Academic literature on the topic 'Copepoda – Feeding and feeds'
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Journal articles on the topic "Copepoda – Feeding and feeds"
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Kumlu, M., and D. A. Jones. "Digestive Protease Activity in Planktonic Crustaceans Feeding at Different Trophic Levels." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 77, no. 1 (1997): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400033841.
Full textAbstract:
Trypsin-like enzyme activity of the larvae of two planktonic predatory crustaceans, Homarus gammarus and Nephrops norvegicus (Decapoda: Nephropidae) and the omnivorous larvae of Carcinus maenas (Decapoda: Brachyura) were investigated at each larval stage until metamorphosis. Two copepods, herbivorous or omnivorous grazers, Centropages typicus and Temora longicornis (Copepoda: Calanoidae) were also investigated for this enzyme. A comparison of trypsin-like activity in these and other decapod larvae shows a pattern with high levels in herbivores, low levels in carnivores and intermediate levels in omnivores. Herbivorous planktonic crustaceans appear to rely on high digestive enzyme activities to extract nutrients from less digestible algae or particulates, whereas carnivorous larvae have limited enzymatic capacity as they feed at higher trophic levels upon large and easily digestible prey. Omnivorous Carcinus maenas larvae have intermediate levels of digestive enzymes and are able to transfer between herbivorous and omnivorous feeding.
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Cleary, Alison C., Janne E. Søreide, Daniela Freese, Barbara Niehoff, and Tove M. Gabrielsen. "Feeding by Calanus glacialis in a high arctic fjord: potential seasonal importance of alternative prey." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 7 (2017): 1937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx106.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The copepod species Calanus glacialis is an important component of arctic marine food webs, where it is the numerically dominant zooplankton grazer and serves as a major prey item for fish, seabirds, and other predators. These copepods are typically considered to be phytoplanktivorous, although they are also known to feed on microzooplankton, and little is known about their diet in fall and winter. To investigate their feeding, C. glacialis gut contents were analyzed over an annual cycle in a seasonally ice covered arctic fjord using next generation sequencing of 18S rDNA. During the spring bloom, diatoms, particularly Thalassiosira spp., were important contributors to the dietary sequence reads. In addition to diatoms, Chytridiomycetes, fungal parasites of diatoms, also made up a large proportion of dietary sequence reads during this productive season. This provides one of the first indications of the potential importance of the mycoloop in marine environments. Just prior to the spring bloom, chaetognath sequences dominated the prey sequence reads from C. glacialis, suggesting potential predation on eggs or other early life stages of chaetognaths by C. glacialis. Other indications of omnivorous feeding outside of the spring bloom period included sequence reads from polychaetes in summer, at the time of peak polychaete larval abundance, and from Metridia spp. (Copepoda) in winter in prey sequences from C. glacialis. Incorporating such predation into our knowledge of Calanus spp. behaviour may help refine our understanding of Calanus spp. ecology, and potential responses of C. glacialis to ongoing climate change.
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Østergaard, Pia. "Does male Chondracanthus lophii (Crustacea: Copepoda) feed?" Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84, no. 4 (2004): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315404009798h.
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Male Chondracanthus lophii was studied using light and electron microscopy. Observations on external morphology and internal anatomy are presented. Males possess a full set of functional mouth parts, the digestive system is active and the dominant cell type in the midgut is identified as the vacuolar type B-cell, but the gut is a blind ending sac with no anus. The gut contents were a homogenous, amorphous mass. The combination of active feeding and digestion with a blind ending gut supports the inference that males feed on special secretions produced by glands in the nuptial organs of the female. It is speculated that dependence on such secretion reduces or eliminates the production of faecal matter. Observations on the reproductive system confirmed the typical chondracanthid pattern.
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Bizuayehu, Teshome Tilahun, Tomasz Furmanek, Ørjan Karlsen, et al. "First feed affects the expressions of microRNA and their targets in Atlantic cod." British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 7 (2016): 1145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516000155.
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AbstractTo our knowledge, there is no report on microRNA (miRNA) expression and their target analysis in relation to the type of the first feed and its effect on the further growth of fish. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae have better growth and development performance when fed natural zooplankton as a start-feed, as compared with those fed typical aquaculture start-feeds. In our experiment, two groups of Atlantic cod larvae were fed reference feed (zooplankton, mostly copepods, filtered from a seawater pond) v. aquaculture feeds: enriched rotifers (Brachionus sp.) and later brine shrimp (Artemia salina). We examined the miRNA expressions of six defined developmental stages as determined and standardised by body length from first feeding for both diet groups. We found eight miRNA (miR-9, miR-19a, miR-130b, miR-146, miR-181a, miR-192, miR-206 and miR-11240) differentially expressed between the two feeding groups in at least one developmental stage. We verified the next-generation sequencing data using real-time RT-PCR. We found 397 putative targets (mRNA) to the differentially expressed miRNA; eighteen of these mRNA showed differential expression in at least one stage. The patterns of differentially expressed miRNA and their putative target mRNA were mostly inverse, but sometimes also concurrent. The predicted miRNA targets were involved in different pathways, including metabolic, phototransduction and signalling pathways. The results of this study provide new nutrigenomic information on the potential role of miRNA in mediating nutritional effects on growth during the start-feeding period in fish larvae.
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Kiørboe, Thomas, Houshuo Jiang, and Sean P. Colin. "Danger of zooplankton feeding: the fluid signal generated by ambush-feeding copepods." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1698 (2010): 3229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0629.
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Zooplankton feed in any of three ways: they generate a feeding current while hovering, cruise through the water or are ambush feeders. Each mode generates different hydrodynamic disturbances and hence exposes the grazers differently to mechanosensory predators. Ambush feeders sink slowly and therefore perform occasional upward repositioning jumps. We quantified the fluid disturbance generated by repositioning jumps in a millimetre-sized copepod (Re ∼ 40). The kick of the swimming legs generates a viscous vortex ring in the wake; another ring of similar intensity but opposite rotation is formed around the decelerating copepod. A simple analytical model, that of an impulsive point force, properly describes the observed flow field as a function of the momentum of the copepod, including the translation of the vortex and its spatial extension and temporal decay. We show that the time-averaged fluid signal and the consequent predation risk is much less for an ambush-feeding than a cruising or hovering copepod for small individuals, while the reverse is true for individuals larger than about 1 mm. This makes inefficient ambush feeding feasible in small copepods, and is consistent with the observation that ambush-feeding copepods in the ocean are all small, while larger species invariably use hovering or cruising feeding strategies.
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Imanto, Philip Teguh, Gede Suwarthama Sumiarsa, and Made Suastika. "PRELIMINARY STUDY ON POPULATION DYNAMIC OF HARPACTICOID COPEPOD Euterpina acutifrons IN CULTURE CONDITION." Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 2, no. 2 (2007): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.2.2.2007.133-139.
