Journal articles: 'Copepoda – Feeding and feeds'

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Kumlu, M., and D. A. Jones. "Digestive Protease Activity in Planktonic Crustaceans Feeding at Different Trophic Levels." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 77, no. 1 (1997): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400033841.

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Trypsin-like enzyme activity of the larvae of two planktonic predatory crustaceans, Homarus gammarus and Nephrops norvegicus (Decapoda: Nephropidae) and the omnivorous larvae of Carcinus maenas (Decapoda: Brachyura) were investigated at each larval stage until metamorphosis. Two copepods, herbivorous or omnivorous grazers, Centropages typicus and Temora longicornis (Copepoda: Calanoidae) were also investigated for this enzyme. A comparison of trypsin-like activity in these and other decapod larvae shows a pattern with high levels in herbivores, low levels in carnivores and intermediate levels in omnivores. Herbivorous planktonic crustaceans appear to rely on high digestive enzyme activities to extract nutrients from less digestible algae or particulates, whereas carnivorous larvae have limited enzymatic capacity as they feed at higher trophic levels upon large and easily digestible prey. Omnivorous Carcinus maenas larvae have intermediate levels of digestive enzymes and are able to transfer between herbivorous and omnivorous feeding.

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Cleary, Alison C., Janne E. Søreide, Daniela Freese, Barbara Niehoff, and Tove M. Gabrielsen. "Feeding by Calanus glacialis in a high arctic fjord: potential seasonal importance of alternative prey." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 7 (2017): 1937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx106.

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Abstract The copepod species Calanus glacialis is an important component of arctic marine food webs, where it is the numerically dominant zooplankton grazer and serves as a major prey item for fish, seabirds, and other predators. These copepods are typically considered to be phytoplanktivorous, although they are also known to feed on microzooplankton, and little is known about their diet in fall and winter. To investigate their feeding, C. glacialis gut contents were analyzed over an annual cycle in a seasonally ice covered arctic fjord using next generation sequencing of 18S rDNA. During the spring bloom, diatoms, particularly Thalassiosira spp., were important contributors to the dietary sequence reads. In addition to diatoms, Chytridiomycetes, fungal parasites of diatoms, also made up a large proportion of dietary sequence reads during this productive season. This provides one of the first indications of the potential importance of the mycoloop in marine environments. Just prior to the spring bloom, chaetognath sequences dominated the prey sequence reads from C. glacialis, suggesting potential predation on eggs or other early life stages of chaetognaths by C. glacialis. Other indications of omnivorous feeding outside of the spring bloom period included sequence reads from polychaetes in summer, at the time of peak polychaete larval abundance, and from Metridia spp. (Copepoda) in winter in prey sequences from C. glacialis. Incorporating such predation into our knowledge of Calanus spp. behaviour may help refine our understanding of Calanus spp. ecology, and potential responses of C. glacialis to ongoing climate change.

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Østergaard, Pia. "Does male Chondracanthus lophii (Crustacea: Copepoda) feed?" Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84, no. 4 (2004): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315404009798h.

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Male Chondracanthus lophii was studied using light and electron microscopy. Observations on external morphology and internal anatomy are presented. Males possess a full set of functional mouth parts, the digestive system is active and the dominant cell type in the midgut is identified as the vacuolar type B-cell, but the gut is a blind ending sac with no anus. The gut contents were a homogenous, amorphous mass. The combination of active feeding and digestion with a blind ending gut supports the inference that males feed on special secretions produced by glands in the nuptial organs of the female. It is speculated that dependence on such secretion reduces or eliminates the production of faecal matter. Observations on the reproductive system confirmed the typical chondracanthid pattern.

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Bizuayehu, Teshome Tilahun, Tomasz Furmanek, Ørjan Karlsen, et al. "First feed affects the expressions of microRNA and their targets in Atlantic cod." British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 7 (2016): 1145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516000155.

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AbstractTo our knowledge, there is no report on microRNA (miRNA) expression and their target analysis in relation to the type of the first feed and its effect on the further growth of fish. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae have better growth and development performance when fed natural zooplankton as a start-feed, as compared with those fed typical aquaculture start-feeds. In our experiment, two groups of Atlantic cod larvae were fed reference feed (zooplankton, mostly copepods, filtered from a seawater pond) v. aquaculture feeds: enriched rotifers (Brachionus sp.) and later brine shrimp (Artemia salina). We examined the miRNA expressions of six defined developmental stages as determined and standardised by body length from first feeding for both diet groups. We found eight miRNA (miR-9, miR-19a, miR-130b, miR-146, miR-181a, miR-192, miR-206 and miR-11240) differentially expressed between the two feeding groups in at least one developmental stage. We verified the next-generation sequencing data using real-time RT-PCR. We found 397 putative targets (mRNA) to the differentially expressed miRNA; eighteen of these mRNA showed differential expression in at least one stage. The patterns of differentially expressed miRNA and their putative target mRNA were mostly inverse, but sometimes also concurrent. The predicted miRNA targets were involved in different pathways, including metabolic, phototransduction and signalling pathways. The results of this study provide new nutrigenomic information on the potential role of miRNA in mediating nutritional effects on growth during the start-feeding period in fish larvae.

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Kiørboe, Thomas, Houshuo Jiang, and Sean P. Colin. "Danger of zooplankton feeding: the fluid signal generated by ambush-feeding copepods." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1698 (2010): 3229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0629.

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Zooplankton feed in any of three ways: they generate a feeding current while hovering, cruise through the water or are ambush feeders. Each mode generates different hydrodynamic disturbances and hence exposes the grazers differently to mechanosensory predators. Ambush feeders sink slowly and therefore perform occasional upward repositioning jumps. We quantified the fluid disturbance generated by repositioning jumps in a millimetre-sized copepod (Re ∼ 40). The kick of the swimming legs generates a viscous vortex ring in the wake; another ring of similar intensity but opposite rotation is formed around the decelerating copepod. A simple analytical model, that of an impulsive point force, properly describes the observed flow field as a function of the momentum of the copepod, including the translation of the vortex and its spatial extension and temporal decay. We show that the time-averaged fluid signal and the consequent predation risk is much less for an ambush-feeding than a cruising or hovering copepod for small individuals, while the reverse is true for individuals larger than about 1 mm. This makes inefficient ambush feeding feasible in small copepods, and is consistent with the observation that ambush-feeding copepods in the ocean are all small, while larger species invariably use hovering or cruising feeding strategies.

