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Liang, Yi Li, Hua Qun Yin, Yun Hua Xiao, Min Tang, Xue Feng, Zhi Yong Xie, Guan Zhou Qiu, and Xue Duan Liu. "Microbial Leaching of Copper from Tailings of Low Grade Sulphide Ores in Zambia." Advanced Materials Research 1130 (November 2015): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.473.
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Demand for copper is growing in the world,which makes it increasingly necessary to process low-grade ores and tailings that used to be considered as wastes. The development and application of bioleaching by acidophilic chemolithotrophic microorganisms, which obtain energy from the oxidation of sulfide minerals and use carbon dioxide for constructive metabolism, has been a major approach for processing the low-grade copper ores. In this study, mixed culture consisted of six iron and sulfur oxidizing microorganisms were used in leaching of flotation and acid-leaching tailings obtained from Zambia sulfide ores. The result showed that 62.7% and 61.7% copper were dissolved by bioleaching, while 53.8% and 57.4% by acid leaching in flotation and acid leaching tailings, respectively. In addition, mineralogical forms of copper were quite noteworthy since copper sulfide mineral extraction was significantly improved in bioleaching. XRD analysis showed wollastonite and diopside in acid tailing were undetectable after 23 days while others were difficult to be dissolved. No jarosite or sulphur was detected by XRD in residues.
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Ngom, Baba, Yili Liang, and Xueduan Liu. "Cross-Comparison of Leaching Strains Isolated from Two Different Regions: Chambishi and Dexing Copper Mines." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/787034.
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A cross-comparison of six strains isolated from two different regions, Chambishi copper mine (Zambia, Africa) and Dexing copper mine (China, Asia), was conducted to study the leaching efficiency of low grade copper ores. The strains belong to the three major species often encountered in bioleaching of copper sulfide ores under mesophilic conditions:Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, andLeptospirillum ferriphilum. Prior to their study in bioleaching, the different strains were characterized and compared at physiological level. The results revealed that, except for copper tolerance, strains within species presented almost similar physiological traits with slight advantages of Chambishi strains. However, in terms of leaching efficiency, native strains always achieved higher cell density and greater iron and copper extraction rates than the foreign microorganisms. In addition, microbial community analysis revealed that the different mixed cultures shared almost the same profile, andAt. ferrooxidansstrains always outcompeted the other strains.
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Sun, Jia Lin, Ba Ba Ngom, Yi Liu, Hua Qun Yin, Yi Li Liang, Xue Duan Liu, and Jing He Zhu. "Comparison of Indigenous and Exogenous Mesophilic Bacteria for the Bioleaching of Low Grade Copper Ores." Advanced Materials Research 825 (October 2013): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.825.58.
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Using indigenous microorganisms in biomining processes assures few ecological distortions and less time consumption for adaptation. However, there is a debate as to whether an indigenous microbial community is more efficient than one composed of microbial strains selected for specific physiological traits. In order to provide thoughtful opinions in such a debate, a cross-comparison of six strains isolated from two different regions: Chambishi Copper Mine (Zambia) and Dexing Copper Mine (China), was conducted. Physiological properties and leaching performancesof Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, and Leptospirillum ferriphilum in pure and mixed culture were studied. The results showed that strains within species presented similar traits while copper resistance was not species-specific. In terms of leaching efficiency, native strains always achieved higher cell density and greater iron and copper extraction rates than the exogenous. In addition, microbial community analysis revealed the different mixed culture shared almost the same profile, and At. ferrooxidans strains always outcompeted the other strains.
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HAJHUSSEIN, A. "Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of copper in copper ores by flow-injection analysis." Talanta 43, no. 11 (November 1996): 1909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(96)01968-6.
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Wu, Ai Xiang, Bao Hua Yang, Jin Zhi Liu, and Xiu Xiu Miao. "Effect of Bio-Leaching Process on the Pore Structure of Packed Particle Bed via 3D Imaging and Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 825 (October 2013): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.825.344.
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Heap bio-leaching technology is extensively applied to recover metals from low-grade complex ores in the mining industry, particularly the copper sulfide ores. Understanding the effect of bio-leaching process on the pore structure of packed particle beds is important to enhance the percolation and leaching performances with respect to design and operation of heap leaching system. The porosity, pore size distribution and degree of pore connectivity are the three most important features correlated with fluid flow in heap leaching operation. In this study, a spiral X-ray CT scanner, combined with 3D imaging and analysis, was used to characterize the complex pore structure of the packed ore particle beds before and after bioleaching copper sulfide ores. The results indicate that the pore structure has temporal and spatial variations during bio-leaching process.
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Tanaka, Yoshiyuki, Hajime Miki, Gde Suyantara, Yuji Aoki, and Tsuyoshi Hirajima. "Mineralogical Prediction on the Flotation Behavior of Copper and Molybdenum Minerals from Blended Cu–Mo Ores in Seawater." Minerals 11, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080869.
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The copper ore in Chilean copper porphyry deposits is often associated with molybdenum minerals. This copper–molybdenum (Cu–Mo) sulfide ore is generally mined from various locations in the mining site; thus, the mineral composition, oxidation degree, mineral particle size, and grade vary. Therefore, in the mining operation, it is common to blend the ores mined from various spots and then process them using flotation. In this study, the floatability of five types of Cu–Mo ores and the blending of these ores in seawater was investigated. The oxidation degree of these Cu–Mo ores was evaluated, and the correlation between flotation recovery and oxidation degree is presented. Furthermore, the flotation kinetics of each Cu–Mo ore were calculated based on a mineralogical analysis using mineral liberation analysis (MLA). A mineralogical prediction model was proposed to estimate the flotation behavior of blended Cu–Mo ore as a function of the flotation behavior of each Cu–Mo ore. The flotation results show that the recovery of copper and molybdenum decreased with the increasing copper oxidization degree. In addition, the recovery of blended ore can be predicted via the flotation rate equation, using the maximum recovery (Rmax) and flotation rate coefficient (k) determined from the flotation rate analysis of each ore before blending. It was found that Rmax and k of the respective minerals slightly decreased with increasing the degree of copper oxidation. Moreover, Rmax varied greatly depending on the mineral species. The total copper and molybdenum recovery were strongly affected by the degree of copper oxidation as the mineral fraction in the ore varied greatly depending upon the degree of oxidation.
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Shang, He, Biao Wu, Jian Kang Wen, and Xing Lan Cui. "Analysis of Microbial Community in Heap Bioleaching of Low-Grade Copper Sulfide Ores." Key Engineering Materials 777 (August 2018): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.277.
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High-throughput sequencing technology also known as "next generation" sequencing technology, compared with the traditional sequencing method has the characteristics of fast speed, high flux, low cost. In recent years the technology in the detection of microbial diversity has been fully applied. In this study, the microbial community of ore heap in different area and different depth was studied by using this method. The results showed the bio - heap leaching of low - grade secondary copper sulfide ore in Zijinshan from China could effectively recover the copper in the ore. The number of microorganisms in the center was significantly larger than that on the edge of ore heap, and as the depth increases in the heap, the number of microorganisms decreases. The dominant bacteria in the ore heap center was Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, in addition there were also some Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans, Ferroplasma cupricumulans, Acidithiobacillus caldus and a small amount of Leptospirillum ferriphilum in the center of the ore heap. Unlike the ore heap center, Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans was the main species on the edge of the ore heap, moreover Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Ferroplasma cupricumulans, Acidithiobacillus caldus and a small amount of Leptospirillum ferriphilum were found on the edge of the ore heap. In addition, some heterotrophic bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Serratia, Sediminibacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Brevundimonas and Variovorax were found both in the center and the edge of the sample, these heterotrophic bacteria may be beneficial for the leaching of valuable metals.
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Wang, jianguo, wen Zhang, Yifan Zhang, Faming Tian, Yunying Duan, and Wenyu Sun. "Analysis on the geochemical characteristics of Chachalongwa copper, lead and zinc polymetallic ores." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 199 (December 19, 2018): 042043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/199/4/042043.