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<p>The most important factor to high mortality rate in larval rearing is feeding success in early larval stage related to kind and size of natural live food. Copepod basically is the main source of natural food in the open ocean having some advantages such as smaller size of nauplii, attractive movement and high nutritional value. Observation on population dynamic of harpacticoid copepod <em>Euterpina acutifrons</em> was carried out using 5-L plastic bucket with initial density 100 ind./L. Green algae <em>Nannochloropsis</em> sp. was added to culture media at density of 50,000 cells/mL as a basic feed and additional feeds given were wheat flour (group A) and chicken liver (group B) at a rate of 50 mg/bucket. The result showed that there was no difference on population pattern in both groups where the incubation time took eight days to hatch, from nauplii to the copepodite stage was three days and from copepodite to adult copepod took five-to-six days. The differences came up from population number: in group (A) the highest number of copepod-bearing-egg was only 133 ind., nauplii production up to 62,833 ind. and number of copepodites was 22,333 ind. lower compared to group (B) with the highest copepod-egg was 308 ind., nauplii was 113,333 ind. and copepodite was 51,167 ind. The conclusion pointed out that the kind of food did not influence population pattern (quality) but gave effect to population growth.</p>
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Cronin, Thomas W., Jeffry I. Fasick, Lorian E. Schweikert, Sönke Johnsen, Lorren J. Kezmoh, and Mark F. Baumgartner. "Coping with copepods: do right whales ( Eubalaena glacialis ) forage visually in dark waters?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1717 (2017): 20160067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0067.
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North Atlantic right whales ( Eubalaena glacialis ) feed during the spring and early summer in marine waters off the northeast coast of North America. Their food primarily consists of planktonic copepods, Calanus finmarchicus , which they consume in large numbers by ram filter feeding. The coastal waters where these whales forage are turbid, but they successfully locate copepod swarms during the day at depths exceeding 100 m, where light is very dim and copepod patches may be difficult to see. Using models of E. glacialis visual sensitivity together with measurements of light in waters near Cape Cod where they feed and of light attenuation by living copepods in seawater, we evaluated the potential for visual foraging by these whales. Our results suggest that vision may be useful for finding copepod patches, particularly if E. glacialis searches overhead for silhouetted masses or layers of copepods. This should permit the whales to locate C. finmarchicus visually throughout most daylight hours at depths throughout their foraging range. Looking laterally, the whales might also be able to see copepod patches at short range near the surface. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in dim light’.
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Michels, Jan, and Stanislav N. Gorb. "Mandibular gnathobases of marine planktonic copepods – feeding tools with complex micro- and nanoscale composite architectures." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (March 6, 2015): 674–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.68.
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Copepods are dominant members of the marine zooplankton. Their diets often comprise large proportions of diatom taxa whose silicified frustules are mechanically stable and offer protection against grazers. Despite of this protection, many copepod species are able to efficiently break even the most stable frustule types. This ability requires specific feeding tools with mechanically adapted architectures, compositions and properties. When ingesting food, the copepods use the gnathobases of their mandibles to grab and, if necessary, crush and mince the food items. The morphology of these gnathobases is related to the diets of the copepods. Gnathobases of copepod species that mainly feed on phytoplankton feature compact and stable tooth-like structures, so-called teeth. In several copepod species these gnathobase teeth have been found to contain silica. Recent studies revealed that the siliceous teeth are complex microscale composites with silica-containing cap-like structures located on chitinous exoskeleton sockets that are connected with rubber-like bearings formed by structures with high proportions of the soft and elastic protein resilin. In addition, the silica-containing cap-like structures exhibit a nanoscale composite architecture. They contain some amorphous silica and large proportions of the crystalline silica type α-cristobalite and are pervaded by a fine chitinous fibre network that very likely serves as a scaffold during the silicification process. All these intricate composite structures are assumed to be the result of a coevolution between the copepod gnathobases and diatom frustules in an evolutionary arms race. The composites very likely increase both the performance of the siliceous teeth and their resistance to mechanical damage, and it is conceivable that their development has favoured the copepods’ dominance of the marine zooplankton observed today.
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Novoselova, Nina, and Nuria Abdrakhimovna Kanieva. "CULTIVATION OF MARINE ZOOPLANKTON IN POLYCULTURE." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fishing industry, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2020-1-118-130.
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The paper presents the results of co-cultivation of marine and brackish organisms obtained at the experimental production center Cherished (the Strait of Kerch) for the period 2014-2019. Ciliates Euplotes charon O. F. Müller 1786, and Mesodinium pulex Claparede et Lachmann, 1858; rotifers Brachionus plicatilis O. F. Müller, 1786, and Br. urceus Linneaus, 1758; cladocera Moina brachiata Jurine, 1820; copepods Diaptomus salinus Daday, 1885, and Tisbe furcata Baird, 1837 were taken as the research material. Zooplankton was cultivated by accumulative (cultivation in batches) and semi-continuous methods. The nutrient mixture for zooplankton in the experimental tanks and in the pond served as feeds, yeast was used in the control group. Introducing of the nutrient mixture has been stated to contribute to the creation of a trophic chain: nutrient mixture-microzooplankton-phytoplankton-mesozooplankton. As a result, each species finds its own food and does not compete in nutrition for other species of zooplankton organisms. Co-cultivation provided daily from 30 to 500 g of raw zooplankton biomass per 1 m3 of aqueous medium. Co-cultivation of various zooplankton organisms with the use of nutrient mixtures as feeds creates a favorable microbiota of the aquatic environment. The aquatic environment in the cultivation of zooplankton organisms had stable hydrochemical parameters. The resulting raw biomass of zooplankton organisms was used for feeding mullet and flounder larvae and juveniles.
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Sumiarsa, Gede Suwarthama, and Philip Teguh Imanto. "EFFECT OF MICROALGAE ON GROWTH AND FATTY ACID PROFILES OF HARPACTICOID COPEPOD, Tisbe holothuriae." Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 4, no. 2 (2009): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.4.2.2009.139-146.
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Growth of marine copepods is influenced by feed. The purposes of this trial were to observe both growth and fatty acid compositions of harpacticoid copepod nauplii, Tisbe holothuriae by feeding with several microalgal species in laboratory: (A) Isochrysis tahiti; (B) Nannochloropsis oculata; (C) Rhodomonas sp., and (D) Tetraselmis chuii. The trial was carried out for 35 days with randomized complete design and triplicates in each treatment. The results showed that final copepod nauplii densities were not significantly different (P>0.05) in all treatments. However, lipid content of copepod nauplii fed with T. chuii was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to that of other treatments while fatty acid profiles of EPA, DHA and DHA/EPA ratios showed both insignificant and significant differences among treatments.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Copepoda – Feeding and feeds"
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Mzozo, Ziyanda. "Aspects of the feeding biology of the copepod Pseudodiaptomus hessei (Copepoda: Calanoida) under culture conditions." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4727.
