Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Copway'

Diseñador Gráfico
Bajo el título Obras Famosas, este proyecto se podría resumir como un estudio exploratorio de la historia visual de Chile, especialmente enfocado en el concepto de copia, y con una variable de experimentación práctica, que desarrolla lo que se podría denominar una galería de imágenes. Para lograr comprender lo anterior, el documento está estructurado en cinco partes. La primera, en que se expone el planteamiento del problema y las vinculaciones con la disciplina del diseño; en la segunda se ofrece al lector el concepto del proyecto y el marco teórico respecto a la copia; la tercera parte es una investigación crítica a la historia pictográfica de Chile, desde el siglo XIX hasta la fecha; la cuarta parte es la presentación de la dimensión curatorial y el desarrollo del proyecto en si mismo. Finalizo esta entrega con el desarrollo bibliográfico.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo
La presente memoria se propone analizar el marco de regulación legal de la copia privada de soportes de obras intelectuales, a través de medios electrónicos, cuyas consecuencias se manifiestan en un menoscbo a los intereses patrimoniales de los titulares de derechos de autor.

T-Copia is a Peruvian company with more than 40 years of trajectory, they started providing printing services in their retail stores, and years later, with the technological changes in the industry, they created its second business unit: Digital Solutions. Currently they continue with this two business units, but is one of them which is facing some issues. After reviewing the financial information and interviewing some of the employees of the company, many problems were detected, overall in the first business unit, reason why the whole project is focused in this one. The key problem in here was that during this year only six of the seven stores have achieved the profitability. After analyzing the company not only in a quantitative way, but also in a qualitative one, the conclusion was that the decrease in the sales was produced overall for the lack of training and motivation in the staff, which leaded to a poor customer service. Therefore, the proposed solutions were focused in the improvement of these two fields. Regarding the training it is important to complement the soft skills like team-work or emotional intelligence whit hard skills, given that the company’ services are very particular and require a previous knowledge to provide an accurate customer service. About the motivation, two fields have to be approached; the first one is the extrinsic, which is going to be solved by the company with the regularization of the payments to the staff. The second one is the intrinsic motivation, which is going to be addressed by the Doctrine of 20%, focused on the employees with more potential and commitment, by letting them use the 20% of their working time in innovative projects to save cost or increase the sales of the company. The propose solutions will take in consideration the financial situation of the company, and they will represent no big investment of money, because there will be an exchange of services with other companies
T-Copia es una empresa peruana con más de 40 años de trayectoria. En sus inicios proveía únicamente servicios de impresión en sus tiendas minoristas, pero años más tarde, con los cambios tecnológicos en la industria, vieron la necesidad de crear su segunda unidad de negocios: Soluciones Digitales. Actualmente continúan con estas dos unidades de negocio. Tras revisar la información financiera y entrevistar a varios de los empleados de la empresa, se detectaron distintos problemas, principalmente en la cadena de tiendas minoristas, razón por la cual el proyecto se centrará en éste. El problema principal es la falta de rentabilidad en siete de sus trece tiendas. Después de analizar la empresa no sólo de manera cuantitativa, sino cualitativa también, se llegó a la conclusión de que la disminución en las ventas se debe mayormente a la falta de formación y motivación del personal, lo que conduce a un deficiente nivel de servicio al cliente. Por lo tanto, las soluciones propuestas se centraron en la mejora de estos dos campos. En cuanto a la formación, es importante complementar las habilidades blandas, como el trabajo en equipo o la inteligencia emocional, con el conocimiento técnico en los trabajadores, dado que los servicios de la empresa requieren un conocimiento técnico para poder proporcionar una adecuada asesoría a los clientes. En cuanto a la motivación, se abordan dos campos; el primero es la motivación extrínseca, que va a ser resuelta por la empresa con la regularización de los pagos al personal; y el segundo es la motivación intrínseca, que va a ser abordada por la Doctrina del 20%, la cual se centra en los empleados con más potencial y compromiso, permitiéndoles utilizar parte de su tiempo de trabajo en proyectos innovadores para la empresa. Las soluciones propuestas toman en cuenta la situación financiera de la empresa, y no representaran una gran inversión, debido a que se hará un intercambio de servicios con otras empresas
Tesis