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HUELGA-SUAREZ, G., M. MOLDOVAN, M. SUÁREZ FERNÁNDEZ, M. ÁNGEL DE BLAS CORTINA, F. VANHAECKE, and J. I. GARCÍA ALONSO. "LEAD ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF COPPER ORES FROM THE SIERRA EL ARAMO (ASTURIAS, SPAIN)*." Archaeometry 54, no. 4 (August 31, 2011): 685–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2011.00635.x.
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Kamradt, Andreas, Juliane Schaefer, Axel Schippers, and Sabrina Hedrich. "Comparative Bioleaching and Mineralogical Characterization of Black Shale-Hosted Ores and Corresponding Flotation Concentrates." Solid State Phenomena 262 (August 2017): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.139.
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In this study, two black shale copper ores from different Mid-European Kupferschiefer-type deposits and their flotation concentrates were used for bioleaching tests. All samples were subjected to stirred tank bioleaching using an acidophilic, moderately thermophilic microbial consortium. The distribution of sulfides and gangue minerals in the ores, copper concentrates and residues of both, bioleaching and sterile chemical control tests were investigated using EDX-based particle analysis. The black shale ores and the extracted copper concentrates varied in their mineralogical composition with respect to the distribution of sulfides and gangue. While the copper-bearing sulfides in the Sangerhausen black shale and concentrate were dominated by bornite and chalcopyrite, the Rudna black shale and its flotation concentrate were rich in chalcocite and bornite. Differences in the portion of gangue minerals were detected in particular for carbonates that represented the dominant mineral group in the Rudna black shale and its copper concentrate. Distinct Cu dissolution kinetics and recovery rates of Co and other associated metals were observed for the various materials processed by bioleaching. Copper sulfides were completely dissolved also in both black shale ores. However, the sulfide distribution in the bioleaching residues of the Sangerhausen concentrate revealed that a significant portion of chalcopyrite was not leached. Even higher recovery rates for copper and other metals were determined for the bioleaching tests on the Rudna concentrate, in which copper sulfides were nearly completely dissolved. Alteration of copper sulfides and the formation of calcium sulfate were in particular observed in the sterile control residue of the Rudna concentrate, due to excessively use of sulfuric acid for pH stabilization. Lead sulfate precipitates increasingly occurred in the bioleaching residues, but represented also a common secondary phase in the sterile leaching residues.
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Nogaeva, Kulzhamal, Yessil Alpiyev, Almaz Kozhonov, Valerii Korniyenko, and Yevhenii Malanchuk. "Technological basis of processing of serpentinite copper-gold ores in the Kyrgyz Republic." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 08005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128008005.
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Annotation. The article is devoted to the development of an effective technology for processing serpentinite ores from the Bozymchak deposit in the Kyrgyz Republic. Based upon the analysis of mineralogical, physical and chemical parameters of the ore, the authors set reasons for the decrease in technological indicators of the existing concentrator and determine concentrating properties of the reviewed serpentinite resistant material by applying methods of intensifying the flotation process by using additional flotation collectors/depressors and introducing the process of mechanochemical activation of the pulp before flotation. In the proposed technological flowsheet, main requirements for the technological flowsheet and reagent suite of processing serpentinite ores are formed and it is acknowledged that an increase in the grinding size, introduction of the selective copper collector and additional depressor determines the prospects for improving the “reagent” component of determining factors of the set task. Materials of the article can be useful for mining and processing enterprises while involving resistant copper bearing, magnesian serpentinite ores in the processing in order to increase the raw material base of the existing mining and processing complex.
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Yanishevskya, Elena, Nadezhda Fokina, Ekaterina Selivanova, Alena Kompanchenko, Dmitriy Makarov, and Andrey Goryachev. "Processing of Sulfide Copper-Nickel Ores from the Deposits in Murmansk Region by Heap Leaching." Minerals 11, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080820.
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The feasibility of processing low-grade copper-nickel ores by heap bioleaching was investigated. It was found that an iron-oxidizing strain of acidophilic microorganisms, Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans, is effective in the leaching of sulfide ores from the deposits in Russia’s Murmansk region. Sulfide mineralization of the studied mineral feeds was described using the methods of X-ray phase analysis and optical microscopy. In the process of leaching, the pH and Eh values and the concentrations of ferric and ferrous iron, nickel, and copper ions were monitored. By the end of the experiment, 16.5% of nickel and 7.5% of copper was recovered from the ore of the Allarechensk technogenic deposit, while 22.5% of nickel and 12.7% copper were recovered from the ore of the Nud II deposit. By silicate analysis of the solid phase, patterns of ore chemistry change were described during the process of bioleaching.
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Klochko, Viktor I., Vjacheslav I. Manichev, Galina S. Kompanec, and Miron S. Kovalchuk. "Wychodnie rud miedzi na terenie ukrainy zachodniej jako baza surowcowa metalurgii kolorowej w okresie funkcjonowania kultury trypolskiej." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 10 (November 1, 2018): 47–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2003.10.03.
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The article presents a study of copper ore from western Ukraine aimed at explanation of possibilities of their exploitation for the color metallurgy development during the period of Tripolye culture. It gives a short characteristics of lithological, mineralogical, and geochemical composition of copper ores from the Dneper area, Volhynia, and the Carpathians plateau. It further presents results of chemical and spectral analysis of ore-bearing rocks, evaluation of its current state and potential possibilities of their use in the past. Based upon a statement that metal objects produced during the existence of the Tripolye culture were made of pure copper two methods of its procurement were considered: (a) from a virgin copper, and (b) from oxygenated copper ore of sedimentary origin in which a small number of admixtures was noticed. The paper shows the potential of studies aimed at explanation of the correlation between contemporary and past copper ores and some copper goods from archaeological sites of the Tarnopol region.
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Chambers, B., C. A. Pickles, and J. G. Peacey. "Thermodynamic Analysis of the Sulphation Roasting of Enargite Concentrates." High Temperature Materials and Processes 31, no. 4-5 (October 30, 2012): 613–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0099.
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AbstractThe mining industry is under increasing pressure to assess the extraction of value from complex copper ores, such as those containing enargite (Cu3AsS4), due to the rising demand for copper and gold. A sulphation roast, weak acid leach, and electrowinning process flowsheet has been studied to address the treatment of copper concentrates containing significant amounts of enargite. Copper is recovered from the calcine by acid leaching, with most of the arsenic being fixed in the leach residue after gold extraction by cyanidation. The relative simplicity of roasting combined with proven hydrometallurgical technologies has the potential to be economically advantageous and readily scaled for commercial operation. Based on a proposed reaction mechanism, a thermodynamic analysis has been performed using HSC Chemistry® 6.1 in order to establish an operating window and assess the overall potential feasibility of the proposed flowsheet.
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Benavente, Oscar, Ma Cecilia Hernández, Evelyn Melo, Luis Ardiles, Víctor Quezada, and Yuri Zepeda. "Copper Extraction from Black Copper Ores through Modification of the Solution Potential in the Irrigation Solution." Metals 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9121339.
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This article presented the behavior of ores containing black copper under acid leaching. The solution potential was modified by adding agents, and five leaching conditions were evaluated, one as a control based on sulfuric acid leaching (conventional), and the others by changing the solution potential with: ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), white metal (Cu2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3). Leaching behavior was evaluated with laboratory bottle (ISO-pH) and column leaching tests. Two ores samples from the Lomas Bayas mine were used. The samples, identified as low (LG) and high grade (HG), were characterized as 0.13–0.25% Cu and 0.15–0.38% Mn, respectively. The mineralogical analysis indicated that black copper represented around 20% of total Cu (0.05% Cu). The results of the bottle tests indicated that the solution potential decreased with the addition of reducing agents, while the copper extraction rate with the HG sample increased to 83.7%, which exceeded the extraction rate obtained by conventional acid leaching by 25%. Ozone did not favor the extraction of Mn and Cu extraction when the solution potential increased. Cu and Mn extraction were directly related. The results of the column leaching tests showed that it was possible to maintain the solution potential at values below 600 mV (SHE) with the addition of white metal and sulfur dioxide while obtaining the highest copper extraction rate of approximately 60%, which was 18% higher than the rate obtained with conventional leaching. Sulfuric acid consumption was 11 kg/t over 45 days of leaching.
