Medir a Três Coordenadas da marca Brown & Sharp do tipo Ponte Móvel. Com esses dados e o conhecimento da geometria da máquina, os erros angulares foram equacionados, calculados e comparados com os obtidos experimentalmente.The metrological performance of a Three Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) is related to the capacity of measuring workpieces with a required precision. As every measurement instrument, these machines undergo the effects of internal and external factors that affect the measurement, generating what has been denominated as volumetric errors. Such errors can be obtained through a mathematical model that simulates how the individual errors of the CMM are combined and propagated to any point within the machine working volume. Usually, the independence among the individual errors is adopted when the machine error model is built. However, if the machine geometry is analyzed, the dependence between the straightness error and the angular error can be noted. The objective of this work is to express the angular error as a function of the straightness error. The formulation proposed in this work to express this correlation minimizes the number of calibrations necessary to evaluate the machine behavior. A Brown & Sharp Moving Bridge Coordinate Measuring Machine was used for the experimental evaluation. With this data set and knowing the machine geometry, a mathematical expression relating straightness and angular error was obtained. The calculated error values were then compared with the errors experimentally measured.
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Nóbrega, Luiz Henrique Melo Silva. "Desenvolvimento de uma estratégia de medição, baseada em nurbs, para determinação do desvio total de perfil (fα) de engrenagens cilíndricas de dentes retos usando MMCs." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8961.
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For many years the power transmission and movement for gears has been an important technology in the automotive, mechanical and aeronautical industries, justifying the considerable number of research carried out under the quality control of these components. Nowadays, involute profile inspections of cylindrical gears have been carried out using CNC Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) with rotary tables and dedicated measurement software, equipped with contact scanning sensors, Touch Trigger Probes – TTP or non-contact, Laser. However, many companies that manufacture and inspect gears use manual CMMs with point to point sensors, thus being unable to issue the profile deviation report. In respect, the motivation for this research is to develop and validate inspection strategies for determining the Total Profile Deviation (Fα) of spur gears, according to ISO 1328, using of a mathematical tool NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines) and CMMs manual. Strategies for changing the NURBS weight parameter wi also were applied to assist in inspection definition procedure, and this is one more degree of freedom. In the first moment, before the execution of experimental procedures, simulations were carried out on a computational system and showed satisfactory results. For the experimental tests, a manual CMM MICRO-HITE 3D model was used with point to point sensor. Simulations and experimental results showed that the NURBS technique contributes to manual CMM application using Touch Trigger Probes in measuring the spur gears involute profile. The experimental results showed the methodology efficacy.
Por muitos anos a transmissão de movimento e de potência por engrenagens tem sido uma tecnologia importante nas indústrias automotiva, mecânica e aeronáutica, justificando assim a considerável quantidade de pesquisas realizadas no âmbito do controle de qualidade destes componentes. Atualmente, inspeções dos perfis evolventes de engrenagens cilíndricas vêm sendo realizadas utilizando Máquinas de Medição por Coordenadas (MMCs) CNC com mesas rotativas e softwares de medição dedicados, equipadas com sensores por contato de escaneamento, do tipo Touch Trigger Probe – TTP, ou sem contato, Laser. Porém, muitas empresas que fabricam e inspecionam engrenagens utilizam MMCs manuais com sensores do tipo ponto a ponto, ficando assim impossibilitadas de emitir o relatório de desvio de perfil. Neste sentido, a motivação para esta pesquisa é desenvolver e validar estratégias de inspeção para determinação do Desvio Total de Perfil (Fα) de engrenagens cilíndrica de dentes retos, segundo a norma ISO 1328, fazendo o uso da ferramenta matemática NURBS (Non – Uniform Rational B-Splines) e de MMCs manuais. Estratégias para alteração do parâmetro peso wi das NURBS também serão aplicadas para auxiliar na definição do procedimento de inspeção, sendo este um grau de liberdade a mais do modelo. No primeiro momento, antes da execução dos procedimentos experimentais, simulações foram realizadas em um sistema computacional, e apresentaram resultados satisfatórios. Para os testes experimentais foi utilizada uma MMC manual modelo MICRO-HITE 3D, com sensor do tipo ponto a ponto. Resultados de simulações e experimentais mostraram que a técnica NURBS contribui para aplicação de MMC manual usando sensor Touch Trigger na medição do perfil evolvente de engrenagens cilíndricas de dentes retos. Os resultados experimentais demonstraram a eficácia da metodologia desenvolvida.
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Palásek, Vítězslav. "Souřadnicové měřicí stroje (CMM) s optickým snímacím systémem a optické CMM." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228384.
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This graduation work is about co-ordinal measuring machines (CMM) with optical reader system and optical CMM. In accordance with submission and in terms of survival well known contactless systems the direction is to make methodology objective classification of rating with granting summary of these systems. The first part contains optical principles for visual scanner in CMM and optical CMM. Ist is described there principle of contactless obtaining steric digital version of measured object with using laser and optical facilities. The second part contains brief makes survey of these contactless systems and their component which are used for co-ordinal measuring. The survey is devided into optical readers, which are put on CMM brake or on mobile measuring brake and on optical CMM, which localize position measuring/sensing head in the space or they read measured object from specific distance – fotogrammetric. Characteristic of offered systems and chart with technical data are mentioned with each maker. The third and fourth part is about submission methodology for objective choice suitable sort of reader, optical CMM in target of characteristic reader system quality. And from this methodology is given the choice of suitable exponent stationary measuring machine with contact and contactless way of reading and their comparison.
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Chang, David Wei-Yao Spence Allan D. "Dynamic coordinate measuring machine error analysis and improvement strategies." *McMaster only, 2007.
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Lombardi, Marco. "Optimization of composite carriage for a coordinate measurement machine." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06112009-063037/.
