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1
Wilkinson, Claire. "Interpreting security : grounding the Copenhagen school in Kyrgyzstan." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1231/.
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This thesis presents a critique of the Copenhagen School's conceptualisation of security via an exploration of the socio-political situation in post-Akaev Kyrgyzstan. Centrally, I consider how different forms of knowledge can inform our interpretations of security. I argue that it is vital to challenge the underlying normative assumptions of the securitization and societal security, which manifest as a disciplinary "Westphalian straitjacket", if we are to produce accounts of places such as Kyrgyzstan that are not founded on stereotypes and untested assumptions. I argue that it is necessary to prioritise context when using theoretical concepts in order to fully situate our research. Adopting an interpretive approach not only in relation to Kyrgyzstan, but also securitization theory, I highlight the pluralities and contradictions of how security means in different settings and on different analytical levels. The issues raised are explored via the reflexive consideration of a number of protests in Bishkek, as well as discussion of the wider socio-cultural and political setting of post-Akaev Kyrgyzstan. I conclude that loosening the Westphalian straitjacket that currently restricts the normative and empirical utility of the Copenhagen School, and IR more generally, is a crucial step towards a more complex and nuanced understanding of security.
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Hauer, Moritz. "Climate Change Complexity: Broadening the Horizon from Copenhagen to Paris." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21387.
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In recent years climate change has been featured much more prominently in scholarly and public discourse. Especially since 2003 and 2007 the focus has shifted towards the security implications of climate change and the necessary measures to deal with climate change. The discourse commonly portrays climate change as a threat that substantially affects national and human security. Using frameworks of the Copenhagen School and Paris School, as well as discourse analysis, this thesis shows that climate change as a security issue is mainly understood in human security terms and seen to exacerbate already existing problems, such as poverty and food insecurity. The social and discursive construction of climate change as a security issue has influenced the policies and practices of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees as well as the United Nations Development Programme, as it has become a central element of their work. It is argued that the Paris School’s climatization framework has more analytical value for the security analysis of climate change than the Copenhagen School’s securitization theory.
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TANNO, GRACE. "THE COPENHAGEN SCHOOL A CONTRIBUTION TO THE AREA OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2002. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=3186@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORO objetivo da dissertação é apresentar a contribuição da Escola de Copenhague para a área de estudos de segurança internacional. Para tanto, será discutida a história da área de estudos de segurança, o contexto histórico no qual a Escola é fundada e por fim, as críticas feitas às teses formuladas por esta. Entretanto, creio que no fim desta dissertação, será possível afirmar que além desta Escola ter contribuído para o desenvolvimento de uma importante perspectiva na área de segurança, será possível sustentar que sua contribuição também se estende para a área de teoria das relações internacionais.
This dissertation seeks to introduce the Copenhague School`s contribution to the area of international security studies. It does so by discussing the history of security studies, as well as the historical context in which the School was founded. It will also be necessary to analyse the main concepts and theoretical perpectives developed by the School. Thereafter, it shall present the criticism levelled at the School`s theoretical and conceptual perspectives. At last, it will become clear that the School`s contribution has surpassed the area of security studies since it has also contributed immensely to the area of international relations theory.
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Felton, Tara. "A Rubik’s Cube®, the Copenhagen School and Israel A Re-conceptualisation of Security 1947–1967." Thesis, Curtin University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/82047.
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What are you afraid of, and what will you do to protect yourself from that threat ? When envisioning the creation of a new state this dissertation lays the groundwork, for the incorporation of a multidimensional pre-state securitization structure which considers threats, opportunities and their flow-on effects. This methodology, as examined through the State of Israel is applicable to new states, and to better understand the success or failure of nation-states.
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Makarenko, Tamara. "The crime-terror continuum : modelling 21st century security dynamics." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/d4300e92-aede-405d-9ee4-fa7d503ed62e.
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The main aim of this thesis is to introduce a new way of thinking about security within International Relations by developing a model that can be used to explain the relationship between terrorism and organised crime. Referred to as the crime-terror continuum (CTC), the model identifies six major points of convergence between the terrorist and criminal worlds. The crime-terror continuum seeks to move away from the traditional confines of International Relations as encapsulated within realist thought. After providing an overview of the limitations of traditional theories, and a working definition of terrorism and organised crime, this thesis applies an alternative conceptual framework - based on a combination of applicable assumptions about security presented by the Copenhagen School, Ken Booth and Mohammed Ayoob - to an understanding of the threats posed by terrorism and organised crime. It also incorporates the understanding of the contemporary security environment provided by the globalisation and netwar proto-paradigms as a way to go beyond debates about concepts by seeking to understand the operational and organisational dynamics of contemporary security threats. Paying special attention to the argument that non-state actors can be equal to state actors in the security domain, this thesis highlights that competition over state functions and territory continues to play an integral role. The alternative view of security and the CTC are subsequently applied to two case studies: Russian Organised Crime and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia. Despite illustrating different aspects of the CTC, these case studies highlight the ability of the conceptual framework and the CTC to explain and understand the post-Cold War security environment.
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VALENCA, MARCELO MELLO. "NEW WARS, PEACE STUDIES AND THE COPENHAGEN SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: BRINGING VIOLENCE BACK INTO SECURITY STUDIES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=16533@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOA tese questiona a marginalização da violência pela literatura dos Estudos de Segurança, o que promoveu o afastamento do campo da dimensão política. Os movimentos de alargamento e aprofundamento tornaram a discussão teórica de Segurança mais rica, mas, ao deixarem de problematizar a violência, levaram à ruptura da relação produtiva entre teoria e prática que norteava os estudos da disciplina desde a sua origem. Desta forma, temas complexos como as novas guerras explicitam a ausência do debate conceitual sobre violência na literatura de Segurança, ocasionando uma carência explicativa para o entendimento desse elemento. Esta tese evidencia que nas novas guerras a violência deixa de ser um meio para se tornar um fim em si mesmo. Ela mostra que os atores envolvidos no conflito armado optam por perpetuar a violência porque esta proporciona ganhos que não são possíveis em tempos de paz. Como alternativa para suprimir essa lacuna explicativa da Segurança, sugere-se que o diálogo da Escola de Copenhague com os Estudos para a Paz, especialmente do processo de securitização com a tipologia da violência, devolve o instrumento conceitual - o próprio conceito de violência - aos Estudos de Segurança e restabelece a relação produtiva entre teoria e prática. O caso do cerco a Sarajevo é trazido como ilustração para o problema e a dinâmica que esta tese explicita.
The dissertation focuses on the marginalization of violence by security studies. While the widening and deepening of security contributed positively to theoretical debates in the field, these moves led to a breakdown of the productive relationship between theory and practice that had characterized the discipline since its genesis. In this way, themes such as the new wars highlight the absence of a conceptual debate about violence in security studies, leading to a lack of explanatory capacity for understanding violence. The dissertation shows that violence becomes an end unto itself as the new wars offer incentives absent in everyday politics. The text suggests, with a view to filling this analytical lacuna within security studies, increased dialogue between the speech act approach espoused by the Copenhagen School and typologies of violence established by scholars within peace studies. Such a dialogue would bring back to security studies the important analytical focus on violence, thus reestablishing a productive relationship between theory and practice. As an illustrative example, the dissertation uses the siege of Sarajevo.
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Öman, Johanna. "En beslöjad debatt : En jämförande diskursanalys mellan den mediala och den politiska diskursen av burka i Sverige utifrån Köpenhamnsskolan." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-24144.
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The debate concerning face veiling has been brought in to view by several governments in Europe. Luca Mavelli studies the debate regarding the burqa using the concept of securitization and from that the objective of this study is to analyze the medial- and the political discourse in Sweden regarding the burqa. The formulated questions drawn from this is; who are the securitizing actors? According to the securitization actors, who can de defined as a referent object? Wherein is the threat according to the securitizing actors? Is it possible to recognize a difference between the medial and the political discourse? Furthermore the paper adopts the theoretical framework that is the concept of securitization, formulated by the Copenhagen School of security. The methodological foundation is based on a social constructivist approach and consequently uses Norman Faircloughs critical discourse analyzes as an analytical tool. Conclusions show that the two discourses often express similar results but a difference is apparent in how the debate is presented. Representatives of the political parties are defined as securitizing actors and to a certain degree so is the media. Furthermore, according to the securitizing actors the referent objects are Swedish traditions and culture, the threat lies in the values that are attached to the burqa.
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Wirman, Jenni. "Flyktingar - kris för vem? : Om säkerhetisering i riksdagens migrationsdebatter 2013-2015." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-312962.
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For the last two decades Sweden has been one of the most important receiving countries for asylum seekers, hence regarding itself as a “humanitarian superpower”. Historically Sweden has had one of Europe’s most extensive migration policies and made its latest mark by 2015 by allowing the highest number of asylum seekers ever to the country. The media coverage and the public debate on the war refugee migration to Sweden has been comprehensive and thereby put the topic of migration in the centre of parliamentary discussions. The aim of this study was to examine if and how migration has been a subject of securitization in the parliamentary debates. The study was conducted by using a qualitative text analysis of parliament protocols from 2013–2015. The results show that during the period of study a number of parties have made securitising statements regarding migration, but that the subject of migration was securitized first in 2015 when the securitising problem formulation was adopted by a majority in the parliament. I have also concluded that there has been a slight change in the way in which migration is securitized. In 2013–2014 the majority of the parliament parties used the diffuse securitising technique when debating migration, while in 2015 there was a shift towards the exceptionalist securitising technique.