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Kodali, Phanindra, Nikhil Dhawan, Tolga Depci, C. L. Lin, and Jan D. Miller. "Particle damage and exposure analysis in HPGR crushing of selected copper ores for column leaching." Minerals Engineering 24, no. 13 (October 2011): 1478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2011.07.010.
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Alov, Nikolai, and Pavel Sharanov. "Elemental Analysis of Copper-Zinc Ores by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence using Nonaqueous Suspensions." Analytical Letters 51, no. 11 (March 26, 2018): 1789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2017.1390758.
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M., Ankushev, Zaykov V., Molchanov I., Koryakova L., Panteleyeva S., and Yuminov A. "Metallurgical Slags and Ore Fragments from the Kamenny Ambar Bronze Age Settlement (Southern Urals): a Key to Knowledge of Copper Sources." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 33, no. 1 (2021): 34–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2021)33(1).-03.
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Abstract: The paper presents the characteristics of metallurgical slags and copper ore fragments from the Kamenny Ambar settlement of the Bronze Age. According to the mineral and chemical compositions we have distinguished two types of the slags: Cr-rich spinel containing olivine slags and sulfide-containing olivine slags. The Cr-rich spinel containing olivine slags are the product of oxidized ore from the copper deposits in ultramafic rocks exploited in the early Sintashta-Petrovka period the settlement functioning. The sulfide-containing olivine slags are the result of the secondary sulfide ores from the massive-sulfide, and less likely copper porphyry deposits during the latter Srubnaya-Alakul period. A similar change in the copper ore raw material type was also recorded in other Bronze Age settlements in the Southern Urals. In the Kamenny Ambar settlement and analogs, we have defined the main indicating minerals which allow us to determine the source for the Cu raw metal in historical time: Cr-rich spinels, sulfides, and tourmalines. Keywords: metallurgical slags, Bronze Age, Kamenny Ambar, South Ural, copper ores, mineral inclusions Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation project No. 16–18– 10332‑P: analysis of slags and ores was carried out by M. N. Ankushev, V. V. Zaykov, A. M. Yuminov; the archaeological aspect of the work was analyzed by L. N. Koryakova, I. V. Molchanov (chronostratigraphic distribution of slags), S. E. Panteleeva (chronostratigraphic distribution of ceramics and ores). The authors are grateful to I. P. Alaeva, D. A. Artemyev, E. V. Belogub, A. V. Epimakhov, V. A. Kotlyarov, G. F. Lonschakova, M. S. Svirenko, L. G. Udachina. Filippova K. A., Khvorov P. V., Churin E. I., Sharapova S. V.
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Parfenova, Larisa, and Olga Ekimova. "The study of the main soil types and their composition in the Tarnier deposit." E3S Web of Conferences 177 (2020): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017704006.
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In this paper, soil types found on the territory of the Tarnier deposit of copper pyrite ores are considered. The contents of rock-forming components in the main soil types are determined. The analysis of excesses of permissible concentrations in soils was performed.
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Glukhov, A. N. "Base metal mineralization of the Kolyma terrain in Northeast Russia: Overview and genetic classification." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 19, no. 5 (November 23, 2019): 717–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2019-19-5-717-730.
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Research subject. The Prikolyma terrain located in the Northeastern part ofRussia constitutes a long-lived Precambrian thrust-faulted structure hosting numerous Cu, Pb and Zn deposits of different types.Materials and methods. The mineralization of the terrain was examined during a course of research and exploration works over the 2007–2012. The rock geochemistry was studied using ICP-OES analysis at the Stuart Geochemistry and Essay laboratory (Moscow). The microprobe analysis of minerals was carried out at the facilities of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Magadan) using a Camebax X-ray microanalyzer. The isotopic ratios of sulphur in sulphides were measured using a Finnigan MAT 253 isotope mass spectrometer.Results. The porphyry-copper deposit Nevidimka is represented by skarns and sulphide-quartz stockworks embedded in porphyry granites. The vein deposits Opyt and Glukhoye constitute sulphide-carbonate-quartz veins, the composition of which corresponds to copper-polymetallic ores of the peripheral parts of the copper-porphyry formation. These deposits feature a similar geochemistry and composition of sulphides and sulphur isotopes, which is characteristic of the Riphean complexes of the Prikolyma terrain. The stratiform Pb-Zn veins Nadezhda-3 and Khaya enclosed in Proterozoic dolomites represent parallel-bedding disseminated sulphides. The composition of these ores indicates their diagenetic origin. Tne stratiform copper deposit Oroyok is embedded in Proterozoic shales and can be referred to sediment-hosted copper deposits of a transgressive type.Conclusions. The diversity of Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization types in the Prikolyma terrain is established to have resulted from multiple cyclic changes of the geodynamic ore formation regime. During each such cycle, syngenetic mineralization was followed first by epigenetic and then by vein mineralization. The mobile, thrust-faulted structure caused repeated rejuvenation of ores, which inherited the geochemical features of hosting rocks.
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Gerbish, S., S. Ganchimeg, and N. Sodnom. "Multielemental photon activation analysis of copper-molybdenum ores and products of processing using a microtron bremsstrahlung." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 168, no. 2 (February 1993): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02040533.
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Popov, Oleg, Irina Talovina, Holger Lieberwirth, and Asiia Duriagina. "Quantitative Microstructural Analysis and X-ray Computed Tomography of Ores and Rocks—Comparison of Results." Minerals 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020129.
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Profound knowledge of the structure and texture of rocks and ores as well as the behavior of the materials under external loads is essential to further improvements in size reduction processes, particularly in terms of liberation size. New analytical methods such as computer tomography (CT) were adopted to improve the understanding of material characteristics in rocks and ores relevant to mineral processing, particular the crushing and grinding and the modelling/simulation thereof. Results obtained on the texture and structure of identical samples of rather different rocks and ores (copper ore, granodiorite, kimberlite) are compared by CT with quantitative results from traditional optical microscopy obtained by quantitative microstructural analysis (QMA). While the two approaches show a good agreement of the results in many areas, the measurements with the two different methods also exhibit remarkable differences in other areas, which are discussed further. In conclusion, both methods have their specific advantages starting from sample preparation to the accuracy of information obtained concerning certain parameters of mode and fabric. While sample preparation is faster with CT and information on special distribution of metal minerals is more reliable, the information on mode, grain size and clustering seem to be more precise with QMA. Based on the results, it can be concluded that both methods are comparable in many areas, but in in the field of spatial distribution, they are merely complementary.
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Borkowski, Przemyslaw J. "Comminution of Copper Ores with the Use of a High-Pressure Water Jet." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 28, 2020): 6274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236274.
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The article presents research on the comminution of copper ore in a self-constructed mill using high-pressure water jet energy to investigate the usefulness of such a method for comminuting copper ore. As a result, ore particles are obtained that are characterized by appropriate comminution and a significant increase in their specific surface, in turn allowing for potential further processing of the mineral. A comparative analysis of the efficiency of copper ore comminution, primarily taking into account the unit energy consumption and the efficiency of the milling process, clearly indicates that the energy absorption of hydro-jet material comminuting is lower than during mechanical grinding, e.g., in a planetary ball mill. The applicability of the technique depends on the brittle nature of the host rock, e.g., it is especially appropriate for sandstone and shale ores.
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Krawczykowska, Aldona, Kazimierz Trybalski, and Damian Krawczykowski. "The Application of Modern Techniques and Measurement Devices for Identification of Copper Ore Types and Their Properties / Wykorzystanie nowoczesnych technik i urządzeń pomiarowych do identyfikacji typów rud miedzi i ich właściwości." Archives of Mining Sciences 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 433–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2013-0029.
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The paper concerns the application of modern methods and research techniques for investigations of copper ore properties. It presents the procedure and tools which, when put together, can constitute a source of information on properties of different products of processing and, simultaneously, can be used in the process control and optimization. The copper ore of one of the branches of the KHGM Polska Miedz plc was investigated. The ore samples represented each of the three lithological types occurring in the Polish deposits, i.e. carbonate, shale and sandstone ores. The paper presents the results of microscopic analyses, image analysis of scanning photographs and application procedures of the obtained information for the identification of ore types (application of neuron networks to the recognition of lithological compositions). The present publication will present sample results of modelling of classification identifying two types of ores, i.e. carbonate-shale and sandstone. Summing up the predictions of ore type fractions in respective mixtures for the considered problem of classification it can be stated that the prediction results are good and confirm the lithological predominance of certain ore types in the investigated mixtures. The experimental part comprised the determination of mineralogical and lithological composition of ores (optical microscope) and also elemental composition in the microareas of analysed samples (scanning microscope). Next, the image analysis was performed and subsequently the models classifying the ore types were made.
