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Journal articles on the topic 'Copper – Refining'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Chen, Hao, Jin Hui Li, and Mi Song Chen. "Effect of Rare Earth on Microstructure and Property of Refining Impure-Copper." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 3982–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.3982.

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The self-prepared Cu-RE refining agents were used to refine impure-copper. The influences of RE elements on refinements and structures were studied and the mechanism of RE was discussed. The results show that by adding proper amounts of Cu-RE refining agents into impure-coppers, the refinements of RE on impure-coppers are perfect. Furthermore, the dendrites of the RE-refined ingot are refined and the structure becomes more homogeneous, leading that the electric conduction function and mechanics function of impure-copper have been improved.

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2

Cook, Michael A. L. "Copper smelting and refining." Natural Resources Forum 13, no. 2 (May 1989): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.1989.tb00329.x.

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3

Wang, Jin Xiang, Nan Zhou, and Rui Yang. "Study on the Fabrication of Nanocrystalline Copper by Explosive Dynamic Loading." Materials Science Forum 667-669 (December 2010): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.667-669.109.

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By the method of severe plastic deformation at high strain rate of coarse-grained copper under explosively dynamic loading, nanocrystalline copper with the average grain size less than 200 nanometer was fabricated. The mechanism of grain-refining was investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. Finally, the deformation processes were simulated using Ls-Dyna3d finite element program and the effects of the strain, strain rate as well as temperature rise on grain-refining were analysed systematically. The results show that it is feasible to fabricate nanocrystalline copper by explosively dynamic plastic deformation of coarse-grained copper; twin crystal and dislocation are the main mechanism of grain-refining; higher strain and lower temperature rise are beneficial to the grain refining; the distribution of the grain size is not uniform along the loading direction.

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4

Muir, D. M., and G. Senanayake. "Refining copper by the acetonitrile process." Hydrometallurgy 14, no. 3 (August 1985): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-386x(85)90039-8.

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5

Rom’an-Moguel, G. J., F. Olvera, S. Aguirre, and B. S’anchez. "Refining Copper Scrap by Gas Injection." JOM 40, no. 9 (September 1988): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03258550.

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6

Orac, D., M. Laubertova, J. Piroskova, D. Klein, R. Bures, and J. Klimko. "Characterization of dusts from secondary copper production." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 56, no. 2 (2020): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb190820011o.

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Various types of waste, including dusts, are produced in the pyrometallurgical production of copper from secondary raw materials. According to the European Waste Catalogue and Hazardous Waste List, dusts from secondary copper production are classified as hazardous waste. In secondary copper production 3.87 million tons of copper were produced worldwide in 2017. The dusts are produced in the following thermal operations: reduction of the melt in the shaft furnace (shaft furnace dust), converting (converter dust), and pyrometallurgical refining (refining dust). These dusts contain significant amounts of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, and Sn) in oxidic forms. The dusts are regarded as secondary raw materials, and it is necessary to look for ways of extracting these heavy metals. The aim of this work was to characterize the individual types of dust and determine their quantitative and qualitative composition. The content of heavy metals in copper shaft furnace dust is (52.16% Zn, 19.33% Pb), in copper converter dust (32.40% Zn, 14.46% Pb), and in refining dust (32.99% Zn).

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7

Acharya, Sridhara. "Copper Refining Electrolyte and Slime Processing - Emerging Techniques." Advanced Materials Research 828 (November 2013): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.828.93.

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Copper electro-refining (Cu-ER) is the principal method for producing >70% of high or 99.97% pure copper cathodes from 97-99% pure blister/fire refined-scrap copper anodes. While the inert and most of less soluble impurities settle as anode slime/sludge, other soluble impurities, particularly the metalloids (group VA/15 elements or Q: As, Sb and Bi) and some transition metals (Mt) co-dissolved with Cu(II). Since the soluble impurities build up in the copper refining electrolyte (CRE) which need monitoring and control to prevent contamination of the cathodes and passivation of the anodes before bleeding for spent CRE reprocessing. There is a high demand for pure electrorefined copper and electrolyte additives are added to the CRE to prevent nodulation or control the chemical and physical properties of copper cathodes. Various hydrometallurgical methods such as precipitation, adsorption, electro-dialysis, electro-winning, ion exchange and solvent extraction have been developed with some success to control the CRE impurities. So some emerging technologies for improved monitoring and control of the metalloid impurities in CRE and slime as well as development of saleable byproduct recovery (As, Sb, Bi) are briefly reviewed with particular emphasis on the precipitation for the metalloid slime resource recycling and product development.