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura
Com a análise da Vertente Sul de Odivelas entende-se a necessidade de potencializar as suas áreas urbanas fragmentadas. Com a oportunidade existente do Parque Rio da Costa é possível gerar uma continuidade da área verde no bairro constituindo a proposta de intervenção urbana dos Corredores Verdes. O projeto arquitetônico proposto, é inserido nesta proposta urbana, onde se procura uma consolidação do bairro multicultural, sem que este perca sua característica identitária das hortas familiares de subsistência. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho é explorado o papel ambiental e social da produção alimentar na cidade e da comensalidade nos indivíduos até os tempos atuais. Pretende-se estabelecer mais espaços qualificados e polivalentes para a agricultura familiar e criar um centro comunitário em apoio a essa prática e promoção da integração da vizinhança em torno da cozinha e da mesa.
ABSTRACT: The analisys of the Southern Area of Odivelas neighbourhood, the need of potencializing its fragmented urban areas is clear. Through the existing Rio da Costa Park it is possible to create a continuity of the green area inside the neighbourhood which constitutes in the urban proposal called Green Corridors. The arquitecture project is inserted in this urban proposal, where the seach for establishment of the multicultural neighbourhood, keeping its identity such as the familiar vegetable gardens. For the development of this work, the environmental and social role of food production in the city and of commensality in the community is explored, during history. It is intended to establish more generous spaces for agriculture and to create a community center in support of this practice and promoting the integration of the neighborhood around the kitchen and table.
N/A

La tesis abarca un corpus de 9 coplas (que con sus respectivas variantes suma un total de 16 textos de tradición salonicense, que van del siglo XVIII hasta el XX): 1.Los judíos en Egipto; 2. El castigo de los egipcios; 3. El paso del mar Rojo; 4. El éxodo de Egipto; 5. Las plagas de Egipto; 6. El cántico de Moisés; 7. Las diez plagas I; 8. La Hagadá de Pascua; 9. Las diez plagas II. Las ciudades de edición son Salónica, Viena, Belgrado y Jerusalén. Los copleros (autores o re-creadores o recolectores de los poemas) son Yeshaiya, Rubén Baruj, Sa`adí Haleví, Yosef Herrera y Ya`acob Yoná. En los capítulos iniciales se hace una caracterización del género literario (poético) de las coplas y, en concreto, de las paralitúrgicas, dado que las coplas que en la tesis se editan son coplas paralitúrgicas pertenecientes al ciclo del Éxodo, que se leían y cantaban entre los sefardíes durante la festividad de Pésaj. A continuación, se expone el estado de la cuestión y los objetivos de la investigación. Después del capítulo dedicado a señalar la metodología y los criterios de edición que se tienen en cuenta en la investigación, se procede al núcleo principal del trabajo, es decir, a la transcripción de los textos aljamiados y su estudio filológico, una labor concienzuda ya que se trata de textos de tres siglos distintos, con lo que ello supone de vacilaciones ortográficas o diversa calidad de impresión. Las coplas son un género patrimonial (religioso) de la literatura sefardí, lo que significa que beben de fuentes diversas, rabínicas y bíblicas, que no son fáciles de identificar. Sin embargo, es un reto emocionante. Como lengua, el judeoespañol de esta tesis, si bien la base es el castellano, presenta expresiones y palabras hebreas, arameas, francesas, italianas, turcas y neogriegas y, por supuesto, palabras incorporadas de estas lenguas en contacto que, con una flexión castellana, esconde a veces un étimo difícil de dilucidar. Este es un fenómeno perfectamente normal entre lenguas en contacto, y que aquí demuestra la vitalidad del judeoespañol en contra de la opinión generalizada de que se trata de una lengua arcaica o fosilizada. Nada más lejos. La tesis termina con las necesarias conclusiones, un índice de palabras y expresiones explicadas y dos bibliografías: una general y otra concreta de coplas.
“Edición filológica de coplas sefardíes del ciclo del Éxodo” (Philological edition of Sephardic coplas of the Exodus cycle). Corpus contains 9 “coplas” (with their respective 16 variants, ranging from 18 th century to the 20th. The balladeers (authors or re-creators and collectors of the poems) are Yeshaiya, Ruben Baruj, Sa`adi Haleví, Yosef Herrera and Ya`acob Yoná. Opening chapters is a characterization of genre (poetic) of “coplas” and, more specifically, the paraliturgical “coplas” (“coplas” of the Exodus cycle are paraliturgical ones, and they were read and chanted, among the Sephardim, during the holiday of Passover). After that, discuss will be held on research objectives of the present thesis. After the chapter on methodology taken into account in the investigation, I am doing the transcription of texts and its philological study. The “coplas” are a religious literary genre, it means that they are influenced by several sources, both rabbinic and biblical, not easy to identify. However, it is an exciting challenge. The thesis ends with the necessary conclusions, an index of words and phrases and two bibliographies: one general and one specific