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Kryukov, Viktor G., Natalya A. Lavrik, Natalya M. Litvinova, and Valentina F. Stepanova. "Typomorphic minerals oxidation zone of gold-copper porphyry ore of the Malmyzh deposit (Svoboda)." Georesursy 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2019.3.91-98.
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The Malmyzh gold-copper porphyry deposit located in the central part of the Khabarovsk region has a rather developed oxidation zone. The object was identified during the exploration and evaluation work in the 70s, but received a negative assessment in terms of prospects for ore gold. LLC “Amur-Minerals” began to geological study of Malmyzh zone in 2005. Exploration work continues at the present time. The mineral composition of primary ore deposits is well studied. While the common minerals like a limonite and goethite are marked for the oxidation zone the most of minerals that may have a typomorphic meaning in solving genetic and other issues are beyond the purview of researchers. The study relevance of the mineral composition of the oxidation zone are due to the fact that its share and intensively oxidized ores account for up to 7% of gold and copper. The authors carried out a mineralogical and technological composition research of the oxidation zone of one of the sites of the Malmyzh deposit using small technological samples. The main part of samples is kaolinized and limonitized diorite porphyrites. In the oxidized ores, there are: limonite, goethite, magnetite, pyrite, less often – arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and developed on copper and iron sulfides, covelline, bornite, azurite and malachite. Visible grains (0,2-0,7 mm) were established using mineralogical analysis including instrumental. They are: native gold, platinum, platinum zirconium intermetallic, copper, aluminum, zinc; diamonds are typomorphic minerals of both practical and theoretical importance. Blast tube consisting magmatic-hydrothermal breccias was opened in the northwestern part of site. Thus, the association of the listed minerals is unique and allows to restore the conditions of formation of the oxidation zone and the genesis of primary ores.
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Mansurov, M. I., B. H. Galandarov, U. I. Karimli, and A. I. Huseynov. "Distribution of Gold and Associated Ore-Bearing Elements in Gold-Copper-Pyrite Ores of the Kyzylbulag Deposit (Lesser Caucasus, Azerbaijan)." UNIVERSITY NEWS. NORTH-CAUCASIAN REGION. NATURAL SCIENCES SERIES, no. 3 (207) (October 2, 2020): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1026-2237-2020-3-51-59.
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The article presents the results of studies of the distribution of gold and associated ore elements in gold-copper pyrite ores of the Kyzylbulag deposit. It was established that the elemental composition of ores and host rocks of the deposit includes Cu, Pb, Au, Ag, Ni, As, Sb, Bi, and Mo, of which Au, Cu, Ag, and Zn are the more stable. The behavior of elements was also studied for the entire ore body, as a result of which they are divided by cluster analysis at R (5 %) - 0.1 into two groups: 1) Au, Cu and Ag; 2) Pb and Zn. The closest relationship in the first group was found between Au and Cu, Au and Ag, Ag and Cu; and in the second, between Pb and Zn. Acquired results confirm that gold and the copper are the major components of ore in the field expressed generally in the mineral paragenesis of chalcopyrite - native gold shown in the independent hydrothermal stage of ore deposition.
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Duryagina, Asiya, Gerhard Heide, Irina Talovina, and Arturo Bravo. "Mineralogical and morphometric aspects of the rock analysis as the basis for choosing a scheme for ore preparation." E3S Web of Conferences 192 (2020): 02023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019202023.
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The complexity of deep processing of fine-grained and refractory mineral raw materials is determined by the difficulty of disclosing aggregates of ore components during disintegration and extracting them into commercial products of standard quality. The main task of the disintegration of such ores is to destroy the object along the phase boundaries without overgrinding while minimizing energy costs. To implement selective disintegration, a precise study of the properties of the mineral components of the ore is necessary. However, there are no systematic data on the effect and relationship of the mineralogical-technological, structural-textural and physical-technical properties of minerals, rocks and ores with the processes of selective disintegration. The article presents the results of computer microtomographic and optical-microscopic studies of the structural and textural characteristics of typical sulfide copper-nickel ores using a SkyScan-1173 microtomograph from Bruker (Belgium), as well as a specialized, accredited as a measuring tool, Thixomet Pro software (Russia). The studies made it possible to identify automatically 19 morphometric parameters of ore grains in three mutually perpendicular sections, the most informative of which were the grain size of individual ore minerals, their perimeter, distance between grains and grain shape (sphericity, edge roughness, and others). The obtained quantitative characteristics of the structural and textural parameters, the analysis of the granulometric composition of the grains of ore minerals make it possible to assess the possibility of using selective grinding at various stages of ore preparation.
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Kłeczek, Zdzisław, Zygmunt Niedojadło, Edward Popiołek, Wojciech Skobliński, Paweł Sopata, Tomasz Stoch, Artur Wójcik, and Dagmara Zeljaś. "Mining Hazards Analysis with Simultaneous Mining Copper Ores and Salt Deposits in LGOM (Legnica-Głogów Copper Belt) Mines with Regard to Dynamic Influences." Archives of Mining Sciences 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 553–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2016-0040.
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Abstract In the case of locating two bedded deposits of different mineral resources in a small vertical distance, additional or increased mining hazards can occur (deformations of the rock mass, crumps and mining shocks, hazards to the land surface). This paper has thoroughly examined the impact of exploitation of the lower-located deposit of copper ore on the higher-located deposit of salt as well as the reverse situation as regards the dynamic phenomena, being the greatest lithospheric hazard in LGOM. At the same time theoretical models of processes were applied, verified by previous observations in situ in mines of Legnica-Głogów Copper Belt.
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SOKOLOV, Igor, Yury ANTIPIN, and Artem ROZHKOV. "MODERNIZATION OF THE MINING SYSTEM OF SMALL DEPOSITS OF RICH COPPER PYRITE ORES." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 444–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2020-12-3-444-453.
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The purpose work. Substantiation and selection of a safe and effective option of mining technology of the experimental block in the pilot industrial mining of the Skalistoe deposit. Method of research. Analysis and synthesis of project solutions, experience in mining inclined low-thickness ore bodies, economic and mathematical modeling and optimization of the parameters of options mining systems in the conditions of the experimental block. Results of research. As a result of research it was established: - the sublevel caving mining system with the parameters adopted in the project does not guarantee the completeness of the extraction of reserves and the effectiveness of mining operations. Project indicators of extraction by sublevel caving technology with frontal ore drawing are overestimated and difficult to achieve in these geological and technical conditions (combination of low thickness and angle of ore body); project scheme for the delivery and transportation of rock mass seems impractical due to the significant volume of heading workings and increased transportation costs; - eight technically rational options of various mining systems were constructed, most relevant to the geological and technical conditions of the deposit. Five variants of the sublevel chamber system and pillar caving, a project variant of sublevel caving technology with frontal ore drawing and two options flat-back cut-and-fill system were considered; - for mining the Skalistoe deposit, according to the results of economic and mathematical modeling, optimal by the criterion of profit per 1 ton of balance reserves of ore is a option of the technology of chamber extraction with dual chambers, frontal drawing of ore by remote-controlled load-haul-dump machine and subsequent pillars caving, as having the greatest profit; - the calculations justified stable spans of dual chambers (25.3 m) and the width of panel pillars (3 m). With an allowable span of 25.3 m, the roof of the dual chambers will be stable with a safety factor of 1.41, and a panel pillar with a width of 3 m has a sufficient margin of safety (more than 1.6) in the whole range of ore body thickness variation; - the proposed scheme of delivery and transportation of rock mass, which allows to reduce the volume of tunnel works by 26% and the average length of transportation by 10-15% compared with the project. Findings. Developed in the process of modernization the technology sublevel chamber system with double-chamber, compared with the project technology, it is possible to significantly increase the efficiency of mining of the low thickness deposit of rich ores Skalistoe by reducing the specific volume of preparatory-rifled work by 34%, the cost of mined ore by 12%, losses and ore dilution – by 2 and 2.9 times, respectively.
