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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Copper i chlorides'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

NETO, de JESUS ANTONIO C. "Estudo dos parâmetros: teor de NaCl e acabamento superficial, na resistência à corrosão por PITE em tubos de cobre." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2008. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11614.

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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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2

Quezada, Reyes Víctor Alejandro. "Pretreatment to the leaching of copper sulphides minerals in oxidizing media." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670663.

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La producción chilena de cobre procede de la hidrometalurgia y la concentración; el concentrado de cobre es tratado tradicionalmente mediante pirometalurgia. De acuerdo a Cochilco, el cobre producido en el año 2019, vía hidrometalurgia, fue un 27.3% del cobre chileno producido. Sin embargo, se prevé que esta aporte baje a un 11.6% para el año 2029, debido al agotamiento de los óxidos de cobre y la aparición de los sulfuros, principalmente calcopirita, siendo este mineral refractario a condiciones convencionales de lixiviación. Una opción para mejorar la eficiencia de lixiviación es el pretratamiento, especialmente el efecto del tiempo de curado. Esta variable mejora la cinética de disolución, principalmente en minerales sulfurados de cobre, sin embargo, existe escasa investigación al respecto. Estudios sobre el pretratamiento evalúan el efecto en la eficiencia de lixiviación pero no antes. Además, las reacciones que gobiernan estos fenómenos no han sido identificadas. Así, el objetivo de esta tesis es la evaluación del efecto del curado ácido en la extracción de cobre desde minerales sulfurados en condiciones oxidantes y en la presencia de cloruro. Muestras puras de calcopirita, calcosina y un mineral industrial de mina han sido utilizadas. Se desarrollaron pruebas evaluando el efecto del tiempo de curado y la concentración de KNO3, NaCl y H2SO4 y analizadas por ANOVA (calcopirita). Los productos formados en el pretratamiento (aglomerados) se caracterizaron utilizando diversas técnicas, tales como: Difracción de rayos X, Microscopio electrónico de barrido y Microscopia de luz reflejada. Además, el efecto del pretratamiento ha sido evaluado en la eficiencia de lixiviación a varias temperaturas, los residuos de lixiviación también han sido caracterizados. En el pretratamiento, el mineral de calcopirita y de mina, bajo las condiciones utilizadas en este estudio (15 kg/t of H2SO4, 25 kg/t of NaCl y 15 días de tiempo de curado), los siguientes productos fueron identificados: CuSO4, NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6, Cu2Cl(OH) y S. Sobre la calcosina, bajo las condiciones utilizadas en este estudio, con 30 kg/t of H2SO4, 40 kg/t of NaCl y 7 días de tiempo de curado, los productos identificados fueron: Cu1.75S, Cu(OH)Cl, Na2SO4 and CuSO4. Finalmente, el pretratamiento mejora la eficiencia de lixiviación, entre 4 y 6%, alcanzando una extracción de cobre de 94% desde la calcopirita a 90 °C, fortaleciendo la hidrometalurgia como alternativa de tratamiento para minerales sulfurados de cobre.
Copper production in Chile is developed by hydrometallurgical and concentration; copper concentrates are traditionally treated by the pyrometallurgical route. According to Cochilco, copper produced in 2019 by hydrometallurgical process represent a 27.3% of Chilean total copper production. However, this contribution is estimated to decrease to 11.6% by 2029, due to the depletion of copper oxides and the appearance of copper sulphides, mainly chalcopyrite, being this mineral refractory to conventional leaching conditions. An alternative to improve leaching efficiency is pretreatment prior to leaching, especially the effect of curing time. This variable can increases the kinetics of copper extraction, especially in sulphides ores, however, there is limited research about it. Studies on pretreatment evaluate the effect on leaching efficiency but not previous leaching. Furthermore, the reactions that govern this phenomenon have not been clearly identified. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is the evaluation of the effect of acid curing on the copper extraction from sulphides minerals in oxidizing media and in presence of chloride. A pure sample of chalcopyrite, chalcocite and a mine ore were used. Tests evaluating the effect of curing time, KNO3, NaCl and H2SO4 concentration have been carried out. The chalcopyrite sample effect was evaluated by ANOVA. The product generated in the pretreatment (agglomerates) has been characterized using different characterization techniques, such as: X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Reflection Optical Microscopy. Furthermore, the effect of pretreatment has been evaluated on the leaching efficiency at different temperatures, leaching residues have also been characterized. In the pretreatment of the chalcopyrite sample and mine ore, under the conditions of 15 kg/t of H2SO4, 25 kg/t of NaCl and 15 days of curing time, the following products were identified: CuSO4, NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6, Cu2Cl(OH) and S0. Regarding the chalcocite sample, under the conditions of with 30 kg/t of H2SO4, 40 kg/t of NaCl and 7 days of curing time, the following products were identified: Cu1.75S, Cu(OH)Cl, Na2SO4 and CuSO4. Finally, copper sulphides ore pretreatment improved leaching efficiency, between 4 and 6%, reaching a copper dissolution of 94% from chalcopyrite at 90 °C, strengthening the hydrometallurgy as an alternative treatment for copper sulphides ores.
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3

Fliyou, Mohammed. "Contribution a l'etude des excitons profonds." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13167.

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Calcul des energies de liaison des excitons profonds par le modele de polaron electronique. Ce modele tient compte des effets dynamiques de la polarisation electronique lors des excitations profondes. Identification de la structure excitonique dans le spectre d'absorption dans cucl. Determination du seuil d'absorption par comparaison avec les resultats de photoemission
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4

Jesus, Antonio Carlos Neto de. "Estudo dos parâmetros: teor de NaCl e acabamento superficial, na resistência à corrosão localizada e generalizada em tubos de cobre." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-07102011-140611/.

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Tubos de cobre fabricados com o material ASTM C12200 (99,9%Cu-0,015-0,040%P) são utilizados mundialmente no transporte de água potável. A maior causa de vazamentos nestas tubulações é a corrosão por pite, que usualmente estão relacionadas com a qualidade da água. Estudos recentes mostraram que vazamentos em tubos de cobre usados para transporte de água de rede pública ocorreram em decorrência da corrosão por pite, o que se deu em virtude da presença do íon cloreto originado do tratamento para a desinfecção da água. Outro parâmetro que pode influenciar a corrosão por pite é a condição de acabamento interno dos tubos. Os óleos lubrificantes usados no processo de fabricação de tubos de cobre contêm carbono e este forma um filme deletério após o recozimento destes tubos. Este filme cria condições na superfície interna para a formação de pilhas de ação local. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar se o teor de cloreto de sódio no meio aquoso, e o acabamento superficial da superfície interna de tubos de cobre utilizados comercialmente para transporte de água (ABNT/NBR-13206), têm influência na resistência à corrosão destes tubos. A resistência à corrosão foi investigada por meio de ensaios eletroquímicos em soluções naturalmente aeradas com várias concentrações de cloreto de sódio, a 25 oC. A superfície interna dos tubos foi observada, antes e após os ensaios eletroquímicos, por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os tipos de acabamentos superficiais estudados foram: desengraxamento, jateamento e acabamento do processo final de fabricação (sem tratamento). Foi também construído um circuito fechado para estudar o efeito do acabamento superficial na resistência à corrosão sob condições mais próximas das encontradas na prática. O efeito do tratamento de recozimento do tubo em atmosfera inerte, que causa a recristalização da microestrutura e eliminação dos resíduos de óleo lubrificante, também foi avaliado. Os resultados indicaram que o mecanismo de corrosão em soluções com teores de cloreto entre 0,06 mol L-1 e 0,12 mol L-1 correspondeu ao de ataque localizado, enquanto que para a concentração de 0,6 mol L-1 prevaleceu o ataque generalizado. Os resultados do estudo do efeito do acabamento superficial indicaram que os tratamentos que reduzem o teor de carbono na superfície são benéficos à resistência à corrosão, mas este não é o único fator que afeta a resistência à corrosão. Outras características superficiais resultantes do tratamento da superfície também devem ser consideradas. Por exemplo, embora o jateamento cause a diminuição do teor de carbono na superfície dos tubos, o aumento de rugosidade produzido por este acabamento pode resultar em uma menor resistência à corrosão. Os tratamentos superficiais que produziram superfície com maiores resistências à corrosão foram aqueles que também produziram superfícies com menores teores de carbono, a saber, desengraxe e recozimento.
Copper tubes manufactured with C12200 ASTM (99.9% Cu-0015-0040% P) are used worldwide for potable water transport. The largest number of leakages in these tubes is due to pitting, usually related to the water quality, associated to the presence of chloride ions originated from water disinfecting treatment. The literature on the effect of chloride on the corrosion of copper pipelines is controversial. The finishing of the copper tubes inner might also influence pitting corrosion. The lubricating oils used in the manufacture of copper tubes contain carbon and a deleterious film might form during annealing. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of sodium chloride content and the inner surface finishing of copper tubes used for water transport (ABNT/NBR-13206) on their corrosion resistance. The study was carried out by electrochemical tests in naturally aerated sodium chloride solutions at various concentrations, at 25 °C. The tubes inner surface was observed previous to and after the electrochemical tests by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of the following surface finishing were investigated: degrease, sand blasting, annealing and the surface without treatment. A loop was built to simulate the operational conditions of the tubes. Results indicated that the corrosion mechanism in chloride solutions with concentrations between 0.06 mol L-1 and 0.12 mol L-1 was localized attack, whereas in the 0.6 mol L-1 solution, generalized attack was the predominant mechanism. The results the surface finishing investigation indicated that the treatments that leads to carbon content reduction are beneficial to corrosion resistance. However, other features must also be considered. For instance, although sand blasting reduces the carbon content on the tubes surface, the increase in roughness due to this treatment decreases the corrosion resistance. The surface treatments that resulted in increased corrosion resistance were those that also resulted in lower carbon levels at the surface, namely degreasing and annealing.
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5

