Relevant bibliographies by topics / Copper Copper Runoff

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Academic literature on the topic 'Copper Copper Runoff'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Copper Copper Runoff"

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Boller, M. A., and M. Steiner. "Diffuse emission and control of copper in urban surface runoff." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0677.

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Copper washed off from roofs and roads is considered to be a major contribution to diffuse copper pollution of urban environments. In order to guarantee sustainable protection of soils and water, the long-term strategy is to avoid or replace copper containing materials on roofs and façades. Until achievement of this goal, a special adsorber system is suggested to control the diffuse copper fluxes by retention of copper by a mixture of granulated iron-hydroxide (GEH) and calcium carbonate. Since future stormwater runoff concepts are based on decentralised runoff infiltration into the underground, solutions are proposed which provide for copper retention in infiltration sites using GEH adsorption layers. The example of a large copper façade of which the runoff is treated in an adsorption trench reveals the first full-scale data on façade runoff and adsorber performance. During the first year of investigation average façade runoff concentrations in the range of 1-10 mg Cu/l are reduced by 96-99% in the adsorption ditch.
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Athanasiadis, K., B. Helmreich, and P. A. Wilderer. "Infiltration of a copper roof runoff through artificial barriers." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2006): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.599.

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On-site infiltration of a copper roof runoff may contribute to deterioration of the ground and ground water. To avoid such a negative effect the performance of two different technical systems, equipped with four different barrier materials, regarding copper elimination was examined in a field study. During the period March 2004 to January 2005, 16 rain events were examined. Copper concentrations between 200 and 11,000 μg/L in the roof runoff during a rain event were observed. The cover material of the roof and the drainage system were responsible for the high concentrations of copper in the roof runoff. It was evident that roof aspects facing towards the wind direction were receiving higher rainfall, thus were establishing higher copper runoff rates. The retention facilities have reached a performance of up to 97% regarding copper elimination.
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Horváth, A., and K. Buzás. "Zinc and copper in roof runoff." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 8 (April 1, 2013): 1734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.044.

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The zinc and copper content of roof runoff could originate from different sources such as dry and wet deposition and the corrosion of the material. The zinc runoff rate from a galvanized surface depends on the corrosion products formed during the dry days, the rain intensity and roof slope, which determinates the contact time. In the present study the contact time dependence of zinc rate and the re-dissolution of the zinc were investigated with steeping tests and a pilot study. The average zinc runoff measured in the first 2.8 l of runoff was 3.8 mg m–2 (1.1–8.4 mg m–2), while in the following samples 1.2 mg m–2 were detected. These results are in accordance with the 5–10 min, and 40–60 s contact time laboratory steeping test, respectively, which are realistic. The estimated specific yearly zinc runoff rate was 0.7 g m–2y–1, while the dry and wet deposition rate of copper was 0.009 mg m–2d–1 and 0.053 mg m–2storm–1 respectively. The re-dissolution of the zinc from the evaporated then re-filled samples of leaching tests with high initial zinc content was just 60% after 60 min.
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Hedberg, Yolanda S., Jonas F. Hedberg, Gunilla Herting, Sara Goidanich, and Inger Odnevall Wallinder. "Critical Review: Copper Runoff from Outdoor Copper Surfaces at Atmospheric Conditions." Environmental Science & Technology 48, no. 3 (January 23, 2014): 1372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es404410s.

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Jouen, S., M. Jean, and B. Hannoyer. "Simultaneous copper runoff and copper surface analysis in an outdoor area." Surface and Interface Analysis 30, no. 1 (2000): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-9918(200008)30:1<145::aid-sia825>3.0.co;2-c.

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Wicke, Daniel, Thomas A. Cochrane, Aisling D. O'Sullivan, Simon Cave, and Mark Derksen. "Effect of age and rainfall pH on contaminant yields from metal roofs." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 10 (March 18, 2014): 2166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.124.