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Roedenbeck, Mathilde. "Klimathotet under Trumpadministrationen : En diskursanalys av frånvaron av hotkonstruktion gällande klimatförändringarna under Trumpadministrationen." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9695.
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Many scientists have described the anthropogenic climate changes as one of the most pervasive threat of our time that will form this and future generations. Despite that is the climate change is still controversial and missing from the American security agenda. The purpose of this study is to empirically analyse the American environmental discourse under the administration of Donald Trump and the omission of climate changes in the security agenda. To be able to explain the absence of the climate changes in the American security agenda, the environmental discourse will be analysed and the theoretical framework of Copenhagen’s school of securitization will be used to define the current description of the environment, the climate threats, and the global warming. By using a qualitative text analysis, consisting of a discourse analysis, lectures, debates, and documents from the Trump administration are examined, to be able to understand how the discourse is constructed and thus how the omission of the climate changes from the security agenda can be understood by using the securitization theory. The study indicates that the approach taken by the Trump administration on the American environmental discourse is produced can prevent the climate changes, the global warming, and the environment to be securitized, which in its turn can contribute to understanding of why it has not been brought up in the American security agenda. In the analysis it can be concluded that the Trump administration have moved towards a morepoliticized discourse, but also towards a depoliticized discourse.
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Stivas, Dionysios. "The securitization of the European refugee crisis : a novel approach to the 'audience acceptance' of the Copenhagen School of security studies." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2020. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/733.
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In 2015, Europe experienced the most significant refugees' outbreak in modern history. Millions of displaced persons crossed the external borders of the European Union. Some of the EU member states represented and handled the outbreak as an opportunity. Some others framed and dealt with the migratory pressures as a security threat. The designation of an issue as an existential threat to a referent object constitutes a security speech act. According to the Copenhagen School of Security Studies, when extraordinary measures and the acceptance of the audience follow a security speech act, then we observe successful securitization. Motivated by the desire to examine the securitization of the refugee crisis in Europe, from a Copenhagen School's perspective, I performed a thorough assessment of the relevant literature which brought into the light a research gap. Despite the persistence of the Copenhagen School's scholars to underline the importance of their analytical framework's 'audience acceptance' component, most of the securitization literature focuses on the other two components of a successful securitization: the security speech act and the emergency action. As a result, the audience acceptance component suffers from under-theorization, underdevelopment, and under-assessment. To enhance the analytical potential of the Copenhagen School's theorem, I develop two methodological novelties -the Triangulation Method of Audience Identification and the Comprehensive Securitization Empirical Framework. The first guarantees the accurate identification of the securitization audience. The second classifies ten different forms of securitization based on the presence or absence of the three securitization components and on the placement of the 'audience acceptance' within the securitization's timeline. To demonstrate the applicability of the novel analytical tools, I test them on the securitization of the European refugee crisis. To support my findings, I perform a comparative case study of five case studies: Greece, Poland, Hungary, Germany, and the EU. To draw my conclusions, I consult thousands of official statements, hundreds of surveys and opinion polls, dozens of relevant books and peer-reviewed articles and several in-person interviews with renowned decision-makers. The outcomes of the research suggest that, in the case of the European refugee crisis, the primary targeted audience was the general public. However, the opinion of the general public about the designation of the existential threat and about the necessity of the extraordinary measures' adoption was rarely considered after the utterance of the security speech acts. In most of the cases, the securitizing actors assessed the feelings of the general public before uttering the speech acts. The findings of this research also indicate that the higher the negativity of the general public towards immigrants and refugees, the most likely the political elites to perform a security speech act and to resort to emergency action. Despite the indisputable impact of the public opinion, the final decision about the securitization of the refugee crisis belongs to the political actors
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Marinho, Sandra Maria Galliza do Amaral. "O meio ambiente entre a securitização e a politização: praticabilidades e limites da securitização das mudanças climáticas pela União Europeia." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2012. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2058.
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In the last two decades, the global temperatures rise has become one of the most prominent environmental concern, albeit exists controversy regarding its causes, its intensity and its impacts on civilization. The possibility of this problem to endanger human existence and the standards of living and development achieved motivated the European Union in 2008 to recognize it as an existential threat, providing the issue with a security dimension. This dissertation aimed at understanding the European process of elevating climate change to the security realm, which Copenhagen School defines as securitization, in order to discuss the potential and limitations of this approach when applied to the environmental sector. To accomplish this goal, the European case was mapped in comparison with the historical and political context and the theory of International Relations through his speeches and relevant documentation, including media production. The starting point was the establishment of a parallel between the traditional and the widener approach of security, from which the study sought to identify the reasons and circumstances that led the European Union to securitize climate change, the guiding principles of its rhetoric and the implications of the process. The analysis of this set of factors subsidizes the reflection on the best rationality to deal with the issue: if the ordinary politics that prioritizes precautionary and cooperative practices or the security approach based on urgent and exceptional measures.
Nas duas últimas décadas, a elevação das temperaturas globais se tornou uma das mais proeminentes temáticas ambientais, ainda que entremeada por controvérsias quanto a suas causas, intensidade e impactos sobre a civilização. A possibilidade de tal problema colocar em risco a existência humana e os níveis de desenvolvimento alcançados motivou a União Europeia, em 2008, a reconhecê-lo como uma ameaça existencial, conferindo-lhe uma dimensão securitária. O presente estudo analisa esse processo, que a Escola de Copenhague define como securitização, com o objetivo de discutir os potenciais e limites de tal tratamento quando aplicado ao setor ambiental. Para tanto, o caso europeu foi mapeado, em cotejo com o contexto histórico-político e a teoria de Relações Internacionais, através de seus discursos e da documentação pertinentes, inclusive da produção midiática. Tendo como ponto de partida o estabelecimento de um paralelo entre a perspectiva tradicional e a ampliada de segurança, buscou-se identificar as razões e condições que levaram o consórcio estatal europeu a securitizar as mudanças climáticas; os eixos norteadores de sua retórica e as implicações que daí derivaram. A análise desse conjunto de fatores subsidia a reflexão sobre a melhor racionalidade para lidar com a questão: se a política ordinária que prioriza práticas voltadas para a prevenção e cooperação ou se a abordagem de segurança fundamentada em medidas urgentes e excepcionais.
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Eek, Carolina. "Säkerhetisering av romer inom EU : En studie om framställningen av romska EU-migranter som säkerhetshot inom fransk, svensk och EU-kommissionens politik." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-5258.
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The free movement of the Roma minority has become questioned within the European Union. This study seeks to understand why this question has reached disproportionally importance in comparison to the number of Roma migrants within the union, and to understand the great attention given to the question. Based on the Copenhagen’s school of securitization, the purpose of this study is to show how this magnification of the question occurs due to the framing of the Roma migrants as a security problem. Focusing on the speech act of the securitization theory, this paper contains a study of political actor’s statements concerning Roma migrants. Using a framing methodology combined with the conditions for a successful securitization, speeches and statements are analyzed to determine how the Roma migrants are framed as societal threats in politics of France, Sweden and the European Commission. The result of the study show that a securitization has taken place in French politics, similar signs of the beginning of the securitizing process can be found in the Swedish political discourse. The Commission’s speech act concern the member states treatment of the Roma migrants, and especially the questioning of their right to free movement.
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Jonsson, Rickard. "Vilken svensk säkerhet? : En kvalitativ studie av Försvarsberedningens rapporter utifrån Köpenhamnsskolans teori om ett vidgat säkerhetbegrepp." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-5849.
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Given the armed conflict in Ukraine, the terrorist attacks in Paris and elsewhere in Europe and the pressing issue of climate change one could argue that there are no longer room for just one sector in security studies. Based on Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde’s theory of securitization the aim of this paper is to study whether the Swedish Defense Committee perceive threats in any sectors other than the traditional military sector in its two reports or not and therefore also if the Defense Committee has adapted the wider security concept; and if so answer the question of what other sectors the Committee put forward in the reports. The aim is also to compare the findings in the two reports with each other to point out similarities and differences the Defense Committee’s perception of threats. The method used in this paper was an intense qualitative content analysis where the author manually examined the two reports to find indications on what kind of threats was present in the reports and how they were presented. The result of the study shows that all sectors with the exception of the societal sector in the Copenhagen School were present in the reports. An additional result of the study was that there were many similarities and differences in the reports; one similarity being that Russia was perceived as a threat in both reports while one distinction was the only in the latest report were a global financial crisis perceived as a threat.
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Thompson, Caryl. "A necessary evil : the Copenhagen School and the construction of migrants as security threats in political elite discourse : a comparative study of Malaysia and Singapore." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/38565/.