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Hu, Yang. "Investigation and development of an advanced virtual coordinate measuring machine." Thesis, Brunel University, 2010. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7507.
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Dimensional measurement plays a critical role in product development and quality control. With the continuously increasing demand for tighter tolerances and more complex workpiece shapes in the industry, dimensional metrology often becomes the bottleneck of taking the quality and performance of manufacturing to the next level. As one kind of the most useful and powerful measuring instruments, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are widely employed in manufacturing industries. Since the accuracy and efficiency of a CMM have a vital impact on the product quality, productivity and manufacturing cost, the evaluation and improvement of CMM performance have always been important research topics since the invention of CMM. A novel Advanced Virtual Coordinate Measuring Machine (AVCMM) is proposed against such a background. The proposed AVCMM is a software package that provides an integrated virtual environment, in which user can plan inspection strategy for a given task, carry out virtual measurement, and evaluate the uncertainty associated with the measurement result, all without the need of using a physical machine. The obtained estimate of uncertainty can serve as a rapid feedback for user to optimize the inspection plan in the AVCMM before actual measurement, or as an evaluation of the result of a performed measurement. Without involving a physical CMM in the inspection planning or evaluation of uncertainty, the AVCMM can greatly reduce the time and cost needed for such processes. Furthermore, as the package offers vivid 3D visual representation of the virtual environment and supports operations similar to a physical CMM, it does not only allow the user to easily plan and optimise the inspection strategy, but also provide a cost-effective, risk-free solution for training CMM operators. A modular, multitier architecture has been adopted to develop the AVCMM system, which incorporates a number of functional components covering CMM and workpiece modelling, error simulation, inspection simulation, feature calculation, uncertainty evaluation and 3D representation. A new engine for detecting collision/contact has been developed and utilized, which is suitable for the virtual environment of simulated CMM inspections. A novel approach has been established to calculate errors required for the error simulation, where the data are obtained from FEA simulations in addition to conventional experimental method. Monte Carlo method has been adopted for uncertainty evaluation and has been implemented with multiple options available to meet different requirements. A prototype of the proposed AVCMM system has been developed in this research. Its validity, usability and performance have been verified and evaluated through a set of experiments. The principles for utilising the AVCMM in practical use have also been established and demonstrated. The results have indicated that the proposed AVCMM system has great potentials to improve the functionalities and overall performance of CMMs.
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Zhang, Yaojun. "Mathematical bases for gear inspection by 3D coordinate measuring machine." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212619.
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Davis, Tyler A. "Flexible machine tool control for direct, in-process dimensional part inspection /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd478.pdf.
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Kirkland, Eric Alan. "A nano coordinate machine for optical dimensional metrology." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16525.
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Zarifi, Assad Allah. "Integrated inpection of sculptured surface products using machine vision and a coordinate measuring machine." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1996. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/22084.
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In modern manufacturing technology with increasing automation of manufacturing processes and operations, the need for automated measurement has become much more apparent. Computer measuring machines are one of the essential instruments for quality control and measurement of complex products, performing measurements that were previously laborious and time consuming. Inspection of sculptured surfaces can be time consuming since, for exact specification, an almost infinite number of points would be required. Automated measurement with a significant reduction of inspected points can be attempted if prior knowledge of the part shape is available. The use of a vision system can help to identify product shape and features but, unfortunately, the accuracy required is often insufficient. In this work a vision system used with a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM), incorporating probing, has enabled fast and accurate measurements to be obtained. The part features have been enhanced by surface marking and a simple 2-D vision system has been utilised to identify part features. In order to accurately identify all parts of the product using the 2-D vision system, a multiple image superposition method has been developed which enables 100 per cent identification of surface features. A method has been developed to generate approximate 3-D surface position from prior knowledge of the product shape. A probing strategy has been developed which selects correct probe angle for optimum accuracy and access, together with methods and software for automated CMM code generation. This has enabled accurate measurement of product features with considerable reductions in inspection time. Several strategies for the determination and assessment of feature position errors have been investigated and a method using a 3-D least squares assessment has been found to be satisfactory. A graphical representation of the product model and errors has been developed using a 3-D solid modelling CAD system. The work has used golf balls and tooling as the product example.
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Tvardek, Michal. "Návrh automatizovaného měřicího pracoviště s průmyslovým robotem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230961.
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This master's thesis focuses on the use of the Renishaw's Equator gauging system in cooperation with the industrial robot. The target is to design the robotized workcell which contains these two products. Robot acts as a manipulator for inserting and sorting out the workpieces into the "good" and "bad" pallets according to measured results from the Equator. Equator uses a parallel kinematics and probing system which is normally used on coordinate measuring machines. Therefore there is the introduction to the parallel and serial kinematic structures, to the problems of the coordinate measuring machines in the first part of this thesis. It was made a separation of the probing systems into a few basic categories, description of the typical representatives of these categories and of the other important accessories of the coordinate measuring machines, too. The second part of the thesis contains a description of the Equator gauging system, the industrial robot which I used and their accessories. In this part is mentioned a few examples of measurement automation in industry practice, too. The third part devotes to the design of the robotized workcell and contains all the important requirements for the realization.
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Bardell, Rayman A. "Enhancements to reverse engineering : surface modelling and segmentation of CMM data." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341288.
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Harris, Jason Robert. "The automation of inspection planning using feature-based models." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297831.
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Ismail, Mohd Anuar Bin. "Development and characterisation of next generation stylus for micro coordinate measuring machine." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/96043/.