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Metal roofs are recognized for conveying significant metal loads to urban streams through stormwater runoff. Metal concentrations in urban runoff depend on roof types and prevailing weather conditions but the combined effects of roof age and rainfall pH on metal mobilization are not well understood. To investigate these effects on roof runoff, water quality was analysed from galvanized iron and copper roofs following rainfall events and also from simulating runoff using a rainfall simulator on specially constructed roof modules. Zinc and copper yields under different pH regimes were investigated for two roof materials and two different ages. Metal mobilization from older roofs was greater than new roofs with 55-year-old galvanized roof surfaces yielding more Zn, on average increasing by 45% and 30% under a rainfall pH of 4 and 8, respectively. Predominantly dissolved (85–95%) Zn and Cu concentrations in runoff exponentially increased as the rainfall pH decreased. Results also confirmed that copper guttering and downpipes associated with galvanized steel roof systems can substantially increase copper levels in roof runoff. Understanding the dynamics of roof surfaces as a function of weathering and rainfall pH regimes can help developers with making better choices about roof types and materials for stormwater improvement.
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Karlén, C., I. Odnevall Wallinder, D. Heijerick, and C. Leygraf. "Runoff rates, chemical speciation and bioavailability of copper released from naturally patinated copper." Environmental Pollution 120, no. 3 (December 2002): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00179-3.

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Yang, Tianyuan, Meizhu Chen, and Shaopeng Wu. "Removal Effect of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag Porous Asphalt Concrete on Copper and Zinc in Road Runoff." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 16, 2021): 5327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185327.

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In order to improve the utilization efficiency of road runoff and the remove effects of heavy metals, porous asphalt pavements have been used as an effective measure to deal with heavy metals in road runoff. However, the removal effect on dissolved heavy metal is weak. In this paper, basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag was used as aggregate in porous asphalt concrete to improve the removal capacity of heavy metal. Road runoff solution with a copper concentration of 0.533 mg/L and a zinc concentration of 0.865 mg/L was artificially synthesized. The removal effect of BOF slag porous asphalt concrete on cooper and zinc in runoff was evaluated by removal tests. The influence of rainfall intensity and time on the removal effect was discussed. The results obtained indicated that BOF slag porous asphalt concrete has a better removal effect on copper. The removal rate of copper is 57–79% at the rainfall intensity of 5–40 mm/h. The removal rate of zinc is more susceptible to the changes of rainfall intensity than copper. The removal rate of zinc in heavy rain conditions (40 mm/h) is only 25%. But in light rain conditions (5 mm/h), BOF slag porous asphalt concrete maintains favorable removal rates of both copper and zinc, which are more than 60%. The heavy metal content of runoff infiltrating through the BOF slag porous asphalt concrete meets the requirements for irrigation water and wastewater discharge. The results of this study provide evidence for the environmentally friendly reuse of BOF slag as a road material and the improvement of the removal of heavy metal by porous asphalt concrete.
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Wallinder, Inger Odnevall, Sofia Bertling, Xueyuan Zhang, and Christofer Leygraf. "Predictive models of copper runoff from external structures." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 6, no. 8 (2004): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b402223h.

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Odnevall Wallinder, I., B. Bahar, C. Leygraf, and J. Tidblad. "Modelling and mapping of copper runoff for Europe." J. Environ. Monit. 9, no. 1 (2007): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b612041e.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Copper Copper Runoff"

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He, Wenle. "Atmospheric corrosion and runoff processes on copper and zinc as roofing materials." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3431.

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An extensive investigation with parallel field andlaboratory exposures has been conducted to elucidateatmospheric corrosion and metal runoff processes on copper andzinc used for roofing applications. Detailed studies have beenperformed to disclose the effect of various parameters on therunoff rate including: surface inclination and orientation,natural patination (age), patina composition, rain duration andvolume, rain pH, and length of dry periods inbetween rainevents. Annual and average corrosion rates and runoff rateshave been determined consecutively during urban field exposuresin Stockholm on naturally patinated copper and zinc of varyingage and patina composition. The corrosion rate was found todecrease with time, amounting to 6.7 g Cu/(m2.y) and 5.0 gZn/(m2.y) after 48 weeks of exposure, whereas the runoff ratewas relatively constant with time on a yearly basis, being 1.3g/(m2.y) and 3.1 g/(m2.y) for copper and zinc, respectively.The annual runoff rate was found to be significantly lower thanthe corresponding corrosion rate for both copper and zinc.Somewhat higher runoff rates of copper were determined fromnaturally green-patinated copper (>40 years old, 2.0g/(m2.y)) compared to brown-patinated copper (1 year old). Themain reasons are specific environmental conditions combinedwith characteristics of the patina layer, which increase themagnitude of dissolved species flushed from the surface duringthe first flush volume of a rain event. No intrinsic effect ofpanel age on the runoff rate was seen for naturally patinatedzinc. However, differences in prevailing environmentalconditions during the initial exposure period and, hence,differences in formation rate and surface coverage of thecorrosion patina, resulted in variations in runoff rate. Thisinitial difference remained also during prolonged exposureperiods and was referred to as a memory effect.

