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1
Xu, Shi Da, Yuan Hui Li, and Jian Po Liu. "Application of Wasteless Mining in Hongtoushan Copper Mine." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 722–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.722.
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As we all know, a large number of waste rock which caused many serious problem produced in mining. The pollution caused by waste rock in mining is threating the human society seriously in some aspects. Wasteless mining is more and more popular to relieve the burden of mines. As one of the deepest mines in China, Hongtoushan Copper Mine began to establish waste rock filling system in 1995. After three phases of the waste rock filling system, all the waste rock was used to fill the goaf in underground mining in 2012. The wasteless rock mining had brought RMB 8 million and good social benefits. It offered a good suggestion for similar mines in China.
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Purvis, O. W., and P. W. James. "Lichens of the coniston Copper mines." Lichenologist 17, no. 3 (1985): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282985000299.
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AbstractLichen communities at four sites of copper sulphide mineralization and associated secondary oxidation products are described from an old mining area at Coniston in the English Lake District. Five lichen species new to Britain, Stereocaulon symphycheilum, Lecanora handelii, Rhizocarpon furfurosum, Lecidea atrofulva and L. inops, are briefly described, the last mentioned being a specific indicator of copper mineralization. The species complex, Lecidea auriculata, L. diducens and L. inops, is discussed in some detail. Toninia leucophaeopsis and the non- British Bilimbia tornensis are distinct species and are both referred to the genus Stereocaulon.
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Maggi, Roberto, and Mark Pearce. "Mid fourth-millennium copper mining in Liguria, north-west Italy: the earliest known copper mines in Western Europe." Antiquity 79, no. 303 (2005): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00113705.
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This paper presents twelve new radiocarbon dates from copper mines at Monte Loreto in Liguria, northwest Italy, which indicate that extraction began around 3500 cal BC, making these the earliest copper mines to be discovered in Western Europe so far. The dates are placed in their regional context, with a discussion of results from Libiola and other sites associated with early copper mining.
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Morony, Michael. "The Early Islamic Mining Boom." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 62, no. 1 (2019): 166–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341477.
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AbstractThe present article shows that, according to archaeological and literary evidence, an expansion in mining occurred in the early Islamic world as a result of changes in mining technology at the end of Late Antiquity. The production of gold, silver, copper, iron, and other minerals is shown to have peaked in the eighth and ninth centuries and then to have declined during the tenth and eleventh centuries due to insecurity and/or exhaustion of the mines. Mining development was financed privately, and mines were usually private property.
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Redwood, Stewart D. "The history of mining and mineral exploration in Panama: From Pre-Columbian gold mining to modern copper mining." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (2020): A180720. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3a180720.
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The history of mining and exploration in Panama is a case study of the evolution of mining in a tropical, island arc environment in the New World from prehistoric to modern times over a period of ~1900 years. Panama has a strong mineral endowment of gold (~984 t), and copper (~32 Mt) resulting in a rich mining heritage. The mining history can be divided into five periods. The first was the pre-Columbian period of gold mining from near the start of the Current Era at ~100 CE to 1501, following the introduced of gold metalwork fully fledged from Colombia. Mining of gold took place from placer and vein deposits in the Veraguas, Coclé, Northern Darien and Darien goldfields, together with copper for alloying. Panama was the first country on the mainland of the Americas to be mined by Europeans during the Spanish colonial period from 1501-1821. The pattern of gold rushes, conquest and settlement can be mapped from Spanish records, starting in Northern Darien then moving west to Panama in 1519 and Nata in 1522. From here, expeditions set out throughout Veraguas over the next century to the Veraguas (Concepción), Southern Veraguas, Coclé and Central Veraguas goldfields. Attention returned to Darien in ~1665 and led to the discovery of the Espíritu Santo de Cana gold mine, the most important gold mine to that date in the Americas. The third period was the Republican period following independence from Spain in 1821 to become part of the Gran Colombia alliance, and the formation of the Republic of Panama in 1903. This period up to ~1942 was characterized by mining of gold veins and placers, and manganese mining from 1871. Gold mining ceased during World War Two. The fourth period was the era of porphyry copper discoveries and systematic, regional geochemical exploration programs from 1956 to 1982, carried out mainly by the United Nations and the Panamanian government, as well as private enterprise. This resulted in the discovery of the giant porphyry copper deposits at Cerro Colorado (1957) and Petaquilla (Cobre Panama, 1968), as well as several other porphyry deposits, epithermal gold deposits and bauxite deposits. The exploration techniques for the discovery of copper were stream sediment and soil sampling, followed rapidly by drilling. The only mine developed in this period was marine black sands for iron ore (1971-1972). The fifth and current period is the exploration and development of modern gold and copper mines since 1985 by national and foreign companies, which started in response to the gold price rise. The main discovery methods for gold, which was not analyzed in the stream sediment surveys, were lithogeochemistry of alteration zones and reexamination of old mines. Gold mines were developed at Remance (1990-1998), Santa Rosa (1995-1999 with restart planned in 2020) and Molejon (2009-2014), and the Cobre Panama copper deposit started production in 2019. The level of exploration in the country is still immature and there is high potential for the discovery of new deposits.
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Tran, Hieu Quang, Nam Xuan Bui, Hoang Nguyen, Tuan Anh Nguyen, and Long Quoc Nguyen. "Applicable posssibility of advanced technologies and equipment in surface mines of Vietnam." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 5 (2020): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.ktlt2020.02.
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Vietnam has abundant and diversified mineral resources with more than 5, 000 mines of 60 discovered and exploited minerals. Besides of surface coal mines mainly located in Quang Ninh, the types of minerals being exploited by surface mining method consist of metal ores (iron, titanium, manganese, gold, zinc, copper, antimony) and non - metallic ores, and construction materials (stone, sand, gravel, etc.). In the paper, authors researched and proposed the advanced technologies and equipment based on Industry 4.0, that can apply effectively for surface mines in Vietnam in order to ensure safety and enhance surface mining effect.
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D Franzmann, Peter, Rebecca B Hawkes, Christina M Haddad, and Jason J Plumb. "Mining with microbes." Microbiology Australia 28, no. 3 (2007): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma07124.
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As early as 166 AD, biotechnology was applied to the extraction of metals from ores in the copper mines of Cyprus, and in 1928 in Kennecott, USA, ?dump leaching? ? the use of microorganisms to extract copper from low grade mine waste material ? was conducted on commercial scale. It was not until 1947 that Colmer and Hinkle 1 demonstrated the role that microorganisms play in the oxidation of mineral sulfides for the release of metals in solution. Currently, 20% of annual global copper production results largely through the bioleaching of chalcocite (Cu2S). Many other metals, such as gold, cobalt, nickel, uranium and zinc are also being produced through bioleaching technology. Today, biotechnology is used to improve the environmental outcomes in a range of mining operations such as the use of sulfate-reducing bioreactors for the treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD), and heterotrophic and chemolithotrophic biofilm reactors for the degradation of cyanide products from gold processing and for the destruction of organic wastes such as oxalate from Bayer liquors during alumina production.
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Timberlake, Simon. "Prehistoric Copper Extraction in Britain: Ecton Hill, Staffordshire." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80 (December 23, 2013): 159–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2013.17.