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The role of political discourse in the communication of security issues is fundamental to the Copenhagen School’s framework of securitization. In their work, Security: A New Framework for Analysis (1998), the Copenhagen School set out to challenge traditional International Relations theory by questioning the primacy of state-centric approaches that narrowly focus on military aspects of security. Whilst broadening the areas of security to include economic, societal, political and environmental threats, they also proposed that threats are articulated through the “speech acts” of mainly political elites. By signaling threats discursively via “securitizing moves”, political elites inform the audience of the existence of security threats. However, the Copenhagen School fails to address the political partiality of such pronouncements. The focus of this analysis is to examine the persuasive discursive practices employed by political elites to encourage audience consent with a specific focus on political elite portrayals of inward migration in relation to security. In their work, “Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe” (1993), the Copenhagen School outlined a nexus between security and transnational migration within a Western context. Using content analysis and critical discourse analysis methods, this analysis will provide a comparative cross-national study of how migration is constituted as a security threat. By analysing political elite discourse as presented in speeches and as recontextualised in media portrayals in two major South East Asian receiving countries, Malaysia and Singapore, this thesis assesses the applicability of the Copenhagen School approach in alternative locations. Adopting a thematic approach, it examines how migrants are depicted via political discourse as threats to societal, economic and political security and how the feminization of migration in recent years has been depicted as a security challenge. A cross-national comparison of political discourse relating to the migrant/security nexus reveals not only how discursive formulations of security by political elites are constructed in order to legitimise policy and practices, but how similar issues may be addressed differently. Both Malaysia and Singapore have a long history of immigration, which is reflected in their diverse multi-ethnic, multi-racial and multi-cultural societies. Geographically co-located and with a shared historical legacy, both have become increasingly dependent on migrant labour to support economic growth and receive relatively large intakes of migrants from neighbouring countries. Yet, there are significant differences in how migrants are depicted in relation to security. Challenges are proposed to the framework that the Copenhagen School propounds. Moreover, I contend that the constructed nature of political discourse allows the potential for a more nuanced and normative discourse that could desecuritize migration and focus more positively on its benefits and upon alternative non-elite perspectives of security.
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Schröder, Elvira Sophia. "Securitizing Communicable Disease: A case study of discursive threat-construction during the 2014 Ebola epidemic." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22244.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the securitization of communicable disease in the case of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa 2014. Applying the Copenhagen School’s theory of securitization, this thesis conducted a discourse analysis of speech acts occurring at different levels of the global community in relation to the outbreak. The focus lay on two major events, namely the UN Security Council meeting on 18 September 2014 and the UN high-level meeting on Ebola a week later. Investigating to what extent the securitizing discourse apparent in Resolution 2177 which identified Ebola as a “threat to international peace and security” was upheld and justified by the speakers at these events, this study determined that Ebola virus disease has been “successfully” securitized on all levels of global governance. Despite the incredible amount of human suffering which the Ebola outbreak provoked in West Africa, the discourse employed by global governance identified the referent object nearly exclusively at the state-level. Further research is suggested in the concluding parts of this thesis that can build upon the findings of this study.
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Štěpánek, Zdeněk. "Problematika Arktidy a související výzvy pro mezinárodní vztahy." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-203787.
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This thesis deals with identification, analysis and critical assessment of challenges for international relations arising in the Arctic in connection with global climate change, which results mainly into decrease of the sea ice. Copenhagen School forms the primary theoretical bedrock of the thesis. The thesis maps the approach of different theoretical paradigms to the Arctic region throughout the history and on this basis it justifies the relevance of application of the concept of security sectors defined by Copenhagen School on the region. The thesis also maps the current governance mechanisms of the Arctic region as far as international law and institutional arrangements are concerned. The analysis of concrete challenges for international relations is structured according to the sectors of security defined by Copenhagen School. Thus, challenges in the environmental, societal, economic, political and military sectors are examined.
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Jonsson, Karl. "Rättfärdigandet av det extrema : En diskursanalys av säkerhetiseringen av droger i Filippinerna." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-158135.
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The overall aim of this study is to determine the impact of text and language in the form of how political speech can affect and form a discourse that excludes a certain category of people and how such an exclusion leads to exercise of power beyond normal, democratic rules of state intervention towards said group of people. This is a case study investigating the drug war of the Philippines, initiated by the country’s president Rodrigo Duterte, and his speeches related to the drug issue. The method of use is discourse analysis and the study is based upon the international relations theory of securitization by the so called Copenhagen School, consisting of Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver & Jaap de Wilde. Among the key findings are the picture of a discourse, formed by political speech, where individuals using or dealing with drugs are described as a threat is a central aspect, alongside with discursive elements such as a collective identity, human rights aspects, economic arguments, the future of the nation, certain values and the judicial system. These elements and values are given meaning as reference objects and within the discourse that makes them part of the establishment of a notion where people who use or deal with drugs are regarded as a threat and therefore can be legitimate subjects of exercise of power outside of the normal rules of democratic authority. Keywords: securitization, drugs, Philippines, discourse analysis, Copenhagen School, extra- judicial executions, otherness.
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Pimentel, Caroline Carvalho. "A securitização Européia da imigração ilegal na fronteira Marrocos-Espanha." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/14395.
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Dominada durante a Guerra Fria pelas dinâmicas de segurança determinadas pelo conflito bipolar, a Europa Ocidental experimentou uma guinada nas dinâmicas de securitização no cenário pós-muro de Berlim consubstanciada pelo surgimento da concepção de novas ameaças integrantes do novo panorama de segurança da União Européia. Uma teia difusa de problemas começou a ser objeto de discursos legitimadores de políticas de emergência que alçaram o topo da agenda no campo da Cooperação européia em Justiça e Assuntos Internos numa Europa Ocidental sem fronteiras internas, conforme os Acordos de Schengen. Assim, começou a ter espaço o redimensionamento da noção de segurança na Europa e uma europeanização da segurança nacional que se traduziu no aprofundamento da cooperação securitária interna. A imigração, como elemento integrante do campo de Justiça e Assuntos Internos, conheceu essa transformação em problema de segurança a partir da década de 1980. O fenômeno pode ser claramente observado nas fronteiras que separam Espanha do Norte da África, em especial o Marrocos. A porosidade das fronteiras espanholas, despreparadas para lidar com o fenômeno da imigração, provocou um aumento progressivo na entrada de marroquinos no país durante os anos 1980, principalmente após o ingresso da Espanha nas Comunidades Européias em 1986. O acesso da Espanha aos Acordos de Schengen em 1991 ocasionou um maior controle de fronteiras pelo país, que passou a exigir visto de entrada aos imigrantes marroquinos. A medida seguiu-se à implantação de uma legislação imigratória restritiva no país, de proteção do mercado de trabalho interno, que provocou o aumento da clandestinidade dos residentes. Durante uma década, marcada por políticas de regularização e/ou retorno de imigrantes ilegais, a Espanha consolidou um sistema de controle imigratório que seguiu a tendência predominante em toda a União Européia: a securitização do controle dos fluxos, especialmente os ilegais, reflexo das dinâmicas de securitização que passaram a integrar o panorama de segurança da Europa após a Guerra Fria. Essa securitização não é construída objetivamente. Sua realização se dá pela retórica de segurança que gera a tomada de medidas urgentes, ainda que o problema não se constitua necessariamente numa ameaça em termos objetivos. O problema da imigração ilegal na Europa é, a priori, um problema social, originado pelas parcas condições socioeconômicas que os imigrantes possuem em seus países de origem. Mas a retórica de segurança que predomina à menção do tema, a associação quase imediata da imigração ilegal com o terrorismo, desconsidera as razões econômicas e políticas que motivam a realização do fenômeno, e restringe sua lida quase que exclusivamente à esfera securitária. A relevância do tema vem, portanto, da necessidade da investigação empírica dos mecanismos de securitização que tornaram a imigração ilegal um problema de segurança. Os grandes atentados terroristas inaugurados pelo 11 de Setembro de 2001 aprofundaram esse nexo segurança-migração, o que justifica a pesquisa do impacto desse terrorismo global na securitização da imigração ilegal, especialmente na fronteira Espanha-Marrocos.Ruled, during the Cold War, by the security dynamics of the bipolar conflict, West Europe has experimented a significant change in its securitization dynamics in post-wall scenario, since the arrival of new conceptions of threat integrating the new security framework of the European Union. A numerous amount of problems has started to be object of discourses trying to legitimate emergency politics that have reached the top of the Agenda in the field of European cooperation in Justice and Home Affairs, in an Europe without internal barriers. Therefore, a new dimension of the notion of security in Europe has started to take place, originating an europeanization of the national securities, improving the internal security cooperation. Immigration, as part of the field of Justice and Home Affairs, has turned into a security problem since the 1980’s. This happens very clearly in the boundaries between Spain and North Africa, specially Morocco. The weak spanish frontiers were not prepared to deal with the immigration phenomenon. A consequence was the progressive raise of moroccan entry in the country during the 1980’s, specially after Spain’s access to the European Communities in 1986. The entering of Spain to the Schengen community has caused the improvement of the boundaries’ control across the country, that had started to demand an entry visa to morrocan immigrants. Following this measure, Spain issued a restrictive migratory legislation, including protection of the internal job market, causing a raise of illegal residents. During a whole decade, marked by regularizations and/or return of illegal migrants, Spain has made strong a migratory control system that has followed the main trend all over European Union: the securitization of the illegal migration, as a reflex of the securitization dynamics that started to integrate the European security framework after the Cold War. This securitization is not objectively constructed. Its realization happens trough the security rhetoric that leads to urgent measures, even when the problem does not constitute a threat, objectively speaking. The “problem” of illegal immigration in Europe is, at first, a social problem, caused by the poor social and economic conditions of countries of origin. Nevertheless, the security rhetoric spoken in every mention of the theme and the almost immediate association between illegal immigration and terrorism is not aware of the economic and political reasons that motivate the phenomenon, that is dealed with in a security scope. The importance of the theme is, therefore, the necessity of empiric investigation of the securitization mechanisms that have turned illegal immigration into a security problem. The great terrorists attacks that have started in September 11th 2001 caused the grown of the security-migration nexus, justifying the research about the impact of the global terrorism in the securitization of illegal immigration, specially in Spain-Morocco frontier.