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Nowak, Izabella. "Practical aspects of estimating the quantitative mineral composition of copper-bearing sedimentary rocks on the basis a calculation procedure analogical to the CIPW norm." Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego 472, no. 472 (November 20, 2018): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6912.
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The paper presents a possibility of estimating the content of ore minerals based on chemical analyses of copper-bearing sedimentary rock samples from the North-Sudetic Synclinorium and from the Fore-Sudetic Monocline using a calculation procedure similar to the CIPW norm. The mineralogical data was obtained by means of an optical microscope and an electron microprobe (EPMA). The quantitative composition of gangue minerals was determined using the XRD method, and of the ores by the computer microscopic image analysis (CAMI). The actual set of gangue and ore minerals, their chemical composition, and proportions of copper ores were determined in the samples. Elements that are the main components of identified minerals were selected. The calculation procedure has been developed in accordance with the mineralogical and chemical data. The set of ore minerals determined based on the calculation of the weight ratios is consistent with the microscopic observations of copper-bearing rocks. The obtained ore contents are similar or slightly higher in poorly mineralized samples and slightly lower in highly mineralized samples in comparison to the results of the CAMI method. These differences may be due to different methods of averaging samples (powdered, averaged rock samples, and a thin section). The calculated ore proportions are consistent with those obtained by the CAMI method. The study calculations of the quantitative ore mineral composition using the calculation procedure analogical to the CIPW norm can be used to a preliminary approximation of the quantity of ores in geological prospection and exploration studies, but they require testing of more variants of the element partition between the set of minerals.
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. "Oxhide Copper Ingots in Crete and Cyprus and the Bronze Age Metals Trade." Annual of the British School at Athens 81 (November 1986): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400020098.
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Lead isotope and neutron activation analyses of second millennium BC copper ingots are described. Examples from Cyprus, from the Mathiati hoard, and from Skouriotissa are consistent, and show similarities with Late Cypriot bronze artefacts from Hala Sultan Teke and Ayios Dhimitrios. Analysis of the Hagia Triada ingots shows that these Cretan examples were not imports from Cyprus. The possibility that they used Cretan ores is discussed and rejected. It is tentatively suggested they may be of Anatolian origin. It is clear that the Late Bronze Age metal trade was organized on a more complex basis than was previously assumed to be the case.
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Mamonov, Sergei. "Technological characteristics of sulfide-magnetite ore washability at the magnetite skarn Peschanskoe deposit." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal, no. 4 (June 25, 2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2021-4-45-56.
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Introduction. In the magnetite lime-skarn Peschanskoe deposit, the Zapadno-Peschanskaya ore deposit is distinguished, which differs from other ore bodies by an increased content of copper and precious metals. Due to the fact that the technology of processing magnetite ores of the Peschanskoe deposit at the enterprise of the subsurface user is configured to receive only iron concentrate, the development of a comprehensive technology for processing sulfide-magnetite ores is an urgent task. Research aim is to study the material composition and sulfide-magnetite ore concentration of the ZapadnoPeschanskaya ore deposit and to develop a comprehensive technology for its processing. The technology should ensure gold-containing, copper and iron concentrates production. Research methods consisted in studying the material composition of sulfide-magnetite ore by means of quantitative chemical analysis using Arcos emission spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma, Solaar atomic absorption spectrometer, CS-800sulfur analyzer, Titration Excellence T-70 automatic titration system, and Specord 250 Plus scanning spectrophotometer; chemical phase analysis for the forms of iron, copper, gold, silver and sulfur compounds; mineralogical analysis using the Axio Imager A1m optical microscope and Mineral C7 automated analyzer. Technological research was carried out by various concentration methods: X-ray radiometric separation on the SRF1-100L separator; dry magnetic separation on the PBS-90/25 magnetic separator; gravity on the KC-MD3 centrifugal concentrator and the SKL-0.2 concentration table; flotation on the FMP-L series flotation machines; wet magnetic separation on the electromagnetic separator EBM-32/20. Scope of results. The present research result can be used at complex sulfide-magnetite ores processing. Conclusions. The results of the material composition research and technological properties of the sulfidemagnetite ore of the Zapadno-Peschanskaya deposit of the Peschanskoe skarnovo-magnetite deposit are presented. It is established that the researched ore can be efficiently processed using a complex gravityflotation-magnetic technology, which allows to obtain: gravity gold-containing concentrate with a mass fraction of gold of 50 g/t at recovery of 27%; copper concentrate with a mass fraction of 23.71%, gold – 18.9 g/t and silver – 60.0 g/t when extracted, respectively, 93.6%, 42.9% and 54.6%; magnetite concentrate with a mass fraction of iron 66.5%, sulfur 0.7% with the recovery of total iron 76.6%.
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Song, Jin Long, Shuang Jiang Liu, and Cheng Ying Jiang. "Bioleaching of Chalcopyrite by Thermophilic Archaea." Advanced Materials Research 1130 (November 2015): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.338.
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Bioleaching and biooxidation of sulfidicores and concentrates generate very high acidities and a great of heat, which rise the temperature in the reactors or heaps, and accumulate the sulfur on the surface of the ores. Extremely thermoacidophilic archaea, mainly from the genus ofAcidianus, Sulfolobus,Metallosphaeraandsulfurisphaera, have great potential to contribute to biomining processes for their inherent tolerance for low pH, high temperature, and high-soluble metal concentrations. Species of the genusMetallosphaeratypically grow by aerobic respiration on CO2with S0, tetrathionate (S4O62+), and Fe2+as electron donors, particularly suitble for metal extraction under high temperature by their iron- and sulfur-oxidation ability. Several species fromMetallosphaeraandAcidianusgenerawere investigated for their ability and conditions to dissolve various ores under a range of conditions. All of them showed good performance in copper extraction from chalcopyrite, with strainM.cuprinaAr-4 displaying higher activity than others. Surface analysis of chalcopyrite leached with the strain showed the leaching products accumulated on the ores. Our study will cover new understandings on the application of these thermoacidophilic archaea in biomining.
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Pashkova, Galina V., Victor M. Chubarov, Timur F. Akhmetzhanov, Alena N. Zhilicheva, Maria M. Mukhamedova, Alexandr L. Finkelshtein, and Olga Yu Belozerova. "Total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry as a tool for the direct elemental analysis of ores: Application to iron, manganese, ferromanganese, nickel-copper sulfide ores and ferromanganese nodules." Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 168 (June 2020): 105856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2020.105856.
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Haglund, Dan. "Regulating FDI in weak African states: a case study of Chinese copper mining in Zambia." Journal of Modern African Studies 46, no. 4 (November 11, 2008): 547–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x08003480.
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ABSTRACTChina's engagement with African countries is growing rapidly, spanning trade, investment and development cooperation. Some observers have suggested that poor operating standards among Chinese investors may contribute to the social ills associated with extractive industries and undermine host countries' sustainable development. Drawing on case study data from the copper mining sector in Zambia, this paper argues that the economic and political context surrounding Chinese investment risks undermining the effectiveness of local environmental, social and fiscal regulation. The analysis first explores particular characteristics of large-scale Chinese investment, including the prevalence of state-led financing and the challenges of effectively monitoring overseas Chinese projects. It proceeds to place these characteristics within the host country regulatory context, which in the case of Zambia features significant capacity constraints, political interventionism and a pervasive lack of transparency. The paper argues that, within a weak regulatory setting, Chinese investment may pose significant challenges for effective business regulation. Yet the resulting state-firm dynamics are by no means exclusive to Chinese investment. Rather, it is host country regulatory characteristics, in combination with certain features of investors' corporate governance, that together herald a new set of challenges for business regulation in developing African countries.
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Imasiku, K., and E. Ntagwirumugara. "Sustainable energy supply and business collaborations for sustainability, resilience and competitiveness in the Zambian copper industry after Covid-19." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 32, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2021/v32i1a8083.