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Imanto, Philip Teguh, Gede Suwarthama Sumiarsa, and Made Suastika. "PRELIMINARY STUDY ON POPULATION DYNAMIC OF HARPACTICOID COPEPOD Euterpina acutifrons IN CULTURE CONDITION." Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 2, no. 2 (2007): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.2.2.2007.133-139.

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The most important factor to high mortality rate in larval rearing is feeding success in early larval stage related to kind and size of natural live food. Copepod basically is the main source of natural food in the open ocean having some advantages such as smaller size of nauplii, attractive movement and high nutritional value. Observation on population dynamic of harpacticoid copepod Euterpina acutifrons was carried out using 5-L plastic bucket with initial density 100 ind./L. Green algae Nannochloropsis sp. was added to culture media at density of 50,000 cells/mL as a basic feed and additional feeds given were wheat flour (group A) and chicken liver (group B) at a rate of 50 mg/bucket. The result showed that there was no difference on population pattern in both groups where the incubation time took eight days to hatch, from nauplii to the copepodite stage was three days and from copepodite to adult copepod took five-to-six days. The differences came up from population number: in group (A) the highest number of copepod-bearing-egg was only 133 ind., nauplii production up to 62,833 ind. and number of copepodites was 22,333 ind. lower compared to group (B) with the highest copepod-egg was 308 ind., nauplii was 113,333 ind. and copepodite was 51,167 ind. The conclusion pointed out that the kind of food did not influence population pattern (quality) but gave effect to population growth.

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Cronin, Thomas W., Jeffry I. Fasick, Lorian E. Schweikert, Sönke Johnsen, Lorren J. Kezmoh, and Mark F. Baumgartner. "Coping with copepods: do right whales ( Eubalaena glacialis ) forage visually in dark waters?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1717 (2017): 20160067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0067.

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North Atlantic right whales ( Eubalaena glacialis ) feed during the spring and early summer in marine waters off the northeast coast of North America. Their food primarily consists of planktonic copepods, Calanus finmarchicus , which they consume in large numbers by ram filter feeding. The coastal waters where these whales forage are turbid, but they successfully locate copepod swarms during the day at depths exceeding 100 m, where light is very dim and copepod patches may be difficult to see. Using models of E. glacialis visual sensitivity together with measurements of light in waters near Cape Cod where they feed and of light attenuation by living copepods in seawater, we evaluated the potential for visual foraging by these whales. Our results suggest that vision may be useful for finding copepod patches, particularly if E. glacialis searches overhead for silhouetted masses or layers of copepods. This should permit the whales to locate C. finmarchicus visually throughout most daylight hours at depths throughout their foraging range. Looking laterally, the whales might also be able to see copepod patches at short range near the surface. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in dim light’.

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Michels, Jan, and Stanislav N. Gorb. "Mandibular gnathobases of marine planktonic copepods – feeding tools with complex micro- and nanoscale composite architectures." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (March 6, 2015): 674–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.68.

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Copepods are dominant members of the marine zooplankton. Their diets often comprise large proportions of diatom taxa whose silicified frustules are mechanically stable and offer protection against grazers. Despite of this protection, many copepod species are able to efficiently break even the most stable frustule types. This ability requires specific feeding tools with mechanically adapted architectures, compositions and properties. When ingesting food, the copepods use the gnathobases of their mandibles to grab and, if necessary, crush and mince the food items. The morphology of these gnathobases is related to the diets of the copepods. Gnathobases of copepod species that mainly feed on phytoplankton feature compact and stable tooth-like structures, so-called teeth. In several copepod species these gnathobase teeth have been found to contain silica. Recent studies revealed that the siliceous teeth are complex microscale composites with silica-containing cap-like structures located on chitinous exoskeleton sockets that are connected with rubber-like bearings formed by structures with high proportions of the soft and elastic protein resilin. In addition, the silica-containing cap-like structures exhibit a nanoscale composite architecture. They contain some amorphous silica and large proportions of the crystalline silica type α-cristobalite and are pervaded by a fine chitinous fibre network that very likely serves as a scaffold during the silicification process. All these intricate composite structures are assumed to be the result of a coevolution between the copepod gnathobases and diatom frustules in an evolutionary arms race. The composites very likely increase both the performance of the siliceous teeth and their resistance to mechanical damage, and it is conceivable that their development has favoured the copepods’ dominance of the marine zooplankton observed today.

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Novoselova, Nina, and Nuria Abdrakhimovna Kanieva. "CULTIVATION OF MARINE ZOOPLANKTON IN POLYCULTURE." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fishing industry, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2020-1-118-130.

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The paper presents the results of co-cultivation of marine and brackish organisms obtained at the experimental production center Cherished (the Strait of Kerch) for the period 2014-2019. Ciliates Euplotes charon O. F. Müller 1786, and Mesodinium pulex Claparede et Lachmann, 1858; rotifers Brachionus plicatilis O. F. Müller, 1786, and Br. urceus Linneaus, 1758; cladocera Moina brachiata Jurine, 1820; copepods Diaptomus salinus Daday, 1885, and Tisbe furcata Baird, 1837 were taken as the research material. Zooplankton was cultivated by accumulative (cultivation in batches) and semi-continuous methods. The nutrient mixture for zooplankton in the experimental tanks and in the pond served as feeds, yeast was used in the control group. Introducing of the nutrient mixture has been stated to contribute to the creation of a trophic chain: nutrient mixture-microzooplankton-phytoplankton-mesozooplankton. As a result, each species finds its own food and does not compete in nutrition for other species of zooplankton organisms. Co-cultivation provided daily from 30 to 500 g of raw zooplankton biomass per 1 m3 of aqueous medium. Co-cultivation of various zooplankton organisms with the use of nutrient mixtures as feeds creates a favorable microbiota of the aquatic environment. The aquatic environment in the cultivation of zooplankton organisms had stable hydrochemical parameters. The resulting raw biomass of zooplankton organisms was used for feeding mullet and flounder larvae and juveniles.

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Sumiarsa, Gede Suwarthama, and Philip Teguh Imanto. "EFFECT OF MICROALGAE ON GROWTH AND FATTY ACID PROFILES OF HARPACTICOID COPEPOD, Tisbe holothuriae." Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 4, no. 2 (2009): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.4.2.2009.139-146.