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Kjær, Sophie Amalie Eiholm. "Securitization and the Power of Language - A Discourse Analysis of the Legitimatization of the Assassination of Major General Soleimani." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22665.
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Language and discourse can create a space where political decision-making and action is accepted despite its untypical nature. The goal of the study is to un-derstand how political discourse is constructed with the aim of legitimizing ex-traordinary action in relation to the framework of securitization. The study revolves around how and why President Trump discursively attempts to legitimize his order that led to the assassination of Iranian Major General Soleimani, on the 2nd of Jan-uary 2020, by conducting a discourse analysis of two speeches delivered within the first week following the event. The study contributes with insight on the particular case, and shows how Maj. Gen. Soleimani is represented as an irrational terrorist, who posed imminent danger to the American people. The act attempted legitimized is presented as done in the name of ‘security’ which seeks to justify the notion of President Trump ‘breaking free’ of usual procedures. The main conclusions of the study are the presented legitimatization strategies, including the linguistic constella-tion of an existential threat, the allusion of a hypothetical future and the exploitation of emotional trauma. Moreover, the findings uncover that a securitization move has taken place within the analyzed speeches.
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Hilding, Jana. "Education as a matter of security in Hungary : a case study of official statements by prime minister Viktor Orbán in 2017." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-8749.
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This paper examines the securitization of education in Hungary during 2017 according to the statements of prime minister Viktor Orbán in official speeches published on the Hungarian government’s website. This quantiative examination combines the methods of discourse analysis, taking off from the works of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, partially extended with the comments of Marianne Winther Jørgensen and Louise Phillips, with the Copenhangen School’s dictum on securitization being performed through a speech act. It is argued that securitization can be used in examining the sudden changes in the Amendments to the Law on National Higher Education (education policy), a combination which is not a traditional proceeding in security research. The findings of the paper show on one hand Hungary’s shifting role within the European Union (EU) as a more, respectively less, independent member depending on the topic being discussed, and on the other that the principal referent objects in a security discourse is the Hungarian nation, with Central European University (CEU) as the particular target to the changes, essentially being accused to be part of an illegal network sponsored by George Soros with the aim to facilitate illegal migration (sic!), which from a securitization move perspective therefore legitimizes immediate action by the Hungarian government.
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Lindahl, Anna, and Vivian Sundset. "The Grammar of Threat and Security in HIV/AIDS : An analysis of the South African Government's Discourse on HIV and AIDS Between 1998 and 2002 MFS-rapport nr 72, ISSN 1400-3562, ISBN 91-7373-905-7." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2344.
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Since HIV and AIDS were discovered in the early 1980s the infection rates have taken on the proportions of a global pandemic. Whilst the rates are still quite low in the Western World there are areas like Sub-Saharan Africa, of which South Africa is a part, where the rates are as high as 25%. In light of this a debate as to how the situation should be handled and dealt with has developed. In 2000 the United Nation Security Council debated HIV/AIDS as a threat tonational and international peace and security. This was the first time a virus or disease had been debated in this forum. The debate was instigated by, among others, the United States. If states in the Western World, where infection rates are still low, can view this issue as a threat to security, how are HIV/AIDS viewed in a country like South Africa with a prevalence rate of 25%? There are those who claim that in order to say that an issue poses a threat to security one has to define what constitutes a threat and define the concept of security. Is it a subjective value? Could a disease and/or a virus be declared a security threat and what would the logic behind that be? Following the end of the Cold War the study of security was developed as some scholars wanted to widen the traditionally state-centred and military concept of security and reconceptualize it so that it would be applicable to non- traditional security-threats. The theory of securitization was developed with this purpose. It introduces a security-concept that is shaped by a grammar of drama and urgency based in a logic of existential threats that call for measures beyond the normal code-of-conduct. Thus, studies into how military, health, social and political issues etc can be defined as issues of security, i.e. become securitized, are made possible. The aim of this thesis is to, through the theoretical lenses of securitization- theory and the discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, establish which meanings are involved in the structuring of the issue of HIV and AIDS in South Africa. Further we aim to establish whether these meanings can be related to a broader security concept, i.e. if there is a case of ‘securitization’ at hand. We have found, by analysing speeches given by government officials and key political documents between the years 1998 to 2002, that there are different trends in how HIV and AIDS have been defined, i.e. which meaning they have been given, and how these have been structured. Between 1998 and 2000 HIV and AIDS were seen as a threat and dealt with as such; they were securitized. In the years that followed we argue that there was a more cautious tone; the issue was desecuritized as the level of drama and urgency that had characterized the discourse of 1998-2000 was lowered between 2000-2002. The thesis acknowledges that it is too early to say whether this (de)securitizing move will succeed or not as time has yet to see the full effect of the move on a full desecuritization.
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Nissander, Sam. "Pushing the Border Outwards : A Critical Discourse Analysis of the European Commission’s Securitisation of Migration and the Right to Asylum." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443545.
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This thesis scrutinises the European Commission’s discourse surrounding the externalisation of migration and asylum policies and discusses what potential implications this may have on the right to asylum. The aim of this work is to increase the understanding of how migration and security are discursively connected and identify what this discourse looks like. The study is placed in the context of a scientific debate on the Securitisation of migration and the externalisation of migration management. By means of a Critical Discourse Analysis, based on the work of Norman Fairclough, speeches and press releases produced by the European Commission are analysed. The analysis departs from the theoretical framework of the Copenhagen School of Security Studies and the concept of Securitisation, which suggests that political narratives have direct effects on policies. The theory also argues that when a phenomenon is securitised, policy measures that would otherwise not be acceptable, become legitimised in dealing with a constructed threat. The thesis presents three findings. The first main finding is that the Commission legitimises the externalisation of EU borders through a humanitarian discourse, arguing that the increased restrictions and shifting of responsibilities to third countries are necessary to protect migrants from human smugglers. Second, the current EU agenda risks limiting mobility in countries outside of the EU, thus creating large camps with substandard living conditions. And finally, from a human rights perspective, there is a great risk with the continued collective expulsions and pushbacks from EU territory, given that the mandate of Frontex is only seen to increase.
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Bjuremalm, Rebecka. "Constructing a Security Threat? : Identifying Securitization in US State Level Politics Framing of the BLM Protests." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443919.
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This thesis investigates US state level politics framing of the BLM protests during 2020, by inductively identifying frames and then proceeding to study if and on what grounds securitization occurs in these. Press statements, interviews and documents from eight Mayors and Governors in six of the states where the protests have been the most prominent are analyzed. From this material, four frames have been identified: the alienated outsider frame, the constructive rage frame, the limited guardian frame, and the desecuritizing frame. Recent developments in securitization theory investigate human life and dignity as a reference object, making a case for integrating humanitarianism in terms of grounds for justifying extraordinary measures. Three grounds for securitization are investigated empirically in the identified frames: state, social and humanitarian security. The study concludes that whilst both state security and to a lesser degree humanitarian security are detected in the identified frames, societal security seems to be the most prominent. This suggests that large-scale identities are the most common reference objects in the treated context. Further research is encouraged, especially in terms of distinguishing potential frame alignment processes by looking at a greater number of states over a longer period of time.
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Coskun, Bezen. "Analysing desecuritisation : the case of Israeli and Palestinian peace education and water management." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12879.
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This thesis applies securitisation theory to the Israeli-Palestinian case with a particular focus on the potential for desecuritisation processes arising from Israeli-Palestinian cooperation/coexistence efforts in peace education and water management. It aims to apply securitisation theory in general and the under-employed concept of desecuritisation in particular, to explore the limits and prospects as a theoretical framework. Concepts, arguments and assumptions associated with the securitisation theory of the Copenhagen School are considered. In this regard, the thesis makes a contribution to Security Studies through its application of securitisation theory and sheds light on a complex conflict situation. Based on an analytical framework that integrates the concept of desecuritisation with the concepts of peace-building and peace-making, the thesis pays attention to desecuritisation moves involving Israeli and Palestinian civil societies through peace education and water management. The thesis contributes to debates over the problems and prospects of reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians, so making a significant empirical and theoretical contribution in the development of the concept of desecuritisation as a framework for analysing conflict resolution. The thesis develops an analytical framework that combines political level peace-making with civil society actors' peace-building efforts. These are seen as potential processes of desecuritisation; indeed, for desecuritisation to occur. The thesis argues that a combination of moves at both the political and societal levels is required. By contrast to securitisation processes which are mainly initiated by political andlor military elites with the moral consent of society (or 'audience' in Copenhagen School terms), processes of desecuritisation, especially in cases of protracted conflicts, go beyond the level of elites to involve society in cultural and structural peace-building programmes. Israeli-Palestinian peace education and water management cases are employed to illustrate this argument.
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Höglund, Alexandra. "Inhemsk terrorism - en ny fas av terrorhotet : En diskursanalys om hotkonstruktion i USA och dess följder." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-6617.