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8

Yoon, Young Ok, Hyung Ho Jo, Hoon Cho, Shae K. Kim, and Young Jig Kim. "Effect of Distribution Coefficient on Copper Purification by Zone Refining Process." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.173.

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It has been generally known that the refining efficiency in zone refining process depends on travel rate, number of pass and distribution coefficient of impurity. In the present study, the effect of distribution coefficient on copper purification was investigated by zone refining process. A numerical model capable of predicting the solute redistribution at any stage of zone refining was proposed. The composition profiles of each segment at the given condition were compared with the results of micro hardness profiles. After zone refining, metallic elements were analyzed by GDOS (Glow Discharge Optical Spectroscopy) and GDMS (Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry). The impurities Ag, Pb, S and Ti, whose distribution coefficients are below 0.5, were concentrated at the finishing position. Cr, Mn, Si and Zn, whose distribution coefficients are between 0.5 and 1, were distributed irregularly. Fe and Ni, whose distribution coefficients are greater than 1, moved to the starting position. It was found that zone refining process was actually effective to remove impurities whose distribution coefficients are below 0.5. The experimental results agreed well with the simulation result.

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9

HOSHIKAWA, Yoshihiko. "Copper Smelting and Refining at Kosaka Smelter." Journal of MMIJ 123, no. 12 (2007): 597–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/journalofmmij.123.597.

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10

MARUYAMA, Tsuneo, and Masamichi OIDA. "Copper Smelting and Refining at Tamano Smelter." Journal of MMIJ 123, no. 12 (2007): 608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/journalofmmij.123.608.

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11

KIMURA, Takashi. "Copper Smelting and Refining at Saganoseki Smelter." Journal of MMIJ 123, no. 12 (2007): 626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/journalofmmij.123.626.

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12

MORIYAMA, Ken-ichi. "Precious Metal Refining at Niihama Copper Refinery." Shigen-to-Sozai 109, no. 12 (1993): 1052–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.109.1052.

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13

TEMMAYA, Yasuhiko, Masayoshi MATSUMOTO, and Hiroshi INOUE. "Copper Smelting and Refining at Kosaka Smelter." Shigen-to-Sozai 109, no. 12 (1993): 937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.109.937.

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14

OSHIMA, Eiki. "Copper Smelting and Refining at Onahama Smelter." Shigen-to-Sozai 109, no. 12 (1993): 943–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.109.943.

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15

AJIMA, Shun-ichi. "Copper Smelting and Refining at Naoshima Smelter." Shigen-to-Sozai 109, no. 12 (1993): 959–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.109.959.

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16

ISHIKAWA, Mineo. "Copper Smelting and Refining at Saganoseki Smelter." Shigen-to-Sozai 109, no. 12 (1993): 971–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.109.971.

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17

Villarroel, D. "Process for refining copper in solid state." Minerals Engineering 12, no. 4 (April 1999): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-6875(99)00020-5.

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18

Švec, J., P. Szkandera, S. Rusz, O. Hilšer, and J. Petru. "Refining Structure of Copper by SPD process." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 461 (December 10, 2018): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/461/1/012073.

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19

Ozberk, E., and R. I. L. Guthrie. "Application of vacuum refining in copper production." Materials Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (January 1985): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1985.1.1.12.

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20

Baradel, A., R. Guerriero, L. Meregalli, and I. Vittadini. "Extraction of As from Copper Refining Electrolyte." JOM 38, no. 2 (February 1986): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03257918.

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21

Marcel, Ẑitňanský. "Refining of the Copper and investment casting." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 53, no. 1-2 (August 1995): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(95)02007-9.

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22

Bydałek, A. W., A. Bydałek, S. Biernat, and P. Schlafka. "Assessment of the Possibility of Utilising Waste Materials from the Aluminium Production in the Copper Alloys Refining Processes." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0075.

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Abstract The analysis of possibilities of utilising waste materials as equivalents of substances stimulating in copper alloys refining processes was presented. The results of thermogravimetric investigations determining the refining ability of the slag with the selected waste materials from the aluminium production were discussed. The possibility of optimisation of the refining slag composition on the basis of the Slag- Prop software was indicated.