Nguyen, Caroline Kimmy. "Interactions Between Copper and Chlorine Disinfectants: Chlorine Decay, Chloramine Decay and Copper Pitting." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35674.

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Interactions between copper and chlorine disinfectants were examined from the perspective of disinfectant decay and copper pitting corrosion. Sparingly soluble cupric hydroxide catalyzed the rapid decay of free chlorine, which in turn, led to production of less soluble and more crystalline phases of cupric hydroxide. The catalytic activity of the cupric hydroxide was retained over multiple cycles of chlorine dosing. Experiments with chloramine revealed that copper species could also trigger rapid loss of chloramine disinfectant. In copper pipes, loss of free chlorine and chloramine were both rapid during stagnation. Reactivity of the copper to the disinfectants was retained for weeks. Phosphate tended to decrease the reactivity between the copper pipe and chlorine disinfectants. A novel, inexpensive and real-time test to monitor copper pitting corrosion was developed. In a normal pipe, it is not possible to measure the electron flow or pitting current from the pit anode to the cathode. But a new method was developed that can form an active pit on the tip of a copper wire, which in turn, allows the pitting current to be measured. Preliminary experiments presented herein have proven that this technique has promise in at least one water condition known to cause pitting. The method also quickly predicted that high levels of orthophosphate could stop pitting attack in this water, whereas low levels would tend to worsen pitting. Future research should be conducted to examine this technique in greater detail.
Master of Science
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6

McEachern, Ernest J. "Copper(I) chloride and copper(I) cyanide-mediated transformations of alkenyltrialkylstannanes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25110.pdf.

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7

Fowler, Sandra Dee. "COPPER SOLVENT EXTRACTION FROM CHLORIDE-SULFATE MEDIA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275369.

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8

Lago, Rochel M. "Studies in heterogeneous catalysis : molten salt and carbon nanotube systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294332.

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9

Zell, Elizabeth T. "A Novel Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Chloride Nanocrystals in a Sodium Chloride Matrix." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1387281922.

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10

Velásquez, Yévenes Lilian de Lourdes. "The kinetics of the dissolution of chalcopyrite in chloride media /." Murdoch University Digital Theses Program, 2009. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20090430.154851.

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11

GOULART, Daniel Silva. "Detecção de resíduos de soluções sanitizantes empregadas em pedilúvio para bovinos no leite e solo." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/396.

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Copper sulfate and sodium hypochlorite are used in the preparation of cattle footbath solutions, aimed at treating and preventing digital diseases, but little is known about the residues that these substances leave in animal products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, on soil and milk, residues left by chemicals used in cattle foot bath. The study was developed in two stages. In the first stage, the residual of chlorine and copper in the milk of healthy cows after successive passages in footbath solutions containing these substances was analyzed and the costs of the solutions were estimated. The presence of copper residues was evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and chlorine residues were evaluated by dosing total chloride in milk using a commercial kit. In the experiment, 14 healthy cows were divided into two groups (GI and GII) of seven animals each. In GI a solution of sodium hypochlorite 1% was used and in GII copper sulphate 5% was used. The milk samples were collected before the passage through the footbath (M0) after 24 (M1), 48 (M2) and 72 hours (M3) and 15 days (M15), following the last passage. Statistical analysis comparing the moments of each sample and the substances evaluated was performed using Friedman test followed by Dunn's test (p <0.05). It was concluded that the values of total chloride and copper in the milk of healthy cattle, after daily passage in footbath for a period of seven days, showed some variations considered insufficient to cause harm to human health and the solutions did not show exorbitant costs. In the second stage, copper residues were evaluated in soil treated with a mixture of cattle feces and urine, simulating cattle liquid manure, containing or not copper sulfate solution. Initially samples were collected from soil in pastures of EVZ / UFG, which were placed in PVC columns divided into four layers. The columns were divided into three treatments (CI, CII and CIII). The CI treatment received only cattle liquid manure and the CII and CIII treatments received the same material added of different amounts of copper sulfate solution. During 120 days, rain was simulated on the PVC columns. In the statistical analysis, analysis of variance followed by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability were used. It was observed that copper levels were significantly higher in CIII treatment than in CI and CII. The same is true regarding the treatments CII for CI. In treatments CII and CIII copper levels were significantly higher in the superficial layer of soil throughout the experimental period. It was concluded that copper residues available to plants in soil treated with a mixture containing bovine feces and urine associated with copper sulfate solution and water are higher in the upper layers of the soil showing no significant changes in the deeper layers after consecutive rains.
Apesar do hipoclorito de sódio e o sulfato de cobre serem compostos químicos utilizados na preparação de soluções empregadas em pedilúvio para bovinos, visando o tratamento e prevenção de enfermidades digitais, são escassas as informações técnicas com relação à produção de resíduos por estas substâncias nos produtos de origem animal. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi detectar, no leite e solo, os resíduos de produtos químicos empregados em pedilúvio para bovinos, desenvolvendo o trabalho em duas etapas. Na primeira estudou-se o resíduo de cloro e cobre no leite de vacas saudáveis após passagens sucessivas em pedilúvio contendo soluções formuladas com estas substâncias e estimou-se os custos das soluções. A presença de resíduos de cobre foi avaliada empregando espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e a de cloro por meio de dosagem de cloretos totais no leite empregando kit comercial. No experimento, utilizou-se 14 vacas saudáveis distribuídas em dois grupos (GI e GII) de sete animais cada. Em GI empregou-se solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 1% e em GII sulfato de cobre a 5%. As amostras de leite foram colhidas antes da passagem pelo pedilúvio (M0), após 24 (M1), 48 (M2) e 72 (M3) horas e 15 dias (M15), subsequentes a última passagem. Na análise estatística a comparação entre momentos de cada amostra das substâncias avaliadas foi realizada empregando o teste de Friedman, seguido pelo teste de Dunn s (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que os valores de cloretos totais e de cobre no leite de bovinos saudáveis, após passagens diárias dos animais em pedilúvio por um período de sete dias, apresentaram algumas variações consideradas insuficientes para provocarem danos à saúde humana e as soluções medicamentosas não apresentaram custos exorbitantes. Na segunda etapa avaliou-se os resíduos de cobre em solo tratado com uma mistura de fezes e urina bovinas, simulando efluentes de esterqueira usada na bovinocultura, contendo ou não solução de sulfato de cobre. Inicialmente foram colhidas amostras de solo nas pastagens da EVZ/UFG, que foram acondicionadas em colunas de PVC subdivididas em quatro camadas. As colunas foram divididas em três tratamentos (CI, CII e CIII). O tratamento CI recebeu somente dejetos líquidos de bovinos e os tratamentos CII e CIII receberam este mesmo material adicionado de diferentes quantidades de solução de sulfato de cobre. Durante 120 dias foram simuladas chuvas sobre as colunas de PVC. Na análise estatística empregou-se a análise de variância seguida pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Observou-se que no tratamento CIII os níveis de cobre foram significativamente maior que em CI e CII. O mesmo ocorre em relação ao tratamento CII ao CI. Nos tratamentos CII e CIII observou-se que os níveis de cobre foram significativamente maiores na camada mais superficial do solo durante todo o período experimental. Conclui-se que os resíduos de cobre disponíveis para as plantas, em solo tratado com uma mistura contendo fezes e urina bovina associadas à solução de sulfato de cobre e água são maiores nas camadas mais superficiais do solo, não apresentaram alterações expressivas nas camadas mais profundas após chuvas consecutivas.
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12

Frindi, Mohammed. "Etude dynamique des nonlinearites optiques de cucl en regime impulsionnel nanoseconde." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13116.