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This study aimed to investigate the feeding behaviour of the calanoid copepod, Pseudodiaptomus hessei, particularly whether it prefers to feed on a planktonic or benthic food source. The effect of different microalgae species on the feeding preference, ingestion, and gut evacuation rate were investigated. Two microalgae species (Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis suecica) were used, to test gut fullness and gut evacuation of P. hessei. The copepods were starved for 6 h and allowed to feed on monalgae diets, I .galbana and T. suecica, and a 1:1 binary diet mixture of T. suecica and I. galbana. The gut fullness and gut evacuation rates were determined by observing under the dissecting microscope and gut content percentage was recorded (as 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 percent) along with copepod sex. Copepods that feed on T. suecica fill their gut after 30 min, while those that feed on I. galbana do so after 40 min. There was a significant difference (p= 0.02) between sexes with males filling their gut faster than females. However, copepods that fed on I. galbana evacuated their gut content completely after 30 min, while those fed on T suecica evacuated theirs after 40 min. There was no difference between males and females for gut evacuation. Even though there was high gut fullness rate when P. hessei was feeding on T. suecica, I. galbana is recommended as the best mono-algae diet to culture P. hessei. The feeding behaviour of P. hessei was investigated, as to whether it prefers to feed on a planktonic or benthic food source. Copepods were starved for 3 h and then allowed to feed on two microalgae species (I. galbana and T. suecica), one presented as a benthic and other as planktonic. Controls included swapping the modes of presentation for each algae species. Ingested microalgae species were quantified using real-time PCR, with threshold cycles interpreted as relative abundance ratio (planktonic microalgae divided by benthic microalgae species). Pseudodiaptomus hessei preferred to feed on planktonic food sources initially as there was a difference between planktonic and benthic ingested food (p=0.026). Copepods shifted from planktonic to benthic food sources after 80 min of feeding planktonically. Planktonic food sources were the preferred choice for P. hessei regardless of microalgae species offered. The results from this study also confirm that P. hessei feed on a benthic food source during the day under culture conditions. This information can be used as baseline information for aquaculturists to rear the species as live feed for marine fish larvae.
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Bernard, Kim Sarah. "Mesozooplankton community structure and grazing impact in the polar frontal zone of the Southern Ocean." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005417.
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Mesozooplankton community structure and grazing impact in the Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ) of the Southern Ocean were investigated during two cruises of the South African National Antarctic Programme (SANAP), the Marion Offshore Ecosystem Variability Study I & II (MOEVS). During the first cruise (MOEVS I), a meso-scale oceanographic grid survey was conducted in the upstream region of the Prince Edward Islands (PEI) in austral autumn (April) 2001. Mesozooplankton samples, collected using a Bongo net (fitted with 200 and 300µm mesh nets) at depths between 200 and 300 m, were separated into three size fractions: 200-500 µm; 500-1000 µm; 1000-2000 µm by reverse filtration. Total surface (depth <5 m) chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration (measured fluorometrically) during the study ranged between 0.11 and 0.34 µg 1^(-1) and was always dominated by picophytoplankton (<2.0 µm). Total mesozooplankton abundance and biomass during the survey ranged between 49 and 1512 ind. m^(-3) and between 0.7 and 25 mg Dwt. m^(-3), respectively. Throughout the survey, the 200-500 µm class numerically dominated the mesozooplankton community, comprising an average of ~ 69% (SD = ± 12.3%). The dominant species in the 200-500 µm size fraction were the copepods Oithona similis, Calanus simillimus and Metridia lucens and the pteropod, Limacina retroversa. However, in terms of biomass, the 1000-2000 µm group was predominant, with dry weight values constituting an average of ~ 66% (SD = ± 10.2%). Biomass was dominated by carnivorous zooplankton, particularly the euphausiids, Euphausia vallentini and Thysanoessa vicina and the chaetognaths, Sagitta gazellae and Eukrohnia hamata. Three distinct groupings of stations were identified by multivariate analysis. The different station groupings identified reflect changes in the relative contributions of the rather than different species assemblages. During the second cruise (MOEVS II), conducted in April 2002 (austral autumn), mesozooplankton community structure and grazing impact were investigated at 13 stations in the west Indian sector of the PFZ. Total integrated chl-a biomass ranged between 11.17 and 28.34 mg chl-a m^(-2) and was always dominated by nano- and picophytoplankton (<20 µm). Throughout the study, small copepods, mainly Oithona similis and Ctenocalanus vanus, numerically dominated the mesozooplankton community comprising up to 85% (range 30 to 85%) of the total abundance. Grazing activity of the four most abundant copepods (O. similis, C. vanus, Calanus simillimus and Clausocalanus spp.), which comprised up to 93% of total mesozooplankton abundance, was investigated using the gut fluorescent technique. Results of gut fluorescence analyses indicated that C. simillimus, Clausocalanus spp. and Ctenocalanus vanus exhibited diel variability in gut pigments, with maximum values at various stages of the night. In contrast, O. similis did not demonstrate diel variation in gut pigment contents. Ingestion rates of the four copepods ranged from 23.23 to 1462.02 ng (pigm.) ind^(-1) day^(-1), depending on the species. The combined grazing impact of the four copepods, ranged between 1 and 36% of the phytoplankton standing stock per day, with the highest daily impact (~ 35.86%) occurring at stations in the vicinity of the Antarctic Polar Front. Among the copepods, O. similis and C. vanus were generally the most important consumers of phytoplankton biomass; together they were responsible for up to 89% (range 15 to 89%) of the total daily grazing impact. Carbon specific ingestion rates of the copepods varied between 42 and 320% body carbon per day, depending on the species. The study highlights the importance of small copepods in terms of both their significant contribution to total mesozooplankton numbers and their grazing impact on the phytoplankton standing stocks in the PFZ during austral autumn.
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Andrade-Salas, Obdulio. "Feeding and digestion in the ectoparasitic copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer, 1837)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3266.