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The threat from homegrown terrorism in the United States is called a new face of the threat from terrorism. The aim of this study is to empirically examine how the new threat from homegrown terrorism has been constructed in the American discourse. Furthermore it is interesting to examine how the construction relates to the American counterterrorism policy and possible consequences. This is done by using the theoretical framework of Copenhagen’s school of securitization. By using a discourse analysis, documents and speeches from the U.S. government are analysed to see how the threat from homegrown terrorism are constructed by using the securitization theory. This study concludes that the threat from homegrown terrorism is constructed by portraying it as an existential threat to the United States, it’s people and it’s collective identity. The construction has made it possible to undertake exceptional actions that may reduce the American citizens’ freedom in benefit for security.
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Dimitrov, Mladen. "Securitizing Migration in the West - On the ways in which the refugee crisis has been socially constructed by Europe's far-right." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23445.
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The research focus of this study is to investigate the ways in which the so-called European refugee crisis has been socially constructed as number one urgent matter for the European community in the years between 2015-2017. Noting the unprecedented rise of the public support for far-right parties in the European polls, the goal of this study is to understand and conceptualize the ways in which the refugee crisis has been presented as an existential threat by the right-wing political leaders in the Netherlands, France and Germany, three core European members, which held elections in 2017. This has been done by utilizing the theoretical framework, composed of the Copenhagen School, as well as the categorization framework which builds upon the results from previous literature on the topic of the securitization of migration. In addition, by utilizing critical discourse analysis this study probes the hypothesis that regardless of the magnitude of the crisis, the securitizing discourses are largely revolving around four overarching realms: the identity, criminological, political and economic realm. The findings infer that the securitizing discourses of the right-wing leaders in the Netherlands, France and Germany in relation to migration are identical and are revolving around the aforementioned domains, regardless of the countries’ political landscape.
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Ahlgren, Thomas, and Hagman Mimmi Clase. "”Från teori till praktik” En kvalitativ fallstudie av det demokratiska arbetssättet på Det frie Gymnasium i Köpenhamn “From theory to practice” A qualitative case study of the democratic work method at The Free Upper Secondary School in Copenhagen." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-35901.
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Waldeck, Benjamin. "“Let me be absolutely clear: this cannot be business as usual.” - A Case Study of the Securitisation of SARS-CoV-2 in the European Union." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-44446.
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As a global phenomenon, the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has impacted the socio-economic and political life like no other event of the recent past. With over 600,000 fatalities in its member-states, an unprecedented economic recession and damage to the Single Market, the European Union has been hit unexpectedly hard by COVID-19. Through the lens of Securitisation, and more precisely, Collective Securitisation, this thesis has the purpose to examine how the EU and its institutions have responded to the threat that is the spread of SARS-CoV-2, asking ‘Has SARS-CoV-2 been successfully securitised in the European Union?’. By applying a qualitative content analysis to speeches of the European Commission published between January and May 2020 as well as to a European Parliament Plenary debate following the speech of Commission President von der Leyen on April 16th, 2020, the thesis establishes that securitising moves have taken place in the examined timeframe and that they have been accepted by the European Parliament. In accordance with the Copenhagen School framework of Securitisation and Sperling and Webber’s Collective Securitisation model, the thesis concludes that COVID-19 was therefore successfully securitised.
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Acácio, Igor Daniel Palhares. "Polaridade regional e percepção de ameaças: comparando as políticas de defesa de África do Sul, Brasil e Índia." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9194.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorTendo como pressuposto teórico a regionalização das questões de segurança internacional no pós Guerra Fria, esta dissertação objetiva realizar uma análise comparativa da Política de Defesa de três potências regionais, quais sejam, África do Sul, Brasil e Índia, identificando percepção de ameaça no âmbito das suas políticas de defesa. Para fazê-lo, fez-se necessário ter em consideração as capacidades materiais (inspirado no neorrealismo e realismo neoclássico), e os aspectos relativos à percepção de ameaças, numa dimensão ampliada dos estudos de segurança (inspirados pela Escola de Copenhague). Com isso em mente, este trabalho lida com a literatura sobre a segurança regional e as potências regionais, a qual se baseia em vários pressupostos teóricos Neorrealistas, Realistas Neoclássicos e da Escola de Copenhague. A proposição heurística que guia este trabalho é, dado que a percepção de ameaça externa vem de uma leitura, feita pelo Estado, do seu contexto regional, um Estado com baixo nível de ameaças externas tende a vincular de forma mais intensiva de segurança com o desenvolvimento. As fontes utilizadas são dados quantitativos (Composite Index of National Capabilities do projeto Correlates of War), que permitem avaliar a distribuição de capacidades materiais em três regiões (América do Sul, África do Sul, e no Sul da Ásia) e, principalmente, as políticas declaratórias de defesa, os documentos que carregam percepção dos Estados em relação à segurança. Na comparação dos casos, dois aspectos são o foco para a análise do discurso de segurança: as percepções de segurança sobre as suas regiões, o nexo entre segurança e desenvolvimento.
Having as theoretical assumption the regionalization of security issues on the post Cold War period, this dissertation aims is to carry out a comparative analysis of the Defense Policy of three regional powers, namely Brazil, India and South Africa, identifying threat perception in the framework of their Defense Policies. In order to do it, both material capabilities (inspired by Neorealism), and the aspects concerning the perception of threats and widening security studies (inspired by the Copenhagen School) are taken into consideration. Theoretically, this work draws on the literature on regional security and regional powers, which builds upon several assumptions made by Neorrealists, Neoclassical Realists and Copenhagen School thinkers. My heuristic proposition is that, given that foreign threat perceptions come from a State reading of its regional context, a State with low level of foreign threats tends to link more intensively security with development. The sources used are quantitative data (COWs Composite Index of National Capabilities) which allows evaluating the distribution of material capabilities in three regions (South America, Southern Africa, and the South Asia) and mainly the declaratory defense policies, documents that carry States perception regarding security. In the comparison of cases, three aspects for discourse analysis: the security perceptions about their regions, the nexus between security and development.
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Eriksson, Roger. "EU:s grannskapspolitik i Medelhavsregionen : En säkerhetspolitisk analys av Medelhavssamarbetet." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2490.
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The thesis investigates how the European Union promotes stability and security in the Mediterranean region. The aim is to analyse the European Union’s security ambitions with Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, the Barcelona Process. An analytical framework with five sectors (military, political, economic, environmental and societal), based on the Copenhagen School’s theories about security sectors and securitization, is used for the analysis. Within the framework threats, objectives and methods are categorized into each security sector. Then it is possible to distinguish if any sector is more prioritised by the EU. Qualitative text analysis is used to examine relevant EU-documents. The result of the analysis shows that the European Union prioritizes the economical and societal sector in promoting peace and security within the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. Through economical integration and cultural dialogue, the EU tries to enhance security and stability. The EU emphasises the importance of global governance and international law for a stable peace. The study concludes that the widened concept of security, within the Copenhagen School, can help to explain the European Union’s work inside the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership.
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Bockel, Felix Matthes. "Securitization of Migration in Europe : Pushback practices and the Role of the European Court of Human Rights." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-187361.
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An embedded case study investigating the ongoing securitization of migration in the EU from 2014-2020 and the role of legal institutions, in this case the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in these processes. Securitization Theory is used in combination with Critical Legal Theory to create a framework that attempts to both illuminate the role of the functional actor in Securitization Theory further, and the impact securitization has on legal institutions. It provides explanations for sudden shifts in legal argumentation, especially in cases of high political relevance with the use of Critical Legal Theory. The case of N.D. & N.T. vs. Spain serves as an example of a functional actor providing two contrasting judgments on the same events within a short period of time and opens up discussions about political influences on legal institutions. Securitization and the framing of refugees as existential threats to European identity and culture is one of the many ongoing political processes related to the issue of migration and refuge in Europe. As the political landscape shifts and right-wing populist parties establish themselves in European Member States, illegal pushbacks have become common practice at the outer borders of the EU and are challenged both politically and legally. This study investigated cases of illegal pushbacks to renew criticism against the institutions engaging in and enabling the practice.
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Sjöberg, Skoglund Johanna. "Regionala organisationer som säkerhetsaktörer : En studie av regionala organisationer som verktyg för säkerhet och förstärkare av legitimitet och inkludering." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-6993.
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The regional security aspect is becoming increasingly more important within security studies. The United Nations and the United Nations Security Council has expressed an intent to utilize regional organizations as security actors with regards to maintaining international peace and security, with the purpose of achieving a greater sense of legitimacy for conflict resolution. This study aims to explore the possibilities of using such organizations within regions of varying stability, and how this usage can relate to the idea of legitimacy. Based on regional security complex theory, this study seeks to show how regional organizations have been used by the Security Council within different security sectors, and how this usage is affected by the degree of integration within the region. The result of the study show that the idea of legitimacy is easiest to achieve in regions with a mid-level degree of regional integration and concerning questions of political security. The results also show a tendency within the Security Council to use organizations from other regions with higher levels of integration in regions with lower levels of integration, and raises the question if this way of using regional organizations may risk harming the ultimate goal of legitimacy.
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Toplu, Esra. "The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership: Critical Assessment of the Security Aspects." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2650.