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A l'echelle nanoseconde, loin des resonances extitonique et biexcitonique, la reponse du milieu suit l'impulsion incidente. Au voisinage de ces resonances, par contre, le milieu presente un effet de memoire. Il est du a la presente de population d'excitons et des biexcitons. Ces quasiparticules ayant une duree de vie finie influencent la reponse dielectrique du milieu qui, alors, ne suit plus la forme temporelle de l'impulsion incidente. Cette etude permet aussi de comprendre le comportement dynamique de cucl lorsqu'il est utilise comme dispositif bistable
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13

Bryce, Christine. "The kinetics of copper etching in ferric chloride-hydrochloric acid solutions /." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61225.

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The kinetics of copper etching were studied using a ferric chloride-hydrochloric acid etchant in a stirred-tank reactor. At a constant acid molarity of about 0.84 and FeCl$ sb3$ concentrations varying from 0 to 3 M, the etch rate was found to reach a maximum at about 2 M FeCl$ sb3$. The use of a ferric nitrate-nitric acid solution yielded similar results but substantially reduced etch rates.
Since the nitrate ion is essentially non-complexing with the ferric ion, the presence of chloro complexes of the ferric ion in FeCl$ sb3$-HCl etchant solutions was investigated. The FeCl$ sb2 sp+$ and FeCl$ sb3 sp0$ complex ions were found to constitute the majority of ferric species at all concentrations, and their respective enhancing and inhibiting effects incorporated into a rate equation: = A {m sb{FeCl sbsp{2}{-}} over 1 + 0.25m sb{FeCl sbsp{3}{0}}} here m$ sb{ rm i}$ is the molality of species i. The rate constant, A, was found to fit an Arrhenius plot for a temperature range of 30-50$ sp circ$C.
Experiments performed with etchants containing both the chloride and nitrate ions showed etch rates increasing uniformly as the chloride fraction of total anion increased. The FeCl$ sb2 sp+$ complex continues to exhibit an enhancing effect in these solutions, but at the conditions chosen the concentration of FeCl$ sb3 sp0$ remains constant. The FeCl$ sp{2+}$, however, appears to inhibit the etch rate.
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14

Kemp, Dian. "Technical evaluation of the copper chloride water splitting cycle / D. Kemp." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6862.

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The global energy sector is facing a crisis caused by the increasing demand for energy. Non-renewable energy sources, such as fossil fuels produce greenhouse gases that are largely blamed for climate change. The Kyoto protocol requires industrialised nations to reduce their collective greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrogen as an alternative fuel can serve as a substitute. Hydrogen production is expensive and the gas is largely derived from fossil fuels by a process that releases large quantities of greenhouse gases. In South Africa work on hydrogen production was first done on the Hybrid Sulphur cycle. The high operating temperature and highly corrosive environment involved in the process makes this cycle difficult to work with. The copper-chloride cycle has a lower operating temperature and uses less corrosive materials, making the cycle potentially more economical. Evaluation of the cycle started with the development of four models: the Base model, the Canadian model (developed in Canada) the Kemp model and the Excess model. The Kemp model has the best overall efficiency of 40.89 %, producing hydrogen at a cost of US$4.48/kg. The model does not however provide the excess steam required for the cycle. The Excess model which is based on the Kemp model does provide the excess steam and produces an overall efficiency of 39 % and hydrogen at a cost of US$4.60/kg. The copper-chloride cycle has an improved efficiency and produces hydrogen at a lower cost when compared to the hybrid sulphur cycle. The final conclusion of this thesis is that the copper-chloride cycle should be investigated further and an expected capital and operational costs estimate should be developed to obtain more accurate figures.
Thesis (M.Ing. (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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15

Gronow, Martin. "Separation of rhodium(III) from copper(II) in acidic chloride media." Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303893.

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16

Mapamba, Liberty Sheunesu. "Simulation of the copper–chlorine thermochemical cycle / Mapamba, L.S." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7052.

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The global fossil reserves are dwindling and there is need to find alternative sources of energy. With global warming in mind, some of the most commonly considered suitable alternatives include solar, wind, nuclear, geothermal and hydro energy. A common challenge with use of most alternative energy sources is ensuring continuity of supply, which necessitates the use of energy storage. Hydrogen has properties that make it attractive as an energy carrier. To efficiently store energy from alternative sources in hydrogen, several methods of hydrogen production are under study. Several literature sources show thermochemical cycles as having high potential but requiring further development. Using literature sources, an initial screening of thermochemical cycles was done to select a candidate thermochemical cycle. The copper–chlorine thermochemical cycle was selected due to its relatively low peak operating temperature, which makes it flexible enough to be connected to different energy sources. Once the copper–chlorine cycle was identified, the three main copper–chlorine cycles were simulated in Aspen Plus to examine which is the best configuration. Using experimental data from literature and calculating optimal conditions, flowsheets were developed and simulated in Aspen Plus. The simulation results were then used to determine the configuration with the most favourable energy requirements, cycle efficiency, capital requirements and product cost. Simulation results show that the overall energy requirements increase as the number of steps decrease from five–steps to three–steps. Efficiencies calculated from simulation results show that the four and five–step cycles perform closely with 39% and 42%, respectively. The three–step cycle has a much lower efficiency, even though the theoretical calculations imply that the efficiency should also be close to that of the four and five–step cycles. The five–step reaction cycle has the highest capital requirements at US$370 million due to more equipment and the three–step cycle has the lowest requirement at US$ 275 million. Payback analysis and net present value analysis indicate that the hydrogen costs are highest for the three–step cycle at between US$3.53 per kg for a 5–10yr payback analysis and the five–step cycle US$2.98 per kg for the same payback period.
Thesis (M.Ing. (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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17

Kear, Gareth. "Electrochemical corrosion of marine alloys under flowing conditions." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369433.

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18

Selck, Jeff G. "Copper Mineralogy in the Oxide Zone of the Lone Star Porphyry Copper Deposit, Eastern Arizona." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6658.

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The Lone Star porphyry copper deposit in the Safford District of southeastern Arizona was discovered in the late 1800's but never mined on a large scale. In addition to typical copper oxide species such as chrysocolla, the upper part of the deposit has zones of mineralization in which the chemical assays of core samples have higher amounts of copper than can be visually assigned to the observed copper-bearing minerals. The goal of this study is to identify the Cu-bearing minerals, which is crucial because the efficiency of the extraction processes is strongly dependent upon the mineralogy. Samples from seven cores with a range of copper contents and observed copper minerals were collected for analysis. Elemental compositions have been determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and show a large variability in copper content (ranging from 360 ppm to 4.7 wt. %). Mineral assemblages were determined by optical microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy on the scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction analysis and show varying concentrations of possible Cu-hosting minerals such as chlorite, biotite, iron oxides/hydroxides, and clay. Copper element maps were created for selected samples using an electron microprobe and areas of elevated copper concentration were more closely mapped with quantitative analyses taken of many points. This identified some common copper minerals that were simply too small to be seen in hand sample. However, several other minerals also contain high concentrations of Cu including chlorite and biotite (up to 19.3 wt. % CuO), iron oxides/hydroxides (up to 5.2 wt. % CuO), and clay (up to 7.3 wt. % CuO). While it has been determined that there is copper substitution into the structure of these minerals, transmission electron microscope analysis shows some of the copper in the chlorite and biotite is in native Cu blebs between the phyllosilicate sheets. The iron oxides and hydroxides are nanometer-sized particles with large surface areas for adsorption of copper. This presents a multi-phase system of copper minerals that cannot be seen during normal core logging. The presence of ore-grade concentrations of copper in the oxidized zone is likely due to insufficient acid production, as Lone Star is a sulfur-poor deposit, and the neutralizing effect of the andesite that hosts the deposit.
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19

Garfias-Mesias, Luis Francisco. "Pitting corrosion of duplex stainless steels." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318008.