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Products are routinely being manufactured with features having dimensions below 50 µm, with consequent of increasing demand for micro-coordinate measuring machines (micro-CMMs) that have stylus systems with tip diameters of 10 µm or less. However, current commercially available micro-CMMs are unable to fulfil this demand reliably. Therefore, with this in mind, the development of a stylus system with a significantly smaller dimension and the potential to fulfil this demand is reported. After an initial review of the current state of the art and the projected needs, this thesis examine in detail the design considerations and analytical modelling of stylus systems. A key factors affecting styli as their dimension is reduced down to the micrometre level are identified and discussed. Based on five important groups of theses influence factors, a new comprehensive set of design rules and analytical models is constructed and the relationship among these rules observed. Maintaining a stylus contact force that reliably detect the measured surface at reasonable operation speeds while having a sufficiently slender and strong stylus shaft become an issue of particular importance. Experimental investigation of a set of prototype micro-styli is used both to demonstrate the effectiveness of the design rules and to compare different manufacturing methods that have been proposed elsewhere. The model underlying the design rules are shown to be generally consistent within existing uncertainty, except for anomalies with one of manufacturing process which is a combination process of Wire Electro-Discharge Grinding (WEDG) and micro-electrochemical (ECM) process for manufacturing of stylus shaft. The surface quality of spherical form deviation of stylus tip is also a major factor in the uncertainty in the scale of measurement. Therefore, the final part of this work develops and demonstrate a new measurement technique for spherical form error of the micro-styli with tip diameter below than 10 µm. This methods employed a coherence scanning interferometry, together with new rotational referencing manipulation system and new technique of data fusion. Practical testing was conducted to 300 µm diameter sphere, with a typical uncertainty below 30 nm being obtained.
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Somthong, Thammarat. "3D freeform surface measurement on coordinate measuring machine using photometric stereo method." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15270.
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Surface metrology has been widely used in manufacturing for many years. There has been a wide range of techniques applied for measuring surface topography. A photometric stereo technique is one of the best ways for the analysis of three-dimensional (3D) surface textural patterns. Many published works are concerned the developed approach for recovering the 3D profiles from surface normal. This research not only presents a methodology used to retrieve the profiles of surface roughness standards but also investigates the uncertainty estimation of textural measurement determined by the photometric stereo method. Various input quantities have been studied such as pixel error from recovered 3D surface textural patterns, the power of light source which involved with surface roughness average (Ra) value and the effect of room temperature. The surface roughness standards were utilized as the reference value. In term of increasing accuracy of the reference value, a contact method (stylus instrument) was used to calibrate them. Illumination angles of light source had some influence on the measurement results. A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) was used for holding the light source in order to study the effects of tilt and slant angles. The effect of tilt and slant angles were investigated. The results of these experiments successfully indicated that the angle used in photometric stereo method played an important role to the accuracy level of the roughness measurement results. The surface roughness specimen manufactured by a Computer Numerical Control (CNC) was applied to validate the capability of the photometric stereo system.
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Hiersemenzel, Florine. "Development towards a focus variation based micro-co-ordinate measuring machine." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14920.
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The increasing number of small and fragile parts that are being manufactured using micromachining technology has raised the demand for co-ordinate measurement machines (CMM) that can measure on a micro- and millimetric scale without contacting the part, thus avoiding damage to the surface of the part. These instruments are expected to measure on a micro- and millimetric scale with a measuring uncertainty in the nanometre range. A number of techniques used for contactless surface measurements exist, such as the focus variation (FV) technique, which have the ability to perform measurements on the micro- and millimetric scale in a short amount of time. These instruments may have the potential to be implemented in a non-contact micro-CMM platform.
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Harris, John O. Spence Allan D. "Geometric and quasi-static thermal error compensation of a laser digitizer on a coordinate measuring machine." *McMaster only, 2004.
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Wong, Ching-Li Jimmy. "Computer integrated dimensional inspection of manufactured parts with sculptured surfaces using CAD and coordinate measuring machine /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487672631601377.
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Arencibia, Rosenda Valdés. "Equacionamento das componentes do erro volumétrico em máquinas de medir a três coordenadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-18092015-161256/.
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As Máquinas de Medir a Três Coordenadas (MM3Cs) possuem erros inerentes à sua estrutura que afetam a exatidão e a repetibilidade das medições. Dos erros presentes nessas máquinas, os erros geométricos são, na maioria das vezes, os de maior influência. O resultado da combinação destes erros em cada uma das direções preferenciais é denominado componente do erro volumétrico. Assim, torna-se de vital importância conhecer a relação existente entre as variáveis envolvidas num processo de medição qualquer, ou seja, a relação entre as coordenadas dos pontos medidos, os erros geométricos e as componentes do erro volumétrico. Diversos métodos foram propostos para modelar o comportamento dos erros nas MM3Cs. Entretanto não existem, ainda, modelos matemáticos obtidos a partir de dados experimentais que descrevam e caracterizem estes erros. Por tal motivo este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia geral para equacionar as componentes do erro volumétrico em MM3Cs, utilizando técnicas de regressão múltipla. Esta ferramenta permite de forma simples equacionar e prever o erro volumétrico da máquina avaliada. A metodologia foi aplicada a uma MM3C do tipo \"Ponte Móvel\". Foram obtidas três equações de regressão, uma para cada componente do erro, a partir de dados levantados através da calibração direta, especificamente o método do volume dividido. A adequabilidade do modelo foi avaliada estatisticamente. Os resultados obtidos foram discutidos e comparados com os resultados obtidos através da calibração utilizando-se uma barra de esferas, constatando-se uma excelente capacidade do modelo na previsão do erro total da máquina. Ainda, efetuo-se a compensação do erro volumétrico em duas diagonais do volume de trabalho da máquina avaliada utilizando-se o modelo proposto, neste caso, o erro foi diminuído sensivelmente.The accuracy and the repeatability of measurements of Three Coordinates Measuring Machines (CMM) are affected by several errors. Among them, geometrical errors are the most influents in the most experimental cases. The result of geometric errors combination in each of the preferentials directions is denominated of volumetric error components. Thus, its possible to know the existent relationship between coordinates of measured points and volumetric error components. Several methods have been proposed to model the behavior of the volumetric error in CMM as a function of the X, Y and Z coordinates. However, sofar from experimental measurements of the volumetric error has bem proposed mathematical model for the descriptions and characterizations of errors was obtained. In this work is presented a general methodology to obtain a mathematical equation and prediction of them components of the volumetric errors, using multiple regression. The methodology was applied at a of \"Moving Bridge\" CMM type. Were obtained three regression equations, one for each component of the error, starting from data collected by direct calibration, specifically by the divided volume method. The model was evaluated statistically. The simulated results were evaluated, discussed and compared with the results obtained through the ball bar calibration, showing an excellent capacity of the model in the prediction of the volumetric error of the machine. Besides was made the compensation of the volumetric error in two diagonals of the working volume of the appraised machine using the proposed model, in this case the error was minimized sensibly.