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23

Kolczyk, E., Z. Miczkowski, and J. Czernecki. "Numerical Modeling of Copper Reduction in Fire Refining Process." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0090.

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Abstract Copper reduction represents one of the steps in the process of fire refining of blister copper. Process of copper reduction with natural gas as performed in the anode furnace was modeled. Numerical analysis was conducted using the IPSA (Inter- Phase-Slip Algorithm) module of PHOENICS package and standard turbulent model k - ε. The model takes into account the liquid phase - slag and phase of natural gas which is supplied through the tuyere from the bottom of the charge. Calculations were made for two different diameters of tuyeres for supply of reducer. Based on the calculations and analysis, it was found out that the gas flow which causes strong movement in the bath guarantees homogeneous composition of the liquid copper in each process stage. Application of a tuyere with a larger diameter results in a greater intensity of the reduction process and better use of the reducer.

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24

Yang, Li Jun, Yue Jun Zhang, Tian Ran Feng, and Feng Wu. "Refining Slag Treatment with Flotation Cell." Advanced Materials Research 878 (January 2014): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.878.330.

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In past years, the exploitation of mineral resource in our country was stressed on capacity and the solid waste recycle and innocent treatment was ignored. Much valuable metal is associated and coexist with waste, it is in difficult position for present technology to recycle valuable composition in that waste, which leads to valuable component loss and environment pollution. Therefore, the development and utilization of copper refining slag is in significance. In this paper, the advantages and difficulties to process refining slag by flotation method are discussed based on property analysis of copper refining slag. The refining slag is featured by high specific gravity, high concentration, and its particles distributing at both ends of small and large size. A flotation cell with special structure of barrier grid plate and multi-loop channel is developed for refining slag processing, which provides a proper way to solve the sediment problem during refining slag flotation. The application of CLF-40(effective volume,40m3) flotation cell for processing slag mixture from flash furnace and converter is expounded, the production index shows that the Cu grade is up to 27.18% at recovery of 83.93% when slurry concentrate being 70%

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25

Wang, Jin Xiang, Nan Zhou, and Zheng Zhao. "Factors Effect on Grain Refining of Nanocrystalline Copper Fabricated by Explosive Loading and its Dynamic Mechanical Property." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 1530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.1530.

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By the method of severe plastic deformation at high strain rate of coarse-grained copper under explosively dynamic loading, nanocrystalline(NC) copper was fabricated. The deformation process were simulated recur to Ls-Dyna3d finite element program , the effects of the strain on the degree of grain-refining were analysed. Finally, the dynamic mechanical properties of the NC copper were researched recur to split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB). The results show that it is feasible to fabricate nanocrystalline copper by explosively dynamic plastic deformation of coarse-grained copper and the grain size of the NC copper can be controlled less than 100 nanometer; higher strain at high strain rate is beneficial to the grain refining; the distribution of the grain size is not uniform along the loading direction; dynamic yield strength of the NC copper enhences with the decreasing of the average grain size and increasing of the strain rate.

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26

KIMURA, Takayoshi, and Harumasa KUROKAWA. "Copper Smelting and Refining at Sumitomo Toyo Smelter." Shigen-to-Sozai 109, no. 12 (1993): 964–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.109.964.

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27

Lisienko, V. G., S. I. Holod, and V. P. Zhukov. "Modeling of Metallurgical Process of Copper Fire Refining." KnE Engineering 3, no. 5 (July 17, 2018): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/keg.v3i5.2676.

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28

Dablement, Sébastien. "Recycling and refining of copper for electrical application." MATEC Web of Conferences 7 (2013): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20130703002.

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29

Bydałek, A. W., P. Migas, W. Wołczyński, S. Biernat, A. Bydałek, K. Jasińska, and P. Kwapisiński. "Determining the Degree of Removal of Copper From Slag." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0081.