Thesis (M.Arch)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1987.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Bibliography: p. 167-170.
Architecture is a dialogue. It is a communication between those who design and the society which they design in. The two are inseparable. The role of the designer, which I have chosen as an architect, is that of a communicator. A communicator participates in a design dialogue, which he may also initiate. He also responds and listens well to what society says. The success of the built environment comes through an improvement of this architectural dialogue. This thesis addresses the process of a public dialogue of design by initially viewing the participants in the conversation. The architect in society is an examination of the changing role of the profession of architecture, leading to many of the issues regarding communication. Society in architecture is the larger world which influences design of all forms. Design is not an exclusive ability of the design professions, but rather an element of all society. This dialogue is then studied in the context of Copley Square, located in Boston, Massachusetts. When looking at Copley Square, the physical forms are not the only reason for its success or failure, although they do play a significant part. In both designs resulting from the national competitions held in 1966 and 1983, the designers were of exceptional merit. Both designs met the objectives of their respective programs very well. What is notably different is the process which each solution was arrived at, the interchange between designer and society. Sasaki, Dawson, DeMay Associates, designer in 1966, had relatively few guidelines and very little input from the community for which they were designing. Dean Abbott, of Clarke & Rapuano, designer in 1983, was responding to a clear set of guidelines reflecting community concerns. He then proceeded to work with the local community in a set process to further articulate the design of Copley Square. Copley Square represents an example of what a design dialogue can achieve, both emotionally and physically. From this, all designers, whether professional or not, can learn.
by Paul Gerard May.
M.Arch

Germline copy-number variants (CNVs), as well as somatic copy-number alterations (CNAs), play an important role in many phenotypic traits, including genetic diseases and cancer. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) allows accurate detection of short variants, but reliable detection of large-scale CNVs in NGS data remains challenging. In this work, I address this issue and describe a novel statistical method for detection of CNVs and CNAs implemented in the tool called ClinCNV. I present analytical performance measures of “ClinCNV” in different datasets, compare it with the performance of other existing methods, and show the advantages of ClinCNV. ClinCNV is already implemented as a part of the diagnostics pipeline at the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (IMGAG), Tuebingen, Germany. ClinCNV has the potential to facilitate molecular diagnostic of genetic-based diseases as well as cancer through accurate detection of copy-number variants.
Las variantes en el número de copias genéticas, tanto en estado germinal (CNV) como en somático (CNA), juegan un papel muy importante en muchos rasgos fenotípicos y están frecuentemente relacionadas con una gran variedad enfermedades genéticas y cáncer. Aunque la secuenciación de próxima generación (NGS) permite detectar variantes cortas con una gran precisión, la correcta detección de CNVs a gran escala con datos de secuenciación sigue siendo un gran desafío. En esta tesis, me centro en abordar este problema y describo un nuevo método estadístico para la detección de CNV y CNA englobado en una nueva herramienta llamada ClinCNV. Para el análisis del rendimiento de ClinCNV y demostrar las ventajas de este nuevo algoritmo, comparamos nuestra herramienta con otras existentes en distintos conjuntos de datos. Por otra parte, ClinCNV ya está implementado como parte del sistema de trabajo de diagnóstico en el Instituto de Genética Médica y Genómica Aplicada (IMGAG) en Tuebingen (Alemania). En resumen, ClinCNV tiene el potencial de facilitar el diagnóstico molecular de enfermedades genéticas y cáncer mediante la precisa detección de variantes en el número de copias genéticas.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2008.
Page 76 blank.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 72-75).
The ability to create an unlimited number of identical copies is a privilege of digital documents. What if that would not be the case, if each copy of a digital file would go along with some sort of transformation? This thesis examines the implications of such a scenario on information ecologies and map out the design space for a new type of decentralized authoring applications. The concept of the copy is inherently transformative, even if just as the transformation from "the One into the Many ". However, until the recent transition from analog to digital media, the perfectly identical copy was not possible, every reproduction resulted in transformation. While this transformation usually is associated with loss of information, it also creates new information, traces of an objects history. As a result of the ability to create of unlimited numbers of perfectly identical copies from digital files, this dimension of context information is lost - digital files do not have a history. In the course of this thesis, five examples were implemented that illustrate important properties of the concept of transformative copying, in order to propose a general framework for a sociable, transformative file format. They investigate two cases of transformation: First, transformation as a deliberate process by humans. A second dimension is transformation as an autonomous process, either in form of an imperfect copy or as a result of an objects age and usage, such as wear. Both points seem like independent cases, but in our scenario they are closely interconnected and inform each other.
Dietmar Offenhuber.
S.M.