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Growth of marine copepods is influenced by feed. The purposes of this trial were to observe both growth and fatty acid compositions of harpacticoid copepod nauplii, Tisbe holothuriae by feeding with several microalgal species in laboratory: (A) Isochrysis tahiti; (B) Nannochloropsis oculata; (C) Rhodomonas sp., and (D) Tetraselmis chuii. The trial was carried out for 35 days with randomized complete design and triplicates in each treatment. The results showed that final copepod nauplii densities were not significantly different (P>0.05) in all treatments. However, lipid content of copepod nauplii fed with T. chuii was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to that of other treatments while fatty acid profiles of EPA, DHA and DHA/EPA ratios showed both insignificant and significant differences among treatments.

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Eilertsen, Hans Chr, Edel Elvevoll, Ingeborg Hulda Giæver, et al. "Inclusion of photoautotrophic cultivated diatom biomass in salmon feed can deter lice." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (2021): e0255370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255370.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of diatom (microalgae) biomass as a lice-reducing ingredient in salmon feed. The original hypothesis was based on the fact that polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs), e.g. 2-trans, 4-trans decadenial (A3) produced by diatoms can function as grazing deterrents and harm copepod development. Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is a copepod, and we intended to test if inclusion of diatom biomass in the feed could reduce the infestation of lice on salmon. We performed experiments where salmon kept in tanks were offered four different diets, i.e. basic feed with diatoms, fish oil, Calanus sp. oil or rapeseed oil added. After a feeding period of 67 days a statistically representative group of fishes, tagged with diet group origin, were pooled in a 4000L tank and exposed to salmon lice copepodites whereafter lice infestation was enumerated. Salmon from all four diet groups had good growth with SGR values from 1.29 to 1.44% day-1 (increase from ca. 130 g to 350 g). At the termination of the experiment the number of lice on salmon offered diatom feed were statistically significantly lower than on salmon fed the other diets. Mean lice infestation values increased from diatom feed through Calanus and fish oil to standard feed with terrestrial plant ingredients. Analysis of the chemical composition of the different diets (fatty acids, amino acids) failed to explain the differences in lice infestation. The only notable result was that diatom and Calanus feed contained more FFA (free fatty acids) than feed with fish oil and the control feed. None of the potential deleterious targeted polyunsaturated aldehydes could be detected in skin samples of the salmon. What was exclusive for salmon that experienced reduced lice was diatom inclusion in the feed. This therefore still indicates the presence of some lice deterring ingredient, either in the feed, or an ingredient can have triggered production of an deterrent in the fish. An obvious follow up of this will be to perform experiments with different degrees of diatom inclusion in the feeds, i.e. dose response experiments combined with targeted PUA analyses, as well as to perform large scale experiments under natural conditions in aquaculture pens.

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Sugier, Kevin, Romuald Laso-Jadart, Benoît Vacherie, et al. "Male Differentiation in the Marine Copepod Oithona nana Reveals the Development of a New Nervous Ganglion and Lin12-Notch-Repeat Protein-Associated Proteolysis." Biology 10, no. 7 (2021): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10070657.

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Copepods are among the most numerous animals, and they play an essential role in the marine trophic web and biogeochemical cycles. The genus Oithona is described as having the highest density of copepods. The Oithona male paradox describes the activity states of males, which are obliged to alternate between immobile and mobile phases for ambush feeding and mate searching, respectively, while the female is less mobile and feeds less. To characterize the molecular basis of this sexual dimorphism, we combined immunofluorescence, genomics, transcriptomics, and protein–protein interaction approaches and revealed the presence of a male-specific nervous ganglion. Transcriptomic analysis showed male-specific enrichment for nervous system development-related transcripts. Twenty-seven Lin12-Notch Repeat domain-containing protein coding genes (LDPGs) of the 75 LDPGs identified in the genome were specifically expressed in males. Furthermore, some LDPGs coded for proteins with predicted proteolytic activity, and proteases-associated transcripts showed a male-specific enrichment. Using yeast double–hybrid assays, we constructed a protein–protein interaction network involving two LDPs with proteases, extracellular matrix proteins, and neurogenesis-related proteins. We also hypothesized possible roles of the LDPGs in the development of the lateral ganglia through helping in extracellular matrix lysis, neurites growth guidance, and synapses genesis.

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Kjellerup, Sanne, and Thomas Kiørboe. "Prey detection in a cruising copepod." Biology Letters 8, no. 3 (2011): 438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1073.

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Small cruising zooplankton depend on remote prey detection and active prey capture for efficient feeding. Direct, passive interception of prey is inherently very inefficient at low Reynolds numbers because the viscous boundary layer surrounding the approaching predator will push away potential prey. Yet, direct interception has been proposed to explain how rapidly cruising, blind copepods feed on non-motile phytoplankton prey. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism for prey detection in a cruising copepod, and describe how motile and non-motile prey are discovered by hydromechanical and tactile or, likely, chemical cues, respectively.

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Wang, Guizhong, Jie Xu, Qilong Jia, Chaoshu Zeng, Lisheng Wu, and Dingxun Wu. "Effects of microalgae as diets on the survival, development and fecundity of a pelagic cyclopoid copepod Apocyclops borneoensis." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 6 (2016): 1251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416000692.

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It has been proposed that the feeding habit of cyclopoids is different from that of calanoid copepods in that they feed mainly on microalgae during early development but become carnivorous later. However, a different view also exists, believing that microalgae are the prime food for some cyclopoid copepods. In the present study, microalgae from various taxonomic groups, including a dinoflagellate (Prorocentrum micans), three diatoms (Chaetoceros muelleri, Skeletonema costatum and Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima), and a prymnesiod (Isochrysis galbana), were offered at different concentrations to the cyclopoid copepod, Apocyclops borneoensis, with survival, development and reproduction of the copepod closely monitored. The results showed that A. borneoensis is capable of utilizing any of the microalgae species tested for development and reproduction, but significant differences in survival, development rates of both nauplii and copepodites, and fecundity were detected among species. The results also showed that within a same algal species, food concentration also significantly affected various biological parameters measured. Overall, C. muelleri and I. galbana were the better diets for A. borneoensis and their optimal food concentration ranged from 8.50 to 17.00 µg C ml−1. The optimal food concentration of P. micans was also found to be 8.50–17.00 µg C ml−1, however for the other two algae, S. costatum and N. closterium f. minutissima, it was lower at 1.70–8.50 µg C ml−1. The present study provides novel information on the feeding habit of A. borneoensis and the effects of both quality and quantity of microalgae diets on a range of biological parameters are described.

