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1

Nikolovski, Srete N., Marko Vukobratović, and Ljubomir Majdandzic. "Protection Coordination and Anti Islanding Protection Solution for Biomass Power Plant Connected on Distribution Network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 6 (2016): 2526. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i6.11418.

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<p>Protection coordination as well as anti-island protection play significant role in the process of biomass power plant connection on the distribution network. Distribution generation island operation in Croatia is unacceptable according to the existing National grid code Paper presents a protection coordination of all passive protections used in the real biomass power plant and connected distriubution network feeder. Short-circuits three phase, two phase and single line to ground faults and generator islanding simulations have been performed and simulated in the time domain at the diff
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2

Nikolovski, Srete N., Marko Vukobratović, and Ljubomir Majdandzic. "Protection Coordination and Anti Islanding Protection Solution for Biomass Power Plant Connected on Distribution Network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 6 (2016): 2526. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i6.pp2526-2537.

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<p>Protection coordination as well as anti-island protection play significant role in the process of biomass power plant connection on the distribution network. Distribution generation island operation in Croatia is unacceptable according to the existing National grid code Paper presents a protection coordination of all passive protections used in the real biomass power plant and connected distriubution network feeder. Short-circuits three phase, two phase and single line to ground faults and generator islanding simulations have been performed and simulated in the time domain at the diff
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3

Baskara, Indra, I. W. Sukerayasa, and W. G. Ariastina. "STUDI KOORDINASI PERALATAN PROTEKSI OCR DAN GFR PADA PENYULANG TIBUBENENG." Majalah Ilmiah Teknologi Elektro 14, no. 2 (2015): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mite.2015.v14i02p10.

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Tibubeneng feeder equipped with protective devices over current relay (OCR) and ground fault relay (GFR) installed in Recloser Dama, Recloser Tandeg and relay feeder Tibubeneng in GI. Based on data from PLN Bali, there are 3 times the interference with the feeder Tibubeneng that cause coordination protection error system. The problem of protection error coordination can be addressed by the study coordinated analysis of protection systems. The analysis was performed by making a curve existing coordination OCR settings and GFR in Tibubeneng feeders and comparing it with the coordination curve se
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4

Barnes, Arthur K., Jose E. Tabarez, Adam Mate, and Russell W. Bent. "Optimization-Based Formulations for Short-Circuit Studies with Inverter-Interfaced Generation in PowerModelsProtection.jl." Energies 14, no. 8 (2021): 2160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082160.

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Protecting inverter-interfaced microgrids is challenging as conventional time-overcurrent protection becomes unusable due to the lack of fault current. There is a great need for novel protective relaying methods that enable the application of protection coordination on microgrids, thereby allowing for microgrids with larger areas and numbers of loads while not compromising reliable power delivery. Tools for modeling and analyzing such microgrids under fault conditions are necessary in order to help design such protective relaying and operate microgrids in a configuration that can be protected,
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5

Chavez, A. A., J. L. Guardado, D. Sebastian, and E. Melgoza. "Distance protection coordination using search methods." IEEE Latin America Transactions 6, no. 1 (2008): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tla.2008.4461632.

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6

Wang, Jinxian, Olaf van Vliet, and Kees Goudswaard. "Minimum income protection and EU coordination." European Journal of Social Security 20, no. 3 (2018): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262718798896.

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A number of studies suggest that the Europeanisation process is having a profound impact on national labour market policies. Nevertheless, rather little research has been devoted to the development of social assistance schemes across countries and over time. Relying on two new indicators, benefit levels and replacement rates, we examined the relationship between the Lisbon Strategy and changes in national social assistance benefits. We found no robust results for the first years of the Lisbon Strategy. However, after its re-launch in 2005, there was a positive association between the Lisbon St
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7

Gómez, J. C., J. Vaschetti, M. Piumetto, J. Arcurio, and C. Coyos. "Protection of Power Semiconductors in Inverters, using Fuses and their Coordination with the Protection Schemes of the Distribution System." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 19 (September 2021): 483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj19.323.