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20

Tchoumou, Martin. "Hydrometallurgie du cuivre en milieu chlorure : attaques de minerais dosages polarographiques des solutions resultant de l'attaque et depot cathodique du cuivre." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13154.

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Etude dans le cadre de l'extraction de cu des minerais de type chalcopyrite. Lors de l'attaque des minerais de type chalcopyrite par des solutions de cu(ii) en milieu fortement chlorure, les metaux presents dans le minerai sous forme de sulfures passent en solution soit partiellement soit en totalite, et s elementaire precipite. Mise au point du dosage polarographique des ions cu, pb, zn et fe dissous. L'electrolyse de solutions a teneur elevee en cu(i) et contenant pb(ii), zn(ii) ou fe(ii) a mis en evidence un phenomene de codeposition de pb avec cu lorsqu'on opere a des densites de courant elevees, tandis que ni zn ni fe ne se codeposent avec cu
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21

Pye, Stephen L. "The electrochemical behavior of iron, copper, and nickel electrodes in sodium chloride buffered, neutral room temperature aluminum chloride : 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride molten salt." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11126.

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22

Witsch, James Michael. "Poly(amide acid) infusion with Copper(II) Chloride to form polyimide microcomposite films." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34822.

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23

Cui, Qingzhou. "CURRENT OSCILLATIONS DURING COPPER ELECTRODISSOLUTION IN LITHIUM ION BATTERY AND ACIDIC CHLORIDE ELECTROLYTES." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1162242616.

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24

Freiholtz, Oliver. "Corrosion behaviour of new lead-free brass alloys in aqueous copper (II) chloride." Thesis, KTH, Kemi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299780.

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På grund av nya riktlinjer för användning av mässing i kontakt med dricksvatten har nya blyfria mässingslegeringar utvecklats. Det är därför av stort intresse att undersöka deras korrosionsegenskaper, såsom avzinkningshärdighet. Ett accelererat standardtest, SS-EN ISO 6509–1:2014, har använts för att bestämma avzinkningshärdighet hos mässingslegeringar. Eftersom detta standardtest utvecklades för bly-innehållande mässingslegeringar har det ännu inte fastställts huruvida denna metod också kan appliceras för fastställandet av avzinkningshärdigheten hos blyfria mässingslegeringar.  Syftet med detta examensarbete var att fylla denna kunskapslucka. Detta gjordes genom att undersöka hur avzinkningsegenskaperna för tre mässingslegeringar, varav två var blyfria och en bly-innehållande, påverkades genom att ändra standardtestets parametrar. Resultaten jämfördes sedan med deras beteende i kranvatten för att bestämma testresultatens tillförlitlighet. Det visade sig att majoriteten av de erhållna resultaten för de blyfria mässingslegeringarna var i överensstämmelse med de resultat som erhölls för den blyinnehållande mässingen. Slutsatsen som kunde dras var därför att standardtestet kan användas för att bestämma avzinkningshärdighet även av blyfri mässing samt att resultaten visar på samma rangordning gällande deras egenskaper i tappvatten.
Due to new regulations for the use of brass in contact with drinking water, new lead-free brass alloys have been developed. It is therefore of great interest to investigate their corrosion properties in terms of dezincification resistance. An accelerated standard test, SS-EN ISO 6509-1:2014 is used to determine the dezincification resistance of brass alloys. However, as this standard test was developed for leaded brass alloys, it has not yet been established whether this method also is suitable to assess the dezincification resistance of lead-free brass alloys.  This master thesis study aimed to expand this knowledge gap by investigating how the dezincification properties of three different brass alloys, two newly developed lead-free alloys and one lead-containing alloy, were affected by changing the parameters of the standard test. The results were compared with their behaviour in tap water to determine the reliability of the ISO test. Most of the obtained results of the lead-free brass alloys were in accordance with the results obtained for the leaded brass alloy. It could therefore be concluded that the standard test can be used to assess the dezincification resistance of brass alloys and also reflect their ranking at tap water conditions.
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25

Le, Gars Pierre. "Synthese directe de chlorures d'acide par carbonylation de derives halogenes aliphatiques." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30199.

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26

Chiou, Ipeng 1957. "Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes by copper, silver ions and free chlorine." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277992.

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The antibacterial effect of electrolytically generated copper and silver separately and combined with free chlorine on Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated in filtered well water (FWW) and autoclaved dairy process water (ADPW). The inactivation rate (k = log10 reduction/minute) was determined. Slow bactericidal effects were observed in both FWW and ADPW after exposure to 400:40 or 800:80 mug/L copper and silver compared to 0.15 mg/L chlorine. At least five hours of exposure was required for a 6 log10 reduction in the bacterial numbers with copper and silver; however, with chlorine, the exposure time was reduced to less than one minute for the FWW. Addition of 0.15 mg/L chlorine to water containing copper and silver resulted in a significantly enhanced inactivation rate as compared to chlorine alone in both FWW and ADPW. In ADPW, chlorine with copper (400, 800 mug/L) resulted in an increased k value compared to chlorine alone and copper alone.
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27

Walter, Wendy Katherine. "A surface science study of chlorine and 1,2-dichloroethane on copper." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280104.

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28

Landeen, Lee Kevin 1965. "Inactivation of Legionella pneumophila by copper-silver ions and free chlorine." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276997.

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Water disinfection systems utilizing electrolytically generated copper:silver ions (200:20 to 400:40 ug/L) and low levels of free chlorine (0.1 to 0.4 mg/L) were evaluated at room (21-23°C) and elevated (39-40°C) temperatures in filtered well water (pH 7.3) for their efficacy in inactivating Legionella pneumophila (ATCC 33155). A contact time of 24 hr was necessary for copper:silver (400:40 ug/L) to achieve a 3 log₁₀ reduction in bacterial numbers at room temperature. As the copper:silver concentration increased to 800:80 ug/L (K = 7.50 x 10⁻³ log₁₀ reduction/min), the inactivation rate significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased. In water systems at room temperature with and without copper:silver (400:40 ug/L), the inactivation rates significantly increased as the free chlorine concentration increased from 0.1 mg/L (K = 0.397 log₁₀ reduction/min) to 0.4 mg/L (K = 1.047 log₁₀ reduction/min). All disinfection systems, regardless of temperature or free chlorine concentration, showed increased inactivation rates when 400:40 ug/L copper:silver was added; however, this trend was significant only at 0.4 mg/L free chlorine.
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29

Cuppett, Jonathan David. "Evaluating factors that affect copper tasting sensitivity in drinking water." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32991.

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Corrosion of household copper plumbing infrastructure can cause pipe failure and lead to elevated levels of copper in drinking water which can exceed the USEPA health based standard for copper in drinking water of 1.3 mg/L Cu. The purpose of this study was to determine taste thresholds of copper in different types of water, analyze how copper chemistry can affect tasting, determine if common disinfectants influence the taste of copper and evaluate genetic links to copper sensitivity. A one-out-of-five test was used to define thresholds, evaluate disinfectant influences, and examine copper chemistry differences. A difference from control test was used to analyze soluble copper tasting and a one solution test with visual classification was used to discriminate 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) taster status.

Solutions containing copper sulfate (0.05 â 8 mg/l Cu) were prepared in distilled water, mineral water of varying pH and mineral water with disinfectant added. Geometric mean copper taste thresholds were 0.48 mg Cu/l and 0.41mg Cu/l in distilled and mineral water pH 7.4 respectively. Logistic regression copper taste thresholds were 1.50 mg Cu/l and 1.96 mg Cu/l in distilled and mineral water pH 7.4 respectively. Soluble copper was readily tasted while particulate copper was poorly tasted. Chlorine and chloramines dosed at typical tap water levels had no significant effect on panelistsâ tasting abilities for water containing 1 mg/l total copper. Geometric mean copper thresholds values did not correlate with (PROP) status so PROP sensitivity would not be a good indicator for copper sensitivity.
Master of Science

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30

Abbassi, Maria. "Selective CO Adsorption Separation from CO2 via Cu-modified Adsorbents." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42151.