En el Perú, el estudio de la literatura popular comienza en el presente siglo con las investigaciones y recopilaciones realizadas durante las tres primeras décadas por Max Uhle, Adolfo Vienrich y los esposos d´Harcourt (Cf. Lienhard 1988: 50-51; Espino 1993: 50-53). Continúa en las décadas siguientes con el trabajo de quienes partieron desde las ciencias sociales (principalmente, la etnología y la antropología) para darle una particular importancia a la creación literaria. En este segundo grupo tenemos a José María, Arguedas y Sergio Quijada Jara como los casos más destacados. En los últimos veinte años, esta labor ha sido retomada por investigadores -e incluso instituciones- que han hecho suyos los métodos y técnicas de análisis de la moderna teoría literaria y han propuesto una ampliación del corpus de la literatura peruana. En particular, la poesía popular ha sido estudiada desde diferentes enfoques, y se la ha relacionado, casi siempre, con la música, la danza y el teatro. Estas representaciones artístico-culturales forman una unidad; es decir, están dentro de un mismo contexto, siendo ésta una de las razones por las que la poesía popular en nuestro país ha recibido pocas veces un tratamiento teórico global. Sin embargo, se debe señalar que los estudios de casos específicos brindarán a la larga el material necesario para realizar la síntesis crítica de una poesía que tiene, algunas veces, filiación milenaria. Por otro lado, existe una restricción geográfica que singulariza a la poesía andina, expresada con acompañamiento de música. Vale decir que se ha privilegiado casi siempre a la que es producida en lengua quechua, en el centro y sur andino. La poesía andina y su forma musical en la sierra norte, al igual que otras manifestaciones culturales de esta región, son aún poco estudiadas y ésto contribuye a excluirlas de toda evaluación de conjunto. Nuestro objeto de estudio es la copla del carnaval cajamarquino para lo cual planteamos una visión integral que contemple este «género» (la copla) y el contexto de su enunciación. Con este enfoque se podrá explicar la poesía popular y su inclusión en el proceso histórico-social del Perú tal como propone Antonio Cornejo Polar en «La literatura peruana: totalidad contradictoria» (1982), considerando la particularidad de cada producto cultural.
Tesis

Esta investigación estudia las transformaciones morfológicas de las ciudades desde la óptica de la Memoria. Para poder aprehender dichas transformaciones y sus pautas de comportamiento el estudio se centra en ciudades que hayan sido sometidas a eventos de destrucción violenta y no programada, y que por ello hayan tenido la necesidad de recomponer sus estructuras. Así, la emergencia permite estudiar un proceso que por naturaleza suele ser continuo y lento.

Para ello se seleccionó un grupo de ciudades dentro de un amplio catálogo, asegurándose que la destrucción hubiera afectado sus cascos centrales, como contenedoras de su Memoria y que compartieran un espacio temporal y físico (el de Europa en la segunda posguerra) que les hiciera partícipes de una discusión disciplinar común.

Para dotar de objetividad a este estudio, se usa el término recomposición con preferencia al de reconstrucción partiendo de la hipótesis de que la estructura de la ciudad, en estas circunstancias, es organizada nuevamente, mientras que reconstrucción puede sugerir la restitución de la ciudad a un estado previo, lo cual no siempre se corresponde con la realidad.

En ese sentido, la investigación se ocupa del papel que desempeña la Memoria histórica de la ciudad en los procesos de recomposición urbana, reconociendo su carácter instrumental como herramienta creativa y su peso específico en la toma de decisiones.

Como consecuencia de lo anterior, en el capítulo primero se establece la necesidad de examinar las ciudades recompuestas a la luz de aquello que se copia, se transforma y se omite de su Estado Previo, a fin de determinar el verdadero papel de la Memoria en las transformaciones derivadas de los procesos de recomposición. Desde esta perspectiva se agrupan en tres las posibles estrategias de actuación, a saber: Estrategias Autorreferentes; Estrategias Refundadoras; y Estrategias Emancipadoras.

A partir del segundo capítulo, la investigación alterna tres capítulos descriptivos/analíticos (capítulos pares) donde se exponen las operaciones desde las estrategias mencionadas, comparándolas entre sí; y dos capítulos (impares) en los que se estudia detenidamente aquello que se copia y aquello que se transforma en las ciudades recompuestas. Esta estructura pone de relieve dos ejes metodológicos complementarios en la investigación: el de las estrategias de recomposición y el de la dimensión transformadora de dicha recomposición; resaltando el papel de la Memoria en los instrumentos proyectuales y su incidencia sobre los elementos morfológicos y estéticos en los proyectos de recomposición.