Model roof investigations and laboratory studies showedsurface orientation and inclination to have a detrimentaleffect on the runoff rate with high runoff rates from surfacesof low inclination from horizon and surfaces exposed towardsthe wind direction.

Based on fieldexposures and literature data, a correlationwas established between the runoff rate and the prevailingSO2-concentration. The runoff rate increases with increasingSO2 level for exposure sites of similar annual precipitationquantities (500-1000 mm/y). A rain device, using artificialrain, was shown to successfully simulate outdoor rain events ofvarying intensity and pH and result in realistic runoff ratesof both copper and zinc. The device was used to monitor changesin metal concentration and quantity of runoff water duringindividual rain events. High metal concentrations are found inthe initial rain volume flushing the surface (first flush),which decreased to rather constant metal concentrations duringthe subsequent rain volume (steady-state). The magnitude offirst flush depends primarily on environmental conditions priorto a rain event and the characteristics of the corrosionpatina. The metal concentration in runoff water increases withrain acidity, decreases with rain intensity and increases withlength of the dry period preceding a rain event.

A comparison between instantaneous corrosion rates,monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using a2-electrode set-up, and runoff rates during a continuous rainevent was performed for naturally patinated copper panels.Corrosion rates were found to be approximately 10 (brownishpatina) and 25 times (greenish patina) lower than correspondinginstantaneous runoff rates.

A schematic description of the first flush and steady-stateregion of the runoff process was established. The magnitude ofthe concentration during first flush is primarily affected byprevailing environmental conditions prior to a rain event,while rain pH and intensity primarily affect the concentrationduring steady-state.

Key words:atmospheric corrosion, corrosion rate, runoffrate, copper, zinc, field study, laboratory study, roof, firstflush, rain quantity, rain intensity, rain pH, dry and wetdeposition, corrosion and runoff process.

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Hashm, Ahlim Ahmed. "A study of the transport of a selection of heavy metals in unsaturated soil." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365680.

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Stall, Karen Marie. "Evaluation of Sedimentation Control as a Best Management Practice for Removing Copper-based Crop Protectants in Plasticulture Runoff." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32347.

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The fate and distribution of copper-based crop protectants, applied to tomato fields to protect against disease, were investigated in a greenhouse-scale simulation of farming conditions in a coastal environment. Following rainfall, 99% of the applied copper was found to remain on the fields sorbed to the soil and plants; most of the soil-bound copper was found sorbed to the top 2.5 centimeters of soil. Of the copper leaving the agricultural fields, 82% was found in the runoff with the majority, 74%, sorbed to the suspended solids. The remaining copper, 18%, leached through the soil and entered the groundwater with 10% in the dissolved phase and 8% sorbed to suspended solids. Although only one-percent of the copper was found to leave the field, this was sufficient to cause high copper concentrations (average 2102 ± 433 mg/L total copper and 189 ± 139 mg/L dissolved copper) in the runoff. Copper concentrations in groundwater samples were also high (average 312 ± 198 mg/L total copper and 216 ± 99 mg/L dissolved copper). Sedimentation, a best management practice for reducing copper loadings, was found to reduce the total copper concentrations in runoff by 90% to a concentration of 245 ± 127 mg/L; however, dissolved copper concentrations remained stable, averaging 139 ± 55 mg/L. Total copper concentrations were significantly reduced by the effective removal of suspended solids with sorbed copper. This research was supported by a grant from the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Funding was also provided by Sea Grant.
Master of Science
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Roach, John Paul. "Trace Metals in Fish From a Reservoir Receiving Runoff From a Developing Watershed." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40820.