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CO2 capture and conversion appears to be a prominent solution to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and global warming issue. Among different CO2 conversion approaches, CO2 hydrogenation via reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction is one of the most promising technology to convert CO2 to CO. Subsequently, CO is transformed to value added chemicals or liquid fuels. To improve the overall CO2 conversion for RWGS reaction, product separation and recycling is being proposed. In this research, adsorption separation technology has been explored to selectively separate CO from CO2 in RWGS using pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process. To investigate the adsorption capacity and selectivity of CO, different porous materials have been identified for CO separation. In this research, activated carbons, ordered mesoporous silica, and metal organic framework materials were studied. Equilibrium isotherms of CO and CO2 were measured in a gravimetric system at a temperature of 25 °C for pressures up to 20 bar. Preliminary adsorption isotherm results had shown an insufficient CO uptake and low selectivity level compared to CO2, thus not justifying their application for CO separation. Herein, to improve the CO adsorption capacity and selectivity, Cu-based adsorbents were developed using copper (II) chloride (CuCl2) as a precursor to synthesize six different adsorbents. The adsorbents were prepared using two different synthesis methods; the modified polyol method for reduction and nanoparticle deposition of Cu (I) ions, and thermal monolayer auto-dispersion method. Furthermore, different copper (II) loadings were investigated to determine the monolayer dispersion capacity of CuCl2 on the support. The modified adsorbents by copper salt exhibited significantly high CO uptake with large CO/CO2 selectivity, reversing the results obtained before adsorbent modification. Thus, Cubased adsorbents are promising materials for CO separation and recovery from a gaseous mixture containing CO2.
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31

Delage, Patrick. "Growth mode and frictional properties of ultrathin films of sodium chloride on copper surfaces." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84022.

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The epitaxial growth of ultrathin films of NaCl was achieved on a Cu(100) substrate at room temperature. The growth mode was observed to be of the Stranski-Krastanov type using non-contact AFM, with well-oriented square islands growing on top of the first monolayer of NaCl. The frictional properties of different monolayers were measured using contact mode AFM. The friction contrast between the different monolayers of NaCl was found to be too small to be measured within the noise. Atomic stick-slip measurements were performed on a NaCl island. The results are discussed in comparison with relevent literature on thin films of alkali halides.
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32

Ayling, K. J. "Chloride leaching of complex sulphide minerals and recovery of copper using the C.E.E.R. cell." Thesis, Open University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253768.

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33

Jeng, Jong Paul. "Mechanisms of poly(vinyl chloride) fire retardance and smoke suppression induced by copper additives." W&M ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623866.

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The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms of PVC fire retardance and smoke suppression induced by copper additives.;The experimental approaches involved: (1) the use of activated copper (Cu{dollar}\sp0{dollar}) to study PVC model-compound reactions and the crosslinking of PVC and (2) the pyrolysis of PVC model compounds in the presence of several copper additives in order to examine all of the possible chemical reactions involved in the formation of heavy products.;The results obtained from experiments with activated copper and allylic chloride model compounds suggest that the reductive coupling mechanism is a viable process in PVC. The Cu{dollar}\sp0{dollar} that caused the coupling was either (a) a slurry resulting from the reduction of CuI {dollar}\cdot{dollar} P(n-Bu){dollar}\sb3{dollar} with lithium naphthalenide or (b) a film created by the pyrolysis of copper(II) formate. Significantly, both the slurry and the film were also demonstrated to be capable of promoting the extensive crosslinking of PVC itself.;In small-scale sealed-ampule model compound pyrolysis experiments, several chemical reactions were revealed that may account for the crosslinking that occurs in copper-containing PVC. These reactions include Lewis-acid-catalyzed oligomerization and chloroalkylation, reductive coupling dimerization, alkene mono-halogenation (rechlorination), and aromatization.;For copper compounds, Lewis-acid catalysis is the major (if not the only) reaction pathway toward crosslinking; while in the case of high-purity copper metal, the reductive coupling mechanism apparently plays a major role in the crosslinking process.;Since the crosslinking of PVC is known to suppress the formation of the volatile aromatics whose combustion generates smoke, the results of this study indicate that copper-promoted Lewis-acid catalysis and reductive coupling dimerization will tend to prevent the evolution of smoke from the burning polymer.
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34

Marshall, Becki Jean. "Initiation, Propagation, and Mitigation of Aluminum and Chlorine Induced Pitting Corrosion." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35798.

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Previous research by Rushing et al. (2002) identified key factors contributing to the formation of pinhole leaks in copper plumbing. These factors included high chlorine, pH levels and the presence of aluminum solids. Experiments were conducted to 1) examine the interplay between these constituents, 2) confirm that the water was aggressive enough to eat a hole through a pipe, 3) examine phosphate inhibition, and 4) try to determine the scope of this pitting problem in other distribution systems and on a national level.

The first set of experiments clearly defined the controversial trends from earlier work. At certain pH values, the presence of chlorine and aluminum solids does seem to initiate pitting corrosion of copper. Although the problem is most severe at higher pH, it is likely that long-term exposure at lower values such as pH 8 could lead to pitting. There is a concentration effect of aluminum solids at pH 9.0, in that higher concentrations cause an earlier rise in the potential for copper to corrode if sufficient chlorine is present.

The second phase of experiments are the first to prove that a potable water containing aluminum, high chlorine residual, and relatively high pH can cause pinholes in copper tube. To our knowledge this is the first time the phenomenon of pinhole leaks has been reproduced in the laboratory as it occurs in the field. It therefore proves that "aggressive water" alone can cause the problem of pitting. The role of flow, pipe orientation and hypothesized surface defects was directly examined as part of this evaluation. Pitting increased with greater water usage and for sections of straight pipe exposed to hydraulic conditions near bends. Copper pipe sections polished to a mirror like finish to remove surface defects were also severely attacked.

The role of phosphate in mitigation of copper pitting corrosion was defined in a subsequent experiment using synthesized water. Phosphates did not have an effect at pH 7.7 and were found to reduce electrochemical indications of pitting in the synthetic water at the pH of 8.3. Phosphates had lesser benefits at higher pH even in synthetic water, but overall, even at pHs as high as 10, some benefits from orthophosphate dosing might be anticipated.

Effects of orthophosphate on the inhibition of copper pitting corrosion were then applied to treated water from a utility in Washington D.C., whose consumers have experienced an outbreak of pinhole leaks in household copper plumbing. After comparing electrochemical results from synthetic and actual water from the treatment plant, there was evidence of a natural inhibitor to pitting corrosion in WSSC water that is not present in the synthetic water. The higher chloride concentration in the water after ferric chloride was dosed at the treatment plant may have reduced the pitting propensity of the water. The effects of phosphates seemed to reduce the pitting propensity of real water at pH 8.3 although little benefit was seen at pH 9.1.

These defined characteristics of copper pitting were then applied in a systematic evaluation of a water utility experiencing pitting corrosion in Roanoke, VA. This case study further supported the hypothesis that high levels of aluminum, chlorine, and pH may be combining to catalyze copper pitting in practice. Recommendations to alter the treatment strategies at these utilities were proposed to help mitigate the pitting corrosion problems in these areas. A national survey then confirmed pitting is occurring at a significant frequency at other large utilities across the U.S.


Master of Science
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35

Bradley, Taylor Nicole. "Evaluation of Zinc Orthophosphate to Control Lead Solder Corrosion in Waters With High Chloride to Sulfate Mass Ratio." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/93931.