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Wilcox, Jeffrey A., Patrick L. Tracy, and Nancy H. Marcus. "Improving Live Feeds: Effect of a Mixed Diet of Copepod Nauplii (Acartia tonsa) and Rotifers on the Survival and Growth of First-Feeding Larvae of the Southern Flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma." Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37, no. 1 (2006): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2006.00014.x.

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Crisp, D. J., A. B. Yule, and K. N. White. "Feeding By Oyster Larvae: The Functional Response, Energy Budget and A Comparison With Mussel Larvae." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 65, no. 3 (1985): 759–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400052589.

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Whereas there is a wealth of literature on the feeding of herbivorous holo-plankton, notably copepods, feeding by herbivorous larvae of benthic animals has been somewhat neglected. This paper considers the functional feeding response of veliger larvae of Ostrea edulis L., Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) and Mytilus edulis L. fed on several micro-algal species. It also provides some data on the influence of temperature on feeding, and assesses the energy needs of the larvae in relation to their potential ingestion rate and to the availability in the sea of micro-organisms on which they feed.

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Huff, A. N., T. N. Meacham, and M. L. Wahlberg. "Feeds and feeding: A review." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 5, no. 2 (1985): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(85)80056-3.

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WOOTTON, EMMA C., EDWARD C. POPE, CLAIRE L. VOGAN, EMILY C. ROBERTS, CHARLOTTE E. DAVIES, and ANDREW F. ROWLEY. "Morphology and pathology of the ectoparasitic copepod, Nicothoë astaci (‘lobster louse’) in the European lobster, Homarus gammarus." Parasitology 138, no. 10 (2011): 1285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201100093x.

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SUMMARYEctoparasitic copepods have been reported in a wide range of aquatic animals, including crustacean shellfish. However, with the exception of the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, our knowledge of such parasites in commercial species is rudimentary. The current study examines the morphology and pathology of the parasitic copepod, Nicothoë astaci (the ‘lobster louse’) in its host, the European lobster, Homarus gammarus. Lobsters were sampled from waters surrounding Lundy Island (Bristol Channel, UK) and all individuals collected were found to harbour female adult N. astaci in their gills, with a mean of 47·3 parasites/lobster. The majority of N. astaci were found in the basal region of pleurobranch gills. The parasite was found to attach to gill filaments via its oral sucker, maxillae and maxillipeds, and to feed on host haemolymph (blood) through a funnel-like feeding channel. It caused varying degrees of damage to the host gill, including occlusion of gill filaments and disruption to the vascular system in the central axis. Although there was evidence of extensive host response (haemocytic infiltration) to the parasite, it was displaced from the parasite attachment site and thus was observed in the central gill axis below. The region of gill filament immediately underlying the parasite feeding channel was devoid of such activity suggesting that the parasite interferes with the cellular defence and haemostatic mechanisms of the lobster in order to maintain invasion of the host.

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Kiørboe, Thomas, and Houshuo Jiang. "To eat and not be eaten: optimal foraging behaviour in suspension feeding copepods." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 78 (2013): 20120693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0693.

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Zooplankton feed on microscopic prey that they either entrain in a feeding current or encounter as they cruise through the water. They generate fluid disturbances as they feed and move, thus elevating their risk of being detected and encountered by predators. Different feeding modes generate different hydrodynamic signals to predators and different predator encounter speeds but may also differ in their efficiency; the optimal behaviour is that which maximizes the net energy gain over the predation risk. Here, we show by means of flow visualization and simple hydrodynamic and optimization models that copepods with a diversity of feeding behaviours converge on optimal, size-independent specific clearance rates that are consistent with observed clearance rates of zooplankton, irrespective of feeding mode, species and size. We also predict magnitudes and size-scaling of swimming speeds that are consistent with observations. The rationalization of the magnitude and scaling of the clearance rates of zooplankton makes it more suitable for development of models of marine ecosystems, and is particularly relevant in predicting the size structure and biomass of pelagic communities.

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Sakhare, Vishwas Balasaheb, and Shivaji Gyanba Jetithor. "Food and feeding behaviour of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus Peters) from Borna Reservoir of Maharashtra, India." Journal of Fisheries 4, no. 3 (2016): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.17017/jfish.v4i3.2016.164.

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The food analysis of 80 specimens of Oreochromis mossambicus collected from Borna Reservoir of Maharashtra, India revealed that the food of juveniles mainly consisted of rotifers (35%), followed by copepods (30%), Chlorophyceae (20%), Bacillariophyceae (10%) and aquatic insects (5%). While the food items recorded in the gut of adults were Chlorophyceae (40%), followed by Bacillariophyceae (30%), rotifers (15%), copepods (10%) and aquatic insects (5%). During present study it was found that the juveniles of O. mossamobicus mainly feed on zooplankton, and adults on phytoplankton. Intense feeding was noticed during summer season and juveniles were the active feeders.

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Efimkin, Alexander Ya. "Feeding of smoothtongue Leuroglossus schmidti in the Bering, Okhotsk Seas and adjacent waters of the Pacific Ocean." Izvestiya TINRO 184, no. 1 (2016): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2016-184-150-157.

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Smoothtongue Leuroglossus schmidti is a small mesopelagic fish species common for subarctic waters. It rises to the upper epipelagic layer at night for feeding and preys mainly on euphausiids, copepods and amphipods. Its mean index of stomach fullness reaches 68 ‱ in the epipelagic layer, but it almost doesn’t feed deeper than 200 m, judging by a little food in the stomach. In the Bering Sea, euphausiids dominate in its diet and the portion of copepods is small. In the Okhotsk Sea, each of these two groups provides a half of the diet. In the North Pacific, the portion of copepods is 63 % on average, euphausiids are the second important prey, and amphipods occur in the diet occasionally. Daily ration of smoothtongue is about 1.4 %.

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Metz, C. "Feeding of Oncaea curvata (Poecilostomatoida, Copepoda)." Marine Ecology Progress Series 169 (1998): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps169229.

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Yamaguchi, Atsushi, Carin J. Ashjian, Robert G. Campbell, and Yoshiyuki Abe. "Vertical distribution, population structure and developmental characteristics of the less studied but globally distributed mesopelagic copepod Scaphocalanus magnus in the western Arctic Ocean." Journal of Plankton Research 42, no. 3 (2020): 368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbaa021.