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Lobato, Hugo Manuael Pinto. "An investigation into coordinate measuring machine task specific measurement uncertainty and automated conformance assessment of airfoil leading edge profiles." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3439/.
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The growing demand for ever more greener aero engines has led to ever more challenging designs and higher quality products. An investigation into Coordinate Measuring Machine measurement uncertainty using physical measurements and virtual simulations revealed that there were several factors that can affect the measurement uncertainty of a specific task. Measurement uncertainty can be affected by temperature, form error and measurement strategy as well as Coordinate Measuring Machine specification. Furthermore the sensitivity of circular features size and position varied, when applying different substitute geometry algorithms was demonstrated. The Least Squares Circle algorithm was found to be more stable when compared with the Maximum Inscribed Circle and the Minimum Circumscribed Circle. In all experiments it was found that the standard deviation when applying Least Squares Circle was of smaller magnitude but similar trends when compared with Maximum Inscribed Circle and the Minimum Circumscribed Circle. A Virtual Coordinate Measuring Machine was evaluated by simulating physical measurement scenarios of different artefacts and different features. The results revealed good correlation between physical measurements uncertainty results and the virtual simulations. A novel methodology for the automated assessment of leading edge airfoil profiles was developed by extracting the curvature of airfoil leading edge, and the method lead to a patent where undesirable features such as flats or rapid changes in curvature could be identified and sentenced. A software package named Blade Inspect was developed in conjunction with Aachen (Fraunhoufer) University for the automated assessment and integrated with a shop floor execution system in a pre-production facility. The software used a curvature tolerancing method to sentence the leading edge profiles which aimed at removing the subjectivity associated with the manual vision inspection method. Initial trials in the pre-production facility showed that the software could sentence 200 profiles in 5 minutes successfully. This resulted in a significant improvement over the current manual visual inspection method which required 3 hours to assess the same number of leading edge profiles.
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Camboulives, Martin. "Étalonnage d'un espace de travail par multilatération." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLN024/document.
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Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont pour but la maîtrise des méthodes d'étalonnage par multilatération. Ils s'inscrivent dans une collaboration entre le Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais (LNE) et le Laboratoire Universitaire de Recherche en Production Automatisée (LURPA). Dans ces travaux, la multilatération est dite séquentielle car réalisée avec un unique Laser Tracer positionné successivement plusieurs points de l'espace. La détermination de ces positions ainsi que des bras-morts de l'interféromètre est le point clef de la méthode. Pour l'évaluation des incertitudes, le raccordement aux étalons est fait via les longueurs interférométriques délivrées par le Laser Tracer. Elles sont associées à des défauts caractéristiques d'une cinématique particulière ou aux coordonnées des points mesurés. Elles sont évaluées au travers de la stratégie de mesure et des performances de chaque composant intervenant lors de la procédure d'étalonnage. Mesurer les coordonnées d'un point cible de l'espace par multilatération implique de connaître les positions des points de vue depuis lesquels le point est visé, ainsi que les longueurs qui le séparent des points de vue qui en pratique sont les centres des Laser Tracer. La méthode que nous proposons permet d'identifier les positions et bras-morts des Laser Tracer qui constituent un repère de mesure qualifié de Système Mesurant de Référence (SMR), puis de réaliser la multilatération. Ensuite, l'extraction de défauts volumiques permet éventuellement d'identifier les défauts cinématiques d'une chaîne de solides particulière associée au volume de mesure. Dans cette optique, nous proposons une procédure type inspirée des travaux du LNE axés sur l'utilisation d'une barre à trous pour identifier les défauts cinématiques d'une MMT à trois axes cartésiens. Cette méthode se démarque des approches actuellement proposées car le SMR est construit indépendamment de l'identification des défauts de l'appareil de mesure. De plus, la procédure d'étalonnage que nous proposons repose sur une investigation axe par axe plutôt que par une optimisation globale du problème d'étalonnage. En nous focalisant sur les machines à mesurer tridimensionnelles (MMT), nous proposons un bilan d'incertitudes qui a inclus des facteurs dont le rôle n'était auparavant pas pris en compte dans la littérature. Ces facteurs sont liés au fait de n'utiliser qu'un seul Laser Tracer pour étalonner la MMT. Nous proposons un module d'évaluation des incertitudes qui permet, grâce à des simulations de Monte Carlo, d'identifier l'influence de chacun de facteurs d'incertitude. La pertinence d'une stratégie d'étalonnage peut donc être évaluée à priori de la mise en œuvre de la procédure. L'outil de simulation proposé s'appuie sur la simulation du comportement de la MMT et de celui du Laser Tracer lors de la mesure. Deux indicateurs d'incertitude sont proposés pour l'étude des incertitudes. L'un est lié à l'exactitude de calcul du SMR construit sur les positions successives du Laser Tracer, l'autre est une image de l'incertitude obtenu sur les profils des défauts cinématiques calculés. Cet outil de simulation a permis de valider l'importance des sources d'incertitudes établies initialement pour l'étalonnage d'une MMT à trois axes cartésiens. L’ensemble de la démarche a été appliqué et validé pour une MMT à 3 axes cartésiens en conditions de laboratoire chez un industriel. Cependant, l’approche proposée découple la construction du SMR de l’identification des défauts cinématiques. Elle peut donc être facilement étendue à des systèmes de mesure 3D variés. Nous