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This thesis attempts to assess the security aspect of the Barcelona Process (Process), or so called Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP) within the theoretical framework of new regionalism and the Copenhagen School (Security complex theory) which agrees with neo/realism, neo-liberal institutionalism and constructivism in some aspects. The end of the Cold War broadened the security agenda and new security concerns emerged. Actually, most of the so- called security threats are not new, but the perception of them by the states has changed with globalization which increased the interconnectedness and density of the interaction. Global challenges have made states more vulnerable so appreciated the cooperative interaction at regional level. Comprehensive and cooperative security approaches gained importance and led regional security partnership among states. The construction of Euro-Mediterranean security partnership is one case stemming from the high level of interdependence between the European and the Mediterranean countries. The historical ties, economic dependency, geographical proximity increased the EU’s interest towards the Mediterranean. While new regionalism enables to grasp systemic factors in the Process, the Copenhagen School permits to understand security partnership at the regional level. The rise of illegal immigration flows and religious fundamentalism in the Mediterranean as well as tension in the Middle East conflict, the Iraqi War, and terrorist attacks to the US, Algeria and recently Turkey appreciated the importance of the EMP policy and security cooperation so make this study more crucial.
This study showed that the security challenges in five sectors of the security defined by the Copenhagen School are observable in the EMP’s case. Both military and non-military concerns threaten the stability and prosperity in the Mediterranean Basin. The three baskets of the EMP depict its comprehensive security approach. Having made an overview of the Barcelona Process, the thesis evaluated the security challenges in general and the thematic areas of concerns in depth. Since security cannot be defined without reference to the perceptions and security cultures of the actors, the study examined the perceptions and security cultures in the EMP.
The evaluation of the EMP showed that the EMP has shown certain developments on the way for the security cooperation. However, it could not produce tangible results due to the fundamental shortcomings categorized as inter and intra-institutional incoherence, definitional/perceptional problems and multi- actor involvement in the region. The lack of institutional structures, asymmetrical relations among partners, unbalanced distribution of powers and lack of commitment of the EU are crucial problems. On the basis of all problems lie the gap between the perceptions and security culture of Europe and the Arab world. Thus, this thesis emphasizes the enhancement of inter- subjective understanding and cultural dialogue in order to improve trust and interaction among partners. The EMP is on right track to build zone of peace in the Basin, but it requires longue durée to achieve this.
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BOSCARIOL, MARCO. "STATO DI ECCEZIONE, SECURITIZZAZIONE E TIKKUN INTERNAZIONALE." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/110706.
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Obiettivo della tesi è indagare il concetto di stato di eccezione, in particolare nella sua declinazione internazionale e in quello che la Scuola di Copenaghen chiama “processo di securitizzazione”. Si è indagata la relazione tra anarchia internazionale ed eccezione e l’idea che l’eccezione vada intesa come “processo correttivo” e non come un “evento”, utilizzando alcune categorie di pensiero ebraico/kabbalistiche ed il “Costruttivismo evolutivo” di Emanuel Adler. Ci si è anche soffermati su come il neoliberismo “tecnologico” potrebbe controllare questo processo. La tesi è divisa in tre capitoli. Nel primo capitolo si cerca di delineare un’attinenza internazionale al concetto di stato di eccezione e si sono approfonditi autori chiave del pensiero sull’eccezione, come Carl Schmitt, Walter Benjamin e Giorgio Agamben. Nel secondo capitolo si è introdotto il concetto affine di “emergenza”, per poi introdurre la Scuola di Copenaghen ed il suo concetto di securitizzazione, concludendo con un’indagine sulle origini schmittiane della stessa Scuola. Infine nel terzo capitolo si è introdotta la tematica dell’anarchia internazionale, spostando poi l’attenzione su un discorso di “anarchia umana”, utile ad introdurre una discussione “ebraico-kabbalistica” dell’eccezione incentrata sulla categoria del “tikkun” (correzione) e del Costruttivismo di Adler, concludendo con un’analisi sul neoliberismo tecnologico.The aim of this thesis is to investigate the concept of the state of exception, in particular its international declination and what the Copenhagen School calls the “securitization process”. The relationship between international anarchy and exception is investigated along with the idea that exception should be regarded as a "corrective process" rather than an "event", using some Jewish / Kabbalistic categories of thought and Emanuel Adler's "Evolutionary Constructivism". We also focus on how “technological neoliberalism” could control this process. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter seeks to outline the international relevance of the concept of the state of exception. For this, key authors on the subject have been explored, namely: Carl Schmitt, Walter Benjamin and Giorgio Agamben. In the second chapter the concept of "emergency" and Copenhagen School’s concept of securitization were introduced, concluding with an investigation on the Schmittian origins of the aforementioned School. Finally, the third chapter focuses on the theme of international anarchy then shifting attention to a discourse of "human anarchy", useful for introducing a "Jewish-Kabbalistic" discussion of exception centered on the category of "tikkun" (correction) and Adler's Constructivism, concluding with an analysis of technological neoliberalism.
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Cerda, Salvador. "Europas gräns under en säkerhetspolitisk förändring? : En fallstudie om säkerhetspolitiken vid den europeiska gränsen mellan 2007 och 2010 samt en prövning av Köpenhamnsskolans säkerhetiseringsteori." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-6122.
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The purpose of the essay is both to bring forward the threats images, sectors, actors and referents that can be found at the European border between 2007-2010 and to explore whether they change during this period. Furthermore, the essay also intends to review the Copenhagen School’s theory of securitization. The analysis of the essay will be done on the European commission’s “Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges”, a rapport that focus on the European border and its enlargement. The frame of analysis will be the Copenhagen School’s theory of Securitization with the acknowledgement of the critic brought forward by Johan Eriksson and Thierry Balzacq. The Copenhagen school brings forward with their theory, the importance of the discourse of security and thus presents actors and referents which are involved in the process. They also include different sectors in which the different threats images may appear. All of this will be crucial for my examination of the theory as a hole. Furthermore, the essay will modify its methodology to include some of the critic. The purpose is to test if the theory can give a satisfying view of the threat images, sectors, actors and referents at the European border, with a qualitative and a quantitative method. In conclusion, the essay found that the securitization actor during the period between 2007-2010 was the commission itself and the reference object was EU and indirect its members states. The functional actors was the organization PKK and the UN, who with their actions changes the security dynamic in the region. Furthermore, the threat images that was constantly present in the rapports, was organized crime which was consistent with the result that the most found sector was the military sector. These results can be linked to the work of Peter Andreas who argues that the American and European border have shifted from a military tasks to policing tasks. This task change is something that also can be related to Johan Eriksson’s work regarding the change of task in the Swedish security. My final conclusion is that the Securitization theory most be seen as a framework for analyses. Further discussions are need regarding the theories concepts. I notice there are three fundamental discussions that need to be focused on; the focus on the securitized threats images, the lack of including the context and the focus on the speech act.
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Motýlová, Ivana. "Bezpečnostní dimenze zahraniční politiky Jižní Koreje." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-149854.
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This diploma thesis analyses the security dimension of South Korea's foreign policy. This analysis is lead by the tools of realism theory: security dilemma, arms races and definition of the state as the main security actor. These tools are considered to be more suitable for the explication of this topic than the tools of social constructivism represented by the so called Copenhagen school and above all its security complex theory. The aim of this thesis is to prove that in the security area of South Korea's foreign policy, security is still viewed in the traditional realistic sense of a one-dimensional military-political security rather than the multi dimensional view of security prevailing in the international relations area since the Cold War end. In this thesis, South Korea's role in the international system is depicted with the emphasis on the security field from the beginning of the 20th century to the contemporary era. Furthermore, the close security area (East Asian region) and direct security area (North Korea) of South Korea are examined. The last chapter consists of an analysis of official government documents concerning the security dimension of current South Korea's foreign policy.
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Säll, Anna. "The securitization of climate change in the United States : A case-study of the Biden-Harris administration’s first hundred days in office." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444493.
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The Biden-Harris administration’s discussion of climate change is analyzed during the transformative time of the administration’s first hundred days in office. The theoretical framework of the Copenhagen School of Security Studies (CS) is used to develop the coding frame to perform a qualitative content analysis of empirical material consisting of speeches and other documents of the administration. Several securitization moves have been identified and climate change has been presented as a security issue and an existential threat by the Biden- Harris administration. A wide range of referent objects are identified, which is the people and things presented to be threatened by climate change. The whole world, ecosystems, the American people and future generations are a few of the identified referent objects. International and national solutions are presented, though the solutions are not interpreted as extreme measures as discussed by the CS. Therefore, this study supports the critique of a too narrow definition of securitization by the CS.
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Pavúk, Ján. "Bezpečnost Slovenska z pohledu kodaňské školy." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4088.
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The diploma thesis captures the contemporary security situation of Slovakia, identifies security problems by which it feels threatened, then goes on to point out whom and what Slovakia wants to protect and which strategy it plans to use in order to do that. At the same time it identifies the main insecurities of EU as a whole and those of Russia. These two powers are seen to play a major role in formation of relationships of amity and enmity, of cooperation and hostility in European regional security supercomplex of which, Slovakia is inseparable part. To describe and conduct analysis, author applies theories and analytical tools formulated by Copenhagen School. Most used were analytical frameworks and concepts of securitization, regional security complexes and sectoral approach to security.
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Cassidy, Bernice Teresa. "Parent support of learning in an international reception class in Copenhagen, Denmark." Diss., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1491.