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Abstract Scaphocalanus magnus is a large copepod species with a worldwide distribution. Information on the ecology of this species is scarce. In this study, S. magnus was collected using vertically stratified net sampling from an ice station in the western Arctic Ocean over a year. The vertical distribution differed between periods of polar night and midnight sun, with core depth distributions of 264–381 m for the polar night and 518–745 m for the midnight sun. The shallower distribution during the polar night may have resulted from the animals moving upwards to find sufficient food during the less productive season. The abundance of early copepodite stages showed clear seasonality. The C2 and C3 stages were abundant June–August and August–September, respectively. After C4, seasonality in abundance was not clear. For C4 and C5, body sizes and masses were greater for males than for females while the opposite was the case for C6. Adult males do not feed and thus have shorter life spans than females, skewing the adult sex ratio towards females. For these mesopelagic particle feeding copepods, a long residence time at C6F suggests that in a varying food environment, it is possible to wait to initiate reproduction until favourable food conditions occur.

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Meunier, Cédric L., Emily M. Herstoff, Carla Geisen, and Maarten Boersma. "A matter of time and proportion: the availability of phosphorus-rich phytoplankton influences growth and behavior of copepod nauplii." Journal of Plankton Research 42, no. 5 (2020): 530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbaa037.

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Abstract Although consumers may use selective feeding to cope with suboptimal resource quality, little work has examined the mechanisms that underlie selective feeding, the efficiency of this behavior or its influence on consumer growth rate. Furthermore, a consumer’s exposure to suboptimal resources may also influence the consumer’s behavior and life history, including growth rate. Here, we studied how the availability of P-rich and P-poor phytoplankton influences the growth and behavior of copepod nauplii. We observed that copepod nauplii preferentially feed on P-rich prey. We also found that even relatively short exposure to P-rich phytoplankton yielded higher nauplii growth rates, whereas the presence of P-poor phytoplankton in a mixture impaired growth. Overall, we observed that swimming speed decreased with increasing phytoplankton P-content, which is a behavioral adjustment that may improve utilization of heterogeneously distributed high-quality food in the field. Based on our results, we propose that the optimal prey C: P ratio for copepod nauplii is very narrow, and that deviations from this optimum have severe negative consequences for growth.

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Erdélyi, István, Péter Bársony, Tamás Pálfy, Istvánné Hermán, and Tamás Pálfy. "Heat treated feeds in turkey feeding." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 26 (July 16, 2007): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/26/3047.

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The main aim of our study was to determine the effect of expanded and pelleted feeds, as well as the only pelleted feed based on wheat and corn, on the production of turkeys. In May 2006,, a fattening experiment on turkeys was started on the starter farm of Habar Ltd in Szarvas, owned by the Gallicoop Corporation. 17 day old male turkeys were involved in the fattening experiment. The experiment lasted 117 days. At that time, theanimals were 134 days old. After the experiment was completed, they were slaughtered. The following parameters were examined: growth, feed conversion ratio, carcass traits. Turkey feed were produced separately at different times. Similarly to the standard method of turkey fattening, 8 phases feeding was carried out. The fattening experiment was adjusted on male turkeys in 4×12×6 grouping (4 treatments: expanded and pelleted, and only pelleted corn and wheat feed; 12 repeats: number of pens/treatments; 6 birds/pen) 6-6 turkeys from 12 pens per each treatments were measured individually from the 17th day (starter) and at the time of each following feeding changes and mortality. The average of the group was calculated. The average daily weight gain, proportion of the given feed per pen, feeding changes and mortality were determined. The average daily feed intake and the feed conversion ratio were calculated.

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Isenalumhe, Anthony E., and Osawaru Oviawe. "Prelacteal feeds and breast-feeding problems." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 54, no. 1 (1987): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02751246.

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Chagan, Farida Karim, Sidra Malik Fayyaz, and Iram Saddiqa Aamir. "BREAST FEEDING OUTCOME." Professional Medical Journal 23, no. 06 (2016): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.06.1620.

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Objectives: To determine the prevalence of prelacteal feeding among mothers ofPakistan and to find out the various concepts behind this practice and fundamentally to establishthe association of prelacteal feeding with breastfeeding outcomes. Background: In Pakistan,many efforts have been done to emphasize the nutritional importance and adequacy of breastmilk for the newborns. Despite such efforts, it has been witnessed on multiple occasions thatprior to the commencement of breastfeeding, prelacteal feeds are introduced by the mothers totheir young ones. Prelacteal feed (PLF) are food supplements that are given to newborns orally.Design: Qualitative, descriptive, cross sectional Survey. Setting: The Lady Dufferin Hospital(LDH) and Jinnah Medical College hospital (JMCH). Methods: Study includes 400 Mothersincluding young mothers and data was collected with use of a pre-assessed authenticatedquestionnaire. Results: A large group of, both educated and uneducated, mothers knew aboutPLF administration (90.5%). Out of these, 70% mothers routinely give prelacteal feeds, withreadymade ghutti and honey being the most widely used supplements, 19.5% and 37.2%respectively .However their reasons for doing so differed significantly. Family tradition (27.8%)and religious credence (21.8%) are the most popular reasons for practicing prelacteal feeding.The other minor reasons are breast milk insufficiency, prevention of dehydration, hypoglycaemia,preparation of the gastrointestinal tract for digestion and to quench thirst. However, majorityof the subjects were aware of the benefits of breastfeeding and 99% mothers breastfed theirchildren. Conclusions: Regardless of the fact that mothers understand the significance ofbreast milk, most mothers routinely and unnecessarily give prelacteal feeds. Therefore, mothersshould be discouraged for the unsafely administration of prelacteal feeds and re-emphasizedabout the importance and nutritional adequecy of breastfeeding.

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Enríquez-García, C., S. Nandini, and S. S. S. Sarma. "Feeding behaviour ofAcanthocyclops americanus(Marsh) (Copepoda: Cyclopoida)." Journal of Natural History 47, no. 5-12 (2013): 853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.747637.

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B. D., Manjunath, and Abhishek G. "Early versus delayed enteral feeding in acute pancreatitis." International Surgery Journal 5, no. 3 (2018): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20180808.