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Major investigations were undertaken of the Ecton Copper Mines, Staffordshire, following the discovery of hammerstones and a red deer antler tool dating to the Early Bronze Age during surface and underground exploration in the 1990s. Ecton Hill was surveyed, the distribution of hammerstone tools examined, and two identified sites of potential prehistoric mining close to the summit of the hill excavated in 2008 & 2009. Excavations at Stone Quarry Mine revealed noin situprehistoric mining activity, but hammerstones and Early Bronze Age bone mining tools from upcast suggest that an historic mine shaft had intersected Bronze Age workings at around 10–25 m depth. On The Lumb one trench revealed evidence for medieval lead mining, while another examined the lowest of four primitive mines associated with cave-like mine entrances along the base of a small cliff. Evidence for prehistoric mining was recorded within a shallow opencut formed by during extraction of malachite from a layer of mineralised dolomite. Traces of the imprint of at least 18 bone and stone tools could be seen and seven different types of working were identified. Most prehistoric mining debris appears to have been cleared out during the course of later, medieval–post-medieval prospection; some bone and stone tools were recovered from this spoil. The tip of a worn and worked (cut) antler tine point was the only such mining tool foundin situat this site but nine tools were radiocarbon dated toc.1880–1640 calbc. Bayesian modelling of the dates from both sites probably indicates mining over a much briefer period (perhaps 20–50 years) at 1800–1700 calbc, with mining at Stone Quarry possibly beginning earlier and lasting longer than on The Lumb. A single date from The Lumb suggests possible renewed mining activity (or prospection?) during the Middle Bronze Age. The dating of this mining activity is consistent with the idea that mining and prospection moved eastwards from Ireland to Wales, then to central England, at the beginning of the 2nd millenniumbc. At Ecton the extraction of secondary ores may have produced only a very small tonnage of copper metal. The mine workers may have been Early Bronze Age farmers who occupied this part of the Peak District seasonally in a transhumant or sustained way
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O'Brien, William F. "Prehistoric Copper Mining in South-West Ireland: The Mount Gabriel-Type Mines." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 56 (1990): 269–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00005132.
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This paper examines the Mt Gabriel-type exploitation of sedimentary mineralization in the West Cork region of south-west Ireland. It includes a consideration of the physical setting of the mines, their distribution, morphology, technology, dating and cultural affinities. Mt Gabriel, the highest mountain of the Mizen Peninsula in south-west Cork, was the setting for extensive mining of surface copper beds during the closing stages of the Early Bronze Age. Recent radiocarbon dating of wood and charcoal from these sites confirms that the main period of mining activity on this mountain was between 1700–1500 cal. BC, making these the oldest copper mines presently known in north-west Europe. The importance of these sites lies not only in their antiquity, but in their unique preservation in upland blanket bog environments.A recent programme of survey and excavation culminated in the investigation of the mine 3/4 site on the eastern slopes of the mountain. The removal of a large peat-based infill deposit from mine 3 revealed an 11 metre deep inclined opening, in which the transition from a strata-bound drift-mine to a cross-cutting tunnel was visible. Waterlogged sediments within this mine contained a large assemblage of roundwood fuel and wooden mining equipment, including a shovel, pick, wedges, lighting chips and handles for the many stone-hammers which were also found. The excavation of a large spoil mound outside this mine has provided important evidence on ore treatment in these operations, an important element of which involved the repeated crushing of rock using stone cobble-hammers. Activity areas located on the periphery of this dump included further dressing floors, concentrations of broken stone tools and a posthole structure with associated water trough.This mining, together with an expanded Early Bronze Age metal production in south-west Ireland, may be directly associated with an important intensification of agricultural production and human settlement in this region, which also finds expression in the adoption of new sepulchral and ceremonial traditions. The ore sources constituted an important resource during this period, contributing to the emergence of controlling élites who had an important managerial role in the production and distribution of metal.
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Fischer, Sandra, Gunhild Rosqvist, Sergey R. Chalov, and Jerker Jarsjö. "Disproportionate Water Quality Impacts from the Century-Old Nautanen Copper Mines, Northern Sweden." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (2020): 1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041394.
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Pollution from small historical mining sites is usually overlooked, in contrast to larger ones. Especially in the Arctic, knowledge gaps remain regarding the long-term mine waste impacts, such as metal leakage, on water quality. We study the small copper (Cu) mines of Nautanen, northern Sweden, which had been in operation for only six years when abandoned approximately 110 years ago in 1908. Measurements from field campaigns in 2017 are compared to synthesized historical measurement data from 1993 to 2014, and our results show that concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cd on-site as well as downstream from the mining site are order(s) of magnitude higher than the local background values. This is despite the small scale of the Nautanen mining site, the short duration of operation, and the long time since closure. Considering the small amount of waste produced at Nautanen, the metal loads from Nautanen are still surprisingly high compared to the metal loads from larger mines. We argue that disproportionately large amounts of metals may be added to surface water systems from the numerous small abandoned mining sites. Such pollution loads need to be accounted for in sustainable assessments of total pollutant pressures in the relatively vulnerable Arctic environment.
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Jovanovic, B. "Beginning of the metal age in the central Balkans according to the results of the archeometallurgy." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 45, no. 2 (2009): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0902143j.
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The gradual development of the primary copper metallurgy in Balkans starts with production of small jewelry pieces and ends with the serial production of massive tools and weapons. It is confirmed that this metallurgy depended on the contemporary mining, i.e. the available sources of the raw materials. It is also corroborated by the discovery of two Early Eneolithic copper mines: Rudna Glava in Eastern Serbia and Ai-Bunar in Bulgaria /first half and the middle of the 5th millennium BC/. These mines are also the evidence for the local exploitation of the carbonate copper minerals - malachite and azurite. The technology employed is close to the former flint mining in the Late Neolithic; massive pebbles obtained from the neighboring alluvial deposits were used as mining hammers. Identical technology was employed in the mines dating from the later periods /Rudnik, Central Serbia, Jarmovac, Priboj na Limu/. The Vinca culture of the central Balkan followed all metallurgical phases of introduction of metal and use of the carbonate ores /Gradac I - III phase/. This long process of including the metal in wider use lasted generally from the middle of the 5th millennium BC to the end of the 4th millennium BC, i.e. to the appearance of the Bronze Age.
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Kłeczek, Zdzisław, Zygmunt Niedojadło, Edward Popiołek, et al. "Mining Hazards Analysis with Simultaneous Mining Copper Ores and Salt Deposits in LGOM (Legnica-Głogów Copper Belt) Mines with Regard to Dynamic Influences." Archives of Mining Sciences 61, no. 3 (2016): 553–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2016-0040.
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Abstract In the case of locating two bedded deposits of different mineral resources in a small vertical distance, additional or increased mining hazards can occur (deformations of the rock mass, crumps and mining shocks, hazards to the land surface). This paper has thoroughly examined the impact of exploitation of the lower-located deposit of copper ore on the higher-located deposit of salt as well as the reverse situation as regards the dynamic phenomena, being the greatest lithospheric hazard in LGOM. At the same time theoretical models of processes were applied, verified by previous observations in situ in mines of Legnica-Głogów Copper Belt.
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ANDRÁŠ, Peter, Pavol MIDULA, João X. MATOS, et al. "COMPARISON OF SOIL CONTAMINATION AT THE SELECTED EUROPEAN COPPER MINES." Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 16, no. 1 (2021): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2021/016/164.