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Abstract The scope of work included the launch of the process of refining slag suspension in a gas oven using a variety of technological additives. After the refining process (in the context of copper recovery), an assessment of the effect of selected reagents at the level of the slag refining suspension (in terms of copper recovery). Method sieve separated from the slag waste fraction of metallic, iron - silicate and powdery waste. Comparison of these photographs macroscopic allowed us to evaluate the most advantageous method of separating metallic fraction from the slag. After applying the sample A (with KF2 + NaCl) we note that in some parts of the slag are still large amounts of metallic fraction. The fraction of slag in a large majority of the elements has the same size of 1 mm, and a larger portion of the slag, the size of which is from 2 to 6 mm. Definitely the best way is to remove the copper by means of the component B (with NaCl) and D (with KF2). However, as a result of removing the copper by means of component C (with CaO) were also obtained a relatively large number of tiny droplets of copper, which was problematic during segregation. In both cases we were able to separate the two fractions in a fast and simple manner.

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30

Ghodrat, Maryam, Bijan Samali, Muhammad Rhamdhani, and Geoffrey Brooks. "Thermodynamic-Based Exergy Analysis of Precious Metal Recovery out of Waste Printed Circuit Board through Black Copper Smelting Process." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 5, 2019): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071313.

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Exergy analysis is one of the useful decision-support tools in assessing the environmental impact related to waste emissions from fossil fuel. This paper proposes a thermodynamic-based design to estimate the exergy quantity and losses during the recycling of copper and other valuable metals out of electronic waste (e-waste) through a secondary copper recycling process. The losses related to recycling, as well as the quality losses linked to metal and oxide dust, can be used as an index of the resource loss and the effectiveness of the selected recycling route. Process-based results are presented for the emission exergy of the major equipment used, which are namely a reduction furnace, an oxidation furnace, and fire-refining, electrorefining, and precious metal-refining (PMR) processes for two scenarios (secondary copper recycling with 50% and 30% waste printed circuit boards in the feed). The results of the work reveal that increasing the percentage of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) in the feed will lead to an increase in the exergy emission of CO2. The variation of the exergy loss for all of the process units involved in the e-waste treatment process illustrated that the oxidation stage is the key contributor to exergy loss, followed by reduction and fire refining. The results also suggest that a fundamental variation of the emission refining through a secondary copper recycling process is necessary for e-waste treatment.

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31

Marković, R., B. Friedrich, J. Stajić–Trošić, B. Jordović, B. Jugović, M. Gvozdenović, and J. Stevanović. "Behaviour of non-standard composition copper bearing anodes from the copper refining process." Journal of Hazardous Materials 182, no. 1-3 (October 2010): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.137.

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32

Bydałek, A. W., and P. Schlafka. "Rule of the Fluoride Stymulators in to the Carbo-N-Ox Method During Aluminium Bronze Melting Process." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0051.

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Abstract During the slag refining process, in the real systems, the complex processes of mass exchange appear. Some relations between the stimulators in the environment - slag - metal system allow to initiate mass exchange reactions in the process of slag refining. Due to this kind of influences there is a possibility of direction and control of melting copper and it’s alloys.

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33

SATO, HIDEYA. "Recent improvements in the smelting and refining of copper." Shigen-to-Sozai 110, no. 5 (1994): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.110.397.

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34

Havlík, T., M. Šrobian, R. Kammel, J. Čurilla, and D. Cmorejová. "Refining of crude nickel sulphate obtained from copper electrolyte." Hydrometallurgy 41, no. 1 (May 1996): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-386x(95)00019-d.

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35

Mitrašinović, Aleksandar M., and Torstein A. Utigard. "Refining Silicon for Solar Cell Application by Copper Alloying." Silicon 1, no. 4 (October 2009): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12633-009-9025-z.

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36

Wang, Ming Yu, Xue Wen Wang, and Li Ping Zhang. "Processing the Precipitate and Waste Water Formed in Refining Crude TiCl₄." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2098–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2098.

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The recovery of vanadium and copper from the precipitate and the waste water formed in the removing vanadium from crude TiCl4 with copper wire was investigated. For the processing of the precipitate, the brief flow includes dechlorinating, H2SO4 leaching copper, crystallization blue vitriod, as well as NaOH leaching vanadium, followed by ion exchange enrichment vanadium; the copper and vanadium leaching percent was 88.4% and 84.3%, respectively. For the processing of the waste water, the coprecipitation process was used, after that the discharged wastewater could meet with the National Standards. The precipitate formed in coprecipitation process was first leached by NaOH solution for recovery of vanadium, and then the leach cake containing copper was leached by H2SO4 solution for recovery of copper; the overall vanadium and copper recovery was 79.5% and 86.8%, respectively.