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Background: Early enteral feeding through a nasoenteric feeding tube is often used in patients with acute pancreatitis, as compared to previous notion of pancreatic rest. This study aims to compare various outcomes of early and late enteral feeding in severe acute pancreatitis.Methods: This study was a randomized trial conducted at Victoria hospital, Bengaluru between July 2016 and June 2017. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis were randomized into early enteral feeding and late enteral feeding groups in the ratio of 1:1. Early enteral feeding group were started on oral feeds within 24 hours of admission. Late enteral feeding group were started on oral feeds after 72 hours of admission. Patient demographics, clinical findings, investigations, length of hospital stay, complications were assessed and compared.Results: In 124 out of 132 patients were included who met inclusion criteria. The mean age of patients was 28.6 years. There were 120 males (96.7%) and 4 females (3.2%). There were no significant differences in age, sex ratio and comorbidities between the two groups. Early enteral feeds group showed lesser number of gastrointestinal adverse effects after initiation of enteral feeds, lesser number of days taken to develop full tolerance to enteral feeds, lesser number of days of admission, lesser complications like necrotizing pancreatitis, single or multiple organs failure, lesser number of ICU admissions, requiring mechanical ventilation, including lesser mortality when compared to delayed enteral feeds group.Conclusions: Patients with severe acute pancreatitis can safely be started on early enteral feeds within 24 hours of admission.

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Chandrashekhar, TS, HS Joshi, VS Binu, PR Shankar, MS Rana, and U. Ramachandran. "Breast-feeding initiation and determinants of exclusive breast-feeding – a questionnaire survey in an urban population of western Nepal." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 2 (2007): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007248475.

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AbstractObjectiveTo assess rates of initiation of breast-feeding and exclusive breast-feeding within 2 months after delivery and to determine the factors influencing exclusive breast-feeding.DesignA health worker-administered questionnaire survey was carried out during the time period 1 August–30 September 2005.SettingImmunisation clinics of Pokhara, a submetropolitan city in western Nepal.SubjectsThree hundred and eighty-five mothers who had delivered a child within the previous 2 months.ResultsThe rates of initiation within 1 h and within 24 h of delivery were 72.7 and 84.4%, respectively. Within 2 months after delivery, exclusive breast-feeding was practised by 82.3% of the mothers. Breast milk/colostrum was given as the first feed to 332 (86.2%) babies but 17.2% of them were either given expressed breast milk or were put to the breast of another lactating mother. Pre-lacteal feeds were given to 14% of the babies. The common pre-lacteal feeds given were formula feeds (6.2%), sugar water (5.9%) and cow's milk (2.8%). Complementary feeds were introduced by 12.7% of the mothers. By logistic regression analysis, friends' feeding practices, type of delivery and baby's first feed were the factors influencing exclusive breast-feeding practice of the mothers.ConclusionsDespite the higher rates of initiation and exclusive breast-feeding, practices such as pre-lacteal feeds and premature introduction of complementary feeds are of great concern in this urban population. There is a need for promotion of good breast-feeding practices among expectant mothers and also the community, especially the families, taking into account the local traditions and customs.

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Walsh, Gary. "Biotechnology in Animal Feeds and Animal Feeding." Trends in Food Science & Technology 7, no. 6 (1996): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-2244(96)81253-2.

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Jain, Agam, Aditya Kumar Gupta, Kana Ram Jat, and Sushil Kumar Kabra. "Late dumping syndrome in an infant on feeding jejunostomy." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 5 (2019): e228471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-228471.

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This article presents the case of a 3-month-old male child, who while on bolus jejunostomy tube feeds, developed recurrent episodes of hypoglycaemia. This infant had presented with failure to thrive with moderate gastroesophageal reflux necessitating a feeding jejunostomy. The infant was started on bolus feeds through the jejunostomy tube but developed recurrent episodes of hypoglycaemia. On evaluation, these episodes were hyperinsulinaemic and the baby was subsequently diagnosed with a late dumping syndrome. On changing the feeds to a continuous infusion and by eliminating added sugar from the feeds, the glucose fluctuations resolved. Dumping syndrome is a well-known complication in adults undergoing gastric surgeries. In the paediatric age group, dumping syndrome has been reported rarely, most commonly as a complication of Nissen fundoplication.

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Shaker, Catherine. "Reading the Feeding." ASHA Leader 18, no. 2 (2013): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/leader.ftr1.18022013.42.

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The amount of milk a preemie drinks largely determines readiness for discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. But just because an infant feeds well today doesn't mean it will last. In the long term, fostering a child's consistent, positive response to feeding may be more important.

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Prado-Cabrero, Alfonso, Ganjar Saefurahman, and John M. Nolan. "Stereochemistry of Astaxanthin Biosynthesis in the Marine Harpacticoid Copepod Tigriopus Californicus." Marine Drugs 18, no. 10 (2020): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18100506.

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The harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus californicus has been recognized as a model organism for the study of marine pollutants. Furthermore, the nutritional profile of this copepod is of interest to the aquafeed industry. Part of this interest lies in the fact that Tigriopus produces astaxanthin, an essential carotenoid in salmonid aquaculture. Here, we study for the first time the stereochemistry of the astaxanthin produced by this copepod. We cultured T. californicus with different feeding sources and used chiral high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) to determine that T. californicus synthesizes pure 3S,3’S-astaxanthin. Using meso-zeaxanthin as feed, we found that the putative ketolase enzyme from T. californicus can work with β-rings with either 3R- or 3S-oriented hydroxyl groups. Despite this ability, experiments in the presence of hydroxylated and non-hydroxylated carotenoids suggest that T. californicus prefers to use the latter to produce 3S,3’S-astaxanthin. We suggest that the biochemical tools described in this work can be used to study the mechanistic aspects of the recently identified avian ketolase.

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Gangur, AN, and DJ Marshall. "Facultative feeding in a marine copepod: effects of larval food and temperature on performance." Marine Ecology Progress Series 652 (October 15, 2020): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13470.

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Most marine invertebrate larvae either feed or rely on reserves provisioned by parents to fuel development, but facultative feeders can do both. Food availability and temperature are key environmental drivers of larval performance, but the effects of larval experience on performance later in life are poorly understood in facultative feeders. In particular, the functional relevance of facultative feeding is unclear. One feature to be tested is whether starved larvae can survive to adulthood and reproduce. We evaluated effects of larval temperature and food abundance on performance in a marine harpacticoid copepod, Tisbe sp. In doing so, we report the first example of facultative feeding across the entire larval stage for a copepod. In a series of experiments, larvae were reared with ad libitum food or with no food, and at 2 different temperatures (20 vs. 24°C). We found that higher temperatures shortened development time, and larvae reared at higher temperature tended to be smaller. Larval food consistently improved early performance (survival, development rate and size) in larvae, while starvation consistently decreased survival, increased development time and decreased size at metamorphosis. Nonetheless, a small proportion (3-9.5%, or 30-42.7% with antibiotics) of larvae survived to metamorphosis, could recover from a foodless larval environment, reach maturity and successfully reproduce. We recommend that future studies of facultative feeding consider the impact of larval environments on adult performance and ability to reproduce.