Del análisis de los casos seleccionados, se concluye que las estrategias denominadas autorreferentes reconocen en el estado previo de la ciudad los argumentos esenciales para la nueva ciudad, buscando la reproducción estética de un pasado celosamente seleccionado, sin que por ello desistan de modernizar sus estructuras. Mientras que las estrategias refundadoras, fieles a las vanguardias más actuales, aprovechan la destrucción como un detonante para plantear una ciudad ajena a su pasado, operando, entonces, como auténticos laboratorios urbanos, promoviendo transformaciones radicales. Sin embargo, en ambas aproximaciones conviven la Transformación y la Memoria en dosis que hacen difusos sus límites, y que dan pie a compromisos entre la Memoria, que recuerda lo conocido, y la utopía, que representa lo deseado. Estos compromisos son los que caracterizan al grupo de estrategias denominadas emancipadoras.

Igualmente se concluye que aquello que se copia suelen ser particularidades ligadas a la percepción estética de la ciudad, privilegiándose, por medio de esa acción, una imagen y una especialidad enriquecidas con una iconografía que busca reproducir una estampa del pasado, más que la reproducción idéntica de la ciudad destruida.

De otra parte, también se concluye que mientras lo que se copia actúa sobre los elementos que albergan la Memoria visual y espacial de la ciudad, aquello que se transforma lo hace enmarcado dentro de tres de los elementos primordiales de la morfología urbana: La urbanización, la edificación y la parcelación. Así las mayores transformaciones se dan sobre elementos potencialmente modernizadores de la ciudad, aquellos que son capaces de innovar en la forma de vivir.

Finalmente, la pertinencia de esta investigación en su relación con la recomposición de ciudades devastadas por causas naturales o provocadas por el hombre, desgraciadamente queda demostrada a diario. Adicionalmente, también la presente investigación permite comprender la capacidad de transformación urbana desde la instrumentalización de la Memoria en situaciones menos violentas.
This research studies the role that memory plays in the morphological transformations of cities. In order to understand those transformations and their processes, this study focuses on cities that have experienced violent and unexpected processes of destructions, followed by a "recomposing" process in a so called "state of emergency", instead of on a piecemeal and continuous process of transformation that cities normally go through.

Given that historical districts are largely responsible for the city's memory, a group of cities have been selected as case studies, based on the criteria that their historical cores were heavily destroyed during Second World War.

Instead of using the term reconstruction, which can lead to the idea of restitution of previous states, we believe that it has been necessary to define a new term: "Recomposition". This term refers to a process by which the preexisting city's inner structure has been (or requires to be) reorganized entirely.

Thus, Urban Recomposition can be understood as a decision making process heavily fed by historical (collective) memory, a human capacity that plays an instrumental role for creativeness in any recomposing course of action.

Consequently, we examine cities that have copied, transformed, and disregarded their previous conditions, in order to determine the role that memory has played in their recomposing processes. Accordingly, three sets of strategies have been identified: First, "Self-referenced Strategies" that recognize in the city's previous condition the essential arguments for recomposing the city; second, "Re-founding Strategies" that benefit from destruction to create a brand new city; and third, "Emancipating Strategies" that, based on pragmatism, conciliate modernization and memory.

From the Second Chapter on, this document alternates descriptive/analytic chapters (even chapters) with two other chapters (odd chapters). The even chapters describe and compare operational procedures of each strategy, and the odd chapters study what has been copied and what has been transformed in the recomposed cities selected. This structure provides for two complementary research methodologies: one that leads to the characterization of the recomposing strategies themselves, and the second that analyzes the transformative dimension of those strategies. In both cases, there is a special emphasis in understanding the role of memory in shaping courses of action carried out, as well as the role of memory over the decision-making-processes on morphological and aesthetic components selected in each recomposing project.

The cases analyzed provides for the following conclusions: (i) as mentioned earlier, the "Self-referenced Strategies" recognize in the city's previous condition the essential arguments for recomposing the city, trying to reproduce "past" aesthetics carefully selected while introducing modern construction components and processes; (ii) the "Re-founding Strategies" follow state-of-the-art ideas and trends, benefit from destruction to create a brand new city, and therefore providing for factual urban laboratories in which drastic transformations take place; (iii) flanked by both set of strategies-in a see-sawing tension between memory (familiarity) and transformation (utopia), operates the "Emancipating Strategies".