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The mining industry in Zambia is energy-intensive, with hydro energy providing the required energy. But other sources of energy may need to be added, because hydro energy is subject to good rain patterns, threatened by the spectre of climate change, as already indicated by the current prolonged hours of load shedding by state-owned , Zambia Electricity Supply Company. This research looks at state-of-art mining technologies and collaborative business processes that leverage on the expected ramp in copper and cobalt (Cu-Co) global demand post-Covid-19, to help design resilient business systems by manufacturing, source goods and services within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region to lower Cu-Co production costs, and maximise profits through shared resources and bilateral trade agreements. With evidence, projection and predictions by global leaders in the Cu-Co industry, this study evaluates the preparedness and resilience of the Zambian mining industry for sustainable energy supply, environmental sustainability, and suggests some possible business collaborations within the SADC region to share the following resources: metal refineries, transportation of goods and services, expertise and energy supplies within SADC, to enhance business sustainability. The study shows that the resilience of Cu-Co business in resource-rich nations like Zambia is complex and is heavily influenced by investment decisions, stakeholder interests, copper ore grades and extractive process types, reliable power supply, and socio-economic and political issues. The significance of this study is that it proposes some business collaborations within SADC that can increase energy reliability and supply, Cu-Co production, increase business resilience, improve global competitiveness and sustainability by exploring energy efficiency and generation-mix strategy.
Highlights
A sustainable energy analysis for Zambia.
Establishing the role of mine multi-national enterprises concerning environmental sustainability.
Proposing copper business resilience collaborations within SADC.
Developing a mining business resilience and sustainability model for sustainable power supply, high production, profitability and global competitiveness.
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Galevskii, G. V., O. A. Polyakh, V. V. Rudneva, and A. E. Anikin. "Analysis of the current state of molybdenum mineral and raw material base, mining and processing of molybdenum-containing ores." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 7 (August 11, 2020): 665–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-7-665-675.
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Molybdenum has a complex of practically significant properties and is widely used for alloying steels and cast irons, in the composition of alloys of various purposes, as well as a structural material in pure form. Molybdenum belongs to the group of rare metals, which causes the relevance of analytical research of the modern state of the mineral- raw material base of molybdenum, extraction and processing of molybdenum-containing ores. The results of analysis of the mineral-raw material base of molybdenum of foreign countries and Russia, assessment of prospects of its expansion are presented. The confirmed world molybdenum resources amount to 12 million tons, including domestic – 2 million tons. 75% of molybdenum reserves are concentrated in the USA, China, Chile, Peru and Canada. Description of the types of deposits of molybdenum, copper-molybdenum and molybdenum-tungsten ores, the main types of molybdenum minerals has been quoted. Methods of ore concentration of various composition for production of molybdenum concentrates, additional enrichment of molybdenum concentrate and industrial practice of molybdenum concentrate processing are considered. In terms of ore quality domestic and foreign raw material base of molybdenum are comparable. 63% of domestic production of molybdenum-containing ores is provided by OJSC “Sorsky GOK”, 33% – OJSC “Zhirekenskiy GOK”. These enterprises produce molybdenum concentrates of grades КМФ-5, КМФ-6, КМФ-7. Their production capacity is about 12 thousand tons of concentrate per year. Molybdenum concentrates are processed by pyro- and hydrometallurgical methods and are an industrial product for production of ferromolybdenum and its chemical compounds. The total capacity of molybdenum concentrate processing plants is 300 thousand tons per year.
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Abud Louro, Vinicius Hector, Marta Silvia Maria Mantovani, and Vanessa Biondo Ribeiro. "Integrated geologic and geophysical interpretation of the Buraco da Velha copper deposit (Rondônia, Brazil): A basis for exploring in related environments." GEOPHYSICS 82, no. 3 (May 1, 2017): B121—B133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0345.1.
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The Buraco da Velha copper deposit lies at the northern limit of the Parecis Basin in the Colorado Graben, Rondônia, Brazil. New geophysical data indicate the presence of a magnetic source below and to the north of the Buraco da Velha deposit, where it corresponds with high gamma-ray U, Th, and K counts. We have studied the source of the magnetic anomaly and delineated it through derivative transforms, Euler deconvolution, MaxiMin total magnetization direction analysis, staged inverse modeling, Th/K ratio, and radiometric ternary imaging. The magnetic anomaly is elongated in the east–west direction and measures [Formula: see text], and the top of the source is estimated to lie at depths mostly between 50 and 100 m. Based on the magnetic model, we indirectly estimate a Jurassic to Cretaceous age, which is compatible with the 180–80 Ma range dated for the copper mineralization. Gamma-ray data are consistent with the hydrothermal alteration in the sedimentary cover and with the presence of an intrusion in the subsurface. We suggest that the intrusion of the magnetic body generated the necessary thermal energy to mix an already oxidized brine and sulfide-bearing fluids at the border of the Parecis Basin, leading to copper deposition and providing a potential analog for similar environments of mineral deposits elsewhere, such as in the Kupferschiefer deposit (Poland) and the Zambia Copper Belt (Zambia).
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Ou, Zhi Yuan, and Jin Hui Li. "A Novel Route for Copper Recovery from Waste Printed Circuit Boards via Mechanochemistry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 768 (June 2015): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.768.569.
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This paper mainly introduces a novel route for copper recovery from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) via mechanochemistry. Copper in the crust is most commonly present as copper-iron-sulfide and copper-sulfide minerals (about 80%) and there exist many methods to extract copper from cooper ores in mineral engineering. It seems an alternative to transform the metallic components in obsolete materials to their corresponding compounds common in nature. By means of mechanochemistry, copper and sulfur were verified to form into copper sulfide in the model experiment, where, meanwhile, the optimal ball milling time was determined (20 minutes). In the real experiment, WPCB fragments and sulfur were mixed and ground for 20 minutes, no copper was detected by XRD analysis but copper sulfide was left. After leaching in sulfuric acid (3M) and hydrogen peroxide (30 wt%), the yield of copper reached nearly 95% and, also, resin was conserved for further utilization. This paper, for the first time, reports the green recovery route combining mechanical activation and sulfurization and may provide an alternative in other studies of metal recovery.
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Ucurum, Ali, Cigdem Sahin Demir, Nazmi Otlu, Mustafa Erturk, Taner Ekici, Jason Kirk, Joaquin Ruiz, Ryan Mathur, and Greg B. Arehart. "Re-Os Age and Stable Isotope (O-H-S-Cu) Geochemistry of North Eastern Turkey’s Kuroko-Type Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits: An Example from Cerattepe-Artvin." Minerals 11, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020226.
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The eastern Pontide tectonic belt (EPTB) contains greater than 350 identified Kuroko type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits/mineralization/occurrences (VMSD). The deposits are associated with Late Cretaceous felsic volcanics consisting mainly of dacitic and rhyolitic lavas and pyroclastics that outcrop within a narrow zone running parallel to the eastern Black Sea coast and represent the axial zone of a paleo-magmatic arc. The Cerattepe deposit is the second-largest and is a hybrid VMS system with some epithermal features. To date, no geochemical research constrains the origin and timing of mineralization in the Cerattepe VMS deposit. Here, we provide Cu, O, H and S, isotope analysis of ores and alteration minerals to understand the hydrothermal history of the deposit and date the massive ore with Re-Os geochronology. Secondary weathering mobilized and redistributed metals in the deposit. The copper isotope signatures of shallow ores in the gossan follow patterns resulting from oxidative weathering of copper minerals with gossan Fe oxides of δ65Cu = −2.59‰, enrichment zone copper sulfide of d65Cu = +2.23 and +1.73‰, and primary ores of δ65Cu = +0.71 and +0.41‰. At the boundary of the enrichment zone, further cycling and migration of enrichment zone copper are evidenced by two samples having larger ranges of the δ65Cu = +3.59‰, and −2.93‰. Evidence for a magmatic source for fluids and S are evidenced by the O and H isotope values from quartz veins (δ18O = +7.93‰ to +10.82‰, and δD = −78‰ and −68‰) and sulfides that possess δ34S ratios of –5 and 0‰ from drill core samples. 187Os/188Os–187Re/188Os ratios from drill core sulfide samples of Cerattepe VMS deposit yields a 62±3 Ma isochron age and a highly radiogenic Os initial ratio. This age is compatible with silicate alteration ages from a proximal deposit and clearly shows mineralization occurs at a much younger time than previously proposed for VMS mineralization in the eastern Pontides. The new Re-Os age and source of Os imply that mineralization in the area occurs at a distinctly younger interval in the back-arc basin and metals could be sourced from the surrounding host rocks.