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This article reports the results of a study concerning contamination of the dump-fields by potentially toxic elements at five abandoned copper mines: Ľubietová, Špania Dolina (Slovakia), Libiola, Caporciano (Italy) and São Domingos (Portugal). This paper offers an updated description of soil contamination at the individual deposits and indicates a possible solution of the derived environmental problems. Contamination of technosoils by PTEs at the dump-fields shows an irregular spatial distribution of Fe, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb and Pb. Contents of PTEs often exceed both national and EU law limits. Whereas at Ľubietová, Špania Dolina and Caporciano the environmental risk is limited, at Libiola and São Domingos it seems to be very heavy. The technosoil (slag) of the dump-fields is not well aerated and the soil colloids have (except for Špania Dolina) negative surface charge, so they are suitable for PTEs sorption. The main environmental risk in the mining area of Sao Domingos district is the long time formation of acid mine drainage water and the high Zn, As and Pb contents. The release of PTEs to the environmental components may be limited by phytostabilization and immobilization of metals, by suitable admixtures into the technosoil/slag. The environmental situation at Caporciano is not so compromised as at São Domingos mining area. Phytostabilization will be able to stop erosion, and installation of wetlands under the dump will stop the release of Cu to the environment.
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Pompeani, David P., Byron A. Steinman, Mark B. Abbott, et al. "ON THE TIMING OF THE OLD COPPER COMPLEX IN NORTH AMERICA: A COMPARISON OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM DIFFERENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS." Radiocarbon 63, no. 2 (2021): 513–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2021.7.
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ABSTRACTThe Old Copper Complex (OCC) refers to the production of heavy copper-tool technology by Archaic Native American societies in the Lake Superior region. To better define the timing of the OCC, we evaluated 53 (eight new and 45 published) radiocarbon (14C) dates associated with copper artifacts and mines. We compared these dates to six lake sediment-based chronologies of copper mining and annealing in the Michigan Copper District. 14C dates grouped by archaeological context show that cremation remains, and wood and cordage embedded in copper artifacts have ages that overlap with the timing of high lead (Pb) concentrations in lake sediment. In contrast, dates in stratigraphic association and from mines are younger than those from embedded and cremation materials, suggesting that the former groups reflect the timing of processes that occurred post-abandonment. The comparatively young dates obtained from copper mines therefore likely reflect abandonment and infill of the mines rather than active use. Excluding three anomalously young samples, the ages of embedded organic material associated with 15 OCC copper artifacts range from 8500 to 3580 cal BP, confirming that the OCC is among the oldest known metalworking societies in the world.
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Natarajan, K. A. "Microbial Aspects of Acid Generation and Bioremediation with Relevance to Indian Mining." Advanced Materials Research 71-73 (May 2009): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.71-73.645.
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The role of Acidithiobacillus group of bacteria in acid generation and heavy metal dissolution was studied with relevance to some Indian mines. Microorganisms implicated in acid generation such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans were isolated from abandoned mines, waste rocks and tailing dumps. Arsenite oxidizing Thiomonas and Bacillus group of bacteria were isolated and their ability to oxidize As (III) to As (V) established. Mine isolated Sulfate reducing bacteria were used to remove dissolved copper, zinc, iron and arsenic from solutions.
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Katare, Jyotish, Mohnish Pichhode, and Nikhil Kumar. "GROWTH OF TERMINALIA BELLIRICA [(GAERTN.) ROXB.] ON THE MALANJKHAND COPPER MINE OVERBURDEN DUMP SPOIL MATERIAL." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 8 (2015): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i8.2015.2957.
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Copper Mining at Malanjkhand copper mining project (MCP), Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh is a subsidiary of Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL), major source of copper and more than 70% is being contributed from this mines. Copper contamination issues are becoming increasingly common in India with many documented cases of copper metal toxicity in mining sites. Effect of Copper on vegetation was studies by growth of Baheda (Terminalia bellirica) with different combination of soil, copper over burden dump spoil and cowdung manure. This paper in brief reflected that the growth of this plant species significantly improved with the combination of soil and organic manure like cowdung applied in the different combination with copper mine overburden dump spoil material which will be helpful in the re-vegetation program of these type of wastelands.
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Popiołek, Edward, Zdzisław Kłeczek, Zygmunt Niedojadło, et al. "An Analysis Of The Interaction During Simultaneous Use Of Copper Ore And Salt Deposits In The LGOM Mines With Regard To Displacement And Deformation Of Rock Mass." Archives of Mining Sciences 60, no. 2 (2015): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2015-0035.
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Abstract Excavation of the two bedded deposits of mineral resources in a small vertical distance may cause additional increased mining risks (rock mass deformation, rock bursts and mining tremors, threat to land surface). This paper considers the impact of excavation of the copper ore deposit on the bed of rock salt located above it and the opposite, in terms of displacements and deformations. We used the theoretical models of processes verified by previous in situ observations in the mines of the Legnica-Głogów Copper Mining District. We analysed the potential for reducing the risks, among others, through coordination of mining works.
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Brovender, Yurii, Hennadii Haiko, and Olena Brovender. "Mining under the early metal in the context of Kartamysh ore occurrence of Ukrainian Donbas." Mining of Mineral Deposits 15, no. 3 (2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining15.03.045.
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Purpose is to identify process engineering of mining under the Late Bronze age (18th-13th centuries BCE) in the context of copper deposits in the Eastern Ukraine. Among other things, it concerns analysis of manufacturing artifacts (i.e. ore production and preparation) in Kartamysh archeological area within the copper-ore territory of Bakhmut basin of Donbas. Methods. Following methods have been applied: a comparative historical method supported by typological archaeological approach; statistical procedures; engineering and geological methods to determine extraction volumes and evaluate copper ore extraction from the mines in Kartamysh archaeological area as well as structural and technologic analysis; functional and typological analysis; traceological analysis; experimental modelling; and carbon dating. Findings. Analysis of the specialized mining artifacts in Kartamysh archaeological area as well as mining artifacts within other copper-ore deposits in Bakhmut basin, extracted actively under the Late Bronze age, has made it possible to consider newly a number of important issues connected with process engineering of mining, specialization and labour division of ancient miners as well as evaluate significance of Donbas copper mines for the system of metal production development in the Eastern Europe of the second millennium BCE. Originality.Analysis of Kartamysh archaeological area, where the majority of business performance objects are connected with mining, has helped the authors consider specialization of the industrial systems (i.e. different-purpose mine workings, various mining tools, and areas to prepare ore) right from the viewpoint of the production method. Since similar situation is typical for other Donets complex artifacts, being involved in scientific terminology as the mining and smelting one, it would be more reasonable to represent it as Donets ore mining system owing to its specialization in the integrated copper ore extraction and preparation. Practical implications.The research results develop the history of mining science and engineering inclusive of ancient mining history in the Eastern Ukraine. They may be applied to train mining experts and in the process of creation of museum exhibitions (looking ahead, creation of Kartamysh skansen) while synthesizing technical and humanitarian aspects of engineering activities.
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Tkachev, V. V. "The Ishkinino Bronze Age Mining Complex in the Southern Urals: Radiocarbon Dating." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 47, no. 3 (2019): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2019.47.3.038-047.
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This article presents the results of radiocarbon dating of buried soils beneath the dumps of ancient mines in the Ishkinino cobalt and copper pyrite deposit area, in the Southern Urals. The conserved upper horizons of stratigraphic sequences underlying the dumps of four mines were subjected to radiocarbon analysis. For comparison, samples from Bronze Age sites in the same area were used. Chronological ranges of the Yamnaya, Sintashta, and Kozhumberdy cultures were evaluated. Calibrated intervals of the buried soils from the Ishkinino mines show a good agreement with respective intervals relating to human and animal bones from nearby Bronze Age cemeteries and settlements. The early stage of the mines (2200–1840 BC) correlates with the Sintashta culture. Most geological and archaeological features at Ishkinino date to 1780–1130 BC, same as the Kozhumberdy settlement and cemeteries, representing the Alakul tradition. As the results suggest, radiocarbon dating of buried soils underlying the mine dumps is relevant to absolute and relative chronology of ancient mining, especially when archaeological contexts are of little help.