montrons donc que la démarche globale peut s’appliquer à des espaces de mesure sans cinématique machine. Il s’agit alors d’identifier les défauts volumiques associés à l’espace de mesure, ainsi que les incertitudes associées à la méthode d’étalonnage mise en œuvre. Afin d’illustrer notre propos, nous traitons le cas d’espaces de travail associés à un système de mesure optiqueThis thesis aims at developing calibration procedures and methods for measuring tools such as coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) and stereovision devices. This work is incorporated within the framework of a collaboration between the Laboratoire national de métrologie et d’essais (LNE) and the Automated Production Research Laboratory (LURPA). In the scope of this thesis, multilateration is qualified as sequential because it is carried out by a single tracking interferometer (Laser Tracer) that is placed in different positions during the calibration procedure. In order to assess the calibration uncertainties, the link to the length standards is obtained through the measured lengths provided by the interferometer. Each one of these measured lengths is linked to the kinematic chain parametric errors that cause the volumetric errors of the CMM or directly to the measured points coordinates. They are assessed thanks to the study of both the calibration procedure and the performance of each component that takes part in the calibration procedure.Performing multilateration to obtain the spatial coordinates of a point requires to know both the stand points from which the point is measured and the distances between the stand points and the measured point. Practically, the stand points are the Laser Tracer positions. The proposed method aims at identifying the Laser Tracer’s positions and dead-paths lengths first in order to build a reference measuring frame, then performing multilateration. Then, if the measuring device is a CMM, its kinematic chain parametric errors are identified. For this matter, we propose a specific procedure based on the LNE knowledge on CMM calibration carried out using hole-bars. The originality of the proposed method lies in the fact that the reference measuring frame and the measuring device errors are calculated independently from each other. Plus, when addressing the case of a CMM calibration, the kinematic chain parametric errors are extracted one by one when a global optimization algorithm is usually performed nowadays.We focus on the case of CMMs calibration and we propose a precise analysis of all the sources of errors. It includes factors which influence was not studied before. They appear to result from the fact that a single tracking interferometer is used to calibrate the CMM. A simulation module based on a Monte Carlo approach has been developed. It enables the study of the influence of each source of errors independently from the other ones. Hence, the relevance of a measuring strategy can be assessed beforehand. This module simulates the behaviour of both the CMM and the Laser Tracer to evaluate uncertainties. We propose two indicators to observe the relative influence of each uncertainty factor. The first one is linked to the reference frame that is built on the successive positions of the Laser Tracer. The second one represents the global uncertainty one the kinematic chain parametric errors. This uncertainty assessment module has been successfully used to highlight the importance of sources of errors which role used to not be studied.The calibration procedure and uncertainty assessment module we propose have been successfully applied to a 3-axis cartesian CMM in laboratory conditions. Plus, since the reference measuring frame and the kinematic chain parametric errors identification are performed separately, the method we propose can be applied to other measuring devices. We especially explain how to apply it in the case of a measuring device based on stereovision
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MODI, ATUL. "A DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS BASED APPROACH FOR OPTIMAL INSPECTION OF CIRCULARITY TOLERANCE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1031335132.
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Garza-Delgado, Abelardo. "A study of casting distortion and residual stresses in die casting." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1196175848.
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Kim, Heeyoung. "Statistical methods for function estimation and classification." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44806.
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This thesis consists of three chapters. The first chapter focuses on adaptive smoothing splines for fitting functions with varying roughness. In the first part of the first chapter, we study an asymptotically optimal procedure to choose the value of a discretized version of the variable smoothing parameter in adaptive smoothing splines. With the choice given by the multivariate version of the generalized cross validation, the resulting adaptive smoothing spline estimator is shown to be consistent and asymptotically optimal under some general conditions. In the second part, we derive the asymptotically optimal local penalty function, which is subsequently used for the derivation of the locally optimal smoothing spline estimator. In the second chapter, we propose a Lipschitz regularity based statistical model, and apply it to coordinate measuring machine (CMM) data to estimate the form error of a manufactured product and to determine the optimal sampling positions of CMM measurements. Our proposed wavelet-based model takes advantage of the fact that the Lipschitz regularity holds for the CMM data. The third chapter focuses on the classification of functional data which are known to be well separable within a particular interval. We propose an interval based classifier. We first estimate a baseline of each class via convex optimization, and then identify an optimal interval that maximizes the difference among the baselines. Our interval based classifier is constructed based on the identified optimal interval. The derived classifier can be implemented via a low-order-of-complexity algorithm.
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Camargo, Rosana. "Uma metodologia para o cálculo da incerteza das medições a três coordenadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-11072018-152343/.