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The integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) implies an important challenge for the protection of the distribution network, due to the incorporation of devices with less capacity to withstand normal disturbances in distribution systems, particularly for overcurrents and overvoltages. The increasingly widespread use of power electronics, incorporated in rectifiers and inverters, which due to its weakness requires highspeed protection devices, complicates coordination with the traditional protection of distribution systems. Converters (rectifiers and inverters) require ultra-fast protec
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8

Kirui, Kemei Peter, David K. Murage, and Peter K. Kihato. "Impacts of Placement of Wind Turbine Generators with Different Interfacing Technologies on Radial Distribution Feeder Fuse-Fuse Protection Coordination Scheme." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 10 (2019): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.10.1582.

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The ever increasing demand on the electrical energy has led to the diversification on the electrical energy generation technologies especially from the renewable energy sources like the wind and the solar PV. Micro-grids powered by distributed generators utilizing renewable energy sources are on the increase across the globe due to the natural abundance of the resources, the favorable government policies and the resources being environmentally friendly. However, since the electrical power distribution networks have always been passive networks, the connection of the distributed generations (DG
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9

Akila, Abdelrahman Ahmed, Ahmed Helal, and Hussein Eldesouki. "Protection of Active Distribution Systems with DGs." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 16, no. 5 (2015): 399–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2015-0033.

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Abstract Distribution systems are traditionally designed as radial passive systems fed from a single source. Protection coordination of such systems has been easily established assuming the system radiality. Insertion of distributed generators (DGs) into distribution systems makes the distribution system to be more active which causes redistribution of fault currents magnitudes and directions. This causes negative impacts on the original protection system coordination, since the distribution system losses its radiality and passiveness. Recently protection coordination in the presence of distri
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10

Liu, Gui Lin, Xin Li Song, and Wei Song. "Analysis on Coordination of Loss of Excitation Protection, Out-of-Step Protection and Out-of-Step Splitting." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.398.

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In units’ grid-related protection, loss of excitation protection and out-of-step protection are very important to ensure the stable running of grid. If both can realize the right coordination when unit occur a phenomenon of low excitation, it can improve the level of power source coordinated with grid. However, there is a problem in the coordination of both. Propose an idea to solve the problem based on power angle. Besides, out-of-step protection and out-of-step splitting exists a coordination relation according to the location of out-of-step oscillation center. In order to prevent the collap
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11

Jin, Dae-Geun, Won-Jun Choi, Dong-Jun Won, Hak-Ju Lee, Woo-Kyu Chae, and Jung-Sung Park. "Protection Coordination Strategy of Microgrid Demonstration Site." Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 61, no. 7 (2012): 966–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2012.61.7.966.

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12

Kameda, Hideyuki. "Estimation Method of Coordination between Protection Relays." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 131, no. 5 (2011): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.131.409.

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13

Abbasi, Ali, Hossein Kazemi Karegar, and Tohid Soleymani Aghdam. "Inter-trip links incorporated optimal protection coordination." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 1 (2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i1.pp72-79.

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Due to advances in smart grid, different communication links as delay, inter-trip and activation are used between relays to enhance the protection system performance. In this paper, the effect of inter-trip links on optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) is analytically investigated and modelled. Moreover, an index is proposed to find the optimum locations for inter-trip link installation to reach the minimal fault clearance times under the selectivity constraint. Then a method is proposed to determine the candidate locations of inter-trip links and the associated reduc
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14

Sinha, Tulika, Papia Ray, and Surender Reddy Salkuti. "Protection Coordination in Microgrid UsingFault Current Limiters." Journal of Green Engineering 8, no. 2 (2018): 125–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.13052/jge1904-4720.822.