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A study has been carried out to investigate some aspects of the feeding and digestion of the parasitic copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kreyer, 1837), a serious pathogen of wild and farmed marine salmonids. The alimentary canal consists of a cuticularised foregut and hindgut and a midgut, the latter comprising most of the length of the alimentary canal. It consisted of an anterior diverticulum, and anterior midgut, mid midgut and posterior midgut. All the midgut is lined in the luminal side with a monolayer of digestive epithelium. The latter is supported by a porous basal membrane. Mesenteries suspend the gut in the haemocoel and attach to the basal membrane by means of extensions of their cytoplasm that interlock with the pores of the basal membrane and are intimately associated with the cellular basal membrane of the enterocytes. Four types of cells could be recognised ultrastructurally and were named according a widely accepted nomenclature for the types of digestive epithelial cells found in decapod crustaceans. R-cells were the most abundant type and were believed to be involved in the absorption of nutrients, storage of lipids and probably excretion of waste material. Once the R-cells have finished their useful life, it is proposed that they finally die after passing through a stage, called A-cell stage, comparable to apoptosis or programmed cell death, after which the A-cell is finally sloughed off the epithelium and discarded in the faeces. F-cells constituted the second cell type, in charge probably of the secretion of digestive enzymes. Once this stage is finished, F-cells are believed to transform into the third type of cells, the B-cells, which engage in intracellular digestion of nutrients. At the end of their useful life they are sloughed off the epithelium. The last cell type, the E-cells, are believed to be embryonic cells that differentiate either into R- or F-cells. A revised mode of feeding is proposed, in which the louse scoops up strips of host skin epithelium of relatively constant size and shape, by means of the structures associated with the mouth cone. Analysis of the gut contents and the faecal pellets revealed that the main food item was host skin epithelium. The feeding activity usually reaches the dermal layer, suggested by the common occurrence of host melanin in the gut and in the faecal pellets. Two types of faecal pellets were found. The first type was a cylindrical one which was made of the ingested host's epithelial cells with little signs of having being digested. Cylindrical pellets could be clear or dark depending on the amount of host melanin present in them. The second type of pellet was a tape- or ribbon-like gelatinous pellet produced mainly when the lice were not eating (as during starvation) or sometimes associated to the end of the cylindrical pellets. Pellets were always surrounded by a delicate peritrophic envelope composed of several peritrophic membranes. Blood was believed to be another important food item. Blood feeding was commonly associated with the production of lipids in the R-cells and it is proposed (but not confirmed) that this alternative food item could be associated with some physiological process that requires lipogenesis, like vitellogenesis. A method for manually feeding the lice was devised. Salmon blood and milk were fed in this way. No sign of digestion of these food items was observed suggesting that possibly an endogenous factor different from the presence of food in the gut is necessary to trigger the digestive process. An analysis of type of gut contents, peritrophic membranes and cell type occurrences during a digestive period was carried out. The results suggested that some digestive processes take place preferentially in one or another gut region. Mid and posterior midgut are probably associated with the production of faecal pellets, production of digestive enzymes, intracellular digestion and excretion of waste materials judging by the higher occurrence of peritrophic membranes, B- and A-cells in these regions. Absorption of nutrients probably takes place throughout the midgut. The morphological changes in the topography shown by the midgut epithelium suggest that it is a very active and plastic tissue. The results of this study were discussed and compared with similar studies of other crustaceans, including other parasitic and free living copepod species. Suggestions were made of the implications of the present findings in the search for a control method for this parasite.
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Lee, Cheuk-hung, and 李卓雄. "Microbial contamination of enteral feeds." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31245596.
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Beattie, Tara Kate. "Microbial contamination of enteral tube feeds and feeding systems." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417337.
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Browman, Howard I. "Feeding behaviour in fry of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63129.
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Van, Niekerk S. J. (Sarel Johannes). "Actual and predicted performance of broiler chickens." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49817.
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Assignment (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and profitability of different dietary specifications for
broiler chickens slaughtered at 35 days of age. Two trials were performed to evaluate different production
parameters. The results of these trials were compared to the predicted results of the EFG broiler model. No
carcass data were available for the two trials mentioned above. Therefore, in order to evaluate the accuracy
of the broiler model when predicting carcass characteristics, two published data sets (Leeson et al., 1996a)
were used. Predicted and actual values were compared, evaluated and discussed.
Two broiler trials were performed. In Trial One the amino acid density decreased throughout the range of
three treatments from prestarter to finisher diets. In Trial Two the amino acid density decreased only in the
four finisher diets. The main difference between predicted and actual results was the response to body
weight. The model predicted a steady increase in feed intake to compensate for the lower dietary
specifications while body weight did not change significantly. This increase in feed intake seems to be
enough to maintain body weight. Trial birds also increased their feed intake as dietary amino acid density
decreased, but this compensation seemed to be too low to maintain body weight compared to the control diet.
The birds may find it easier to compensate when they have time to adapt to the specification.
There is evidence in the literature that birds need seven days to adapt their feed intake to a lower feed
specification (Leeson et al., 1996a). It can be speculated that the trial birds started to loose body weight due
to a lower amino acid intake in this period. The model seems to adapt feed intake immediately after a
change in diet specification.
The simulation on literature data lead to the following conclusions:
1) Broilers posses the capacity to increase their feed intake with at least 65% should finisher diets with
lower amino acid and energy concentrations be supplied. If only the energy concentration of finisher
diets were decreased, the increase in feed intake will be around 30%. (see Table 16 and 23)
2) The accurate prediction of feed intake from the given dietary specification has a major influence on
the accuracy of the prediction of broiler performance.
3) Amino acid density and DLys:ME ratio plays a significant role in the control and prediction of feed
intake.
The EFG broiler model is based on sound scientific principles. The model is comprehensive and can be
used for a wide range of environmental and management conditions as well as dietary conditions. The
nutritionist can use the model with confidence to assist in practical feed formulation. The actual strength of
the model lies in the time and money being saved compared to practical trials.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om die prestasie en winsgewendheid van braaikuikens te bepaal wanneer voere
met verskillende digthede tot op 35 dae gevoer word. Twee eksperimente is uitgevoer om produksieresultate
te evalueer. Die resultate van hierdie eksperimente is met die voorspelde waardes uit die EFG
simulasie-model vergelyk. Aangesien geen karkasdata vir bogenoemde eksperimente beskikbaar was nie, is
twee gepubliseerde datastelle gebruik om hierdie deel van die model te evalueer (Leeson et al., 1996a).
Twee braaikuiken eksperimente is uitgevoer. Eksperiment Een het uit drie behandelings bestaan waarvan die
aminosuur-konsentrasie vanaf dag een tussen behandelings verskil het. In Eksperiment Twee het die
aminosuur-konsentrasie net in die vier afrondingsdiëte verskil. Liggaamsmassa op 35 dae het die grooste
verskil tussen voorspelde- en werklike waardes getoon. Beide voorspelde en werklike innames het in albei
eksperimente verhoog soos wat aminosuur-konsentrasie afgeneem het. Voorspelde liggaamsmassa het egter
konstant gebly terwyl werklike data 'n afname in liggaamsmassa getoon het. Dit bleik dat die voorspelde
toename in innames voldoende was om massa te onderhou terwyl die voëls in werklikheid nie genoeg
gekompenseer het nie. Leeson et al., 1996a het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat braaikuikens minstens
sewe dae benodig om hul voeriname by 'n nuwe spesifikasie aan te pas. So 'n stadige aanpassing kan
daartoe lei dat energie- en aminosuur-inname daal indien 'n dieet met laer spesifikasie gevoer. Dit sal
daartoe lei dat die kuikens liggaamsmassa verloor.
Uit die literatuur simulasies is die volgende afleidings gemaak:
1) Braaikuikens besit die vermoeë om voerinname in die afrondingstyd met minstens 65% te verhoog
indien 'n afrondingvoer met laer amiosuur- asook energiekonsentrasie gevoer word. Indien net die
energiekonsentrasie verlaag word, sal die inname met sowat 30% verhoog.
2) Die akkurate voorspelling van inname is krities vir die akkurate voorspelling van produksieparameters.
3) Aminosuur-digtheid en DLys:ME speel 'n belangrike rol in die beheer en voorspelling van
voerinname by braaikuikens.