Commonly, what is copied is related to singular detailing associated with an aesthetic perception of the city as it was, favouring an iconographic image that tends to reproduce an impression of how the city looked like in the past rather than an identical copy of the previous conditions. Furthermore, what gets copied is usually related to visual spatialities, and what gets transformed is frequently framed within the following three categories: urban layouts, building constructions, and lot definition, which in turn provide for modern and innovative ways of living.

Unfortunately, the significance of recomposing of devastated cities due to natural or human causes is tested every day at the present time. In this respect, the ultimate goal of this research is to provide a framework for understanding the effectiveness of urban transformations, when Memory is incorporated as a key component of the analysis, and implementation processes; hopefully in less violent situations.

Asmultimedia-sharing websites are becoming increasingly popular, content providers get more concerned about the illegal distribution of their copyrighted contents. The recent content-based multimedia fingerprinting technology has evolved as an important tool for automatically detecting illegal copies of audio, image, and video signals. Multimedia fingerprints are signatures that are extracted from an audio, image, or video signal as a compact identifier of the signal. Therefore fingerprints should have enough discriminating ability to identify a multimedia object among others. At the same time they should be robust to modifications a multimedia signal might be subjected, such as compression, cropping, format change, scaling, and other signal processing operations. Robustness requires the fingerprints of a signal to only depend on the signals perceptual content and not on its format, size, quality, etc. This thesis proposes copy detection systems for audio and video signals and addresses the robustness as well as the discrimination ability of these systems. We first address audio fingerprinting and propose an algorithm that can detect small snippets of audio signals. Simulation results show that, the extracted fingerprints are robust to audio modifications including pitch shift and tempo change. For severe modifications that existing algorithms have poor detection rates (around 20%), our proposed algorithm yields detection rates above 80%. We then address video fingerprinting and propose an algorithm that extracts robust and discriminant binary fingerprints. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is faster and more accurate than the state-of-the-art with a high true positive rate of over 97% and a low false positive rate below 1%. Another challenge in multimedia fingerprinting is fingerprint retrieval, i.e. searching a huge fingerprint database (millions of fingerprints), for an accurate match for a query fingerprint in a fast fashion. We propose a fast and accurate Nearest Neighbour (NN) search algorithm for binary fingerprints (Hamming space). Tested on a very large database of 80 million images, we showed that the proposed algorithm is about 3 times faster than the state-of-the-art while at the same time it is 10 times more accurate.

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A partir da visitação à história do futebol no mundo e no Brasil e da origem da FIFA faz-se uma análise da trajetória da Copa do Mundo de Futebol e da escolha dos países-sede pela Associação Internacional das Federações de Futebol - FIFA no decorrer dos oitenta e quatro anos de existência do campeonato. Para referendar as informações consultou-se autores como Guterman, Voser, Guimarães e Ribeiro, Scliar e Cattani, Caldas, Soares, dentre outros. Esta pesquisa propõe-se, então, a verificação da existência de fundamentos eurocêntricos, conforme estabelecem Stam e Shohat (2006), sobre o comportamento e a imposição de modelos aos países terceiromundistas, subdesenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento, como é o caso do Brasil, na composição deste roteiro geopolítico que, em princípio, se mostrava como um ato de celebração da "paz entre os povos" a fim de valorizar a disputa esportiva entre nações. A partir do aporte teórico referendado pelos Estudos Culturais e de contribuições de autores como Hall, Anderson, Turner, Escosteguy, Garramuño, Juliano, dentre outros, buscou-se relacionar a construção das identidades nacionais e a situação brasileira, visto que o Brasil é reconhecido mundialmente como o país do futebol. Através de uma pesquisa qualitativa, em especial de um Estudo de Caso, avaliou-se os "Caminhos da Copa e do Futebol no Brasil" onde buscou-se identificar as motivações da trajetória resultante das escolhas da FIFA ao estabelecer os locais das disputas do torneio mundial de futebol
Starting from the visit to football history in the world and in Brazil and from FIFA origin, we make an analysis of the Footbal World Cup course and the host countries choice by the International Federation of Football Associations - FIFA during the 84 years of the championship existence.In order to give references to the information we have consulted authors such as Guterman, Voser, Guimarães e Ribeiro, Scliar e Cattani, Caldas, Soares, among others.So, this research has the intent of verifying the eurocentric foundations existence, as stated by Stam and Shohat (2006), about the behavior and models imposition to thirld world, underdeveloped or developing countries, as Brazil, in this geopolitical roadmap composition that, in principle, was presented as a "peace among the nations" celebration act in order to enhance the sport contest among nations. From the theoretical input endorsed by the Cultural Studies and from the contribuitions of authors such as Hall, Anderson, Turner, Escosteguy, Garramuño, Juliano, among others, we aimed to relate the national identities construction and the brazilian situation, since Brazil is worldwide recognized as the country of football .Through a qualitative research, in special a Case Study, the "Cup and Footbal course in Brazil" were evaluated and we have tried to identify the motivations of history resulting from FIFA choices to establish the places for football world contest tournaments