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15

Bhattacharya, S. K., and S. K. Goswami. "Distribution Network Reconfiguration Considering Protection Coordination Constraints." Electric Power Components and Systems 36, no. 11 (2008): 1150–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325000802084463.

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16

Thararak, Panida, and Peerapol Jirapong. "Implementation of Optimal Protection Coordination for Microgrids with Distributed Generations Using Quaternary Protection Scheme." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2020 (February 13, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2568652.

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The flexible operation of microgrids, along with the availability of distributed generation (DG) units, causes a variety of changes in short-circuit current levels, magnitudes, and directions, which has undesirable effects on the operation of protection systems. Conventional protection schemes use typical directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) with limited operating capability, unable to respond to microgrid operations in the manner of short-circuit current changes. In this paper, a quaternary protection scheme implemented with dual-directional overcurrent relays (dual-DOCR) and a protection c
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17

Elsadd, Mahmoud A., Abdel-Maksoud I. Taalab, Tamer A. Kawady, and Nagy I. Elkalashy. "Clearing Break Points of Overcurrent Protection Coordination for Parallel Distribution Feeder." International Journal of Energy and Environment 14 (January 18, 2021): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91012.2020.14.8.

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This paper presents a modified overcurrent protection system to overcome the break points of a parallel distribution feeder protection. For realizing an appropriate protection setting, two concepts are introduced, and their performance is evaluated. These concepts are the adaptive coordination exploiting smart grid information and the modified coordination methods. The modified coordination is adjusted with changing of the contemporary worst fault point. A comparative study is done between the adaptive, modified, and conventional coordination concepts. For investigation purposes, a 11 kV distr
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18

Yang, Ming-Ta, and Li-Feng Chang. "Optimal Protection Coordination for Microgrid under Different Operating Modes." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/404086.

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Significant consequences result when a microgrid is connected to a distribution system. This study discusses the impacts of bolted three-phase faults and bolted single line-to-ground faults on the protection coordination of a distribution system connected by a microgrid which operates in utility-only mode or in grid-connected mode. The power system simulation software is used to build the test system. The linear programming method is applied to optimize the coordination of relays, and the relays coordination simulation software is used to verify if the coordination time intervals (CTIs) of the
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19

Cheng, Jun Jun, Cheng Cheng, Kui Fei Yu, Antti Ylä-Jääski, Zhong Li, and Hao Zhang. "Mechanism on RFID Tag Privacy Information Coordination Protection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 3195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.3195.

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RFID system is facing the serious problems of private security, which mainly consists of the leakage of tag sensitive information, tracking and monitoring spitefully the carrier of mobile tag. This paper constructs a coordination protection mechanism of tag private information by a variety of reader-writer, which solves the two questions mentioned above. Firstly, a trust-security mechanism used to ensure that the readers in system are trustful. Next, via intercommunication of the readers, the secret key, which is produced by the tag-charged reader, is divided and distributed to the various rea
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20

Orduna, E., F. Garces, and E. Handschin. "Algorithmic-knowledge-based adaptive coordination in transmission protection." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 18, no. 1 (2003): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2002.806683.

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21

Orduna, E., F. Garces, and E. Handschin. "Algorithmic-Knowledge Based Adaptive Coordination in Transmission Protection." IEEE Power Engineering Review 22, no. 12 (2002): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.2002.4311922.

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22

So, C. W., and K. K. Li. "Distribution Backup Protection Optimisation by Time Coordination Method." HKIE Transactions 9, no. 3 (2002): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023697x.2002.10667891.

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23

Comassetto, L., D. P. Bernardon, L. N. Canha, and A. R. Abaide. "Automatic coordination of protection devices in distribution system." Electric Power Systems Research 78, no. 7 (2008): 1210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2007.10.004.

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24

Shaikh, Muhammad Fawad, Sunny Katyara, Zahid Hussain Khand, et al. "Novel Protection Coordination Scheme for Active Distribution Networks." Electronics 10, no. 18 (2021): 2312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182312.