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The objective of this research was to measure the concentrations of the cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury and zinc in bass and carp taken from the Occoquan Reservoir in Virginia with three purposes in mind. First, to determine whether the amounts of metals present represent any hazard to humans when the fish are used as food. Second, to assess the degree of change in the concentrations over time when compared with a previous study. Third, to discover whether the geographical patterns of metal concentrations point to source areas of elevated stream contamination. Fish were collected from three stations. Liver and fillet samples were prepared using wet digestion techniques and analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Average concentration in the edible fillet of all fish sampled for all metals studied were below published action levels. Eleven out of sixty-four bass had levels of lead in the fillet above a US FDA action level of 0.25 µg/g. Zinc and copper in bass livers, and zinc in carp livers were significantly higher than in fish sampled in the earlier study. However these increases could be caused by seasonal variations, and not be indicative of a long-term increase in metals levels. Bass from the arm of the reservoir that passes through the most highly developed area of the watershed were found to have significantly higher liver copper levels and fillet mercury levels, than did bass taken from the other stations.
Master of Science
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Sandberg, Jan. "Corrosion-induced release of zinc and copper in marine environments." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Division of corrosion science, Department of materials science end engineering, School of industrial engineering and management, Royal institute of Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4051.

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Heleva-Ponaski, Emily. "Removal Efficiencies, Uptake Mechanisms and Competitive Effects of Copper and Zinc in Various Stormwater Filter Media." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4556.

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Polluted stormwater, if not treated, can compromise water quality throughout our hydrologic cycle, adversely affecting aquatic ecosystems. Common stormwater pollutants, copper and zinc, have been identified as primary toxicants in multiple freshwater and marine environments. For small-scale generators, stormwater management can be cumbersome and implementation of common BMPs impractical thus catch basins are popular though not the most environmentally conscious and sustainable option. This study aims to characterize the potential of a mobile media filter operation for the treatment and on-site recycling of catch basin stormwater. The removal capacities of various commercially available filter media (e.g. a common perlite; Earthlite™, a medium largely composed of biochars; and Filter33™, a proprietary porous medium) were measured using binary injection solutions modeled after local catch basin stormwater characteristics. The results of filtration experiments, rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCTs), indicate that the transport of metals in Perlite is primarily impacted by nonspecific sorption whereas in Earthlite™ and Filter33™ both nonspecific and specific sorption are present. For all media and experimentation, there was a consistent preferential uptake of copper such that copper displayed delayed arrival and/or greater removal than zinc. Moreover, the observed snow plow effects and concentration plateaus in Earthlite™ and Filter33™ RSSCTs suggest rate limited ion exchange and specific sorption in addition to ion competition. Earthlite™ exhibited an approach velocity dependent removal efficiency in the RSSCTs and pseudo second order uptake behavior for zinc in kinetic batch experiments. At the lab scale equivalent of the proposed field scale flow rate, Filter33™ displayed the greatest average zinc removal of 8.6 mg/g. In all, this research indicates that test parameters (i.e. pH, competitive ions solutions, empty bed contact time, flow rate) based on the natural environment and field scale operation can greatly impact removal efficiency in filter media.
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Ahmed, Imtiaz Uddin. "Highway Runoff in Situ Treatment| Development and Evaluation of Multi-Functional Open Graded Friction Course (MOGFC) for Copper and Zinc Removal." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1592787.

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Open graded friction course (OGFC) has been under use over the past decades by the highway agencies as the road surfacing material. The friction course reduces splash/spray, noise, and water accumulation, and provides better visibility and traction. In addition, OGFC has the ability to adsorb particulate pollutants into its internal pores/voids. However, it cannot adsorb dissolved/non particulate constituents, especially heavy metals. The objective of this study is to prepare multifunctional open graded friction course pavement (MOGFC) as road surfacing material which not only preserves OGFC’s advantages, but also extends its ability to remove heavy metals from highway runoff water. This research investigated batch adsorption capacity for Cu and Zn by five different additives (bentonite, zeolite, silica, organo clay, and fly ash). Bentonite, zeolie, and fly ash showed maximum adsorpton capacity of 1.43, 10.63, and 11.06 mg/g for copper and 1.17, 1.95, and 10.24 mg/g for zinc. Silica and organo clay resulted in low adsorption capacity. The metal removal efficiencies for MOGFC were also evaluated. Results showed that MOGFC with bentonite, zeolite, and fly ash has the ability to remove Cu and Zn from the synthesized highway runoff water. Cu and Zn removal efficiency increased as the additives were increased. MOGFC with bentonite, zeolite, and fly ash exhibited maximum removal efficiency of 76%, 73%, and 94% for copper, and 42%, 43%, and 86% for zinc. In addition to this, observed permeability rate also indicated that MOGFC can avoid the accumulation of highway runoff on the road surface. It has concluded that this in situ treatment technique will have both environmental and economic benefits, as it is inexpensive and eliminates the need for external highway runoff treatment facilities.