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G. N., Madhu, and Harish S. "Complementary feeding practices among mothers of children aged six months to two years admitted in a tertiary care hospital." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 1 (2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20175566.

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Background: Optimal infant and young child feeding (IYCF) is an evidence-based measure for improving child nutrition and child survival. After 6 months of exclusive breast feeding, introduction of appropriate complementary feeds is essential. To ensure desirable growth and development of children, complementary feeding should be timely, culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate, safe and responsive. Objective of this study was to assess the complementary feeding practices among the mothers of children between 6 months and 1 year of age with respect to the time of introduction, quantity and quality.Methods: This is a hospital based cross sectional survey among the mothers of children aged 6 months to 2 years admitted in pediatric wards at KIMS Bangalore during a study period of 6 months. A predesigned questionnaire was used for the collection of data. Details including socio demographic profile of the family and feeding practices of the infant were collected in detail.Results: Out of the 200 participants, 59% were males. 74.5% of the respondent mothers were housewives. Complementary feeds were started at appropriate time in 64.5% of the cases. The feeds were adequate in amount and frequency in 34.5% of the children. Bottle feeding was noted in 33.5% of the cases. Conclusions: Apart from the timely introduction of complementary feeds to infants, emphasis also should be given to the adequacy and quality of the feeds with respect to nutrients. Health professionals should focus on counseling the mothers on appropriate complementary feeding during antenatal, delivery, postnatal, and immunization services.

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LIU, Jinyuan, Hui DENG, Bin DING, and Xiaolong NIU. "A symmetrically feeding structure for dual-polarized feeds." TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES 25 (2017): 308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/elk-1504-120.

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Anderton, A. "Bacterial contamination of enteral feeds and feeding systems." Clinical Nutrition 12 (January 1993): S16—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5614(09)90005-x.

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Heyland, Daren K., and Gordon Wood. "Effect of Acid Feeds on Feeding System Contamination." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 13, no. 3 (1998): S33—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088453369801300311.

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Heyland, Daren K., and Gordon Wood. "Effect of Acid Feeds on Feeding System Contamination." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 13, no. 3_suppl (1998): S33—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08845336980130s310.

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O'Mara, Keliana L., Saleem Islam, Janice A. Taylor, Daniel Solomon, and Michael D. Weiss. "Gabapentin Improves Oral Feeding in Neurologically Intact Infants With Abdominal Disorders." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 23, no. 1 (2018): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-23.1.59.

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Feeding intolerance, poor oral feeding skills, and retching are common symptoms seen in medically complex infants with a history of abdominal disorders and surgical interventions, such as gastrostomy tube placement and Nissen fundoplication. Visceral hyperalgesia may play a role in the underlying pathophysiology. We report the use of orally administered gabapentin in 3 infants with presumed visceral hyperalgesia presenting as poor tolerance of enteral and oral feeds. Retching and outward discomfort associated with feeds was resolved within 2 to 3 days of initiation of therapy. Full oral feeds were obtained in all 3 patients within 3 to 4 months of starting gabapentin without changing adjunctive medications or therapies. After attainment of full oral feeds, all patients were successfully weaned off gabapentin over a month, with no notable side effects, signs of withdrawal, or impact on ability to feed by mouth.

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Adrian, Rita, and Thomas M. Frost. "Comparative feeding ecology of Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus (Copepoda, Cyclopoida)." Journal of Plankton Research 14, no. 10 (1992): 1369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/14.10.1369.

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Baran, Murat Sedat, Selçuk Altaçli, Oktay Kaplan, and Suphi Deniz. "The Determination of Nutrient Value, Digestibility and Energy Levels of Compound Feeds Used for Ruminant Nutrition by in Vitro Methods." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 7 (2017): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i7.832-835.1226.

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There are small number of tables that show digestibility and energy contents of compound feeds produced by feed factory in different regions of Turkey. Thus, in this paper, four different compound feed types (dairy cattle, beef cattle, calf and lamb growing feeds), totalling 78 compound feeds were analysed to determine their feeding value, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) digestibility and energy content (digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL). As a result of this study, the crude fiber (CF) levels were higher than standard values in calf and lamb compound feeds and beef cattle compound feeds; however, in the dairy cattle and calf and lamb compound feeds, the crude protein (CP) values were lower than standard values. These findings are considered highly important for the region’s animal feeding. According to our results, the compound feeds for dairy cattle and lamb being used for ruminant nutrition in Diyarbakir Province of Turkey were found to have low nutrient qualities; however, in the calf feed both the metabolisable energy level and nutrient quantities were low.

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McLennan, John D. "Changes in caesarean section rates and milk feeding patterns of infants between 1986 and 2013 in the Dominican Republic." Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 15 (2016): 2688–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016000847.

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AbstractObjectiveThe relationship between caesarean sections (C-sections) and infant feeding varies between different samples and indicators of feeding. The current study aimed to determine the relationship between C-sections and five indicators of infant milk feeding (breast-feeding within 1 h after delivery, at the time of the survey (current) and ever; milk-based prelacteal feeds; and current non-breast milk use) over time in a country with a rapidly rising C-section rate.DesignSecondary data analysis on cross-sectional data from Demographic and Health Surveys from six different time points between 1986 and 2013.SettingDominican Republic.SubjectsInfants under 6 months of age.ResultsOver 90 % of infants were ever breast-fed in each survey sample. However, non-breast milk use has expanded over time with a concomitant drop in predominant breast-feeding. C-section prevalence has increased over time reaching 63 % of sampled infants in the most recent survey. C-sections remained significantly related to three infant feeding practices – the child not put to the breast within 1 h after delivery, milk-based prelacteal feeds and current non-breast milk use – in multivariate models that included sociodemographic control variables. However, current non-breast milk use was no longer related to C-sections when milk-based prelacteal feeds were factored into the model.ConclusionsReducing or avoiding milk-based prelacteal feeds, particularly among those having C-sections, may improve subsequent breast-feeding patterns. Simultaneously, efforts are needed to understand and help reduce the exceptionally high C-section rate in the Dominican Republic.

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Lawlor, P. G., P. B. Lynch, P. J. Caffrey, W. D. Henry, and D. Harrington. "Response of weaned pigs to choice feeding of a complete diet." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600029731.