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Remonsellez, Francisco, F. Galleguillos, Sonestie Janse van Rensburg, G. F. Rautenbach, Pedro A. Galleguillos, Danny Castillo, and Cecilia Demergasso. "Monitoring of Microbial Community Inhabiting a Low-Grade Copper Sulphide Ore by Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis of 16S rRNA Genes." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.539.
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Microbial heap bioleaching is being used as an industrial process to recover copper from low grade ores. It is known that a consortium of different microorganisms participates in this process. Therefore identification and quantification of communities inhabiting heap bioleaching operations is a key step for understanding the dynamics and role of these microorganisms in the process. A quantitative real-time PCR approach was used to investigate the microbial dynamics in this process. To study the microbial population inhabiting a low-grade copper sulphide ore bioleaching industrial heap process at Escondida Mine in Chile, 16S rRNA genetic libraries were constructed using bacterial and archaeal universal primers. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences retrieved from genetic libraries showed that the community is mainly composed by microoganisms related to Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (2 strains), Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, Leptospirillum ferriphilum and the archaea Ferroplasma. Specific primers for real-time PCR determination were designed and tested to amplify each of the sequences obtained by cloning. Standard curves for real time PCR were performed using plasmid DNA from selected clones. This methodology is actually being used to monitor relevant microorganisms inhabiting this low-grade copper sulphide ore bioleaching industrial heap.
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Kiss, Viktória. "Transformations of Metal Supply during the Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin." Hungarian Historical Review 9, no. 2 (2020): 315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.38145/2020.2.315.
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This paper presents recent research questions which have been raised and methods which have been used in the study of Bronze Age metallurgy in connection with available natural resources (ores) in and around the Carpathian Basin. This topic fits in the most current trends in the research on European prehistoric archaeology. Given the lack of written sources, copper and bronze artifacts discovered in settlement and cemetery excavations and prehistoric mining sites provide the primary sources on which the studies in question are based. The aim of compositional and isotope analysis of copper and tin ores, metal tools, ornaments, and weapons is to determine the provenience of the raw materials and further an understanding of the chaine operatiore of prehistoric metal production. The Momentum Mobility Research Group of the Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities studies these metal artifacts using archaeological and scientific methods. It has focused on the first thousand years of the Bronze Age (2500–1500 BC). Multidisciplinary research include non-destructive XRF, PGAA (promptgamma activation), TOF-ND (time-of-flight neutron diffraction) analyses and neutron radiography, as well as destructive methods, e.g. metal sampling for compositional and lead isotope testing, alongside archaeological analysis. Microstructure studies are also efficient methods for determining the raw material and production techniques. The results suggest the use of regional ore sources and interregional connections, as well as several transformations in the exchange network of the prehistoric communities living in the Carpathian Basin.
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Liu, Mei Hua, Yi Qiang Liang, Sheng Jian, and Xu Dong Zhang. "Flotation of a Copper-Lead Sulfide-Oxide Ore：Using a Combined Depressant for Galena and an Effective Activator D2 for Copper Oxide Minerals." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 3368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.3368.
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The properties of a Cu-Pb oxide ore are investigated by XRD and SEM. Results show that the ore is characterized by chalcocite, galena, azurite and cerusite. Copper and lead phases analysis show that the oxidation rates of copper and lead are up to 70% and 72%, respectively. In order to get a good flotation performance for the difficult-to-treat ore, an efficient flotation technology of bulk flotation of Cu-Pb sulfides，separation of Cu-Pb sulfides, copper and lead oxides flotation has been developed. By applying the combined depressants (sodium thiosulfate + peroxide), activator Disulhydroxybenzen Thiodiazole (developed by Kunming Metallurgy Research Institute) in copper oxide flotation and sodium sulfide in flotation of lead oxide, chalcocite and galena can be separated and the Cu-Pb oxides can be activated. Results in closed circuit test show that when the feed assays 0.59% Cu, 2.40% Pb and 39.87 g/t Ag, marketable copper sulfide and oxide concentrates, lead sulfide and oxide concentrates can be obtained. At the same time, silver got enriched in the concentrates too. This study is expected to give a technical support in utilizing this complex Cu-Pb oxide ores.
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Wang, Ping, Bret Howard, Nicholas Means, Dushyant Shekhawat, and David Berry. "Coal Chemical-Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU) Using a Cu-Based Oxygen Carrier Derived from Natural Minerals." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 17, 2019): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081453.
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Chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) is considered a promising technology to burn solid fuels with improved CO2 capture and has the potential to improve fuel conversion and reaction rates. Cu-based oxygen carriers (Cu-OC) are often used in solid fuel CLOU. This study focused on investigating Cu-OC derived from a natural mineral for solid fuel CLOU because of their potentially lower cost compared to synthetic OCs. Reactivity and recyclability of a natural ore-derived Cu-OC on coal char (Powder River Basin sub-bituminous coal) were studied at 900 °C in Ar and air using TGA-QMS and fixed-bed reactor-QMS for five cycles. Cu-OC was prepared by simply heating chalcopyrite in air. Chalcopyrite is one of the principle copper sulfide ores and one of the primary ores for copper. The prepared Cu-OC had primarily CuO and CuFe2O4 (CuOFe2O3) as active compounds based on XRD analysis and an oxygen capacity 3.3% from oxygen uncoupling. The carbon conversion efficiency Xc was 0.94 for reduction at a ratio of Cu-OC to char ϕ = 75 and the product gas was primarily CO2 with trace O2. The reactivities and the rates were similar for five redox cycles. These results indicate that the natural ore-derived material with low cost has potential as a competitive oxygen carrier in solid fuel CLOU based on its reactivity in this study.
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Solikhov, M. M., A. V. Aksenov, M. I. Karimov, G. G. Mineev, and O. B. Rakhmanov. "An optimal technological scheme for flotation concentration of gold-copper-arsenic ores of the Taror deposit (Republic of Tajikistan)." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 25, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 498–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2021-4-498-508.
Full textAbstract:
This article investigates the effect of material size on the efficiency of flotation concentration of gold-copperarsenic ores of the Taror deposit (Republic of Tajikistan) and studies the dependence of gold recovery on the duration of the process with the purpose of developing an alternative technological scheme for processing this ore type. According to X-ray phase analysis, Taror ore samples consist of rock-forming minerals by 92%. Ore mineralization is represented by sulphide minerals, mainly arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrite, in the total amount of 8%. Ore-forming elements include iron, sulphur, arsenic and copper with the mass fraction of 6.02%, 3.26%, 1.52% and 0.82%, respectively. Gold and silver are contained in the ore in the amount of 7.35 g/t and 20.28 g/t, respectively. The oxidation state of the ore calculated by iron comprises 51.3%. According to this indicator, this ore type can be distinguished as mixed, close to the primary type. According to the conducted chemical phase analysis of gold, this ore type belongs to the category of refractory ores. Flotation concentration experiments showed that grinding the original ore to a size of 95%–71 microns increases the recovery of gold in the concentrate by 10%, compared to grinding to a particle size of 80%–71 microns. The effect of the flotation process duration on gold recovery was also studied. To achieve the maximum gold recovery in the flotation concentrate, the duration of the main flotation and control flotation should be taken equal to 14 and 12 minutes, respectively. As a result of the experiments, a relatively simple technological solution was proposed for flotation concentration of the Taror ore, which includes the main, control and cleaning stages of flotation.
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Bostelmann, Heike, and Gordon Southam. "A Column Leaching Model of Low-Grade Chalcopyrite Ore: Mineral Preferences and Chemical Reactivity." Minerals 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10121132.