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Distribution networks are inherently radial and passive owing to the ease of operation and unidirectional power flow. Proper installation of Distributed Generators, on the one hand, makes the utility network active and mitigates certain power quality issues e.g., voltage dips, frequency deviations, losses, etc., but on the other hand, it disturbs the optimal coordination among existing protection devices e.g., over-current relays. In order to maintain the desired selectivity level, such that the primary and backup relays are synchronized against different contingencies, it necessitates design
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25

Saldarriaga-Zuluaga, Sergio D., Jesús M. López-Lezama, and Nicolás Muñoz-Galeano. "An Approach for Optimal Coordination of Over-Current Relays in Microgrids with Distributed Generation." Electronics 9, no. 10 (2020): 1740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101740.

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The ever increasing presence of renewable distributed generation (DG) in microgrids is imposing new challenges in protection coordination. The high penetration of renewable DG enables microgrids to operate under different topologies, giving rise to bidirectional power flows and in consequence, rendering traditional coordination approaches inappropriate to guarantee network security. This paper proposes an approach for the optimal coordination of directional over-current relays (OCRs) in microgrids that integrate renewable DG and feature several operational modes. As a main contribution, the ch
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26

Liu, Gui Lin, and Wei Song. "Research on Coordination Tuning of V/Hz Limit and Over-Excitation Protection of a Generator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 536-537 (April 2014): 1518–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.536-537.1518.

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According to the unreasonable phenomenon of coordination of V/Hz limit and over-excitation protection, summarize the coordination principles of V/Hz limit and over-excitation protection with definite time and the principles of V/Hz limit and over excitation protection with inverse time. Analysis the operation characteristics of V/Hz limit and over-excitation protection, and understand two sets of schemes of over-excitation. By learning the relevant theoretical knowledge and their function, it can be derived that V/Hz restriction should take precedence over excitation protection action. On this
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27

Okorie, Patrick, Abdullahi Kunya, Yusuf Jibril, and Adam Abubakar. "Protection Coordination of Distribution Network with Optimally Placed Distribution Generation." ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering 18, no. 3 (2019): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v18n3.171.

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In this study, optimal distribution network protection coordination scheme with directional over current relays is developed. In addition, impact of optimally placed Distribution Generation (DG) on the protection coordination scheme is subsequently evaluated using relay Coordination Time Interval (CTI). As such, the study is carried out in two stages. In the first stage, optimal relays settings (time dial settings and pickup current) are determined. While in the second stage, the maximum DG penetration level with changes in the protection coordination is evaluated. Particle Swarm Optimization
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28

Wijana, Wayan, I. Ketut Wijaya, and I. Made Mataram. "ANALISIS KOORDINASI RELAY ARUS LEBIH (OCR) DAN RECLOSER PADA SISTEM EKSISTING PENYULANG BUKIT JATI." Jurnal SPEKTRUM 5, no. 2 (2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2018.v05.i02.p08.

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Protection systems play an important role to maintain the reliability of distribution line. Over current relay (OCR) is one of the equipments used as a protection line of 20 kV distribution. Feeder of Bukit Jati is equipped over current protection relay equipment installed in Recloser of Banda and relay in the substation feeder. Based on the data of PT. PLN (Persero) APD Bali, there are 5 time-short circuit disorders which one of them tripped the Bukit Jati feeder. Problems over current relay coordination failures can be overcome by analyzing the coordination of protection systems in the feede
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29

Dou, Li Juan, Xin Xin Sun, and Yong Kang Jia. "Discussion on the Reclosing Coordination of 3/2 Circuit Breaker Connection Mode." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 1792–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.1792.