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Choice feeding of complete feeds offers the potential for a more gradual transition to feeds of lower specification as the pig grows. This may result in more efficient production as the pig consumes a blend of nutrients which provides the optimum match to its nutrient requirement for growth. The objective of this study was to compare performance of weaned pigs fed a sequence of commercial feeds with pigs allowed consume these diets free choice.Two experiments were carried out using pigs weaned at 22-26 days of age, penned in groups of 16 and fed the test diets for a 26 day period from weaning. The test diets were commercial starter, link and weaner feeds, marketed as suitable for pigs of 3-8kg, 8-15kg and 15-30kg respectively. Each group had two self feeders, 0.75m long with one diet in each. After the 26 day trial period all pigs received a common grower diet (barley, wheat, soyabean meal, fishmeal, DE: 14.4 MJ/kg, lysine: 1.19%) to about 36kg liveweight

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SHAHID, AFSHAN, Muhammad Hussain KHAN, MAHMOOD AHMED, Muhammad Arshad, and MOHAMMAD WASIF KHAN. "INFANT FEEDING." Professional Medical Journal 16, no. 02 (2009): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2009.16.02.2936.

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b j e c t i v e s : To evaluate the infant feeding beliefs and practices of mothers in our setup. D e s i g n of S t u d y : A crosssectionalstudy. Settings: Fauji Foundation Hospital. Rawalpindi. P e r i o d : From Jan 2007 to September 2007. Materials a n d M e t h o d s :366 mothers of infants attending Fauji Foundation Hospital were interviewed by using pre-tested questionnaire. Data was collected forMothers beliefs ad practices regarding infant feeding. Descriptive statistics like percentages, mean and range were obtained by using SPSSversion 11. Results: 366 mothers from rural and urban areas attending hospitals were interviewed. 63.9% mothers believed that breast milkshould be given as first feed. Pre-lacteal feeds were given to 56% of infants. Major source of information for giving pre-lacteal feeds wasrelatives. At birth, 43.7% mothers discarded clostrum considering it harmful and useless for baby. Frequency of breast feeding was highinitially at birth but declined rapidly by early supplementation with bottle feeding. Inadequate weaning in terms of timing, quality and quantitywas observed. Cultural beliefs and taboos like hot and cold food influenced 61.5% of mothers due to which they restricted important fooditems. C o n c l u s i o n s : A targeted health education campaign should stress the main advantages of breast feeding. Messages should stressthe protective benefits of clostrum and encourage mothers to start breast feeding immediately after birth. Potentially hazardous practicesincluding pre lacteal feeding should be discarded. Local cultural and traditional practices and beliefs regarding different food items shouldbe identified. This will help to improve the food intake of infants by strengthening the useful beliefs and discontinuing harmful ones.

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Akindolire, Abimbola, Alison Talbert, Ian Sinha, Nicholas Embleton, and Stephen Allen. "Evidence that informs feeding practices in very low birthweight and very preterm infants in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview of systematic reviews." BMJ Paediatrics Open 4, no. 1 (2020): e000724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000724.

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BackgroundOptimal feeding of very low birthweight (VLBW <1500 g)/very preterm (gestation <32 weeks) infants in resource-limited settings in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) is critical to reducing high mortality and poor outcomes.ObjectiveTo review evidence on feeding of VLBW/very preterm infants relevant to sSA.MethodsWe searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) from inception to July 2019 to identify reviews of randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of feeding VLBW/very preterm infants. We focused on interventions that are readily available in sSA. Primary outcomes were weight gain during hospital stay and time to achieve full enteral feeds (120 mL/kg/day). Secondary outcomes were growth, common morbidities, mortality, duration of hospital stay and cognitive development. Quality of evidence (QOE) was assessed using the Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR2).ResultsEight systematic reviews were included. Higher feed volume of day 1 (80 mL/kg) reduced late-onset sepsis and time to full enteral feeds, and higher feed volume (up to 300 mL/kg/day) improved weight gain without adverse events (QOE: low–moderate). Rapid advancement of feeds (30–40 mL/kg/day) was not associated with harm. Breast milk fortification with energy and protein increased growth and with prebiotics increased growth and reduced duration of admission (QOE: low–very low) and did not result in harm. Evidence regarding feeding tube placement and continuous versus bolus feeds was insufficient to draw conclusions. We found no reviews meeting our selection criteria regarding when to start feeds, use of preterm formula, cup-and-spoon feeding or gravity versus push feeds and none of the reviews included trials from low-income countries of sSA.ConclusionsThe evidence base informing feeding of VLBW/very preterm babies in resource-limited settings in sSA is extremely limited. Pragmatic studies are needed to generate evidence to guide management and improve outcomes for these highly vulnerable infants.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019140204.

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Laving, Ahmed R., Syeda Ra’ana Hussain, and Daisy O. Atieno. "Overnutrition: Does Complementary Feeding Play a Role?" Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 73, Suppl. 1 (2018): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000490088.

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Globally, obesity is considered an epidemic due to an increase in its prevalence and severity especially among young children and adolescents. This nutritional disorder is not limited to affluent countries as it is becoming increasingly prevalent in developing countries. Obesity is associated not only with cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, orthopedic, and respiratory diseases, but also with psychological complications, implying a problem of far-reaching consequences for health and health services. Recently, evidence-based studies have shown that the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the type of complementary feeds during the weaning period of an infant may have an effect on overnutrition later on in life. Thus, stemming the tide of obesity early on in life would potentially decrease the prevalence and complications of adult obesity, which could have significant implications for health care and the economy at large. This review explores the role of complementary feeding in obesity and approaches to prevention and treatment of childhood obesity by summarizing key systematic reviews. In conclusion, we found that although the relationship between complementary feeding and childhood obesity has been suspected for a long time, specific risk parameters are not as firmly established. Early introduction of complementary feeds (before the 4th month of life), high protein and energy content of feeds, and nonadherence to feeding guidelines may be associated with overweight and obesity later in life.

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Saage, Andrea, Olav Vadstein, and Ulrich Sommer. "Feeding behaviour of adult Centropages hamatus (Copepoda, Calanoida): Functional response and selective feeding experiments." Journal of Sea Research 62, no. 1 (2009): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2009.01.002.

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Harris, P. A. "Influence of feeds and feeding on incidence of laminitis." Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine 21, no. 7 (2005): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21836/pem20050726.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Copepoda – Feeding and feeds'

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