Die EFG braaikuikenmodel is op suiwer wetenskaplike beginsels geskoei. Die model is omvattend en kan
vir 'n wye reeks van omgewings- en bestuurstoestande asook dieet-spesifikasies gebruik word. Die
voedingkundige kan die model met vertroue gebruik om met praktiese voerformulering by te staan. Die
model kan die formuleerder baie tyd spaar aangesien praktiese eksperimente ingeperk kan word.
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Thomson, Douglas Edward. "Determination of the effects of fish size and feed pellet size on the settling characteristics of Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) culture cleaning wastes." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26649.
Full textAbstract:
This research reports on the determination of the effects of fish size and feed pellet size on the settling characteristics of Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) culture, tank cleaning wastes.
Flocculant particle settling curves (Type II) were developed from settling column analysis of cleaning wastes from 11-311 gram Rainbow trout fed a moist pellet diet (Oregon Moist Pellet ®). Four feed pellet sizes were investigated: 3/32, 1/8, 5/32 and 3/16 inch.
Overall non-filterable residue removal curves and individual particle settling velocity distribution curves, derived from the Type II settling curve of each fish size and feed pellet size group, were compared. Slopes and y-intercepts of the linearized overall non-filterable residue removal curves and individual particle settling velocity distribution curves were compared using the Equality of Slope Test (S:SLTEST).
Results of the test for a common regression equation indicated there were no significant differences in the proportional distribution of particle sizes within the cleaning wastes. Variations observed in the initial rates of removal within the overall non-filterable residue removal curves were considered insignificant
Settling trials were pooled in order to obtain single curves, characterizing the overall solids removal rate and the individual particle settling velocity distribution of the waste solids.<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of<br>Graduate
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Fontana, Eddy Alejandro. "Effects of various male feeding regimens on reproduction in broiler breeders." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43750.
Full textAbstract:
<p>A study was conducted using commercial broiler breeders with the males fed a diet containing, either 120/0 or 140/0 protein and body weight maintained at either 900/0 or 1000/0 of that recommended by the primary breeder (fed separately), or allowed to eat from the female feeders (controls). Female feeders in the separately fed pens were equipped with especially designed grills, which denied access to the males. The male feeder in these pens was elevated so that females were denied access.</p>
<p>
Males fed separately (body weight 90% or 1000/0, and dietary protein 120/0 or 140/0) had a significantly higher percentage fertility (4.20/0) than males allowed to eat with the females. No differences in percentage fertility were found among the four separately fed groups. No differences were noted in percentage hatch of fertile eggs among any of the treatment groups.</p>
<p>
Males eating from the female feeders had significantly heavier body weights and testes weights at 65 weeks of age than breeder males in the separately fed, groups. Mean body weights were 3819g and 4773g at 35 weeks of age, and 4192g and 5443g at 65 weeks of age for males eating separately and eating with the females, respectively. Furthermore, males in the control group had significantly larger breast angle measurements when compared with the separately fed males. No differences were observed in foot scores and semen concentration among males in the various treatment groups.</p><br>Master of Science
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Crots, Frans (Francois Engelbertus). "The effect of feed processing techniques on weanling piglet performance." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53106.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Starch is the main component of cereal grains and is usually the primary energy source for pigs and
poultry. Feed manufacturing can adopt several measures, including physical treatments such as milling
or pelleting and other techniques, such as enzyme treatment, to disrupt cell structure. Grinding and
pelleting are the most common food processing methods used for pigs. However, pelleting of complete
balanced feeds is no longer such an economical proposition due to rising energy and equipment costs;
therefore this cost has to be outweighed by an increased production efficiency. It has been known for
many years that grinding is an essential prerequisite for the satisfactory blending of the ingredients of a
multi-component food. Feed cost represents the major item in the cost of animal production. Without
doubt, research and production efforts will continue to refine feed processing techniques to reduce the
cost of feed and to increase the value of feed for a target animal. The possibilities for improvements in
feed are endless; however the cost of each innovation must be carefully weighed against demonstrated
improvements in animal performance.
Experiment 1: The effect of feed processing techniques on weanling pig growth-performance
The effects of processing of the carbohydrate source and the feed on growth performance of commercial
Landrace x Large White piglets (n=480) weaned at 28 ± 2 d were investigated. Two processing
combinations of the carbohydrate source were used with 3 processing conditions of the diet in a 2 x 3
factorial design. The pigs were blocked by weight (7.196 ± 2.03 kg BW) and then allotted randomly to 1
of 6 dietary treatments. Ten pens of 8 piglets each were fed with each dietary treatment. The two main
processing conditions of the carbohydrate source were raw or extruded maize and the 3 processing
conditions of the diet was meal or pelleted or extruded. No carbohydrate processing x diet processing
interactions were observed (P > 0.05) for ADG, ADFI or FeR. In this experiment, extrusion of the
maize led to an significant decrease in FeR efficiency (P < 0.05) (1.57 vs. 1.42) when compared to a
raw maize diet. Pelleting a diet had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on ADG but tended to decrease ADFI
(P < 0.07) and significantly improve FeR efficiency (1.49 vs. 1.66) when compared to a meal diet.
Extruding the whole diet did not have any significant (P > 0.05) effect on ADG but tended to decrease
ADFI (P < 0.07) and gave an significant improvement in FeR when compared to a meal diet (1.34 vs.
1.66). This processing technique also gave a significant improvement (P < 0.01) in FeR when compared
to a pelleted diet (1.34 vs. 1.49).
Experiment 2: The effect of pig feed processing conditions on pig metabolism parameters
The effects of processing of the carbohydrate source and the diet on certain metabolism and production
parameters of commercial Landrace x Large White pigs (n=24) were investigated. Two processing
combinations of the carbohydrate source were used with 3 processing combinations in a 2 x 3 factorial
design. Six diets were formulated on an iso-nutrient basis (14.48 MJ/kg metabolizable energy (ME), 23.01 crude protein (CP), 1.092% lysine, 0.742% methionine and cystine and 0.271% tryptophan on a
DM basis). The pigs were blocked by weight (26.02 ± 0.25 kg BW) and then allotted randomly to I of 6
dietary treatments. The carbohydrate source was raw or extruded maize and the diets was meal or
pelleted or extruded. No carbohydrate processing x diet feed form interactions were observed (P > 0.05)
for dry matter intake (DMI), dry matter digestible energy (DE), Nitrogen (N) or dry matter intake
(DMI). In a metabolism and nitrogen (N) balance study, apparent N digestibility, digestible energy and
metabolizable energy contents were found not to be significantly (P > 0.05) influenced by carbohydrate
or diet processing.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Stysel is die hoof komponent in grane en is gewoonlik die primêre verskaffer van energie vir varke en
pluimvee. Voermeulens kan verskeie metodes implementeer, insluitend fisiese behandeling soos bv.
maal, verpilling en ensiem behandelings, om sel struktuur te verander. Maal en verpilling is die mees
algemene prosessering metodes wat vir varkvoer gebruik word. Maar, verpilling van totaal
geballanseerde voere is nie meer so ekonomies geregverdig nie as gevolg van stygende energie en
masjinerie koste. Daarom moet die koste van voervervaardiging oorbrug word deur 'n verhoogde
produksiedoeltreffendheid. Dit is al lankal bekend dat maal 'n voorvereiste is vir effektiewe vermenging
van grondstowwe van 'n multi-komponent voer. Voerkoste verteenwoordig die hoof item van die koste
van intesiewe diereproduksie. Voedingskudiges sal sonder twyfel voortgaan om voerprosessering te
verfyn om so die koste van die rantsoen te verlaag en om die waarde van die rantsoen te verhoog vir die
dier. Die moontlikhede is veelvuldig, maar die koste van elke ontwikkeling moet opgeweeg word teen
verhoogde diereproduksie.