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Moyo, Funa, and Clifford Mabhena. "Harnessing Mineral Resources in Gwanda District of Zimbabwe: A Myth or a Reality?" International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 38 (August 2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.38.1.
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The article examines strategies of harnessing mineral resources for community empowerment, poverty reduction and infrastructure development in mining areas of Zimbabwe. Despite abundant mineral resources, the majority of Zimbabwean indigenous communities living close to the mines have limited access to directly or indirectly benefit from the mineral resources. Using a descriptive survey to collect data, this research article gives a strong proposition on how the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act can be used as a vehicle of harnessing mineral resources. The article argues that pro poor mining policies that ensure the harnessing of mineral resources for community empowerment, poverty reduction and infrastructure development are paramount. The article further argues that the Indigenous and Economic Empowerment Act needs to be harmonised with other sector legislation in the country. The article concludes that the development of infrastructure and provision of public utilities such as electricity, water, establishing micro-credit to small and medium enterprises and implementing broad-based indigenisation policies are some of the strategies of improving rural livelihoods. Similarly direct and indirect linkages between the mining sector and local economy could be enhanced through the provision of food supply to the mine, manufacture of mining inputs, provision of security services and supply of labour by the local community. The article recommends that the harmonisation of legislation that has an effect on harnessing of mineral resources by local communities will ensure community empowerment, poverty reduction and infrastructure development.
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Mirek, Adam, Paweł Piasecki, and Barbara Kowalczyk. "Sinkhole hazard in the post-mining area of Old Copper District, Lower Silesia, Poland." E3S Web of Conferences 106 (2019): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910601019.
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This study discusses the occurrence of sinkholes and the removal of their effects in the territory of the Old Copper District in the municipality of Lubków, Warta Bolesławiecka, located in the voivodeship of Lower Silesia. Three sinkholes appeared more than 25 years after mining activities ceased with the closure of the “Konrad” Mine of KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. The sinkholes appeared in the former mining areas in the years 2017 - 2018: the first in the area of the Lubichów III shaft located in the municipality of Lubków - the downcast and transport shaft of the "Lubichów" and "Konrad" mines; the second in the area of Lubichów IVa in Lubków - the ventilation shaft of the "Lubichów" and "Konrad" mines; and the third in the area of the Lubichów IVa shaft - in the village of Lubków. The “Lubin” Mine of KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. commissioned development of projects to mitigate the risk and to secure the areas and remove the dangers.
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Działak, Paulina, Jacek Karliński, and Eugeniusz Rusiński. "Method of operator safety assessment for underground mobile mining equipment." E3S Web of Conferences 29 (2018): 00009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182900009.
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The paper presents a method of assessing the safety of operators of mobile mining equipment (MME), which is adapted to current and future geological and mining conditions. The authors focused on underground mines, with special consideration of copper mines (KGHM). As extraction reaches into deeper layers of the deposit it can activate natural hazards, which, thus far, have been considered unusual and whose range and intensity are different depending on the field of operation. One of the main hazards that affect work safety and can become the main barrier in the exploitation of deposits at greater depths is climate threat. The authors have analysed the phenomena which may impact the safety of MME operators, with consideration of accidents that have not yet been studied and are not covered by the current safety standards for this group of miners. An attempt was made to develop a method for assessing the safety of MME operators, which takes into account the mentioned natural hazards and which is adapted to current and future environmental conditions in underground mines.
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Köhler, J. Michael, Nancy Beetz, Peter Mike Günther, Frances Möller, and Jialan Cao. "Extremophiles in Soil Communities of Former Copper Mining Sites of the East Harz Region (Germany) Reflected by Re-Analyzed 16S rRNA Data." Microorganisms 9, no. 7 (2021): 1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071422.
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The east and southeast rim of Harz mountains (Germany) are marked by a high density of former copper mining places dating back from the late 20th century to the middle age. A set of 18 soil samples from pre- and early industrial mining places and one sample from an industrial mine dump have been selected for investigation by 16S rRNA and compared with six samples from non-mining areas. Although most of the soil samples from the old mines show pH values around 7, RNA profiling reflects many operational taxonomical units (OTUs) belonging to acidophilic genera. For some of these OTUs, similarities were found with their abundances in the comparative samples, while others show significant differences. In addition to pH-dependent bacteria, thermophilic, psychrophilic, and halophilic types were observed. Among these OTUs, several DNA sequences are related to bacteria which are reported to show the ability to metabolize special substrates. Some OTUs absent in comparative samples from limestone substrates, among them Thaumarchaeota were present in the soil group from ancient mines with pH > 7. In contrast, acidophilic types have been found in a sample from a copper slag deposit, e.g., the polymer degrading bacterium Granulicella and Acidicaldus, which is thermophilic, too. Soil samples of the group of pre-industrial mines supplied some less abundant, interesting OTUs as the polymer-degrading Povalibacter and the halophilic Lewinella and Halobacteriovorax. A particularly high number of bacteria (OTUs) which had not been detected in other samples were found at an industrial copper mine dump, among them many halophilic and psychrophilic types. In summary, the results show that soil samples from the ancient copper mining places contain soil bacterial communities that could be a promising source in the search for microorganisms with valuable metabolic capabilities.
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Brocchini, Debora, Luca Deravignone, and Gianni Dellavalle. "Unveil the traces of ancient mining." Acta Geoturistica 8, no. 1 (2017): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agta-2017-0002.
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Abstract The Archaeological Mines Park of San Silvestro is part of the Campiglia mining area. It represents its most important historical core. The Park covers a surface of around 450 hectares on the mountains Calvi, Rombolo, Poggio all’Aione and along the valleys Temperino, Lanzi and Manienti. The main characteristic of the Park is the richness of mining activity traces towards copper, lead and silver. The mining activity started during the 7th century BC with the Etruscan civilization and continued until 1979, when the last mine was closed. Many karst cavities of the Campiglia are “cave-mines’: they are the result of a natural event and the action of ancient miners, who searched metalliferous minerals. In Campiglia there are traces of hundreds of Etruscan, medieval and modern mining operations, tunnels from the 19th and 20th centuries. The aim of the Archaeological and Mining park of San Silvestro is to highlight historical landscape, the result of centuries of mining activities. Some of the buildings, originally used for productive and administrative purposes, have been restored to house exhibitions and services for visitors. The impressive ruins of the medieval village of San Silvestro and two of the modern mining tunnels, have been equipped for guided tours. The accessibility of ancient mining works is however still difficult and this represents a limit in the enhancement and protection of these sites. Speleologists, archaeologists and geologists will be involved in making a project to let everyone discover the most ancient underground mines. We have three main targets: (1) produce high quality pictures of the most interesting and impressive mining traces; (2) create 3D models useful for scientific and cultural purposes; (3) equip some of the ancient shafts with light structures to allow small groups to visit them. We will describe the morphological characteristics of one of these ancient mines, giving some advice for the production of high quality picture in this contest. We will also describe the technique used for the production of a 3D model and how to equip the mine for the visit of small groups of people.
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Burt, Roger, and Martin Timbrell. "Diversification as a Response to Decline in the Mining Industry: Arsenic and South-Western Metal Production 1850–1914." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 2, no. 1 (1987): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x8700200104.