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Valencia, Gudiño Ricardo. "Modeling copper pollution from road Runoff in a peri-urban catchment in Portugal by using MIKE SHE, and MIKE 11 coupled with ECO Lab." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik (flyttat 20130630), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-210918.

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Economic development in an area attracts more people to live in it. This increment drives the necessity to improve available infrastructure, like roads for instance, to satisfy a higher demand. Bigger roads and higher number of vehicles have raised the concern about possible pollution coming from these sources In this thesis, copper coming from road runoff in a peri-urban catchment in Portugal was analyzed. The catchment is located in the Coimbra region, center of Portugal. In order to model copper pollution in road runoff, it is necessary to couple a hydrological model and a water quality Based on a previous study (Kalantari, Ferreira, Walsh, Ferreira, & Destouni, 2017) a physical based hydrological model  MIKE SHE  coupled with the hydraulic model MIKE 11was updated and further coupled with  ECO Lab to simulate water quality and ecological processes. The results show an improvement of the hydrological model compared with the original one, nash-sutcliffe efficiency was raised from 0.59 to 0.77 and the coefficient of determination varied from 0.64 to 0.79. For copper the model behavior for punctual and distributed sources was analyzed. For punctual sources, highest concentrations were present in the grid points where the incoming sources were located in the tributaries, and these concentrations are rapidly reduced downstream. On the other hand, distributed sources approach gives higher concentrations near the end of the river than in the tributaries upstream. Comparing time-averaged model results along the river, with fresh water quality criteria according to U.S. EPA (2004), for punctual sources an extension of 978 meters (7,6% of the river) presents a concentration above CCC or CMC, on the contrary, for distributed sources the extension is lower with 494 meters (3,8%). The organic carbon partitioning coefficient have bigger influence on the results than other factors, nevertheless this influence is not marked. Modeled copper values do not agree well with the mesured values specially for periods with higher discharge as the model simulates lower concentration with higher discharge and viceversa. Copper boundary values for the model represent a big challenge considering limited data available. This thesis gives good overview about the coupling process between MIKE 11 and ECO Lab, as well as analyzes the importance of some factors as well as model limitations and uncertainties.
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Vieira, Alda Maria Domingues. "Use of biochar in the remediation of coppercontaminated vineyard soils." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23566.