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Chloride levels are increasing in some water supplies around the country due to use of road salts and seawater intrusion, which can increase the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) and trigger serious water lead contamination from galvanic lead solder: copper pipe corrosion. Previous attempts to control this problem through simple water chemistry modifications were unsuccessful, but in this work a combination of zinc orthophosphate and moderate alkalinity mitigated lead release in testing at two utilities. Either zinc alone or phosphate alone were irrelatively ineffective, but the combination of zinc orthophosphate reduced lead leaching by 54-99% (compared to the control without inhibitors) if alkalinity was above about 55 mg/L as CaCO3. These results may help mitigate future lead in water contamination events.
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36

Lu, Ning. "LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF DIETARY COPPER SOURCE AND LEVEL ON PERFORMANCE AND HEALTH OF SOWS AND PIGLETS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/85.

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The objectives of this study were to investigate the long-term effects of feeding increasing supplemental levels (20, 120, or 220 mg/kg) of dietary copper (Cu) as tribasic copper chloride (TBCC) or copper sulfate (CuSO4) on performance, antioxidant status, nutrient digestibility, and trace mineral deposition of sows and piglets; as well as to assess nursery dietary Cu levels on growth performance and response to immunological challenge in nursery pigs from sows fed either high or low Cu diets. In the long-term sow experiment, sows fed TBCC diets had greater adjusted weaning weight for litter and piglet (P < 0.10), as well as adjusted litter and piglet weight gain (P < 0.10) when compared to sows that received CuSO4 diets. Increasing dietary Cu level linearly increased live born piglet weight (P = 0.06). Sows fed TBCC diets had lower apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of ether extract (P = 0.01) during late gestation, but greater ATTD of dry matter, nitrogen, and phosphorous during lactation (P < 0.05). Increasing Cu levels linearly increased dry matter digestibility in lactating sows (P = 0.02). Milk from sows fed TBCC diets had a greater concentration of protein (P = 0.02) than that from sows fed CuSO4 diets. Increasing Cu levels increased levels of milk fat and Cu (linear, P < 0.05); but linearly decreased lactose and Zn levels (P < 0.05). Lactating sows fed TBCC diets had a greater activity of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ceruloplasmin in serum than those fed CuSO4 diets (P < 0.05). Increasing dietary Cu levels increased total and Cu/Zn SOD activity for lactating sows (linear, P < 0.05). Sows fed TBCC diets had lower concentrations of Cu (P = 0.04), but higher concentrations of iron and manganese (P < 0.05) in the liver, when compared to those fed with CuSO4 diets. In addition, liver Cu concentrations increased with increasing dietary Cu levels (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05). Increasing dietary Cu levels resulted in the elevation of concentrations and contents of Cu in the liver of weanling piglets (linear, P < 0.0001). In the nursery pig experiment, pigs from sows fed 120 mg/kg Cu diets had greater ADG from d 0 to 14 (P < 0.05), and tended to have greater ADG in the overall period (P < 0.08), when compared to pigs from sows fed 20 mg/kg Cu diets. During the lipopolysaccharide challenge period, the challenged pigs from sows fed 120 mg/kg Cu had a greater overall rectal temperature than those from sows fed 20 mg/kg Cu (P = 0.01). Also, the challenged pigs fed with 220 mg/kg Cu diets had greater serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentration over time as compared to those fed 20 mg/kg Cu diets (P = 0.03). In summary, the TBCC may be a superior Cu source compared to CuSO4 regarding reproductive performance, and higher dietary Cu levels result in greater birth weight of piglets; furthermore, high Cu levels in sow and nursery diets promote growth performance of nursery pigs and affects their responses to immunological challenge.
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37

Ryu, Jae-Yong. "Dioxin formation on copper (II) chloride from chlorinated phenol, dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran precursors." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19050.

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38

Lavigne, André. "Oxydations cupro-catalysees des amines aliphatiques : etudes mecanistiques et applications synthetiques." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066470.

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Preparation de nitriles a partir d'amines primaires et d'alpha -aminoacides. Les acides amines monosubstutitues rch(nh::(2))co::(2)h donnent le nitrile rcn, alors que les acides amines disubstitues rr'c(nh::(2))co::(2)h conduisent a l'azine rr'c=n-n=cr'r. Les mecanismes proposes font intervenir le cuivre (iii), forme in situ a partir du cuivre (i) et de l'oxygene
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39

Melton, Lisa Nicole. "The Effect of Chloride and Sulfate on the Mineralogy and Morphology of Synthetically Precipitated Copper Solids." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1386632819.

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40

Rushing, Jason Clark. "Advancing the Understanding of Water Distribution System Corrosion: Effects of Chlorine and Aluminum on Copper Pitting, Temperature Gradients on Copper Corrosion, and Silica on Iron Release." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34235.

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When severe copper pitting problems impacted customers at a large utility, studies were begun to attempt to diagnose the problem and identify potential solutions. A series of tests were conducted to characterize the nature of pitting. Desktop comparisons of pinhole leak frequency and treatment practices at nearly utilities were also documented to identify treatment factors that might be influencing the initiation and propagation of leaks.

Factors identified included the presence of relatively high levels of free chlorine and aluminum in the distribution system. Experiments were conducted to examine the effect of these constituents on copper pitting under stagnant and flow conditions. That led to discovery of a synergistic redox reaction between chlorine, aluminum solids, and copper metal as evidenced by increased chlorine decay rates, non-uniform corrosion, and rising corrosion potentials.

Temperature changes had been suspected to increase copper pitting frequency and copper release to drinking water. Experiments examined the effect of temperature gradients on copper pipe corrosion during stagnant conditions. The pipe orientation in relation to the temperature gradient determined whether convective mixing would occur, which influenced temperature gradients within the pipe. This work is the first to demonstrate that temperature gradients lead to thermogalvanic currents, influences copper leaching and scale type.

Iron release from corroding water mains is another concern of many water utilities, but little is known about chemistry factors that influence the problem. In laboratory experiments, higher levels of silica caused more iron release to the water and decreased the size of suspended iron particles. Silica levels also changed during the experiment: it decreased through incorporation into a dense scale, and increased by release from cast iron during corrosion. Silica slightly decreased iron corrosion rates near the end of this 6-month test.
Master of Science

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41

KUPFERLE, MARGARET JANE. "FACTORS AFFECTING ELECTROLYTIC TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER CONTAINING DIRECT RED 83, A COPPER-COMPLEXED AZO DYE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1013085676.

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42

Murray-Ramos, Nestor Agustin. "Examining Aspects of Copper and Brass Corrosion in Drinking Water." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35723.

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As the water industry complies with the new arsenic standard and new treatments are installed, unintended consequences might be expected in relation to corrosion control when sulfate/chloride ratio, pH, phosphate, iron, aluminum, bicarbonate and organic matter levels are altered. In some cases, these changes will be beneficial and in other detrimental.

This research project is the first to systematically evaluate the effect of some key changes in the chemistry of the treated water in relation to copper and brass corrosion control. A 1.25 year pipe rig experiment was executed to anticipate effects of arsenic treatment on copper pinholes in 10 representative waters. The control water will mimic a synthesized version of Potomac River that is extremely aggressive to copper. Consistent with prior research that pitting is driven by free chlorine in this water and inhibited by phosphate, substitution of chloramine for chlorine or dosing of phosphate completely eliminated deep pits on tubes for the duration of the experiment. Chlorine caused serious pitting if NOM was less than 0.3 mg/L over a range of Cl:SO4 ratio's. Pitting seemed to occur under deposits of iron or aluminum on the copper surface, and if anything, an equimolar amount of iron caused worse pitting than aluminum. Amendment of the aggressive water with 3 mg/L NOM eliminated growth of deep pits (> 0.05 mm).

While brass pipes (containing 0.09% lead, 63% copper and 36% zinc) was attacked non-uniformally by an aggressive water at high pH and with high Cl2 content, no significant pitting occurred at any condition tested, even though pitting did occur for copper exposed to the exact same water. The implication is that zinc in the alloy may help to prevent non-uniform attack on copper and copper alloys.

The ban on lead-containing plumbing materials in the Safe Drinking Water Act (1986) and the EPA Lead and Copper Rule (1991) have successfully reduced lead contamination of potable water supplies. This part of the work carefully re-examined the lead contamination concern from the standpoint of existing performance standards for brass. The ANSI/NSF 61, Section 8 standard is relied on to protect the public from in-line brass plumbing products that might leach excessive levels of lead to potable water. Experiments were conducted to look at the practical strictness of these test-standards. In-depth study of the standard revealed serious flaws due from the use of a phosphate buffer and a failure to control carbonate dissolution from the atmosphere in the test waters. In order to help prevent undesirable outcomes in the future, standard's improvements are needed to assurance that brass devices passing this test are safe.