Eksperiment 1: Die effek van voerprosesserings-tegnieke op speenvark groei en produksie
'n Proef is uitgevoer om die prosesseringseffek van 'n koolhidraat bron en voer op die groei van Landras
x Groot Wit speenvarke (n=480) wat gespeen is op 28 ± 2 d te bepaal. Twee prosesserings-kombinasies
van die koolhidraat bron en drie prosesserings-kondisies van die dieet is in 'n 2 x 3 faktoriaal ontwerp
uitgevoer. Die varkies is geblok volgens massa (oorspronklik 7.196 kg ± 2 kg) en toe ewekansig in I van
6 dieët behandelings ingedeel. Die proefdiëte is vir lO hokke varkies gevoer, elke hok het 8 varkies in
gehad. Die twee hoof prosesserings-kondisies van die koolhidraat bron was rou of gaar mielies en die
drie prosesserings-kondisies van die dieët was meelof gaar of geëkstrueer. Geen koolhidraat
prosesserings x dieët prosesserings interaksie van die dieët was opgemerk (P > 0.05) vir gemiddelde
daaglikse toename (GOT), gemiddelde daaglikse voer inname (GDVI) of voer omset doeltreffendheid
(VOD) nie. In die eksperiment was die VOD van die geëkstrueerde mielie dieët, statisties betekenisvol
laer (P < 0.05) (1.57 vs.1.42) as die rou mielie dieët. Verpilling van die dieët het geen statisties
betekenisvolle effek (P > 0.05) op GDV! gehad nie, maar die VOD was statisties betekenisvol (P < 0.05)
beter (1.49 vs. 1.66) wanneer dit met die meel dieët vergelyk word. Ekstrusie van die dieët het geen
statisties betekenisvolle effek op GOT en GOVI gehad nie, maar die VOD was statisties betekenisvol (P
< 0.05) beter wanneer dit met die meel (1.34 vs. 1.66) en verpilde dieët (1.34 vs 1.49) vergelyk word.
Eksperiment 2: Die effek van voer prosessering op vark metabolisme parameters
'n Eksperiment is uitgevoer op Landras x Groot Wit bere (n=24) om die effek van prosessering van 'n
koolhidraat bron en voer te bepaal. Twee prosesserings-kombinasies van die koolhidraat bron en drie
prosesserings-kondisies van die dieët is in 'n 2 x 3 faktoriaal ontwerp uitgevoer. Ses diëte is geformuleer op 'n iso-nutriënt basis (14.48 MJ/kg metaboliseerbare energie (ME), 23.01 ru-proteïen (RP), 1.092%
lisien, 0.742% metionien and sistien en 0.271 % tryptofaan op 'n droeë materiaal (DM) basis). Die varke
is geblok volgens massa en ewekansig aan 1 van 6 diëte toegeken. Die koolhidraat bron was gaar of rou
mielies en die diëte was meel, verpil of geëkstrueer. Geen koolhidraat-prosessering x dieet interaksie is
opgemerk (P > 0.05) nie. In 'n metabolisme en stikstof (N) balans-studie is daar gevind dat DM
verteerbaarheid, skynbare N verteerbaarheid, verteerbare energie (GE) en ME inhoud nie beduidend
deur die behandelings beïnvloed word nie.
Books on the topic "Copepoda – Feeding and feeds"
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Epstein, Ari Wenkart. Physical processes and zooplankton distribution in the Great South Channel: Observational and numerical studies. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, 1995.
Find full text
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1914-, Cullison Arthur Edison, and Lowrey Robert S. 1934-, eds. Feeds & feeding. 6th ed. Prentice Hall, 2003.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Copepoda – Feeding and feeds"
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Tucker, Craig S., and Edwin H. Robinson. "Feeds and Feeding Practices." In Channel Catfish Farming Handbook. Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1376-3_11.
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Dryden, Gordon McL. "Digestion of feeds." In Fundamentals of applied animal nutrition. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786394453.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this chapter the feeding behaviour and digestive physiology, digestive tract function-intrinsic and microbial digestion; functions and anatomy of the digestive tract in animals are discussed.
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Boni, Zofia. "“My mum feeds me, but really, I eat whatever I want!”." In Feeding Children Inside and Outside the Home. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315206974-7.
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Hawkey, Kerensa, John Brameld, Tim Parr, Andrew Salter, and Heidi Hall. "Suitability of insects for animal feeding." In Insects as animal feed: novel ingredients for use in pet, aquaculture and livestock diets. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245929.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This chapter explores the nutritional composition of insects and the potential benefits and drawbacks for their inclusion into pet, poultry, pig, ruminant and aquatic animal feeds. Six species are most commonly described for use in animal feed, namely black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larvae and prepupae, yellow mealworm (YM; Tenebrio molitor) larvae, superworm (SW; Zophobas morio) larvae, lesser mealworm (LM; Alphitobius diaperinus) larvae, house fly (HF; Musca domestica) larvae and house crickets (HC; Acheta domesticus). The nutritional composition, variability observed due to manipulation of feed source, age, developmental stage and suitability for inclusion into animal feed are compared.
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Vohnout, K., and C. Jimenez. "Supplemental By-Product Feeds in Pasture-Livestock Feeding Systems in the Tropics." In Tropical Forages in Livestock Production Systems. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/asaspecpub24.c6.
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Lincoln, Jean A., Jefferson T. Turner, Stephen S. Bates, Claude Léger, and David A. Gauthier. "Feeding, egg production, and egg hatching success of the copepods Acartia tonsa and Temora longicornis on diets of the toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and the non-toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia pungens." In Copepoda: Developments in Ecology, Biology and Systematics. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47537-5_9.
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Nandakumar, R., and P. Santhanam. "A Study on Assessing the Feeding, Survival, Fecundity, and Postembryonic Development of Zooplankton Nitocra affinis (Copepoda: Harpacticoida)." In Basic and Applied Zooplankton Biology. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7953-5_10.