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O valor de uma grandeza é determinado por um conjunto de operações que caracterizam a medição. O resultado obtido por estas operações é o valor da grandeza, que nunca é o verdadeiro, porque toda medição possui erros de natureza sistemática ou aleatória, que acrescenta uma incerteza ao resultado. Assim, todo resultado de uma medição deve incluir informações sobre a sua incerteza, isto é, sobre o intervalo dentro do qual se estima que esteja o valor verdadeiro. Um consenso internacional sobre o assunto levou à elaboração da ISO-GUM (Guia para a Expressão da Incerteza de Medição), que fornece regras para a obtenção da expressão da incerteza da medição de grandezas físicas. No entanto, quando se trata da incerteza de medição por coordenadas, isto é, a incerteza na localização de um ponto no espaço, determinado através da indicação de uma máquina de medir a três coordenadas (MM3C), o problema é bem mais complexo. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é descrever uma metodologia para calcular a incerteza da medição por coordena das. Este cálculo envolve a calibração direta da máquina para a avaliação dos 21 possíveis erros geométricos, a análise destes erros para a determinação das equações que permitem calcular as incertezas de cada erro individualmente, e a análise geométrica da estrutura da máquina para determinar as equações de sintetização Ex, Ey e Ez, nas direções de seus eixos. Para definição da metodologia as equações que descrevem a variância combinada dos erros avaliados na calibração, foram substituídas nas equações que definem a variância do erro volumétrico das componentes Ex, Ey e Ez, dando origem às equações gerais que permitem determinar a incerteza do resultado da medição em uma MM3C.The value of a magnitude is determined through a group of operations that characterize it. The result obtained by these operations is the value of the magnitude, and this value is never the true one because all measurements undergo errors of systematic or random nature, which increase an uncertainty to its result. Thus, all measurement result should include information about its uncertainty, that is, about the interval of values inside of which is considered that the true value is. An international accord, on that subject, allowed the elaboration of the ISO-GUM (Guide for the Expression of the Uncertainty of Measurement), that supplies rules for obtaining the expression of the measurement uncertainty for calibrations, linear dimensional measurements, among others. However, when the task is to estirnate the uncertainty of coordinate measurements, that is, the uncertainty of a point in the space, determined through the indication of a coordinate measuring machine (CMM), the problem is much more complex. Thus, the objective of this work is the description of a methodology to calculate the uncertainty measurements indication of a three coordinate measuring machine. This involves the direct calibration of the machine for the evaluation of the 21 possible geometric errors, the error analysis for defining the equations that allow to estimate the uncertainties of each error individually and the geometric analysis of the machine structure for determining the error synthetization equations Ex, Ey and Ez. The equations that describe the uncertainty of the geometric error measurements were substituted in the uncertainty equations of Ex, Ey and Ez, creating the general equations that allow to determine the uncertainty of the result of a measurement with a CMM.
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Vieira, Alessandro David. "Calibração indireta de máquina de medir por coordenadas utilizando esquadro mecânico de esferas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18146/tde-13012011-133713/.
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Com o crescimento industrial e tecnológico nas últimas décadas, as indústrias passaram a oferecer produtos customizados, ou seja, desenvolvidos com tolerâncias geométricas cada vez mais apertadas e geometrias cada vez mais complexas. Com isso, as máquinas de medir por coordenadas (MMC) vêm tornando-se instrumentos essenciais no ambiente industrial. A MMC é extremamente versátil o que possibilita a medição das mais diversas características geométricas e dimensionais. Padrões para calibração de MMC foram sugeridos e colocados em uso através dos anos, com a finalidade de utilizá-los em testes de aceitação e verificação periódica dos erros e da incerteza de medição de MMC. Novos artefatos para a calibração indireta de MMC visam melhorar os procedimentos de calibração para uso em sistemas de compensação de erros. Diante do exposto acima, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um procedimento de calibração indireta de MMC com o esquadro de esferas aliado a um modelo reduzido de sintetização de erros (MRSE) para uso em um Sistema de Compensação de Erros. O procedimento possibilita maior rapidez na obtenção dos valores e comportamentos dos erros quando comparado com outros procedimentos de calibração indireta. O procedimento proposto tem como vantagem o uso de um esquadro de esferas para medir todos os termos das equações das componentes do erro volumétrico, nas direções X, Y e Z de uma MMC.With the technological and industrial growth in recent decades, the industries began to offer customized products, that is, products that fit individual specifications and often present increasingly tight tolerances and increasingly complex geometries. Therefore, the coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) have become an essential tool in the industrial environment. The CMM is very versatile since it allows the measurement of several geometric and dimensional features at once. Different standards for the calibration of CMMs were suggested and put into use through the years. This type of standard is traditionally used in acceptance tests and periodic verifications of the CMMs and in the evaluation of measurement uncertainties. New artifacts for indirect calibration of CMMs are proposed to allow the development of better procedures of error evaluation and compensation. Considering the above, this work aims to develop a procedure for indirect calibration of CMMs using a mechanical ball square combined with a reduced model of synthesis of Errors (MRSE). As a result, a compensation system for CMM errors is obtained. The procedure allows a faster evaluation of the values and behaviors of errors when compared with other indirect calibration procedures. Additionally, the proposed procedure has the advantage of using a single artifact to measure all the components of the volumetric error in the directions X, Y and Z of a CMM.
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Flores, Fabricio Jesus. "Medição do tipo passa-não passa em máquina de medir a três coordenadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-20032017-103759/.
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A fabricação de produtos cada vez melhores é fator imperativo, pois sob o ponto de vista dos fabricantes, maior fatia do mercado, maiores lucros, e para o consumidor produtos de melhor desempenho, maior vida útil, maior compacticidade, ou seja, qualidade. Por sua vez, garantir esta qualidade exige uma definição adequada das características do produto, obrigando o mundo tecnológico a investir na procura por melhores meios de controle dimensional. A tendência pelo aumento da qualidade dos produtos faz surgir a necessidade de se construir ou aperfeiçoar sistemas de medição que possam avaliar com grande rapidez e acuracidade as mais diversas características dimensionais. O objetivo deste trabalho é implementar um sistema informatizado que permita simular calibradores do tipo Passa-Não Passa em uma Máquina de Medir a Três Coordenadas (MM3C) do tipo Ponte Móvel. Cabe destacar que a grande vantagem do sistema proposto consiste na flexibilidade que se tem nas mudanças das características geométricas de cada calibrador. Com pequenas alterações no programa computacional pode-se modificar tolerâncias, diâmetros e qualidades de inspeção. Para tanto, o sistema deve possuir uma base de dados com informações da peça a ser avaliada. Com o auxílio destas informações, o sistema pode orientar o operador sobre os procedimentos a serem tomados durante o processo de inspeção.The manufacturing of better products is an imperative factor, as it results, from the manufacturers point of view, in larger market share, high profit and, for the consumers, better performance and long life products, which means quality. On the other hand, providing quality demands a suitable definition of the product features, pushing the technology world into a search for better means of dimensional control. The tendency of increasing product quality raises the necessity of constructing or improving measurement systems which are able to evaluate a wide variety of dimensional characteristics with high accuracy and velocity. The aim of this work is to accomplish a computer system that simulates go-not-go gauges on a moving bridge coordinate measuring machine. The great advantage of the proposed system consists in the flexibility available to adapt into each gauge different geometric features. With small modifications in the computational program, tolerances, diameters and ISO tolerance can be altered. In order to perform these modifications, the system must hold a database regarding the article to be evaluated. With this information, the system can guide the operator about the procedure to be followed during the inspection process.