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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente
Na viticultura, o tratamento com fungicidas à base de cobre resulta muitas vezes em elevados teores de cobre nos solos. Sabendo que o cobre em determinadas concentrações se pode assumir como um composto tóxico, a sua acumulação nos solos pode ter impactos nos organismos terrestres, comprometendo as funções ecossistémicas asseguradas pelo solo. Além disso, considerando que as áreas de vinha sofrem frequentemente processos de erosão acentuados, o seu transporte e entrada em sistemas aquáticos adjacentes pode igualmente impactar o biota aquático. Na tentativa de melhorar as propriedades do solo e garantir uma produção agrícola efetiva, têm sido propostas várias medidas, nomeadamente o uso de biochar. O biochar é um carvão obtido através do processo de pirólise que é utilizado na remediação de solos devido aos seus benefícios na qualidade do solo. Com o objetivo de avaliar as concentrações de cobre no solo de uma vinha e compreender o papel do biochar na qualidade do solo e na redução do transporte de sedimentos ricos em cobre através do escoamento superficial, este trabalho testou a utilização de dois tratamentos de biochar, com aplicações distintas (5 kg/m2 e 10 kg/m2) e a sua influência nas propriedades do solo, numa vinha na região demarcada da Bairrada. Pela comparação dos dois tratamentos de biochar, verificou-se que o tratamento com menor taxa de aplicação de biochar melhorou a qualidade do solo em geral e a sua capacidade de infiltração. Em particular, neste tratamento observou-se uma redução de 69% no transporte de sedimentos e de 76% no transporte de cobre particulado por escoamento superficial. O efeito do biochar na imobilização do cobre foi evidenciado sobretudo após a aplicação de cobre, observando um comportamento visivelmente diferente entre os tratamentos com e sem adição de biochar. A aplicação de biochar em baixas concentrações mostrou ser efetiva na redução da exportação de sedimentos e consequentemente na exportação de cobre. Não obstante, será importante compreender as implicações que o cobre continuará a exercer nos organismos terrestres e na sua potencial lixiviação para águas subterrâneas.
In viticulture, treatment with copper-based fungicides often results in high levels of copper in vineyard soils. Knowing that copper in certain concentrations can be assumed as a toxic compound, its accumulation in soils can have impacts on terrestrial organisms, compromising the ecosystem functions assured by the soil. In addition, considering that vineyards often suffer from severe erosion processes, copper transport and input into adjacent aquatic systems may also impact the aquatic biota. To improve soil properties and ensure effective agricultural production, several measures have been proposed, such as the use of biochar. Biochar is a coal obtained through the pyrolysis process that is used in soil remediation due to its benefits in soil quality. In order to assess de concentration of copper in a vineyard soil and understand the role of biochar in soil quality and in reducing the transport of copper enriched sediments through surface runoff, this work tested the use of two biochar treatments with different applications (5 kg/m2 and 10 kg/m2) and its influence on soil properties in a vineyard located in the demarcated region of Bairrada. By comparing the two biochar treatments, it was verified that the treatment with lower application rate of biochar improved the soil quality in general and its infiltration capacity. A reduction of 69% in sediment transport and a 76% reduction in the transport of particulate copper from surface runoff was observed in this treatment. The effect of biochar on the immobilization of copper was particularly evident after the application of copper, with a noticeably different behaviour between the treatments with and without addition of biochar. The application of biochar in low rates has shown to be effective in the reduction of the export of sediments and consequently in the export of copper. Nonetheless, it is important to understand the implications that copper will continue to exert on terrestrial organisms and its potential leaching into groundwater.
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Girotto, Eduardo. "Cobre e zinco no solo sob uso intensivo de dejeto líquido de suínos." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5470.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The main alternative of pig slurry discard is its disposition in the soil as source of nutrients for plants. However, copper and zinc accumulation in the soil has been increasing significantly and may become an environmental pollutant problem. The objective of this work was to evaluate copper and zinc potential pollutant in areas with successive applications of pig slurry through zinc and copper forms and accumulations in the soil, and their transference by surface runoff and percolation flow. The work was carried out in the experimental area of the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria (RS), Brazil. Typic Hapludalf soil was used and four rates of pig slurry (0, 20, 40, and 80 m3 ha-1) were applied on the soil surface presenting a total of 17 applications. In October 2006, the soil samples were collected in the depths of 0 - 2, 2 - 4, 4 - 6, 6 - 8; 8 - 10, 10 - 12, 12 - 14, 14 - 16, 16 - 18, 18 - 20, 20 - 25, 25 - 30, 30 - 35, 35 - 40, 40 - 50, and 50 - 60 cm. After collect, total contents in the pig slurry, as well as total contents and extracted contents by HCl 0.1 mol L-1 of copper and zinc in soil were analyzed. Soil samples (0 and 80 m3 ha-1 pig slurry) and dry pig slurry samples were collected and copper and zinc sequential extraction analyzed. Water volume and sediment losses were determined. Moreover, copper and zinc forms in samples of solutions transferred by surface runoff and percolation flow collected during the cycle of the corn (2006/07) in each event (rain + surface runoff) were determined. Successive applications of pig slurry increased the total content of copper and zinc extracted by HCl 0.1 mol L-1 in soil (superficial layers). These metals tended to be transferred to deeper layers of soil and to other environment compartment. The sequential extraction in soil where 80 m3 ha-1 pig slurry was applied showed an increase in the copper and zinc contents in the soil samples of the superficial layers when extracted with water deionization, MgCl2, HNO3 + H2O2, and NH2OHHCl, which represent soluble forms, exchangeable forms, mineral fraction forms, and organic matter forms, respectively. The findings showed an increase in the copper and zinc bioavailable forms. Losses by surface runoff were the main form of transferring copper and zinc, especially in treatments with successive applications of pig slurry.
A principal alternativa para o descarte do dejeto líquido de suínos é sua disposição no solo como fonte de nutrientes às plantas. Porém, a constatação do acúmulo de cobre e zinco no solo vem causando preocupação com relação à segurança ambiental. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial contaminante do cobre e do zinco em área com aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos, através do acúmulo e das formas do cobre e do zinco no solo e suas transferências por escoamento superficial e percolação. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS. As doses de dejeto líquido de suínos foram 0, 20, 40 e 80 m3 ha-1, sendo realizadas 17 aplicações de dejetos até o momento da coleta do solo em outubro de 2006, num Argissolo Vermelho Arênico distrófico. As camadas de solo amostradas foram as seguintes: 0 - 2; 2 - 4; 4 - 6; 6 - 8; 8 - 10; 10 - 12; 12 - 14; 14 - 16; 16 - 18; 18 - 20; 20 - 25; 25 - 30; 30 - 35-; 35 - 40; 40 - 50 e 50 - 60 cm de profundidade. Foram determinados os teores totais e extraídos com HCl 0,1 mol L-1 de Cu e Zn no solo e os teores totais nos dejetos. Foi realizada a extração seqüencial de Cu e Zn onde não foi aplicado dejeto e onde foi aplicado 80 m3 ha-1, bem como na fração seca do dejeto. Determinou-se o volume de água e sedimentos transferidos e as formas de Cu e Zn em amostras de soluções transferidas por escoamento superficial e percolação durante o ciclo do milho, ano agrícola 2006/07, em cada evento (chuva + escoamento superficial). As aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos promoveram aumentos nos teores totais de Cu e Zn e extraídos por HCl 0,1 mol L-1 nas camadas superficiais do solo, com tendência de transferência para camadas mais profundas do solo e para outros compartimentos do ambiente. A extração seqüencial em solo onde foi aplicado 80m3 ha-1 de dejeto mostrou que nas camadas superficiais do solo, ocorreu um incremento nos teores de Cu e Zn extraídos com os extratores água deionizada, MgCl2, HNO3 + H2O2 e NH2OHHCl, que representam, respectivamente, as formas solúveis, trocáveis, ligadas à fração mineral e à matéria orgânica do solo. Isso evidencia que houve um aumento das formas consideradas biodisponíveis de Cu e Zn no solo. Com relação às transferências, se observou que a principal forma de transferência de cobre e zinco do solo foi à solução escoada superficialmente, onde foram significativas as transferências de cobre e zinco nos tratamentos com aplicações sucessivas de dejeto.
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Books on the topic "Copper Copper Runoff"