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Joint supply functions are not uncommon but nowhere are they more prevalent than in the mining industry. Assessment of the importance of marketable by-products is made more difficult by the lack of detailed information on costs. This study shows how data on output and prices may be used to provide evidence of the qualitative and quantitative importance of arsenic—the most important by-product of S.W. mines—to the development and performance of the S.W. mining industry. Detailed annual returns on tin and copper mines are used to chart the development of individual mines. The circumstantial evidence for the importance of arsenic is strong but the use of highly disaggregated data reveals that arsenic production was irrelevant to the vast majority of tin and copper producers although for a few it may have aided continuity of production for a very short period. The apparent misconceptions are shown to have arisen from the development of one major arsenic producer. Statistical evidence is produced in the form of estimated supply functions. The functions are well defined and reveal that neither the price of nor production levels of arsenic had any significant impact on tin and copper production—a result in marked contrast to the casual empiricism of industrial historians.
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Hoseinpour, Farhad, Mostafa Hosein-Nejad Mohtarami, Samad Alipour, and Samaneh Torbati. "Heavy Metal Contaminations at Two Iranian Copper Mining Areas and the Remediation by Indigenous Plants." Iranian Journal of Toxicology 14, no. 2 (2020): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijt.14.2.501.
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Background: High concentrations of various heavy metals of mine tailings can easily contaminate the environment. Such materials need monitoring and remediation to prevent them from polluting the environment and food chain. Methods: The concentrations of certain metals were evaluated in the soil samples at Sorkheh and Mazraeh copper mining areas in northwestern Iran, using three reliable pollution indices. We assessed the ability of three plants, Alhaji maurorum and Stachys inflata at Sorkheh mines, and Cirsium vulgare at Mazraeh mines, the dominant plants grown in those areas, in taking up the metals from the associated soils. The plant and soil samples were analyzed inductively by coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: The results revealed that the soil samples at Sorkheh and Mazraeh mining areas were highly contaminated with As at CF values of 16.9 and 4.6, respectively. The soil samples from the two mining areas were moderately contaminated with Pb and Zn. The data confirmed that A. maurorum and S. inflata had a good ability to accumulate Cd, Mo and Sc from the soils in Sorkheh area. The other plant, C. vulgare, accumulated Zn and Pb at 1891 mg/kg and 18.6 mg/kg, respectively. The studied plants were good indicators of heavy metals contaminating the soils in these mining areas. Conclusion: This study provided geochemical evidence about the heavy metals that contaminated the soils in the mining areas, and contributed new information about these toxic metals and their concentrations in the three plants and the soil samples.
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Lutz, Joachim, and Ernst Pernicka. "Prehistoric copper from the Eastern Alps." Open Journal of Archaeometry 1, no. 1 (2013): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/arc.2013.e25.
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The rich copper ore deposits in the Eastern Alps have long been considered as important sources for copper in prehistoric Central Europe. It is, however, not so clear which role each deposit played. To evaluate the amount of prehistoric copper production of the various mining regions it was attempted to link prehistoric metal artefacts with copper ores based on the geochemical characteristics of the ore deposits that have been exploited in ancient times. More than 120 ore samples from the well known mining districts Mitterberg, Viehhofen, Kitzbühel and Schwaz/Brixlegg have been analysed so far (lead isotope ratios, trace elements). Furthermore, about 730 archaeological copper/bronze artifacts were investigated and analysed. These results were combined with analytical data generated by previous archaeometallurgical projects in order to compile a substantial database for comparative studies. In the Early Bronze Age, most metal artifacts were made of copper or bronze with fahlore impurity patterns and most finds from this period match excellently the fahlore deposits in Schwaz and Brixlegg. At the end of the Early Bronze Age, a new variety of copper with lower concentrations of impurities appeared. The impurity patterns of these finds match the ores from the Mitterberg district. In the Middle Bronze Age, this variety of copper Dominated while in the Late Bronze Age fahlores from Schwaz and Brixlegg experienced a comeback. The reason for this may be a decline of the chalcopyrite mines or a rising demand for copper which could not be covered by the chalcopyrite mines alone. The finds of the Early Iron Age are of similar composition and continue the traditions of the Late Bronze Age.
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Cieślik, Jerzy, Zbigniew Burtan, Dariusz Chlebowski, and Andrzej Zorychta. "Geomechanical analysis of location and conditions for mining-induced tremors in LGOM copper mines." Journal of Sustainable Mining 16, no. 3 (2017): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsm.2017.10.002.
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Adach-Pawelus, Karolina, and Daniel Pawelus. "Application of Hydraulic Backfill for Rockburst Prevention in the Mining Field with Remnant in the Polish Underground Copper Mines." Energies 14, no. 13 (2021): 3869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133869.
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In the polish underground copper mines owned by KGHM Polska Miedz S.A, various types of room and pillar mining systems are used, mainly with roof deflection, but also with dry and hydraulic backfill. One of the basic problems associated with the exploitation of copper deposits is rockburst hazard. Aa high level of rockburst hazard is caused by mining the ore at great depth in difficult geological and mining conditions, among others, in the vicinity of remnants. The main goal of this study is to investigate how hydraulic backfill improves the geomechanical situation in the mining filed and reduce rockburst risk in the vicinity of remnants. Numerical modeling was conducted for the case study of a mining field where undisturbed ore remnant, 40 m in width, was left behind. To compare the results, simulations were performed for a room and pillar mining system with roof deflection and for a room and pillar mining system with hydraulic backfill. Results of numerical analysis demonstrate that hydraulic backfill can limit rock mass deformation and disintegration in the mining field where remnants have been left. It may also reduce stress concentration inside or in the vicinity of a remnant, increase its stability, as well as prevent and reduce seismic and rockburst hazards. Hydraulic backfill as a local support stabilizes the geomechanical situation in the mining field.
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Gamble, B., M. Anderson, and J. S. Griffiths. "Chapter 13 Hazards associated with mining and mineral exploitation in Cornwall and Devon, SW England." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 29, no. 1 (2020): 321–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/egsp29.13.
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AbstractThe largest UNESCO World Heritage Site in the UK is found in Cornwall and west Devon, and its designation is based specifically on its heritage for metalliferous mining, especially tin, copper and arsenic. With a history of over 2000 years of mining, SW England is exceptional in the nature and extent of its mining landscape. The mining for metallic ores, and more recently for kaolin, is a function of the distinctive geology of the region. The mining hazards that are encountered in areas of metallic mines are a function of: the Paleozoic rocks; the predominant steeply dipping nature of mineral veins and consequent shaft mining; the great depth and complexity of some of the mines; the waste derived from processing metallic ores; the long history of exploitation; and the contamination associated with various by-products of primary ore-processing, refining and smelting, notably arsenic. The hazards associated with kaolin mining are mainly related to the volume of the inert waste products and the need to maintain stable spoil tips, and the depth of the various tailings’ ponds and pits. The extent of mining in Cornwall and Devon has resulted in the counties being leaders in mining heritage preservation and the treatment and remediation of mining-related hazards.
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Malewski, Jerzy. "Production of Copper as a Complex Mining and Metallurgical Processing System in Polish Copper Mines of the Legnica-Glogów Copper Belt." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 95 (December 2017): 042005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/95/4/042005.
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Kostović, Milena. "Paste backfill materials for underground mining: Some experiences in Serbia: Part II." Podzemni radovi, no. 37 (2020): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/podrad2037033k.
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This review paper presents the backfill method and materials for paste backfill method which are used in the world practice of underground mining. The paper consists of two parts. The first part (Part I) provides a brief literature review concerning the presentation of the backfill method, mostly the paste backfill method, its application, advantages and disadvantages, and materials that can be used to form a paste. The second part (Part II) of the paper presents an overview of possible materials that could be used for the eventual application of this method in Serbia. Flotation tailings from lead-zinc mines and copper mines, fly ash from thermal power plants and metallurgical slag can be potentially used materials for this method. This paper presents the characterization of these materials from some localities in Serbia and results of some investigations in this area.