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Robaina, Lidia, Juhani Pirhonen, Elena Mente, Javier Sánchez, and Neill Goosen. "Fish Diets in Aquaponics." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_13.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractFish and feed waste provide most of the nutrients required by the plants in aquaponics if the optimum ratio between daily fish feed inputs and the plant growing area is sustained. Thus, the fish feed needs to fulfil both the fish’s and plant’s nutritional requirements in an aquaponic system. A controlled fish waste production strategy where the nitrogen, phosphorus and mineral contents of fish diets are manipulated and used provides a way of influencing the rates of accumulation of nutrients, thereby reducing the need for the additional supplementation of nutrients. To optimize the performance and cost-effectiveness of aquaponic production, fish diets and feeding schedules should be designed carefully to provide nutrients at the right level and time to complement fish, bacteria and plants. To achieve this, a species-specific tailor-made aquaponic feed may be optimized to suit the aquaponic system as a whole. The optimal point would be determined based on overall system performance parameters, including economic and environmental sustainability measures. This chapter thus focuses on fish diets and feed and reviews the state of the art in fish diets, ingredients and additives, as well as the nutritional/sustainable challenges that need to be considered when producing specific aquaponic feeds.
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Meyer Jepsen, Per, Kristian Syberg, Guillaume Drillet, and Benni Winding Hansen. "Planktonic Crustacean Culture—Live Planktonic Crustaceans as Live Feed for Finfish and Shrimps in Aquaculture." In Fisheries and Aquaculture. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865627.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
The cultivation of planktonic crustaceans as live feed is of paramount importance for the aquaculture and aquarium industries. The use of live cladocerans as feed for freshwater fish is limited to the aquarium industry, whereas Artemia and copepods are used to feed edible marine fish larvae with small mouth gape. Live feed production is expensive and time consuming; therefore, it is only used for fish that cannot be fed an inert diet directly, and only until they are ready for weaning to an inert diet. High-quality planktonic crustacean cultures are furthermore used to conduct environmental risk assessments for hazardous chemicals. Cladocerans are widely used for ecotoxicology testing, but Artemia and copepods are emerging as new model species. The present chapter reviews the culturing procedures of these important planktonic crustaceans: Artemia, cladocerans, and copepods. It discusses their use as live feed and as test organisms for environmental risk assessments. The culturing procedures are categorized into three complexity levels: Extensive, semi-extensive, and intensive. In general, the pros for Artemia and cladocerans are that they are easier to culture than copepods. Copepods are often more difficult in term of culture requirements and feeding. Nevertheless, copepods have the advantage of being in either freshwater or saline water, whereas cladocerans are limited to freshwater and Artemia to seawater. Artemia cysts and copepod eggs have a well-defined protocol for storage and distribution to aquaculture end users. Cladocerans, however, have the potential for the ephippia stage, although this is not well developed. For toxicological testing, three species are used: Artemia franciscana, Daphnia magna, and Acartia tonsa, with Artemia and A. tonsa in seawater testing, D. magna in freshwater testing. The chapter concludes with a comparative analysis of these organisms from use and culturing capability and demonstrates that there are strong similarities and challenges across these taxa.
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"Paddlefish Management, Propagation, and Conservation in the 21st Century." In Paddlefish Management, Propagation, and Conservation in the 21st Century, edited by Nicole A. Smith, Richard E. Condrey, and Bobby C. Reed. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874127.ch4.
Full textAbstract:
<em>Abstract</em>.—We conducted the first comprehensive study of paddlefish <em>Polyodon spathula </em>feeding ecology in Louisiana by examining 129 stomachs collected from the Mermentau River. Paddlefish were sampled monthly using gill nets from March 2002 to February 2003. Copepods and cladocerans occurred more frequently in the stomachs than any other prey, with a frequency of occurrence of 90% and 82%, respectively. Feeding peaked in summer and winter and appeared to shift from copepods in the summer to cladocerans in the winter. There appeared to be no size selectivity of prey, suggesting that paddlefish were indiscriminate planktonic feeders. Calculations of apparent ingestion time indirectly suggest that paddlefish were able to locate dense patches of zooplankton. This study concurs with previous studies of northern and other southern paddlefish populations that paddlefish feed primarily on zooplankton crustaceans such as copepods and cladocerans, although diatoms and other plant material may be periodically important.
Conference papers on the topic "Copepoda – Feeding and feeds"
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Carrierfenster, Kristen, Christine Rue-Donlon, and Rubia Khalak. "Getting to Full Feeds Faster in the Nicu Utilizing Cue-based Feeding." In Selection of Abstracts From NCE 2016. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.141.1_meetingabstract.522.
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Musial, Abigail, Owen Densel, Conor Merritt, et al. "1 Decreasing time to goal enteral feeds in children with medical complexity with feeding intolerance." In IHI Scientific Symposium. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2020-ihi.1.
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Сорокин, Александр, Alexander Sorokin, Валентина Руцкая, and Valentina Ruckaya. "LUPIN AS THE BASE FOR PROTEIN COMPONENT OF FEED MIX FOR POULTRY." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2019-21-69-110-115.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents the data of domestic and foreign researchers for feeding of poultry used lupin and its processed products. It’s advisable to use energy-and-protein concentrates made of legumes and cereal grain mixtures to prepare complete feeds. Lupin is one of the main sources of plant protein with unique amino acid composition. In opinion of the majority of researchers lupin containing feeds made according to technic guidance support productivity increasing of poultry growing and improve the quality of the products.
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Putra, Dedi Fazriansyah, Mariana, Muchlisin Zainal Abidin, and Sanani. "Effect of Various Feeding of Live Feeds on the Growth and Survival Rate of Black Tiger Shrimp Larvae (Penaeus Monodon)." In International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008883001280132.
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MengYao, Tong, and Li FangGang. "The Quality Experience Feedback in Nuclear Fuel Manufacture." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81374.
Full textAbstract:
Experience feedback refers to the timely information collection, transformation, analysis, processing and summary, when some good experience or occasional problems appeared during the manufacturing process. In the manufacturing process of nuclear fuel, CNNC JianZhong Nuclear Fuel Assembly Co., Ltd (CJNF) established a comprehensive experience feedback system, and consolidated experience feedback processing flow. Using classification and gradation to collect, filter, organize and use information. CJNF feeds back some quality problems in fuel assembly manufacture, through the analysis of causes and the implementation of measures to avoid the occurrence of similar problems. Meantime, feeding back and sharing good practical experience in manufacturing and management process, it is benefit to pass on experience and learn from each other. The experience feedback of CJNF is the solid foundation of quality management system’s operation and improvement.
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Ünlü, Elif Işılay, and Ahmet Çınar. "Lesion Detection on Skin Images Using Improved U-Net." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.022.