Master of Science
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43

Sandberg, Jan. "Corrosion-induced release of zinc and copper in marine environments." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Division of corrosion science, Department of materials science end engineering, School of industrial engineering and management, Royal institute of Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4051.

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44

Liggett, Jennifer. "Microelectrode Investigation of Iron and Copper Surfaces Exposed to Free Chlorine Under Relevant Drinking Water Chemistries." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1439562284.

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45

Alami, Mouâd. "Addition conjuguee de composes organomanganeux sur divers composes carbonyles alpha -beta ethyleniques." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066232.

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46

Custalow, Benjamin David. "Influences of Water Chemistry and Flow Conditions on Non-Uniform Corrosion in Copper Tube." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34388.

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Water chemistry and fluid velocity are factors that can perpetuate certain types of non-uniform pitting corrosion in copper tube, specifically in waters with high chlorine and a high pH. These two parameters can further act synergistically to alter pitting propensities in copper pipes subjected to this type of water. A preliminary short-term experiment considered pitting propensity in copper pipe as a function of water chemistry. This study used a water chemistry that had been documented to promote and sustain pitting in copper tube that further developed into fully penetrating pinhole leaks. Modifications to this base water chemistry found that dosing a chloramine disinfect (rather than free chlorine) or the addition of silica greatly reduced corrosion activity and pitting propensity on copper pipes. In another short-term experiment, copper pitting propensity was considered as a function of fluid velocity. A number of different fluid velocities were tested in several different pipe diameters using the same documented pitting water. Velocity was observed to significantly increase pitting propensity in all pipe diameters considered. At the highest fluid velocity tested (11.2 fps) a pinhole leak formed in ¼â tubing after only 2 months of testing. Larger pipe diameters were also found to increase the likelihood of forming deeper pits on the pipe surface at the same fluid velocity. Chlorine was a driving factor in corrosion for preliminary tests conducted using this pitting water. The reduction of chlorine to chloride is believed to be the primary cathodic reaction limiting the overall rate of corrosion in this type of water. As such, a subsequent study considered the relationship between the rate of chlorine reduction and corresponding corrosion activity. Chlorine reduction or demand rates were found to be good indicators for pitting propensity and corrosion activity for this particular type of water. All preceding work led to the development and design of a large scale, long-term, copper pitting study. A matrix of 21 unique conditions tested various water chemistries, flow conditions, corrosion inhibitors, and galvanic connections of copper pipes to other metallic plumbing materials. The severity of pitting corrosion was observed to be dramatically decreased by lower free chlorine residual concentrations, high alkalinity, and sufficient doses of copper corrosion inhibitors such as natural organic matter, silica, and orthophosphate. Pitting severity was consequently observed to increase at a low alkalinity, indicating that this parameter has a significant effect on corrosion reactions. Furthermore, the addition of aluminum solids to the base pitting water chemistry dramatically increased the formation of tubercle mounds on the inside of the copper pipes in contact with the waster. Aluminum solids have been observed to be a vital constituent for sustaining pit growth in this specific water at lower pHs, however, the role of this constituent at the high pH levels tested in this study was previously unknown. From simple visual observation, aluminum solids appear to increase the aggressiveness of this water even at higher pHs.
Master of Science
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47

Malik, M. S. "Comparative studies of the electronic properties of copper tellurite glasses containing nickel, cobalt and lutetium oxides and cupric chloride." Thesis, Brunel University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235019.

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48

Okiyama, Willian Hideharu de Eiróz. "Influência de fontes e níveis de cobre sobre o desempenho de leitões desmamados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-17082017-105525/.

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O baixo crescimento após o desmame ainda é um grande desafio na suinocultura. A queda no consumo de ração e o aparecimento de diarreias nos leitões desmamados são uma constante no manejo suinícola e estão diretamente relacionados com desempenho dos animais nesta fase. Estratégias como a utilização do cobre em níveis acima das exigências nutricionais dos leitões já são amplamente utilizadas nas dietas a fim de controlar a diarreia e melhorar o desempenho dos animais nessa fase. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes fontes de cobre (sulfato e cloreto de cobre tri-básico) e níveis deste mineral (125 e 200 mg/kg) no controle de diarreia, seus efeitos como melhorador desempenho e na morfologia intestinal de leitões no período de creche. Para a realização do experimento foram utilizados 96 leitões de linhagem comercial, desmamados com idade média de 21 dias e peso médio de 6,14 ± 0,269 kg. Os leitões foram divididos em 24 baias, sendo que cada unidade experimental foi composta por 4 animais, o delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x2, os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância através do teste F a 5% de significância. Foram investigados o desempenho dos animais, a incidência de diarreia, e a morfometria intestinal. Pode-se concluir que o cloreto de cobre é uma fonte efetiva de cobre quando incluída na dieta de leitões desmamados a níveis farmacológicos, sendo tão eficaz quanto o sulfato de cobre como promotor de crescimento e no controle da diarreia. Além disso, pode-se inferir que a utilização do cloreto de cobre tem como vantagem uma maior concentração deste micro mineral.
Low growth after weaning still a big challenge in the swine production. The low feed intake and diarrhea in weaned pigs are a constant in swine management and are directly related to the performance of the animals at this stage. Strategies such as the use of copper at levels above the nutritional requirements of the piglets are already widely used in the diets to control diarrhea and improve animal performance. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate different sources of copper (copper sulfate and tri-basic copper chloride) and levels of this mineral (125 and 200 mg/kg) in the diarrhea control, their effects as growth promotor and the intestinal morphology of nursery piglets. For the trial, 96 commercial line piglets were used, they were weaned at 21 days of age in average with mean body weight of 6,14 ± 0,269 kg. The piglets were divided in 24 pens and each experimental unit was composed of 4 animals, the experimental design was a randomized complete block in factorial scheme 2x2, the data were submitted to analysis of variance through the F test at 5% of significance. The performance of the animals, incidence of diarrhea and intestinal morphometry were investigated. It was concluded that copper chloride is an effective source of copper when it is included in the diet of weaned pigs at pharmacological levels, this source seems to be nearly as efficacious as copper sulfate as growth promotor and in the diarrhea control. In addition, it can be inferred that the use of copper chloride has the advantage of a higher copper concentrarion is indicated since it brings a higher concentration of this trace mineral.
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49

Zhang, Xian. "Atmospheric corrosion of zinc-aluminum and copper-based alloys in chloride-rich environments : Microstructure, corrosion initiation, patina evolution and metal release." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Yt- och korrosionsvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-151180.