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To ensure power supply reliability, 500kV EHV power system mainly uses 3 / 2 circuit breaker connection mode. However, due to 3 / 2 breaker protection devices caused more complex secondary circuit and relay configuration, therefore, the coordination between circuit breaker protection and reclosing devices becomes prominent issues. This article take the wiring diagram of 500kV TP substation for example, discussed the problems of the line – transformer strings and the line – line strings of reclosing coordination under the 3/2 breaker connection mode. Finally, gives suggestions to improve circui
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30

Obied, Yamur M., and Thamir M. Abdul Wahhab. "Protection Coordination of 33/11 kV Power Distribution Substation in Iraq." Engineering and Technology Journal 39, no. 5A (2021): 723–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i5a.1790.

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The coordination between protective devices is the process of determining the most appropriate timing of power interruption during abnormal conditions in the power system. The aim of this work is to coordinate the protection of the 33/11 kV power distribution substation in Iraq using the CYME 7.1 software package. In this paper overcurrent and earth fault relays are simulated in two cases, with time delay setting and instantaneous setting, to obtain the Time Current Characteristics (TCC) curves for each Circuit Breaker (CB) relay of Al-Karama substation (2×31.5 MVA, 33/11 kV) in Babil distribu
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31

Kamoona, Ameer Aqeel, Ahmed Najm alfadli, and Israa Ali Alshabeeb. "New Method for OC Relay Coordination." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2020 (May 13, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6312975.

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Protection relays design and manufacture have arrived to a new level of advancement; hence, numerical relays have appeared recently. They combine all the functions of monitoring, control, and protection in one device. Also these relays have the ability to communicate with each other to share statuses and orders using GOOSE (generic object‐oriented substation events) messages based on communication protocols such as IEC61850. In this paper, a proposed method for overcurrent (OC) relay coordination has been introduced based on numerical relay features of several setting groups and communication
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32

Zhu, Yuner, and Philip D. Evans. "Surface Protection of Wood with Metal Acetylacetonates." Coatings 11, no. 8 (2021): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080916.

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Metal acetylacetonates are coordination complexes of metal ions and the acetylacetonate anion with diverse uses including catalysts, cross-linking agents and adhesion promotors. Some metal acetylacetonates can photostabilize polymers whereas others are photocatalysts. We hypothesize that the ability of metal acetylacetonates to photostabilize wood will vary depending on the metal in the coordination complex. We test this hypothesis by treating yellow cedar veneers with different acetylacetonates (Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Ti), exposing veneers to natural weathering in Australia, and measuring ch
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33

WIATER, Jaroslaw. "Energy Coordination of SPDs Used in Measurement Circuit Protection." AUTOMATYKA, ELEKTRYKA, ZAKLOCENIA 10, no. 1(35)2019 (2019): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17274/aez.2019.35.02.

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34

WATANABE, Tomoki, and Kohji AJIKI. "Insulation Coordination and Lightening Protection in the Railway System." Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 135, no. 4 (2015): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.135.214.

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35

Haider, Raza, Muhammad Saeed Uz Zaman, Syed Basit Ali Bukhari, et al. "Protection Coordination Using Superconducting Fault Current Limiters in Microgrids." Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers 31, no. 10 (2017): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5207/jieie.2017.31.10.026.

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36

Saleh, Khaled A., Hatem H. Zeineldin, and Ehab F. El-Saadany. "Optimal Protection Coordination for Microgrids Considering N $-$1 Contingency." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 13, no. 5 (2017): 2270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2017.2682101.

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37

Alam, Mahamad Nabab. "Adaptive Protection Coordination Scheme Using Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relays." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 15, no. 1 (2019): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2018.2834474.

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38

Besançon, A., G. Testa, S. Maillard, and F. Bochud. "La protection ABCN en Suisse, 10 ans de coordination." Radioprotection 51, no. 1 (2016): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2015027.

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39

Ramaswami, R., and P. F. McGuire. "Integrated coordination and short circuit analysis for system protection." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 7, no. 3 (1992): 1112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.141821.

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40

Nishihara, Osamu, Shintaro Noda, Yusuke Sakatani, and Masahiko Kurishige. "537 Coordination of protection function for active steering vehicle." Proceedings of the Dynamics & Design Conference 2008 (2008): _537–1_—_537–6_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmedmc.2008._537-1_.