Full textAbstract:
The fate of transgenic DNA (tDNA) and protein of feeds from Genetically Modified organisms (GMOs) in animals has been an important topic since their commercialization in 1996. Several studies have investigated about risks of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of tDNA and proteins to bacteria or animal cells/tissues, however, the reported data is at times controversial. Earlier reports showed that tDNA fragments or protein derived from GM plants have not been detected in tissues, fluids, or edible products of farm animals. Other researchers have come out to demonstrate that there is the possibility of small fragments leaking out into the animal tissues, fluids and organs. This motivated us to update our knowledge about these concerns. Therefore, this review aimed at assessing the likely transfer and accumulation of tDNA/ proteins from transgenic feeds to animal (ruminants and non-ruminants) samples through evaluating the available experimental scientific published studies. This study has found out that the tDNA or protein is not completely degraded during feed processing and digestion in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT). In large ruminants (Cattle), tDNA fragments/protein have been detected in the GIT digesta, ruminal fluid and feces. In small ruminants (Goats), traces of tDNA/proteins have been detected in the GIT digesta, blood, milk, liver, kidney, heart and muscle. In pigs, they have been detected in blood, spleen, liver kidney and in the GIT digesta. In poultry, traces have been seen in blood, liver and GIT digesta but not in meat and Eggs. Regardless of some studies that have shown the transfer of tDNA/protein fragments to animal samples, we cannot base on these few studies to give a piece of general evidence about their transfer into tissues/fluids and organs of livestock animals. However, this study clearly shows possible transfer, hence intensive and authentic research on GM crops should be done before they are allowed for commercial use, studying issues like the fate of tDNA or proteins and the effect of feeding GM feeds to livestock.
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Doskovic, Vladimir, Snežana Bogosavljevic-Boškovic, Zdenka Škrbic, et al. "EFEKAT ENZIMA PROTEAZE NA PRINOS I UDEO JESTIVIH PRATEĆIH PROIZVODA KLANJA PILIĆA HIBRIDA MASTER GRIS." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.269d.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of supplemental protease (Ronozyme ProAct) in broiler diet on the weights and percentage yields of slaughter by-products of male and female medium-growing Master Gris broiler chickens was analysed. Fattening period lasted for 63 days. Broilers were assigned to 3 experimental groups, each consisting of 100 birds. Experimental groups differed in protease levels used in their diets: control broilers (C) received complete feeds (starter, grower and finisher) without supplemental protease; chickens in the experimental group E-I were given a diet containing 0.2% protease and crude protein levels reduced by 4% compared with the control group, whereas experimental E-II broilers were fed a diet supplemented with 0.3% protease and containing crude protein levels reduced by 6% compared with C birds. The analysis of the results showed that feeding treatments had a very small effect on the weights and proportion yields of edible by-products (with difference only in the percentage yield of liver relative to live weight between C and E-I broilers, P<0.05), whereas sex was found to affect almost all slaughter by-products (except abdominal fat weight and the percentage yield of gizzard relative to live weight, P>0.05).
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Zhao, Jian-Hua, Henri Champliaud, and Thien-My Dao. "Simulation of Shear Spinning Process for Pressure Vessel Components." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26363.
Full textAbstract:
Spinning process for the medium- and small-lot production of axisymmetric components has many advantages, such as smaller deformation force, simpler tool-and-die design, and lower investment in equipment, over conventional forming processes. It has been widely used in aerospace, energy and defense industry. This paper presents a 3-D elastoplastic finite element (FE) model for the simulation of the shear spinning process, in order to study deformation behaviour and design proper process parameters for the spinning process. The proposed model has the following characteristics: i) a shell element is used to mesh the contact pairs between the workpiece (a metal blank) and the tool sets (a pressing roller and a mandrel); ii) the offset thickness of the shell element is considered during contact treatment; iii) the movement of the roller and the fixing of the central blank and mandrel are treated as the boundary condition; iv) relative movement between the roller and the blank is treated as a spiral feeding process. FEM simulations for shear spinning with aluminum have been implemented, using a dynamic explicit scheme, on ANSYS/LS-DYNA software. Spinning force, thickness distribution and stress distribution have been studied under various roller feeds and inclined angles of mandrel. The simulation results have provided good confirmation with the experiments.
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Paccati, S., L. Cocchi, L. Mazzei, and A. Andreini. "Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Rotation and Holes Arrangement in Cold Bridge Type Impingement Cooling Systems." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90770.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This work presents the results of a numerical analysis performed on a gas turbine leading edge cooling system. The investigation was carried out in order to provide a detailed interpretation of the outcomes of a parallel experimental campaign. The cooling geometry consists of a cold bridge type impingement system: a radial channel feeds an array of holes, which in turn generate impingement jets cooling down the inner side of the leading edge surface. Coolant is extracted by five rows of holes, replicating film cooling and showerhead systems. Two impingement geometries were considered, presenting different holes arrangements and diameters but sharing the same overall passage area, in order to highlight the effect of different coolant distributions inside the leading edge cavity. For both geometries a single test point was investigated in static and rotating conditions, with an equivalent slot Reynolds number of around 8200 and feeding conditions corresponding to the midspan radial section of the blade. Both steady RANS approach and Scale Adaptive Simulation (SAS) were tested. Due to the strong unsteadiness of the flow field, the latter proved to be superior: as a consequence, SAS approach was adopted to study every case. A fairly good agreement was observed between the measured and computed heat transfer distributions, which allowed to exploit the numerical results to get a detailed description of the phenomena associated with the different cases. Results reveal that the two holes arrangements lead to strongly different heat transfer patterns, related to the specific flow phenomena occurring inside the leading edge cavity and to the mutual influence of the various system features. Rotational effects also appear to interact with the supply condition, altering the jet lateral spreading and the overall heat transfer performance.
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Matovu, Jacob, and Ahmet Alçiçek. "Investigations and Concerns about the Fate of Transgenic DNA and Protein in Livestock." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.011.
Full textAbstract:
The fate of transgenic DNA (tDNA) and protein from feed derived from Genetically Modified organisms (GMOs) in animals has been a major issue since their commercialization in 1996. Several studies have investigated the risks of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of tDNA and protein to bacteria or animal cells/tissues, but some of the reported data are controversial. Previous reports showed that tDNA fragments or proteins derived from GM plants could not be detected in tissues, fluids, or edible products from livestock. Other researchers have shown that there is a possibility of small fragments entering animal tissues, fluids and organs. This motivated us to update our knowledge about these concerns. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate the probable transfer and accumulation of tDNA/proteins from transgenic feeds in animal samples (ruminant and non-ruminant) by evaluating the available experimental studies published scientifically. This study found that the tDNA/protein is not completely degraded during feed processing and digestion in Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT). In large ruminants (cattle), tDNA fragments/proteins were detected in GIT digesta, rumen fluid, and faeces. In small ruminants (goats), traces of tDNA/proteins were detected in GIT digesta, blood, milk, liver, kidney, heart and muscle. In pigs, they were detected in blood, spleen, liver, kidney, and GIT digesta. In poultry, traces were detected in blood, liver and GIT digesta but not in meat and eggs. Notwithstanding some studies that have shown transfer of tDNA/protein fragments in animal samples, we cannot rely on these few studies to give general evidence for transfer into tissues/fluids and organs of farm animals. However, this study clearly shows that transfer is possible. Therefore, intensive and authentic research should be conducted on GM plants before they are approved for commercial use, investigating issues such as the fate of tDNA or proteins and the effects of feeding GM feed to livestock.