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McClintock, Cynthia. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879754.003.0001.

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During the third wave, like most democratizing countries worldwide, Latin American countries replaced plurality rules for presidential election with runoff rules. To date, most scholars fear the proliferation of political parties under runoff and favor plurality. I argue, however, that Latin American leaders were correct to adopt runoff. Runoff established a virtuous circle: amid lower barriers to entry, opposition parties and new parties held greater respect for the democratic process and this respect was in turn important to elites’ toleration of their entry. By contrast, plurality often facilitated political exclusion by long-standing dominant parties and exacerbated cynicism and polarization. Although the larger number of parties under runoff was problematic, and measures for the amelioration of the problem are important, the number of parties was considerable under plurality; runoff enabled democracies to cope, increasing the legitimacy of their elected presidents.
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Book chapters on the topic "Copper Copper Runoff"

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Steiner, M., and M. Boller. "Copper Removal in Infiltration Facilities for Stormwater Runoff." In Advances in Urban Stormwater and Agricultural Runoff Source Controls, 169–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0532-6_15.

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Rice, Pamela J., Jennifer A. Harman-Fetcho, Lynne P. Heighton, Laura L. McConnell, Ali M. Sadeghi, and Cathleen J. Hapeman. "Environmental Fate and Ecological Impact of Copper Hydroxide: Use of Management Practices to Reduce the Transport of Copper Hydroxide in Runoff from Vegetable Production." In Crop Protection Products for Organic Agriculture, 230–44. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2007-0947.ch017.

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Mandumbu, R., C. Nyawenze, J. T. Rugare, G. Nyamadzawo, C. Parwada, and H. Tibugari. "Tied Ridges and Better Cotton Breeds for Climate Change Adaptation." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 181–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_23.