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Chai, Zhen, Fu Ping Li, and Xu Wen He. "The Environmental Problems in Development and Utilization of Urban Mines: Taking Secondary Copper Production as a Case." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 4154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.4154.
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The great amount of resource consumption and the depletion of metal rich primary ores are the main driving forces to develop and utilize the valuable resource hiding in urban mines. Although urban mining possesses several advantages such as lower energy consumption, less cost and easier to develop and less pollution than conventional primary mining, the various wastes generated in the urban mining become a burden for the society because of poor organization production and the implementation of the strict environmental regulations. This paper investigated the environmental problems and the wastes characterization in development and utilization by taking secondary copper as an example. The main pollutants discharged in secondary copper production were exhaust gas containing POPs and metals, waste water of heavy metals and acid water, and the residues of melting and electrolytic plants. The toxic pollutants like heavy metals asked for appropriate dumping and disposal to prevent the damage to the environment.
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Liu, Jianpo, Hongxu Shi, Ren Wang, Yingtao Si, Dengcheng Wei, and Yongxin Wang. "Quantitative Risk Assessment for Deep Tunnel Failure Based on Normal Cloud Model: A Case Study at the ASHELE Copper Mine, China." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (2021): 5208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115208.
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The spatial and temporal distribution of tunnel failure is very complex due to geologic heterogeneity and variability in both mining processes and tunnel arrangement in deep metal mines. In this paper, the quantitative risk assessment for deep tunnel failure was performed using a normal cloud model at the Ashele copper mine, China. This was completed by considering the evaluation indexes of geological condition, mining process, and microseismic data. A weighted distribution of evaluation indexes was determined by implementation of an entropy weight method to reveal the primary parameters controlling tunnel failure. Additionally, the damage levels of the tunnel were quantitatively assigned by computing the degree of membership that different damage levels had, based on the expectation normalization method. The methods of maximum membership principle, comprehensive evaluation value, and fuzzy entropy were considered to determine the tunnel damage levels and risk of occurrence. The application of this method at the Ashele copper mine demonstrates that it meets the requirement of risk assessment for deep tunnel failure and can provide a basis for large-scale regional tunnel failure control in deep metal mines.
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Munene, Hyden. "Mining the Past: A Report of Four Archival Repositories in Zambia." History in Africa 47 (July 18, 2019): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hia.2019.24.
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Abstract:Researchers and scholars have written on the history of mining in Zambia using a variety of sources and archives. But much of the history written from local archives has relied heavily on the National Archives of Zambia. Yet, important archival holdings for researchers of the history of Zambia’s mining industry also exist in the Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Archive, the United National Independence Party Archive, and in the Mineworkers’ Union of Zambia Headquarters. These repositories house rich collections of data invaluable for understanding Zambia’s mining industry. Covering the period from the 1890s to the present, these archives make possible new questions and interpretations of Zambia’s mining industry.
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Liu, Jingchao, Jin Wu, Weiying Feng, and Xia Li. "Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Water Bodies around Typical Copper Mines in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (2020): 4315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124315.
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In order to understand the heavy metal pollution status and ecological effect in aquatic environment around copper mine areas, seven heavy metals (Cd, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Zn, the Ni, and Pb) in aquatic environments in seven representative copper mine regions were selected from the literature in 2005–2013 for ecological risk assessment by using potential ecological risk index, geoaccumulation index, nemerow index and species sensitivity distribution method (Potential Affected Fraction (PAF) and Multi-Substance PAF (MSPAF)). The results of sediment ecological risk analysis showed that Cd, Cu and Pb were the main pollutants in sediments. The results of species sensitivity distribution analysis showed that the HC5 values (Hazardous Concentration for 5% of species) of seven heavy metals were different with order Zn > Cr > Cd > Pb > Cu > Ni > Hg. The MSPAF of seven copper mines in the following order with species sensitivity distribution method was as follows: Dabaoshan (99%) = Dahongshan (99%) = Baiyin (99%) > Dexing (97%) > Jinchuan (92%) > Tongling (39%) > Daye (24%). This study analyzes the impact of copper mining on the aquatic environment, and the results of this study will be great value for the comprehensive pollution governance of mining.
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Roy, Prodipto. "Degradation due to mining: The Piparwar Case Study and problems of estimating costs of degradation." Social Change 31, no. 1-2 (2001): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004908570103100211.
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Mining has two broad side-effects which may be considered degrading to the environment. The first is the environmental effects of the change on the land-use from forest or cropland to degraded wasteland due to the improper dumping of overburden; and the second, which is partially linked to the first, is the displacement of whole villages comprised of families who have husbanded their crops and animals, and lived symbiotically with the forest for centuries if not millenia. This paper is concerned mainly with the first and only partially with the second as this is the subject of a separate paper. This paper outlines methods of estimation of the quantum of degradation caused by mining taking a long-term perspective of the last 50 (to 100) years and the next 50 years. The types of mines listed include a very wide variety including coal mines, bauxite mines, iron-ore mines, manganese, zinc, chromite, asbestos, granite, sandstone, copper, silver, gold and one uranium mine. Oil drilling maybe considered another form of mining or extracting fossil fuels. All these forms of extracting metals, non-metals, rocks, carbons, and hydro-carbons are included under the broad purview of'mining’. Secondary data will need to be obtained from various governmental departments on the numbers of mines which have been opened both before Independence and after in order to establish parameters. In addition data on families displaced, land acquired, land-use before and after will also be obtained. After making meaningful categories primary data on a parsimonious sample of each category and each type of mining (extraction) will be carried out to use as estimators of the parameters. The case study of the Piparar coal mine illustrates the difficulties and the inaccuracies that may be encountered when using average estimators. Notwithstanding these difficulties, on account of the fact that mining has been the cause for a great deal of the environmental degradation in India, it is important that fresh estimates should be made.
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Skrzypkowski, Krzysztof. "Evaluation of Rock Bolt Support for Polish Hard Rock Mines." E3S Web of Conferences 35 (2018): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183501006.
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The article presents different types of rock bolt support used in Polish ore mining. Individual point resin and expansion rock bolt support were characterized. The roof classes for zinc and lead and copper ore mines were presented. Furthermore, in the article laboratory tests of point resin rock bolt support in a geometric scale of 1:1 with minimal fixing length of 0.6 m were made. Static testing of point resin rock bolt support were carried out on a laboratory test facility of Department of Underground Mining which simulate mine conditions for Polish ore and hard coal mining. Laboratory tests of point resin bolts were carried out, especially for the ZGH Bolesław, zinc and lead “Olkusz – Pomorzany” mine. The primary aim of the research was to check whether at the anchoring point length of 0.6 m by means of one and a half resin cartridge, the type bolt “Olkusz – 20A” is able to overcome the load.The second purpose of the study was to obtain load – displacement characteristic with determination of the elastic and plastic range of the bolt. For the best simulation of mine conditions the station steel cylinders with an external diameter of 0.1 m and a length of 0.6 m with a core of rock from the roof of the underground excavations were used.
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Chan, B. K. C., M. Y. Xiong, C. Chen, G. P. Zhang, and N. Franke. "A preliminary water footprint assessment of copper production in China." Water Supply 14, no. 6 (2014): 1018–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.059.