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Huang, Ching-Yao. "Measurement and Comparison of Progressive Addition Lenses by Three Techniques." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306849853.
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Jelínek, Vít. "Kalibrace skleněných měřítek." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232162.
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This thesis deals with a more work-efficient and time-efficient method of calibration of standard glass scales, with practical use in the Czech Metrology Institute Regional Inspectorate in Brno. The desired streamlining of calibration were achieved in the use of a 3D coordinate measuring machine Micro-Vu Excel 4520. In the service software InSpec, six measuring programs were designed in the use of a standard glass scale brand SIP. The measurement uncertainties of this calibration were presented and calculated. This thesis draws up a draft proposal of the calibration procedure and drafts a formalized document of the calibration.
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Silva, Marlio Antonio da. "Estudo e aplicação de medição com câmera de vídeo em máquinas de medição por coordenadas." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2017. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8983.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
It is evident that with the increasing advance of the manufacturing industry there is a need for an efficient quality control that meets this demand produced within an increasingly shorter period of time. As a result of this, Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) are widely used for inspection of various components in the current industry, in addition to having the Computer Numeric Control (CNC) - which makes the measurement process much faster than conventional methods - can still measure numerous geometries, since they have several sensors that are suitable for various situations, therefore, there is hardly a configuration that the CMM can’t measure. Measurements made by a CMM can be divided into two groups: contact measurements and non-contact measurements. Contact measurements use the touch sensor, known as a probe, which collects coordinate points on the measured piece with the sensor deflection when touching. Non-contact measurements can be performed with the laser sensor or a digital camera. The present work of master dissertation aims to present some applications of non-contact measurements with the use of a CMM, which incorporates a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) camera, in components such as fuel injectors nozzles, printed circuit boards and sphere of high accuracy, since these elements have geometries with dimensions less than 4 mm, making it impossible to measure with the use of the conventional contact measurement system.
É evidente que com o crescente avanço da indústria manufatureira exista a necessidade de um controle de qualidade eficiente, que atenda essa demanda produzida dentro de um espaço de tempo cada vez mais curto. Em função disto, as Máquinas de Medição por Coordenadas (MMC) são amplamente empregadas para inspeção de diversos componentes na indústria atual, pois além de contarem com o Comando Numérico Computacional (CNC) – o que torna o processo de medição muito mais rápido do que os métodos convencionais - podem ainda medir inúmeras geometrias, uma vez que dispõem de diversos sensores que são adequados para várias situações, por conseguinte, dificilmente haverá uma configuração que a MMC não possa medir. As medições efetuadas por uma MMC podem ser dividas em dois grandes grupos: as medições por contato e as medições sem contato. As medições por contato utilizam o sensor de toque, conhecido como apalpador, que coleta pontos coordenados na peça medida com a deflexão do sensor quando houver o toque. As medições sem contato podem ser realizadas com o sensor laser ou uma câmera digital. O presente trabalho de dissertação de mestrado tem como finalidade apresentar algumas aplicações de medições sem contato com a utilização de uma MMC, que incorpora uma câmera CCD (Charge-Coupled Device), em componentes como bicos injetores de combustível, placas de circuito impresso e esferas de alta exatidão, visto que esses elementos apresentam geometrias com dimensões inferiores a 4 mm, impossibilitando medições com o uso do sistema de medição por contato convencional.
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Kiška, Roman. "Stanovení přesnosti měření souřadnicového měřicího stroje Zeiss UPMC Carat." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442852.
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The aim of this diploma thesis is to create a comprehensive study of measurement accuracy of coordinate measuring machine (hereinafter CMM) Zeiss UPMC 850 Carat S-ACC (hereinafter Zeiss Carat) for the needs of the national metrological institute in Brno in accordance with ČSN EN ISO / IEC 17025 and the follow-up system standards of the ČSN EN ISO 10360 series. Additionally, it includes the creation of instructions for the calculation of measurement uncertainty, which will be put into effect in an accredited calibration laboratory. The first part of the work focuses on the description of the current state of knowledge and the definition of basic concepts in the field of metrology and accurate measurements on CMM. The second part describes the Zeiss Carat measuring machine, identifies the individual contributors to the resulting measurement uncertainty and defines the methodology for their quantification. The last part deals with the evaluation of calibration data and the calculation of the expanded measurement uncertainty of the Zeiss Carat instrument, which is used to quantify its accuracy.
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Sobotková, Kateřina. "Zvýšení efektivity kontroly ramene tankovací nádrže." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401062.
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The diploma thesis consists of a new design of a controlling procedure for a plastic component of a tank. Its theoretical part deals with the potential sources of errors and uncertainties arising from the measuring itself. It also deals with the characteristics of available CMM devices and includes an analysis of the methods assessing the acceptability of the measurement plan. The practical part analyses systematically the current state and proposes a new solution using a program created using a coordinate machine. A comparison of both variants is presented as an output of the thesis.