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41

Kim, Seongil, Gabriele Ulissi, Soo-Nam Kim, and Drazen Dujic. "Protection Coordination for Reliable Marine DC Power Distribution Networks." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 222813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3043515.

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42

Abdul Rahim, Mohamad Norshahrani, Hazlie Mokhlis, Abdul Halim Abu Bakar, Mir Toufikur Rahman, Ola Badran, and Nurulafiqah Nadzirah Mansor. "Protection Coordination Toward Optimal Network Reconfiguration and DG Sizing." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 163700–163718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2952652.

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43

Hobbs, C. J. "Coordination in Child Protection: A Review of the Literature." Archives of Disease in Childhood 68, no. 3 (1993): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.68.3.435.

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44

Lu, Xiangwen, Jing-Sheng Song, and Amelia Regan. "Rebate, returns and price protection policies in channel coordination." IIE Transactions 39, no. 2 (2007): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07408170600710408.

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45

Goddard, Chris. "Coordination and child protection: A review of the literature." Child Abuse & Neglect 17, no. 3 (1993): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(93)90068-g.

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46

Hosseini, S. A., H. Askarian Abyaneh, S. H. H. Sadeghi, and R. Eslami. "Improving Adaptive Protection to Reduce Sensitivity to Uncertainties Which Affect Protection Coordination of Microgrids." Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering 42, no. 1 (2018): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40998-018-0049-5.

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47

Dai, Wei Hui, Lian Hua Su, and Xiao Yi Liu. "Dynamic Monitoring and Emergency Response System for Environment Protection." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.571.

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Conventional practices have shown that veracious forecast and effective coordination are very significant for emergency response management on environment protection. Based on the 3G communication network and advanced knowledge base, this paper presented a new dynamic monitoring and emergency response system for the onsite treatment of environmental pollution. It integrates the real-time monitoring, pollution forecast, response plan, and emergency coordination into a knowledge-based system, and help to process the onsite pollution more quickly and precisely.
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48

Mohd Yusof, Nur Aisyah, Zaipatimah Ali, and Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir. "A review of adaptive overcurrent protection in distribution networks with integration of distributed energy resources." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 1 (2020): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i1.pp140-148.

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This paper presents a review of an adaptive overcurrent protection scheme in a distribution network with the integration of distributed energy resources. The rapid integration of distributed energy resources brings challenges to the existing overcurrent protection system. The impacts are change in fault current magnitude and direction of current flow from radial to the multi-source dynamic network, which causes changes in network topology, inaccurate fault detection, and loss of coordination among protection systems. In this paper, the solution identified for reliable operation of overcurrent
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49

Yang, Ming Ta, Jin Lung Guan, and Jhy Cherng Gu. "Analyzing the Impacts of Wind Generator on the Optimal Coordination of Overcurrent Relays." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 1316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.1316.

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Wind generator and distribution systems after interconnection would change the short circuit fault characteristics of the original system and may lead to protection relay malfunctions, and review of the protection coordination. It is necessary to research the impact of existing protection strategies for distribution systems after wind generator interconnection. Linear programming methods were adopted for this study to review the coordination problems among feeder circuit breaker, lateral circuit breaker, and power fuse after radial distribution systems and wind generator interconnections.
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50

Tang, WenFang. "Post-Socialist Transition and Environmental Protection." Journal of Public Policy 13, no. 1 (1993): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00000957.

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ABSTRACTThis article examines the institutional characteristics of market and centrally planned economies and their impact on the environment. It argues that while the planned economies are utilising market mechanisms in environmental protection, their market counterparts are facing more and more environmental problems that require governmental intervention. Using the latest statistical information, the records of sulphur dioxide emission under market and planning over the past twenty years are compared. The findings show that while planned economies generated more pollution due to energy inef
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