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Bioleaching models to examine copper extraction from low-grade chalcopyrite ores were set up to identify the influence of pyrite on leaching efficacy. A combination of scanning electron microscopy and geochemical analysis showed that extraction was marginally enhanced by the addition of pyrite when using a combination of Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, an iron oxidiser, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, a sulphur oxidising species and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, an iron and sulphur oxidiser. Extensive biofilms formed on the pyrite surfaces (>106 cells/mm2) but were severely limited on chalcopyrite, possessing approximately the same number of cells as quartz grains, an internal non-nutrient control “substrate” (with ca. 2 × 103 cells/mm2). The presence of dissolved copper did not inhibit the growth of this consortium. Indirect “bioleaching” of chalcopyrite appears to be limited by proton activity at the chalcopyrite surface.
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Shaybekov, R. I., B. A. Makeev, N. N. Kononkova, S. I. Isaenko, and E. M. Tropnikov. "Palladium tellurides and bismuthtellurides in sulfide copper-nickel ores of the Savabeisky ore occurrence (Nenets Autonomous District, Russsia)." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 21, no. 4 (August 28, 2021): 574–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2021-21-4-574-594.
Full textAbstract:
Research subject. The Savabeisky sulfide copper-nickel ore occurrence, located in the central part of the Khengur (Central Pay-Khoy) gabbro-dolerite complex of the Pay-Khoy, within the Yugorsky Peninsula, located in the Far North-East of the European part of Russia, in the Arkhangelsk region, between the Barents and Kara Seas.Materials and methods. Samples of copper-nickel ores with noble metal mineralization were studied. Palladium tellurides and bismuthtellurides were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), X-ray structural analysis and Raman spectroscopy.Results. Bismuthtellurides in the Paykhoysko-Vaigach-Yuzhnonovozemelskiy region – michenerite, merenskyite and unidentified palladium telluride of the kotulskite–merenskyite series with crystal formula Pd2(TeSbBi)3 – were found for the first time. The unit cell parameter of Pay-Khoy michenerite was calculated using X-ray diffraction analysis data: a = 6.638(2) Å. According to Raman spectroscopy, the palladium tellurides and bismuthtellurides of the Savabeisky ore occurrence were distinguished into 4 groups: Sb-kotulskite (does not contain Raman-active modes), unnamed PGM Pd2(TeSbBi)3 (bands in the range 95–103, 121–126 cm–1, obtained for the first time), Sb-merenskyite (band 126–135 cm–1), michenerite (bands with maxima 100 and 116 cm–1, obtained for the first time). The Kikuchi lines for michenerite and the mineral of the kotulskite–merenskyite series were obtained by the EBSD method.Conclusions. The diagnosis of palladium tellurides and bismuthtellurides is a rather complicated problem (wide variations in compositions, low hardness, small size, thin intergrowths of several individuals, the presence of impurities, etc.) affecting the determination of their mineral form and requiring an integrated approach. The Raman spectra of michenerite and unnamed PGM can be used as standards for the rapid identification of their natural forms, in contrast to EBSD, which requires improved sample preparation. The relatively high content of antimony in the ore minerals and noble metals minerals at the Savabeisky ore occurrence is the antimony metallogenic specificity characteristic of the entire Uralsko-Novozemelskiy province.
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Vera, Mario, Claudia Janosch, Sören Bellenberg, Beate Krok, Wolfgang Sand, and Ansgar Poetsch. "New Insights into the Biofilm Lifestyle and Metabolism of Acidithiobacillus Species from Analysis of High Throughput Proteomic Data." Advanced Materials Research 825 (October 2013): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.825.111.
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Bioleaching is the extraction of metals, such as copper or gold, from sulfidic ores by microorganisms. Their energy for growth is obtained by oxidation of ferrous iron and/or reduced inorganic sulfur compounds. Bacterial attachment to ores increase leaching activities through the formation of a special microenvironment between the bacterium and the metal sulfide surface, filled by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Recently, a high-throughput proteomic comparison from biofilm cells attached to pyrite (FeS2) and planktonic cells of the mesophilic iron and/or sulfur oxidizer Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 was done. Several proteins were found to be up-regulated in biofilm cells. Among them, membrane and outer membrane proteins probably involved in osmotic regulation, polysaccharide biosynthesis and protein secretion, as well as proteins probably involved in cofactor metabolism were present. In order to extend our knowledge of the genus Acidithiobacilli, we started a high-throughput proteomic analysis of the sulfur oxidizer Acidithiobacillus caldus ATCC 51756 by comparing cells grown with an insoluble energy substrate such as elemental sulfur (S°) against cells grown on a soluble energy substrate, such as thiosulfate. The results revealed several differences in proteins related to sulfur metabolism, potential EPS biosynthesis pathways as well as membrane and transport functions. In both microorganisms several conserved hypothetical proteins were found. Some of them were also found to be induced in sessile cells, suggesting their potential involvement in biofilm formation. This study will provide new insights into the biology of Acidithiobacilli and will probably help assigning functions to poorly characterized and unknown proteins. Keywords: Biofilm, Proteomics, Acidithiobacilli
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Karimov, Kirill, Andrei Shoppert, Denis Rogozhnikov, Evgeniy Kuzas, Semen Zakhar’yan, and Stanislav Naboichenko. "Effect of Preliminary Alkali Desilication on Ammonia Pressure Leaching of Low-Grade Copper–Silver Concentrate." Metals 10, no. 6 (June 18, 2020): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060812.
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Ammonia leaching is a promising method for processing low-grade copper ores, especially those containing large amounts of oxidized copper. In this paper, we study the effect of Si-containing minerals on the kinetics of Cu and Ag leaching from low-grade copper concentrates. The results of experiments on the pressure leaching of the initial copper concentrate in an ammonium/ammonium-carbonate solution with oxygen as an oxidizing agent are in good agreement with the shrinking core model in the intra-diffusion mode: in this case, the activation energies were 53.50 kJ/mol for Cu and 90.35 kJ/mol for Ag. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDX) analysis showed that reagent diffusion to Cu-bearing minerals can be limited by aluminosilicate minerals of the gangue. The recovery rate for copper and silver increases significantly after a preliminary alkaline desilication of the concentrate, and the new shrinking core model is the most adequate, showing that the process is limited by diffusion through the product layer and interfacial diffusion. The activation energy of the process increases to 86.76 kJ/mol for Cu and 92.15 kJ/mol for Ag. Using the time-to-a-given-fraction method, it has been shown that a high activation energy is required in the later stages of the process, when the most resistant sulfide minerals of copper and silver apparently remain.
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Duff, Deanne, Charles Hurich, and Sharon Deemer. "Seismic properties of the Voisey’s Bay massive sulfide deposit: Insights into approaches to seismic imaging." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): WC59—WC68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0483.1.
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Seismic methods offer significant potential advantages for minerals exploration over more traditional geophysical techniques because of the comparatively high resolution of seismic imaging. This is particularly true as minerals exploration is required to explore deeper to find resources. However, adaptation of seismic imaging techniques to the complex crystalline targets common in the mining environment requires a thorough understanding of the physical properties of the specific combination of ore and host rocks under consideration to choose an appropriate imaging technique. Analysis of the sulfide ores and associated host rocks from the Voisey’s Bay nickel-copper-cobalt deposit indicates that in the pyrrohotite-pentlandite-rich but pyrite-poor assemblage at Voisey’s Bay, seismic velocities are significantly lower ([Formula: see text]) than either the felsic or mafic host rocks ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]). This observation is in contrast with pyrite-rich massive sulfide ores that have velocities that are significantly higher than typical host rocks. The large velocity contrast between the Voisey’s Bay ores and their host rocks makes them good targets for tomographic imaging. However, due to the trade-off between the low velocities and high densities of the Voisey’s Bay sulfides, acoustic impedance contrasts can be quite modest making them less attractive for seismic reflection imaging. Detailed analysis of two different mineralized zones at Voisey’s Bay further demonstrated that, depending on the limiting signal-to-noise ratio, the choice of an effective seismic imaging technique is not universal across a mineral deposit and may be affected by subtle variations in sulfide mineralogy and by the structural/magmatic setting. Our analysis clearly indicated that knowledge of physical properties and geologic setting is critical to the choice of which seismic technique to apply in a given exploration setting.