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Parents play an integral role in the support of early learning. This study focuses on parent support of learning in an international reception class in Copenhagen, Denmark. This study includes a literature review of parent support of early learning and school facilitation of parent involvement in early learning. A qualitative investigation of parental support of early learning, within the context of global mobility and multi-culturalism, was undertaken in Rygaards School, in particular in its Reception Class. It was established that very little support exists on a global, social and local level, for the globally mobile families whose children attend this particular international school. Furthermore, the school itself does not fully meet the needs of its globally mobile families. Based on the findings of this study, recommendations for introducing comprehensive parent involvement were proposed, amongst others the introduction of an Induction Programme for newcomers to Rygaards, strategies for compensating for the absence of a middle management amongst its teaching staff and the extension of parent participation in curriculum provision.Educational Studies
M.Ed.
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Yeh, Yao-Chung, and 葉耀中. "Application of Copenhagen school securitization theory a case study of Taiwan university students' constructive National security perspection." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52526162250676489487.
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碩士國立暨南國際大學
公共行政與政策學系
101
This study is based on Barry Buzan’s new framework for security to analyze university students in Taiwan on current national security in military, political, economic, societal and environmental sector’s perception. And view the differences perception between each security sector. In order to get the answer, this study adapt three research methods include “literature analysis”, “survey analysis”, and “discourse approach”, and through the security utterance of context to interpretive contemporary threat ideal. By the way of “speech act”, it will reveal the feedback by university students to security discourse from the elite. There are tow results for this study. First, Students on social and environmental issues are highly perceived and recognized that non-traditional security issues have related to national security stabile. Second, the smallest difference perception is in political sector, but largest in societal sector. This study expected to provide a direction to think of national security policy and no longer regard China as the only referent object.
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Torres, Pedro Miguel Gonçalves Miranda Agria. "Portugal: o caminho entre o real e o virtual." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/14430.
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A revolução tecnológica que se verificou a partir da década de 1980 e o fenómeno da
globalização geraram alterações profundas nas sociedades contemporâneas. Desde então, praticamente
todos os aspetos do seu quotidiano passaram a depender dos sistemas computorizados, que numa
primeira fase estavam ligados em pequenas redes e começaram depois a ficar interligados através da
Internet. Esta evolução para a Era da Informação mudou drasticamente o modo como se lida com os
riscos. A virtualização do mundo real fez com que surgissem novas ameaças à segurança com origem no
domínio cibernético, bem como por seu intermédio.
Entretanto, o mundo Pós-Guerra Fria também alterou profundamente o sistema internacional e
também viu surgir um conjunto de novos atores, estatais e não estatais, que vieram provocar
instabilidade ao sistema, fosse por vontade própria ou como consequência dos acontecimentos.
Atualmente, as ameaças à segurança são múltiplas e de natureza variada, sendo o ciberespaço um
domínio utilizado pelos vários atores no sentido de desestabilizar a ordem instalada, como por exemplo
através do ativismo político, mas também como meio para infringir danos. As capacidades cibernéticas
passaram também a ser consideradas como mais uma opção para atuar em conflitos, principalmente
pelas grandes potências.
Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a abordagem em Portugal a
esta nova realidade, em que a maioria, se não todas, das suas infraestruturas críticas dependem do bom
funcionamento das ligações em rede, e em que estas são utilizadas por mais de metade da população
portuguesa de forma regular.
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KAN, SE-HSU, and 甘瑟旭. "Investigating Epidemic Inspection and Quarantine System in Taiwan Based on the Securitization Theory of Copenhagen School: Case of Ebola Virus Disease." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9p5n9m.
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碩士國防大學
戰略研究所
104
The impact of economic globalization has not only deteriorated the spread, but also increased the transmission speed of infectious diseases. It has become an emerging crisis for the human security. The Ebola virus disease started to outbreak in March 2014 in Guinea, Africa. Until December 2015, the total number of cases worldwide has reached 28,637, among them 11,314 deaths, with an average death rate of about forty percent. In light of the worsened situation, on 8 August, 2014, the World Health Organization declared the Ebola outbreak in West Africa a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). On the same day, Taiwan had raised travel alert, taken measures for preparedness and response, and issued four reacting measures, namely "Health Education for Outbound Passengers, Quarantine for Incoming Passengers, Preparedness and Drill Performance, and International Cooperation." It has shown that Ebola virus disease has gradually lost control and become epidemic to other parts of the world. How to prevent the spread of viruses by using effective mechanisms has become a common global challenge. Having exchanged frequently with countries in the world due to globalization, the chance for Taiwan to be affected by Ebola virus disease has increased. Therefore, it is crucial to find out whether or not Taiwan’s health inspection and quarantine system can effectively prevent the intrusion of the epidemic disease? Based on the securitization theory of Copenhagen School, this thesis analyzes the prevention and quarantine of epidemic disease currently encountered by Taiwan.
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Roudnická, Zuzana. "Sekuritizace HIV/AIDS v Jižní Africe, 2000-2018." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-406080.
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HIV/AIDS is for many decades one of the major global health issues. It has, therefore, attracted attention of scholars from different fields of study, including security studies. This Master's Thesis seeks to contribute to debates surrounding the issue of securitizing the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The main aim of this thesis is to apply the Copenhagen School's theoretical framework on the case of HIV/AIDS, evaluate the possibility of explaining the international reaction to the pandemic through securitization, and assess whether or not the HIV/AIDS was successfully securitized in South Africa, mainly through effort of the relevant international actors. The case of the Republic of South Africa was chosen because it is one of the worst affected countries by the disease in the world. After discussing the Copenhagen School's securitization theory and its critics, the origins, progression and nature of the disease is explained. The thesis then proceeds with the description and examination of the current state of the epidemic in South Africa as well as the negative influence the segregation and apartheid policy had on the perception of the disease and its spread. The thesis looks at possible securitizing actors of the issue and analysis their discourse in the search for securitizing moves associated with...
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Hulínová, Beáta. "Kodaňská škola bezpečnosti - societální dimenze na případě Egypta Sekuritazice a její dopad na lidská práva." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-306529.
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The aim of this paper is to find out whether the securitization theory of the Copenhagen School is applicable outside euro-american space. This topic is chosen because of the contradicting opinions of theorists regarding the universality of the theory. Many authors criticize also the disregard of the process, context, pictures or physical actions. The theory is applied in societal sector in Egypt on nine cases including human rights non-governmental organizations, political opponents, critics and asylum seekers. The development of securitization, implementation of extraordinary measures, results and impact of the securitization are monitored in these cases. Attention is paid also to the fact whether securitization took into consideration context, process and whether pictures and physical actions played any role and what role it was. Method used in the paper is instrumental case study. It aims at the explanation of narrowly defined case on the basis of the theory. In the stated cases the threats to identity are presented as "others", alien and with the exception of one case as "Western" which means different from the Egyptian identity. The implementation of extraordinary measures to deal with the threats then becomes legitimate. The main contribution of the paper is the finding that the...
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Mrázková, Tina. "Sekuritizace jevů organizovaného násilí v Evropě: případ Velké Británie a Itálie." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-357807.
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The diploma thesis titled Securitisation of Organized Violence in Europe: The Case of Great Britain and Italy deals with the analysis of security discourses in the United Kingdom during the conflict in Northern Ireland and Italy during the war with the Sicilian Mafia according to the securitization theory of the so-called Copenhagen School and their subsequent comparison. The main aim of this thesis is to capture the form of securitization processes in Italy in connection with the local organized crime. To reach this objective the situation in Italy is confronted with securitization processes in Northern Ireland whose conflict is a frequent subject of international relations and security studies. The theory of securitization as a research tool is presented in its original form formulated by the Copenhagen School and is supplemented by numerous criticisms by later securitization theorists. A significant part of the thesis is focused on a thorough analysis of historical and social context of the investigated phenomenon and on capturing of many securitization statements of political actors to which this work is primarily oriented. The discourse analysis is structured into five stages that reflect the most dramatic periods in development of the presented issue. These periods are characterized by the...
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Lendor, Klara Zuzanna. "A securitização do tráfico de seres humanos: estudo comparativo do discurso das agências da União Europeia (Europol, Eurojust e Frontex)." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/37347.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Relações InternacionaisO tráfico de seres humanos é uma atividade de alta rentabilidade e baixo risco para os criminosos, classificando-se entre as formas mais lucrativas de crime organizado. A União Europeia tornou-se um espaço tanto do trânsito como de origem e destino. Embora o impacto negativo das atividades criminosas seja sobretudo para as vítimas do tráfico, cujos direitos e liberdades são gravemente desrespeitados, este é percebido como uma ameaça a toda a sociedade. O crescimento do crime organizado levou a UE a formular políticas e a estabelecer agências com o objetivo prevenir e lutar contra os tráficos ilícitos, incluindo o tráfico de seres humanos. Aplicando o quadro teórico da securitização, a presente investigação analisa o discurso de três agências da União Europeia - Europol, Eurojust e Fontex - que integram na sua ação a luta contra o tráfico dos seres humanos, a fim de explorar de que forma e porquê o tráfico de seres humanos é percebido como uma ameaça. O estudo comparado demonstra que o discurso das agências é convergente na identificação da ameaça, considerada prioritária, das medidas de emergência, com particular incidência sobre o controlo das fronteiras e os sistemas de informações, e do objeto de segurança que privilegia a dimensão coletiva (segurança e estabilidade da União Europeia e dos Estados- Membros) em detrimento da dimensão individual (vítimas do tráfico). Apesar da prevalência deste enfoque, as agências têm contribuído para uma abordagem comum sobre este tipo de escravidão moderna que contempla o reforço das medidas de proteção das vítimas.