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Vančurová, Martina. "Využití souřadnicového měřicího stroje pro hodnocení kvality povrchu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-378396.
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This master’s thesis deals with the use of a coordinate measuring machine probe for surface texture evaluation. The thesis’ goals were to describe the Renishaw’s SFP2 probe, to analyze the measurement system of the probe and a common stylus instrument, to carry out a demonstrative measurement, to analyze measurement results and to give practical recommendations. The measurement system analysis of the SFP2 consists in the evaluation of minimal specification limits of selected roughness parameters, for which gauge capability can be proven. The analysis results are compared with the results of the measurement system analysis of the Surtronic 25 profilometer. The differences in the measuring processes of mentioned devices are demonstrated by surface texture inspection of torque converter body. For the measurement result analysis, uncertainties in the selected surface texture parameters are calculated in two ways. Finally, recommendations for the producer of the probe and for its users are worked out. The results of this thesis may contribute to a wider use of a coordinate measuring machines for surface quality evaluation.
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Bluteau, Hélène. "Contribution à l'amélioration de la qualité des mesures sur les machines à mesurer tridimensionnelles : surveillance, diagnostic et correction des défaillances." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DENS0007.
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Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire sont centrés sur l'amélioration de la qualité des mesures réalisées sur machine à mesurer tridimensionnelle (MMT) en milieu industriel. En particulier nous nous intéressons au diagnostic et à la correction des défaillances de la chaine de mesure. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons un travail d'expertise des savoir-faire des utilisateurs sous la forme d'une analyse des modes de défaillance et de leur criticité (amdec) des maillons de la chaine de mesure, ainsi qu'une analyse d'un ensemble de procédures qualité industrielles usuelles. Une étude bibliographique des solutions présentées dans la littérature complète l'expertise menée. Suite à ces travaux, nous avons défini la structure et les fonctionnalités d'un superviseur de MMT adapté aux contraintes d'utilisation des MMT en milieu industriel. Nous proposons des indicateurs qualité, ainsi que des procédures adaptées pour leur évaluation. Le superviseur, enrichi avec les indicateurs et procédures expérimentés doit mener a la maitrise de la qualité des mesures réalisées sur MMT. Les indicateurs de qualité calculés et suivis pour la supervision, offrent des perspectives en vue de l'évaluation des incertitudes sur les mesures.
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Kubín, Michal. "Validace plastového výrobku v automobilovém průmyslu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-382115.
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This master thesis deals with the importance of testing of plastic parts in the automotive industry. It defines the basic principles and concepts of project management within product validation, specifies the principles in the corporate environment of ATEK s.r.o. Part of the thesis is the creation of a validation plan and a schedule of labory tests for the selected product from the BMW AG G20 project. The work defines the conditions and the execution of selected tests, eg the climate change test according to the BMW standard PR303.5. The tests are then evaluated. The output from the evaluation is a product optimization proposal.
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Prokeš, Tomáš. "Výroba přírub s využitím postupu PPAP a normy ISO 9001." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241034.
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In the first part of this thesis is described implementation of quality management system in a small company according to ISO 9001. Next part is about production process by method PPAP. In this section is solved primarily ISO 9001 standard, statistical control of production and certification company according to requirements of ISO 9001. Second part is focused on mass production of flange by using the company facilities Kovobrábění Sobotka. In the end of thesis are reflected weaknesses of production. In the conclusion is described technical and economic evaluation of implementation QMS and machining sample parts.
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Castano, Antoine. "Methode d'analyse des cotes de fabrication." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066123.
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Modele definissant la distance entre deux surfaces par une fonction aleatoire. Ce modele permet l'analyse du comportement de la piece dans son montage d'usinage. Il permet d'exploiter les donnees des machines a mesurer tridimensionnelles ainsi que les controles statistiques. On en deduit une methode generale de determination des cotations de fabrication. Applications a la productique, a la fabrication assistee, aux systemes flexibles de fabrication et a l'informatique industrielle
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Ji, Hong. "Development of a novel optical contact probing system for nano-CMM." 2008. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/79344.
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This thesis describes the development and the verification of a novel micro probe system for high accurancy downscaled Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs).Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2008.
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Moor, Pamela Murray. "Modeling Coordinate Measuring Machine Scanning Operations." 2007. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/408.
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International standards require that dimensional inspection operations include an assessment of measurement uncertainty. Scanning coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are frequently used to measure part surfaces and features, and there is a continuing need to improve their performance for high precision measurement applications. This research provides a mechanism for minimizing the uncertainty of measurements made with a CMM in scanning mode by developing a model of CMM scanning that allows selection of optimum scanning parameters.
The method for selecting scanning parameters is based on models developed from measurements of a ring with a constant five micrometer amplitude swept sine wave machined on the inner and outer diameters. The inputs to the model are the scanning force, scanning speed, low-pass filter cut-off frequency, rotary table action, probe tip diameter, and ring orientation. The methods used in this work are based on techniques developed for point-to-point probing. The first phase of research develops a calibration method for the ring artifact and determines the calibration measurement uncertainty. The second phase develops models of CMM scanning operations based on measurements of the wavy ring. The final phase generates a measurement protocol to select scanning parameters based on these models.
The primary significance of this research is that it provides a method to develop and validate a model of probe/workpiece interaction for a scanning CMM. Additionally, a method is provided to select the scanning parameters such as probe tip diameter, filters, scanning speed, and probing force to minimize measurement uncertainty. Finally, this work establishes a framework for future modeling of precision scanning operations. The methodology used is applicable to other precision metrology applications. This work will reduce uncertainty in scanning measurements and will minimize the number of measurement operations required to measure part features as well as surface texture. Therefore, this research has extended the capabilities of CMMs.