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37

Li, Ming-zhou, Jie-min Zhou, Chang-ren Tong, Wen-hai Zhang, and He-song Li. "Mathematical model of whole-process calculation for bottom-blowing copper smelting." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 1 (November 20, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2017078.

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The distribution law of materials in smelting products is key to cost accounting and contaminant control. Regardless, the distribution law is difficult to determine quickly and accurately by mere sampling and analysis. Mathematical models for material and heat balance in bottom-blowing smelting, converting, anode furnace refining, and electrolytic refining were established based on the principles of material (element) conservation, energy conservation, and control index constraint in copper bottom-blowing smelting. Simulation of the entire process of bottom-blowing copper smelting was established using a self-developed MetCal software platform. A whole-process simulation for an enterprise in China was then conducted. Results indicated that the quantity and composition information of unknown materials, as well as heat balance information, can be quickly calculated using the model. Comparison of production data revealed that the model can basically reflect the distribution law of the materials in bottom-blowing copper smelting. This finding provides theoretical guidance for mastering the performance of the entire process.

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38

YAMAGIWA, Masayuki. "Copper Smelting and Refining at Sumitomo Toyo Smelter and Refinery." Journal of MMIJ 123, no. 12 (2007): 620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/journalofmmij.123.620.

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39

Tan, Dun Qiang, Qiang Chen, Fang Xin Yu, and Wen Xian Li. "Study on High-Density-Copper Grain-Refining Cu-W Composites." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.112.

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By detecting microstructures and properties of Cu-W composites, effects of powder composition, sintering temperature and compacting pressure on sintered billets were studied, and sintering mechanism of Cu-W powders was discussed. Effective rules of process parameters have been preliminarily obtained: Sintered billets of Cu-40W and Cu-50W had a low density when compacted at 200MPa, sintered below the melting point of copper, and density, hardness enlarged with sintering temperature increasing; Hardness, density, electrical conductivity of Cu-40W enlarged with compacting pressure when compacted above 600MPa, sintered at 1100°C; But when compacted at 800MPa, sintered at 1100°C, Cu-40W sintered billets had a density of 11.37g/cm3, relative density of 99.6%, closed to the theoretical value.

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40

SAKAI, Tetsuro, Takashi NAKAMURA, Fumio NOGUCHI, and Yasuaki UEDA. "The Fire Refining of Crude Copper by Fluxes (1st Report)." Journal of the Mining Institute of Japan 103, no. 1193 (1987): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai1953.103.1193_455.

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41

SAKAI, Tetsuro, Takashi NAKAMURA, Fumio NOGUCHI, and Yasuaki UEDA. "The Fire Refining of Crude Copper by Fluxes (2nd Report)." Journal of the Mining Institute of Japan 103, no. 1195 (1987): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai1953.103.1195_587.

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42

Pickles, C. A., C. Harris, and J. Peacey. "Silver loss during the oxidative refining of silver–copper alloys." Minerals Engineering 24, no. 6 (May 2011): 514–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2010.11.006.

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43

Villarroel, D. "Design of a furnace for refining copper prior to fusion." Minerals Engineering 13, no. 1 (January 2000): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-6875(99)00152-1.

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44

Qiu, K., Q. Chen, P. Winkler, and J. Krüger. "Behaviour of copper in refining of lead by fractional crystallization." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy 110, no. 1 (April 2001): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mpm.2001.110.1.60.

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45

Li, Hai-hong, Xue-qin Sun, Shang-zhou Zhang, Qin-yi Zhao, and Guang-zhen Wang. "Application of rare-earth element Y in refining impure copper." International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials 22, no. 5 (May 2015): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-015-1093-z.

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46

Kon’kova, T. N., S. Yu Mironov, and A. V. Korznikov. "Refining of grains in copper by means of cryogenic deformation." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 53, no. 1-2 (May 2011): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11041-011-9348-4.

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47

Li, Yaqiong, Lifeng Zhang, Xinyu Cai, Ying Zhang, Ligang Liu, and Zhen Zhao. "Impurity removal from brass alloy by slag refining treatment." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 2 (2021): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021017.