Trafficking in human beings is an activity of high profitability and low risk to criminals, ranking among the most profitable forms of organized crime. The European Union has become a place of transit, origin and destination. Although the negative impact of criminal activity is especially for victims of trafficking, whose rights and freedoms are severely violated, it is perceived as a threat to the entire society. The growth of organized crime led the EU to develop policies and to establish agencies to prevent and combat illicit trafficking, including trafficking in human beings. Applying the theoretical framework of securitization, this research analyzes the discourse of three EU agencies - Europol, Eurojust and Fontex - that integrate in their action to combat trafficking of human beings in order to explore how and why the Trafficking in human beings is perceived as a threat. The comparative study shows that the discourse of agencies is convergent in identifying the threat, as a priority, the emergency measures, with a particular focus on border control and information systems, and the security object that privileges the collective dimension (security and stability of the EU and Member States) instead of the individual dimension (victims of trafficking). Despite the prevalence of this focal point, the agencies have contributed to a common approach on this type of modern slavery which includes the strengthening of victim protection measures.
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Čermáková, Kristýna. "Sekuritizace migrace v České republice - role uprchlic v diskurzu o migraci." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-384586.
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Master's Thesis Kristýna Čermáková Abstract This master's thesis explores the topic of the securitization of migration in the Czech Republic and the gender dimension of the discourse on migration. After a theoretical exploration of the migratory process and the specificities of its female face, a discourse analysis of the Czech media will present the main epistemological core of the work. The primary research question attempts to identify the ways in which the Czech media contributes to the shifting perception of migration as belonging to the sphere of politics, even presenting migration as a threat to security. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter provides a theoretical insight into migration studies, the motives to migrate and the phenomenon of forced migration. Despite the general assumption of mainstream academics that migrants are mainly men, the second chapter shows that women's experiences with migration differ greatly from those of men. Based on the Copenhagen stream of thought, the discourse analysis of the Czech media carried out in the third chapter points to the construction of perceptions about migration within Czech society. The absence of gender in the public discourse on migration is further analyzed in the last chapter. The missing gender dimension proved to be...
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Dederová, Nelly. "Sociální nerovnost jako hrozba - Sekuritizace s odkazem ke Šluknovským událostem." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-331955.
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Social inequality as a threat - Securitization with reference to Šluknovsko events Bc. Nelly Dederová Master's thesis Social inequality as a threat - Securitization with reference to Šluknovsko events deals with construction of so called "problem" of Šluknov region in connection to Šluknovsko events (two physical clashes in towns Nový Bor and Rumburk which happened in August 2011 and following series of protests, demonstrations and rallies which were lingering in Šluknov region towns until 2012), using theory of securitization made by Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde, who are representatives of Copenhagen school of security studies. The fact that participants of political and security discourse were referring to Šluknovsko events using securitization language (marking specific referent object as endangered, proposing exceptional measures and demanding their legitimized adoption) represents author's underlying premise.
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Patrício, Emília Maria Moutinho. "Securitização da imigração : que impactos sobre os fluxos de imigrantes turcos para a Alemanha e sobre as comunidades turcas aí residentes no período de 1999-2009." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/18849.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Relações InternacionaisA securitarização da migração, já visível desde a década de 80, sofreu um incremento significativo em termos de discurso político e de práticas nele sustentadas após os atentados de 11 de Setembro de 2001, consagrando em definitivo o estereótipo do imigrante muçulmano como ameaça à segurança do Estado e da sociedade europeia, e forçando à legitimação entre as opiniões públicas de um suposto nexo entre imigrante muçulmano, terrorismo e criminalidade transnacional organizada. Na Alemanha, foram os Turcos, quer sob a forma de membros da maior comunidade imigrante muçulmana, quer sob a forma de potenciais imigrantes, que sofreram o maior impacto desta securitarização. Os Turcos são neste contexto portadores de uma dupla condição estigmatizante: a de serem imigrantes, ou de estarem pelo menos associados a um passado pessoal ou familiar marcado por trajectórias migrantes, e a de serem muçulmanos. Este estudo visa contribuir para uma compreensão do efeito que a securitarização da migração poderá ter tido sobre os fluxos de imigrantes turcos por um lado, e sobre a qualidade da integração da comunidade imigrante turca a viver na Alemanha, por outro, no período compreendido entre 1999 e 2009. O nosso estudo conclui que, pese embora a diminuição das correntes migratórias provenientes da Turquia ser visível, não é todavia possível afirmar que tal se deva directa e muito menos exclusivamente à adopção de políticas securitárias no campo da gestão migratória na Alemanha. Dada a ausência de dados recolhidos pelas autoridades turcas que atestem o volume de emigração rumo à Alemanha durante o período em questão, torna-se difícil explorar as eventuais causas que explicarão a redução do número de migrantes chegados à Alemanha, pelo que só podemos especular sobre o verdadeiro impacto que a securitarização teve sobre o mesmo. Já em relação às consequências das políticas securitárias sobre a qualidade da integração da comunidade imigrante turca instalada no país, é possível perceber que esta só veio reforçar (e acelerar até) a legitimidade social latente de processos de discriminação e de estigmatização a que esta comunidade sempre esteve sujeita. Quer os discursos, quer as práticas de securitarização da imigração tiveram pois um impacto negativo no possível sucesso da integração da comunidade turca na Alemanha, ao mesmo tempo que se revelaram contraproducentes a alguns esforços que em igual período de tempo também foram tomados no sentido de melhorar essa mesma integração. Sem querer enveredar por posturas excessivamente normativistas, ousamos todavia considerar, à luz do que nos é dado a conhecer pelo trabalho realizado, que lidar com a imigração sob o prisma da segurança não pode ser uma opção política sensata pelo menos no médio e longo prazo, desde logo para a qualidade da relação da sociedade com todos os seus múltiplos „outros‟ que mais não são afinal do que diferentes faces de si mesma. É essencial que as respostas políticas sejam tais que nelas se consiga o equilíbrio entre a integridade e a paz do todo social, o respeito pela integridade do indivíduo e pelos Direitos Humanos, e os legítimos anseios políticos do Estado no que concerne à gestão da segurança do seu território e das suas populações.
The securitization of migration, which has been visible since the 80‟s, suffered a significant increase in terms of political discourse and the practices that it sustains after the 9/11 attacks. Because of this, the image of the Muslim immigrant as a threat to the state and to the European society was established in definitive, thus forcing the legitimization amongst public opinion of a supposed nexus between the Muslim immigrant, terrorism and transnational organized crime. In Germany, the Turks, whether as members of the country‟s largest Muslim immigrant community, or as potential immigrants, were the ones to suffer the most with this securitization. In this context, the Turks bear the burden of a double stigmatization: they are both immigrants (or are at least associated to a personal or familial past marked by migrant trajectories) and Muslims. This study seeks to contribute to an understanding of the effect that the securitization of migration had on the inflows of Turkish immigrants and on the quality of the integration of the Turkish community living in Germany between 1999 e 2009. We conclude that although the migration flows from Turkey have visibly diminished, it is impossible to confirm that this happened as a result of German securitary policies. Because there is no data collected by Turkish authorities that could attest to the migration volume arriving in Germany during the period under analysis, we cannot explore the possible causes that would explain the reduction of the number of immigrants arriving to the country. Therefore, we can only speculate on the impacts that the securitization of migration had on the inflows of Turkish immigrants. As for the consequences that the securitary policies had on the quality of the integration of the Turkish immigrant community in the country, it is possible to perceive that it contributed to an increase of the latent social legitimacy of discriminatory processes and stigmatization to which this community has always been subjected. We can therefore claim that the discourses and practices adopted in the field of the securitization of migration had a negative impact in the possible success of the integration of the Turkish community in Germany, and revealed themselves counterproductive to some of the efforts that, within the period of analysis, were taken to improve the quality of the integration process. Without wishing to follow an excessively normative approach, we would nonetheless like to defend that, in light of the knowledge acquired during our research, to deal with migration within the scope of security is not a rational political option in the medium and long run, for it hinders the quality of a relationship between society and its multiple „others‟ that are no more than different faces of said society. It is essential therefore that the political responses allow for an equilibrium between integrity and peace of the society as a whole, respect for the integrity of the individual and for Human Rights, and the legitimate political concerns of the state in respect to the management of security of its territory and its populations.
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Rubešková, Martina. "Obranná politika Francie po konci studené války. Změna postavení armády." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-298456.
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The present thesis deals with the changing status position of the army in the French defence policy according to the expanded security concept of the Copenhagen school. The concept of security in France has changed after the end of the Cold War, the consequent disappearance of the threat represented by the clash of the East and West and with the expansion of the threat sector and referent objects. It was necessary that the role of the state and its army has to change based on the newly defined threats. Throughout French history its army occupied an important position as it ensured France its independence and grandeur. However, events associated with the end of the Cold War have resulted in changes in the French defence policy. There is an expansion in the tasks that the military must assume to protect its state. On the basis of three factors (France's approach to the international system, the protection of the individual and the receding role of the army) the present thesis analyzes the changing role of the army in the defence of France.