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Marketing
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La industria del turismo se ha convertido en una de las industrias limpias con mayor potencial a nivel global tanto para generar ingresos, empleos y desarrollo regional. Cada dia, el turismo se convierte en una posibilidad real de mejorar la calidad de vida y de incrementar los ingresos de las comunidades locales asociadas a atractivos turisticos desarrollados o en vias de desarrollo, siendo una actividad inclusiva y que permite dar a conocer a nivel internacional a los paises. En este sentido es que se hace imprescindible la colaboración de los prestadores de servicios como son hoteles, transportes, excursiones y, como gran participante, las lineas aereas, sin las cuales el transportar grandes cantidades de turistas a cada uno de estos destinos sería imposible. En cifras de la OMT, la actividad turistica emisiva a nivel mundial durante el año 2014 presenta quinto año consecutivo de crecimiento por sobre la media, post crisis economica de 2009. En 2014, la cantidad de turistas que dejaron sus paises de residencia para viajar a destinos internacionales tuvo un alza de un 4,7% respecto del año 2013, cifrando la cantidad total mundial en 1.138 millones de pasajeros transportados por las distintas lineas aereas en el mundo. Para 2015, se estima que la cantidad de pasajeros transportados se incremente de un 3% a un 4%, aportando con la recuperación de la economía a nivel global. Respecto de los destinos con mayores incrementos en la cantidad de pasajeros recibidos durante 2014 se encuentra Norteamerica con un 8% a nivel global (contemplando USA, Canadá y Mexico, país que contó con un incremento superior al resto llegando a las 02 cifras) y los destinos de Caribe, con un incremento de un 7%. Los destinos de Europa, Asia y Pacifico contaron con un moderado incremento en la cantidad de pasajeros recibidos (4% promedio) lo que situa a las rutas de USA y Caribe en un sitial privilegiado. Y es precisamente en estas rutas que Copa Airlines tiene una marcada presencia en terminos de variedad, capacidad de conexión y frecuencia de vuelos, convirtiendose en una de las lineas aereas con mayor potencial de crecimiento de la región. Copa Vacations es una sub marca de Copa Airlines con presencia a nivel mundial agrupando Tour Opeardores que dan preferencia a las rutas de Copa Airlines, otorgandoles una serie de beneficios. Esta sub marca posee una fuerte presencia a nivel internacional con presencia en Panamá, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia y Chile, siempre agrupando tour operadores en pos de realizar acciones de difusión, potenciando nuevas rutas y productos especiales. Todo esto siempre con venta exclusiva a traves de agencias de viajes y buscando incrementar los niveles de ventas de la linea aerea y de los Tour Operadores que la componen. En Chile, Copa Vacations agrupa a 04 Tour Operadores: Caribbean Chile, Euroandino, Panamericana Turismo y Via Club.

Der 3D-Druck greift als Vervielfältigungsgerät in das Kernrecht des Urhebers ein. Der private Nutzer kann mit “Copy and Paste” alle Objekte drucken. Das Vervielfältigungsrecht des Urhebers wird durch eine private Nutzung von 3D-Druckern zu Hause, in FabLabs, Hackerspaces oder 3D-Druck Copyshops eingeschränkt werden. Das Urheberrecht als Eigentumsrecht aus Art. 14 GG wird mit dem Recht des Nutzers auf Information und Meinungsfreiheit nach Art. 5 GG abgewogen. Diese Abwägung ist in Zeiten der Digitalisierung, des Internets und der neuen Technologien eine der wichtigsten für das geistige Eigentum. Mit dem 3D-Druck steht und fällt die Frage nach der Vervielfältigungsfreiheit und der Suche nach alternativen Vergütungsmodellen. Schafft der § 53 Abs.1, Abs. 7 UrhG einen Interessenausgleich zwischen Urhebern und Nutzern? Die Arbeit untersucht die Vervielfältigung von Werken der angewandten Kunst unter dem Aspekt der Geburtstagszugentscheidung des BGH und macht die notwendige rechtlichen Änderungen deutlich.
3D printing is not only a technical topic but also a topic for creators. The 3D printer intervenes the core right of creators and makes copyright issues obvious. 3D printing is a new usage under section § 31 UrhG. The private user can "copy and paste" to reproduce any objects. The question is how the right of the creator can be restricted by private use of 3D printers at home, in FabLabs, hackerspaces or 3D printing copy shops. Copyright as a property right in Art. 14 GG faces the user's right to information and freedom of expression under Art. 5 GG. Balancing these two fundamental rights is one of the crucial questions for intellectual property in times of digitization, internet and new technologies, as 3D printing is also about freedom of reproduction and alternative compensation models. To what extent creates section § 53 para. 1, para. 7 UrhG a balance of interests for applied art? This present works examines the reproduction of applied art under the “Geburtstagszugentscheidung” and the necessity of reforming legislation in the age of 3D printers.