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Impurity removal from Cu-Zn (brass) alloy is an important issue for copper feedstock production. This study investigated brass alloy purification through the slag refining process using two kinds of agents, namely Cu2O and ZnO. The results showed that using ZnO as the slag to purify brass alloy for 1 h can remove impurities, such as Al, Pb, Fe, Ca, and Si, among which the removal efficiencies of Si reached to 60%. After the ZnO slag refining, the Zn loss ratio was only approximately 2%; thus, the brass alloy composition remained stable. The slag refining process using ZnO-contained slag did not only realize brass purification, but also maintained the brass composition stability.

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48

Cheremisin, D. D., S. A. Novokreschenov, V. S. Shvydkiy, and V. P. Zhukov. "Mathematical modelling of the thermal regime of a ladle- furnace unit considering internal heat sources." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 25, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2021-4-509-518.

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Abstract:

We apply mathematical modelling to study heat transfer processes during fire refining of blister copper in a ladle-furnace unit. A ladle-furnace unit was designed to test the refining technology using bottom blowing in a bubble mode by gaseous reducing agents (hydrocarbons) and an oxidiser. Mathematical modelling allows the properties of a real process to be described based on mathematical formalisation of physical laws and regularities. It was proposed to use gaseous reducing agents, rather than expensive residual fuel, as a liquid-reducing agent. The use of gaseous reducing agents in the bottom blowing mode produces higher technical and economic indicators of the process. In addition, some technological operations were transferred directly to the ladle, thereby eliminating the need for re-melting and heating of refined copper. One of the identified problems was the need to maintain the predetermined thermal regime, which provides the very possibility of both performing refining operations and introducing a gaseous reagent (determining the hydro-gas-dynamic parameters) into the melt during bottom blowing. An original method for considering the thermal effects of chemical reactions in mathematical models was presented using an example of exothermic reactions during oxidative refining. The use of two different methods of analysis allowed a comprehensive assessment of the influence of the main exothermic reactions on the thermal regime of the refining process. The presented mathematical models can be used for determining the specific effect of various technological parameters (composition and fuel consumption, temperature and degree of blast enrichment, lining design, etc.) on the dynamics of changes in the temperature field of the melt and the technical and economic parameters of melting as a whole.

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49

Adrianovskiy, Vadim I., Georgiy Ya Lipatov, Yelena A. Kuz’mina, Natalya V. Zlygosteva, Tatyana S. Ustyugova, Irina I. Adamtseva, Aleksey A. Samylkin, and Yekaterina Ye Shmakova. "A comparative assessment of cancer-related mortality among workers employed at the various stages of pyrometallurgical production of copper." Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 11 (February 18, 2019): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2018-11-24-31.

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Abstract:

The authors present comparative evaluation of inﬂuence caused by complex of carcinogenic work conditions of main stages of copper pyrometallic production on cancer-related mortality of the workers. Findings are that raw copper enrichment, blister copper recovery through reverberative furnace melting and f re refining of blister copper are carcinogenic danger for the workers. Malignancies frequency in the workers appeared to directly depend on occupational exposure to arsenic. The results of the workers’ cancer-related mortality correspond to data of carcinogenic risks evaluation at all stages of metallurgic production of copper. Given the study results, reasonable suggestion is to include raw copper enrichment into official list of occupational processes with carcinogenic danger.

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50

Taskinen, Pekka, Sonja Patana, Petri Kobylin, and Petri Latostenmaa. "Oxidation Mechanism of Copper Selenide." High Temperature Materials and Processes 33, no. 5 (September 29, 2014): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2013-0097.

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Abstract:

AbstractThe oxidation mechanism of copper selenide was investigated at deselenization temperatures of copper refining anode slimes. The isothermal roasting of synthetic, massive copper selenide in flowing oxygen and oxygen – 20% sulfur dioxide mixtures at 450–550 °C indicate that in both atmospheres the mass of Cu2Se increases as a function of time, due to formation of copper selenite as an intermediate product. Copper selenide oxidises to copper oxides without formation of thick copper selenite scales, and a significant fraction of selenium is vaporized as SeO2(g). The oxidation product scales on Cu2Se are porous which allows transport of atmospheric oxygen to the reaction zone and selenium dioxide vapor to the surrounding gas. Predominance area diagrams of the copper-selenium system, constructed for selenium roasting conditions, indicate that the stable phase of copper in a selenium roaster gas with SO2 is the sulfate CuSO4. The cuprous oxide formed in decomposition of Cu2Se is further sulfated to CuSO4.

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