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Fundamental understanding of atmospheric corrosion mechanisms requires an in-depth understanding on the dynamic interaction between corrosive constituents and metal/alloy surfaces. This doctoral study comprises field and laboratory investigations that assess atmospheric corrosion and metal release processes for two different groups of alloys exposed in chloride-rich environments. These groups comprise two commercial Zn-Al alloy coatings on steel, Galfan™ (Zn5Al) and Galvalume™ (Zn55Al), and four copper-based alloys (Cu4Sn, Cu15Zn, Cu40Zn and Cu5Zn5Al). In-depth laboratory investigations were conducted to assess the role of chloride deposition and alloy microstructure on the initial corrosion mechanisms and subsequent corrosion product formation. Comparisons were made with long-term field exposures at unsheltered marine conditions in Brest, France. A multitude of surface sensitive and non-destructive analytical methods were adopted for detailed in-situ and ex-situ analysis to assess corrosion product evolution scenarios for the Zn-Al and the Cu-based alloys. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) were employed for morphological investigations and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) for nobility distribution measurements and to gain microstructural information. SEM/EDS, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy (CRM) and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) were utilized to gain information on corrosion product formation and possibly their lateral distribution upon field and laboratory exposures. The multi-analytical approach enabled the exploration of the interplay between the microstructure and corrosion initiation and corrosion product evolution. A clear influence of the microstructure on the initial corrosion product formation was preferentially observed in the zinc-rich phase for both the Zn-Al and the Cu-Zn alloys, processes being triggered by microgalvanic effects. Similar corrosion products were identified upon laboratory exposures with chlorides for both the Zn-Al and the Cu-based alloys as observed after short and long term marine exposures at field conditions. For the Zn-Al alloys the sequence includes the initial formation of ZnO, ZnAl2O4 and/or Al2O3 and subsequent formation of Zn6Al2(OH)16CO3·4H2O, and Zn2Al(OH)6Cl·2H2O and/or Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O. The patina of Cu sheet consists of two main layers with Cu2O predominating in the inner layer and Cu2(OH)3Cl in the outer layer, and with a discontinuous presence of CuCl in-between. Additional patina constituents of the Cu-based alloys include SnO2, Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2, Zn6Al2(OH)16CO3·4H2O and Al2O3. General scenarios for the evolution of corrosion products are proposed as well as a corrosion product flaking mechanism for some of the Cu-based alloys upon exposure in chloride-rich atmospheres. The tendency for corrosion product flaking was considerably more pronounced on Cu sheet and Cu4Sn compared with Cu15Zn and Cu5Al5Zn. This difference is explained by the initial formation of zinc- and zinc-aluminum hydroxycarbonates Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2 and Zn6Al2(OH)16CO3·4H2O on Cu15Zn and Cu5Al5Zn, corrosion products that delay the formation of CuCl, a precursor of Cu2(OH)3Cl. As a result, the observed volume expansion during transformation of CuCl to Cu2(OH)3Cl, and the concomitant flaking process of corrosion products, was less severe on Cu15Zn and Cu5Al5Zn compared with Cu and Cu4Sn in chloride-rich environments. The results confirm the barrier effect of poorly soluble zinc and zinc-aluminum hydroxycarbonates Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2 and Zn6Al2(OH)16CO3·4H2O, which results in a reduced interaction between chlorides and surfaces of Cu-based alloys, and thereby reduced formation rates of easily flaked off corrosion products. From this process also follows reduced metal release rates from the Zn-Al alloys.
Bättre molekylär förståelse för metallers atmosfäriska korrosion kräver en fördjupad kunskap i det dynamiska samspelet mellan atmosfärens korrosiva beståndsdelar och metallytan. Denna doktorsavhandling omfattar laboratorie- och fältundersökningar av korrosions- och metallfrigöringsprocesser av två grupper av legeringar som exponerats i kloridrika atmosfärsmiljöer: två kommersiella Zn-Al beläggningar på stål, Galfan™ (Zn med 5% Al, förkortat Zn5Al) och Galvalume™ (Zn55Al), samt fyra kopparbaserade legeringar (Cu4Sn, Cu15Zn, Cu40Zn och Cu5Zn5Al). Undersökningar har genomförts i renodlade laboratorie-miljöer med för-deponerade NaCl-partiklar i en atmosfär av varierande relativ fuktighet. Syftet har varit att utvärdera betydelsen av kloriders deposition och legeringarnas mikrostruktur på korrosionsmekanismen samt bildandet av korrosionsprodukter. Jämförelser av korrosionsmekanismer har även gjorts efter flerårsexponeringar av samma legeringar i en marin fältmiljö i Brest, Frankrike. Undersökningarna har baserats på ett brett spektrum av analysmetoder för detaljerade studier dels under pågående atmosfärisk korrosion (in-situ), och dels efter avslutad korrosion (ex-situ). Legeringarnas mikrostruktur och tillhörande variation i ädelhet hos olika faser har undersökts med svepelektronmikroskopi och energidispersiv röntgenmikroanalys (SEM/EDS) samt med en variant av atomkraftsmikroskopi (engelska: scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy, SKPFM). Korrosionsprodukternas tillväxt har analyserats in-situ med infraröd reflektions-absorptionsspektroskopi (IRAS), samt morfologi och sammansättning av bildade korrosionsprodukter ex-situ med SEM/EDS, konfokal Raman mikro-spektroskopi (CRM) samt röntgendiffraktion vid strykande ifall (GIXRD). Det multi-analytiska tillvägagångssättet har medfört att det komplexa samspelet mellan de skilda legeringarnas mikrostruktur, korrosionsinitiering och bildandet av korrosionsprodukter kunnat studeras i detalj. En tydlig påverkan av mikrostruktur på det initiala korrosionsförloppet har kunnat påvisas. Korrosionsinitieringen sker företrädesvis i mer zinkrika faser för såväl Zn-Al- som Cu-Zn-legeringar och orsakas av mikro-galvaniska effekter mellan de mer zinkrika, mindre ädla, faserna och omgivande faser. Deponerade NaCl-partiklar påskyndar den lokala korrosionen oberoende av mikrostruktur. Snarlika sekvenser av korrosionsprodukter har kunnat påvisas såväl efter laboratorie- som fältexponeringar. För Zn-Al-legeringar bildas först ZnO, ZnAl2O4 och/eller Al2O3, därefter Zn6Al2(OH)16CO3·4H2O och Zn2Al(OH)6Cl·2H2O och/eller Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O. På ren koppar bildas ett inre skikt dominerat av Cu2O, ett mellanskikt av CuCl och ett yttre skikt med i huvudsak Cu2(OH)3Cl. Beroende på legeringstillsats har även SnO2 och Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2 kunnat identifieras. En mekanism för flagning av korrosionsprodukter på kopparbaserade legeringar i kloridrika atmosfärer har utvecklats. Tendensen för flagning har visat sig vara mycket mer uttalad på ren Cu och Cu4Sn än på Cu15Zn och Cu5Al5Zn. Skillnaden kan förklaras med hjälp av det tidiga bildandet av Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2 och Zn6Al2(OH)16CO3·4H2O på Cu15Zn och Cu5Al5Zn som fördröjer bildandet av CuCl, en föregångare till Cu2(OH)3Cl. Därigenom hämmas även den observerade volymexpansionen som sker när CuCl omvandlas till Cu2(OH)3Cl, en process som visar sig vara den egentliga orsaken till att korrosionsprodukterna flagar. Resultaten bekräftar barriäreffekten hos de mer svårlösliga faserna Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2 och Zn6Al2(OH)16CO3·4H2O, vilken dels resulterar i en minskad växelverkan mellan klorider och de legeringsytor där dessa faser kan bildas, och dels i en reducerad metallfrigöringshastighet.

QC 20140915


Autocorr, RFSR-CT-2009-00015 Corrosion of heterogeneous metal-metal assemblies in the automotive industry
Atmospheric corrosion and environmental metal dispersion from outdoor construction materials
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50

Guymon, Clint Gordon. "MPSA Effects on Copper Electrodeposition: Understanding Molecular Behavior at the Electrochemical Interface." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/333.

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In this work the structure of the electrochemical metal-liquid interface is determined through use of quantum mechanics, molecular simulation, and experiment. Herein are profiled the molecular dynamics details and results of solid-liquid interfaces at flat non-specific solid surfaces and copper metal electrodes. Ab initio quantum-mechanical calculations are reported and define the interatomic potentials in the simulations. Some of the quantum-mechanical calculations involve small copper clusters interacting with 3-mercaptopropanesulfonic acid (MPSA), sodium, chloride, bisulfate and cuprous ions. In connection with these I develop the electrode charge dynamics (ECD) routine to treat the charge mobility in a metal. ECD bridges the gap between small-scale metal-cluster ab initio calculations and large-scale simulations of metal surfaces of arbitrary geometry. As water is the most abundant surface species in aqueous systems, water determines much of the interfacial dynamics. In contrast to prior simulation work, simulations in this work show the presence of a dense 2D ice-like rhombus structure of water on the surface that is relatively impervious to perturbation by typical electrode charges. I also find that chloride ions are adsorbed at both positive and negative electrode potentials, in agreement with experimental findings. Including internal modes of vibration in the water model enhances the ion contact adsorption at the solid surface. In superconformal filling of copper chip interconnects, organic additives are used to bottom-up fill high-aspect ratio trenches or vias. I use molecular dynamics and rotating-disk-electrode experiments to provide insight into the function of MPSA, one such additive. It is concluded that the thiol head group of MPSA inhibits copper deposition by preferentially occupying the active surface sites. The sulfonate head group participates in binding the copper ions and facilitating their transfer to the surface. Chloride ions reduce the work function of the copper electrode, reduce the binding energy of MPSA to the copper surface, and attenuate the binding of copper ions to the sulfonate head group of MPSA.
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