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AbstractClimate change and variability is already reducing agricultural productivity and opportunities for employment, pushing up food prices and affecting food availability and production of formerly adapted crop types. Such is the case in cotton production in Zimbabwe, where it was the only viable commercial crop in marginal areas. As a form of adaptation, there is need for African farmers to have a range of agricultural techniques as coping strategies and tactics to enable sustainable production of crops and deal with extreme events. Such techniques include water conservation and introduction of new adapted crop genetics to cope with the new environment. The emerging trends in climate change will force farmers to adopt new crops and varieties and forms of agricultural production technologies. The objective of this study is to determine the contribution of combining in-field water harvesting and early maturing cotton varieties in curbing drought in cotton in semiarid Zimbabwe. The results show that both water harvesting in form of planting basins significantly (P <0.05) increased boll number and branch number of cotton across all varieties. The varieties M577 and M567 out-performed the conventional varieties in early growth, branch number, and boll number. Tied contour ridges gave a significantly (P <0.05) higher moisture content in 0–5 cm and the 6–10 cm depth compared to conventional tillage. The new varieties displayed early phenological development. Despite the existence of rainfall gaps, the in-field water harvesting techniques captured enough moisture and prevented moisture losses through runoff which resulted successful flowering and fruiting in the short varieties compared to conventional tillage on conventional varieties. In this regard, water harvesting and early maturing varieties offer considerable hope for increasing crop production in arid and semiarid areas of Zimbabwe.
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Colopy, Cheryl. "Poisoned Blessings." In Dirty, Sacred Rivers. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199845019.003.0023.

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“Any water-related stress you can imagine, we have. Abundance, shortage, pollution. We have them all,” a young woman named Afifa Raihana told me on my first trip to Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. Afifa was working for the World Bank at that time, coordinating environmental initiatives, having earlier worked as a journalist. The list of water-related problems in Bangladesh is long and sometimes contradictory: waterlogging as well as desertification, floods along with shortages. Bangladesh sees frequent cyclones and storm surges; it copes with salinity and sedimentation of riverbeds. Industrial chemicals, agricultural runoff, and urban sewage pollute the nation’s ponds and rivers. The problems sometimes stem from the sheer abundance of water in this nearliquid land. In the monsoon, a quarter of the land is regularly inundated. When rivers flood, two-thirds of the land may be covered by water—drowning people and their animals, displacing families, destroying crops. This is the bottom of the Ganges watershed; any water and sediment that has not been held back upstream comes to rest here or washes into the Bay of Bengal. On occasion the abundance is a curse, but usually it is a blessing. Maniruzzaman Miah told me that drought is a far greater threat here than floods, which are essential for growing rice and jute and for keeping the water table high. “Rain and the need for rain. That is what Bangladesh is all about. Floods are part of the ecosystem.” The oddly shaped country that is now Bangladesh was once part of a prosperous realm stretching from Bihar to the Bay of Bengal. Bengal, which was partitioned in 1948—half to India, half to Pakistan—was known as the best-educated, most literate, most cultured part of India. It was a grain basket, a seat of Buddhist learning in ancient times, and later had a well-developed textile industry until England’s East India Company strangled it to promote English-made textiles. Britain essentially launched control of the subcontinent from the east. Calcutta was the seat of British power until 1911, when the capital was moved to Delhi.
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Conference papers on the topic "Copper Copper Runoff"

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Zuo, Xiao-Jun, Da-Fang Fu, and He Li. "Adsorption Removal of Copper, Zinc and Cadmium in Aqueous Solutions and Road Runoff by Carbonized Mulch: Heavy Metal Removal by Carbonized Mulch." In 2012 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology (iCBEB). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbeb.2012.49.

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Granato, Gregory E., and Susan C. Jones. "Estimating Risks for Water-Quality Exceedances of Total-Copper from Highway and Urban Runoff under Predevelopment and Current Conditions with the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM)." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480601.028.

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Xia, Fujun. "Study on the strategy of improving urban resilience from the perspective of sponge city construction." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/czos3123.

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Urban resilience refers to the ability of a city to cope with disasters and recover its basic functions rapidly. Urban transportation, urban infrastructure, urban public policy-making and other aspects can improve the resilience of the city. At present, the urban water environment in China is still deteriorating, and the rainstorm and waterlogging disasters are still frequent. Therefore, the author chooses the sponge city construction to study the strategies to improve the urban resilience. The author chooses two aspects of urban storm and waterlogging disaster control and surface runoff, which are closely related to the improvement of urban resilience, as the main research objects, selects specific evaluation indexes and proposes calculation functions, and adopts multiple research methods such as typical case study, spatial model simulation quantitative analysis, statistical analysis and empirical research, through arc GIS analysis, PCSWMM modeling and grasshopper data-based research By means of design and horizontal comparative study of three practical cases, this paper makes a qualitative and quantitative study on the strategy of sponge city construction performance to improve the city's resilience, and the quantitative research is mainly used. There are two main achievements in this study: a set of quantitative research methods to improve the resilience of sponge city construction is preliminarily explored through the application of the evaluation model; some strategies to improve the resilience of sponge city construction are proposed.
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