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Scarcer water resources, stricter water regulations, decline in ore grade and increasing controversy on water use between local communities and mining operators have raised awareness of good water stewardship as being vital to running commercially viable mining operations. Water footprint assessment (WFA) is a holistic methodological framework that allows detailed quantification of direct and indirect water use in different sectors at various spatial and temporal scales. The ultimate aim of this study is to identify water footprint (WF) reduction targets, formulate response strategies to minimize water consumption and pollution and therefore improve the environmental, social and economic sustainability of the mining processes. The assessment will eventually serve as a model for other mines in northern China with water scarcity issues. The paper describes the preliminary WFA of copper cathodes, with particular emphasis on the methodology, approach, degree of details and areas for consideration. It focuses from ore extraction to final discharge to the river. Significant WF contribution is found in the process rather than the supply chain. The explorative approach applied in this real case scenario and the findings contribute to the literature body of the WFA field. This case study can provide helpful guidance for WFA practitioners when applying this methodological framework in addressing particular issues in mining processes.
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Cândido, Luis Henrique Alves, Wilson Kindlein Júnior, and Felipe Palombini. "Indicators for the feasibility of WEEE processing plants in brazil: a relationship between virgin mineral copper ore and the recycling of consumer electronic products." Design e Tecnologia 5, no. 09 (2015): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23972/det2015iss09pp59-65.
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 This paper assesses the economic analysis of the implementation of WEEE – Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive – processing plants in Brazil, through the study of potential copper extraction from this secondary source. A comparative approach was performed on its copper grade related to levels of its virgin ore mineral extracted from mines located in Brazil, in the United States and through a global average. The results demonstrate that the amount of copper mass originated from the recycling of disassembly of twenty electronic products ranges from 0.24% to 17.83% of its total mass, with an average of 3.63% of copper. In eighteen of these products, values greater than 0.4% were found, which surpass current levels of copper in ore mines in the USA. In fourteen products, these rates exceed the index of 1.5% copper in the ore, considered the minimum rate for the feasibility of opening new units of copper underground mining in Brazil. Thus, this paper shows the economic analysis that aims to guide on the viability of deploying WEEE processing plants, focusing on the expansion of recycling and reuse of copper by the processing industry.
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Bergstrom, Ryan D., and Afton Clarke-Sather. "Balancing Socio-Ecological Risks, Politics, and Identity: Sustainability in Minnesota’s Copper-Nickel-Precious Metal Mining Debate." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (2020): 10286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410286.
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In the northeastern corner of Minnesota, two of the state’s most iconic symbols, mining and pristine wilderness, are on a collision course. The Duluth Complex, considered by many to be the world’s largest undeveloped deposit of copper-nickel and precious metals, is the site of mining proposals for several controversial mines. Proponents suggest that mining can be accomplished in an environmentally benign manner, and in the process create nearly 1000 jobs and $500 million in economic benefits annually. Opponents counter that the tourism and recreation industries already provide nearly 18,000 jobs and bring over $900 million in economic benefits annually, and that mining will permanently impair the regions environment. Thus, the copper-nickel and precious metal mining debate has become highly polarized, and serves as an ideal example of how people address national and global sustainability issues at local and regional scales. This study examines this polarization through a Q-sort analysis of subjectivities of residents of the state of Minnesota. Results suggest that partisanship is a strong predictor of attitudes towards mining, and that the strongest differences between respondents were not based on perceptions comparing jobs and the environment, the typical partisan divide, but rather on respondents’ perceived identity with relation to the mining industry or water resources.
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Noskevich, V. V., N. V. Fedorova, and A. M. Yuminov. "Topography and reconstruction of historical mines of the Kagarlinsk mining-metallurgical center (Bronze Age)." Geofizicheskiy Zhurnal 43, no. 2 (2021): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24028/gzh.v43i2.230192.
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Kagarlinsk copper deposits have been worked out since IV millennium BC and till the end of II millennium BC in the steppes of the South Urals and a huge amount of copper have been recovered from their ores in the Bronze Age. Geophysical studies have been conducted in the south periphery of the Kagarlinsk ore field not far from Belousovka village at the mining-processing complex with the length of 900—1000 m and 30—70 m size across. Something like a hundred of small open-cut mines from 3 to 12 m in diameter are fixed in this area with near side mine dumps, sites for assortment of extracted ore adjoined at stove pits 3—5 m in diameter for burning up lump ores. Thorough topographic, gradient magnetic and geo-radar surveys have been fulfilled in areas where typical objects: open-cut mine, a pit for pilot burning up ores, slime sites and ore store are situated. As a result new data have been obtained on the structure of ancient outputs and associated technological facilities. Numerous magnetic anomalies revealed near the open-cut mine and a pit testify that copper ore encloses sufficient amount of iron and pilot assortment of the burned up ore took place near the pits. According to the results of geo-radar survey special features of pit-stove have been reconstructed and 3D model of the ancient open-cut mine built. A pit for burning up ore was cone-shaped with steps for comfort of loading and unloading ore. Its bottom diameter was 5m, the principal mine was 1—1.5 m in diameter and depth rough 3 m, the volume of the pit did not exceed 13—15 m3. Transversal size of a mine was 7—9 m and the depth was up to 4 m. The open-cut mine had steep sides from the north, east and south and in the west the relief was mildly sloping. The entrance to the open-cut mine was from the west. Initial depth of the open-cut mine differed from the present day surface by 2—3 m. According to our appraisal the amount of extracted ore in this mine was 25—30 tons. Taking into account the overall number of mines some 2—2.5 thousand tons of bulk ore were extracted during operation of Belousovka mining-metallurgical complex.
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Grattan, John, Steven Huxley, Lotus Abu Karaki, et al. "‘Death... more desirable than life’? The human skeletal record and toxicological implications of ancient copper mining and smelting in Wadi Faynan, southwestern Jordan." Toxicology and Industrial Health 18, no. 6 (2002): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0748233702th153oa.
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Skeletal material from 36 people, dating from the early Christian era, who lived by or worked in the notorious Roman copper mines of Phaeno, were analysed to determine their exposure to copper and lead. We demonstrate that many of the bones analysed had a substantially higher concentration of these cations than modern individuals exposed to metals through industrial processes. Health, toxicological and environmental implications of these data are reviewed.
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Blundy, Jon, Andrey Afanasyev, Brian Tattitch, et al. "The economic potential of metalliferous sub-volcanic brines." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 6 (2021): 202192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.202192.
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The transition to a low-carbon economy will increase demand for a wide range of metals, notably copper, which is used extensively in power generation and in electric vehicles. Increased demand will require new, sustainable approaches to copper exploration and extraction. Conventional copper mining entails energy-intensive extraction of relatively low-grade ore from large open pits or underground mines and subsequent ore refining. Most copper derives ultimately from hot, hydrous magmatic fluids. Ore formation involves phase separation of these fluids to form copper-rich hypersaline liquids (or ‘brines') and subsequent precipitation of copper sulfides. Geophysical surveys of many volcanoes reveal electrically conductive bodies at around 2 km depth, consistent with lenses of brine hosted in porous rock. Building upon emerging concepts in crustal magmatism, we explore the potential of sub-volcanic brines as an in situ source of copper and other metals. Using hydrodynamic simulations, we show that 10 000 years of magma degassing can generate a Cu-rich brine lens containing up to 1.4 Mt Cu in a rock volume of a few km 3 at approximately 2 km depth. Direct extraction of metal-rich brines represents a novel development in metal resource extraction that obviates the need for conventional mines, and generates geothermal power as a by-product.
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Oszczepalski, Sławomir, Stanisław Speczik, Kinga Małecka, and Andrzej Chmielewski. "Prospective copper resources in Poland." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 32, no. 2 (2016): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2016-0019.
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Abstract The most significant copper reserves in Poland are confined to sediment-hosted stratiform Kupferschiefer-type deposits that occur at the Zechstein/Rotliegendes transition in the Fore-Sudetic Monocline and North-Sudetic Trough. Gradual depletion of shallow reserves results in exploitation of deeper beds. Latest studies of numerous drill hole cores strongly indicate that the Kupferschiefer series in SW Poland (outside the Lubin-Sieroszowice Copper District) contains a very large volume of prognostic, prospective and hypothetical resources. 38 prospects have been delineated (including 6 areas with prognostic resources, 4 with prospective resources, and 28 areas with hypothetical resources). Among the prospective areas, particular attention is paid to the areas adjacent to the existing mines of Lubin-Sieroszowice copper district, with prognostic resources (Białołęka, Grochowice, Kulów, Luboszyce). Also the areas: Nowiny, Żarków and Mirków are interesting due to accessible depths, Sulmierzyce and Janowo areas due to considerable resources and reasonable depth, and Mozów area – because of high Cu-Ag grading mineralized body with credible continuation to south east through Jany and Grochowice prospects, towards the Lubin-Sieroszowice mining district. It can be estimated that approximately 179 million tons Cu and 346 thousand tons Ag concentrated as potential resources in prospects of SW Poland for future mining, which will be possible, when geological and technological barriers (depth, temperature, oil and gas) will meet economic trends in the world market. Expected progress in underground mining at depths exceeding 1500 m (a depth limit for economic categories) will make this approach effective and technically possible. Additional six prospective areas have been delineated in the contact zone between Upper Silesia and Małopolska blocks, where porphyry-type Mo-Cu-W mineralization (locally with skarns) occurs within porphyry/granitoid rocks and Ediacaran, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous metasediments and other sedimentary formations. It should be noted, however, that irregular network of examined drill holes tended to simplify the ranges of prospects and to overestimate resource evaluation. Extensive deep exploration drilling is required to verify resource potential of granted and applied exploration licenses in several targets. The long-term challenges require new solutions for mining industry of the future and industrial market within the EU, to enable the reindustrialization of Europe.
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Díaz-Borrego, Francisco J., María del Mar Miras-Rodríguez, and Bernabé Escobar-Pérez. "Looking for Accurate Forecasting of Copper TC/RC Benchmark Levels." Complexity 2019 (April 1, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8523748.
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Forecasting copper prices has been the objective of numerous investigations. However, there is a lack of research about the price at which mines sell copper concentrate to smelters. The market reality is more complex since smelters obtain the copper that they sell from the concentrate that mines produce by processing the ore which they have extracted. It therefore becomes necessary to thoroughly analyse the price at which smelters buy the concentrates from the mines, besides the price at which they sell the copper. In practice, this cost is set by applying discounts to the price of cathodic copper, the most relevant being those corresponding to the smelters’ benefit margin (Treatment Charges-TC and Refining Charges-RC). These discounts are agreed upon annually in the markets and their correct forecasting will enable making more adequate models to estimate the price of copper concentrates, which would help smelters to duly forecast their benefit margin. Hence, the aim of this paper is to provide an effective tool to forecast copper TC/RC annual benchmark levels. With the annual benchmark data from 2004 to 2017 agreed upon during the LME Copper Week, a three-model comparison is made by contrasting different measures of error. The results obtained indicate that the LES (Linear Exponential Smoothing) model is the one that has the best predictive capacity to explain the evolution of TC/RC in both the long and the short term. This suggests a certain dependency on the previous levels of TC/RC, as well as the potential existence of cyclical patterns in them. This model thus allows us to make a more precise estimation of copper TC/RC levels, which makes it useful for smelters and mining companies.
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Zhou, Xue Lian. "Development and Utilization of Circular Economy and Urban Mining - Chengdu City Based Renewable Resource Industry Survey." Applied Mechanics and Materials 768 (June 2015): 644–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.768.644.
Full textAbstract:
Along with the process of economic growth and urbanization, China has entered a peak period of electronic appliances and automotive industry products obsolescence. On one hand, municipal waste disposal is increasing and causing environmental pollution and damage; on the other hand, native mineral resources’ exhaustion has increased year by year along with exploitation difficulty and mineral resources import growth. Meanwhile, urban industrial scrap, aka "urban mines", does contain abundant of renewable resources, such as copper, iron, and aluminum. Therefore, based on the theory of circular economy, the exploitation of these "urban mines" is the key strategic industry of China’s "12th five-year plan". This paper is based on the survey of Chengdu city regeneration resources industry situation. We analyzed the current status of regeneration resources recycling industry in Chengdu city, finding problems such as the number of existing garbage collection stations inadequate for renewable resources, and processing technology out of date. Generally speaking, the renewable resources industry in Chengdu is under developed.
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Pavlović, Kristina, and Žarko Ilić. "Mining in the Principality of Serbia 1859-1873." Зборник радова Филозофског факултета у Приштини 50, no. 4 (2020): 213–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp50-28946.
Full textAbstract:
The development of mining in the Principality of Serbia in the 1860s was determined by the previous years, especially during the reign of Ustavobranitelji when government initiative in Majdanpek came to a halt. In the 1860s, the main points of interest were the mine of Majdanpek, Kučajna, and the mines in the Podgora region. The two former were owned by foreign capital, whilst the latter was being researched by Stevan Đuričić around 1867. The mining in Majdanpek was done by the French-Serbian Society between 1859 and 1866, when the operation was taken over by The Serbian Company for Iron and Copper. Kučajna was being worked on by a German mining expert, Felix Hofman, between 1862 and 1873. During this period, the Mining Law of 1866 was passed, setting the foundation for further improvement of mining operations in the Principality/Kingdom of Serbia. During the 1860s most of the state income concerning mining came from the regal tax which had to be payed in order for one to acquire a permission for ore extraction. Most of the expenses went to financing the mining offices in Majdanpek, the directory of mines in Krupanj, various mining investments, as well as scholarships for students studying abroad. It should be said that the incomes, as well as the expenses, were symbolic when compared to the overall state incomes/expenses, making up less than 0.1% of the state incomes and expenses. This created a situation where the state could not count on any major incomes from mining, with an increase in expenses coming only at the end of the period in question due to greater state financing of mine in the Podrinje region.
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Çukur, Alaaddin, and Şeref Kunç. "Analyses of Tepecik and Tülintepe Metal Artifacts." Anatolian Studies 39 (December 1989): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642817.
Full textAbstract:
Tepecik and Tülintepe mounds are situated in the area of the reservoir of Keban dam, now completely flooded since 1974. Both mounds were located in Altınova plain about 31 and 21 km. respectively (by road) east of Elazıǧ in Eastern Turkey. The distance between the two mounds was about 9·5 km. as the crow flies. The rescue excavations at Tepecik were carried out in the years 1968–74 and at Tülintepe in 1971–74 (Esin 1975a, Esin 1975b).Tepecik was settled from the Late Neolithic period and Tülintepe from Chalcolithic to Medieval times. The sites were situated only about 60 km. away from the important copper and lead mines of Ergani Maden and about 70 km. from the mines of Keban. These two mining regions have often been quoted in the literature as possible copper and lead sources in Turkey since prehistoric times (Tylecote 1976, Seeliger et al. 1985 and Wagner et al. 1986).
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Murakami, Shinsuke, Taiga Takasu, Kamrul Islam, Eiji Yamasue, and Tsuyoshi Adachi. "Ecological footprint and total material requirement as environmental indicators of mining activities: Case studies of copper mines." Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 8 (December 2020): 100082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2020.100082.
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