La thèse comprend l'étude séparée du fonctionnement d'un générateur solaire d'air chaud et d'un séchoir ainsi que l'étude du système complet de séchage comprenant les deux appareils cités. Une étude de rentabilité économique est effectuée

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1985.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Bibliography: leaves 131-132.
by David Alan Levy.
M.C.P.
M.S.

Dans le contexte litteraire elisabethain et jacobeen fortement impregne de l'art rhetorique de l'antiquite, l'oeuvre de shakespeare est marquee par l'ideal d'abondance oratoire ou copia rendue celebre par erasme a la renaissance. Si le dramaturge celebre la copia qui envahit tous les genres oratoires (epidictique, deliberatif, judiciaire), l'espace public ou forum comme l'espace prive de l'alcove, et jusqu'aux minutieuses descriptions incrustees dans la trame de l'oeuvre dramatique, il en denonce egalement les limites et les exces. La copia peut s'inverser en loquacitas ou prolixite vide, sur le mode leger du << wit >> dans les comedies ou bien sur le mode tragique. En outre, la copia, terme a l'origine applique exclusivement au domaine de la rhetorique, deborde ce cadre restreint et acquiert a partir du 16e siecle le sens supplementaire de copie, de reproduction d'un modele. Elle devient un principe structurel de composition des ornements grotesques en vogue dans les arts decoratifs de l'epoque. Dans l'ecriture dramatique shakespearienne, elle se manifeste par des strategies de decentrement, de proliferation, d'enchevetrement et d'evitement. Dans l'oeuvre du dramaturge, l'instabilite de la thematique plenitude / vacuite, reperable dans la subversion du mythe de l'age d'or, le renversement de la cornucopia en tonneau des danaides, le jeu sur la figure du silene platonicien et la recurrence des << vanites >>, temoigne de la crise ontologique qui marque l'europe baroque a la fin du 16e et au debut du 17e siecle.

Bakterier har alltid haft en stor inverkan på mänskligheten. För att diagnostisera bakteriella sjukdomar och behandla dem krävs identifiering av bakterien eller bakteriens relevanta egenskaper. Transportmedium har utvecklats för att hålla bakterierna vid liv från provtagning till analys. Syftet med studien var att utvärdera bakteriers viabilitet i det vätskebaserade mediet Copan Eswab jämfört med kolmedium (Copan swab). Bakterierna som ingick i studien var Campylobacter jejuni, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Niesseria gonorrhoeae och Fusobacterium nucleatum. Förutom jämförande mellan medierna genomfördes en jämförelse mellan Eswab i kyl och i rumstemperatur. Resultaten för H. influenzae (n=9) och N. gonorrhoeae (n=9) visade att Eswab gav lika många eller fler överlevande bakterier. Gällande F. nucleatum (n=9) visade resultaten att fler överlevde i Copan swab (Copanpinnar) de första 28 timmarna, men även att bakterien inte klarar mer än 28 timmar i rumstemperatur. Gällande S. pneumoniae (n=9) och C. jejuni (n=9) gav båda opålitliga svar. Ytterligare mätpunkter och studier krävs för att erhålla mer pålitliga resultat gällande hur länge bakterierna överlever i Eswab.
Bacteria have always had a great influence on mankind. To diagnose any bacterial disease and treat it it’s necessary to identify the bacteria or any relevant attributes. Different types of specimen transport have been developed to keep the bacteria alive from sampling until the analysis is performed. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the viability of bacteria in the fluid-based media Copan EswabTM compared with charcoal medium (Copan swab). Bacteria included in the study were: Campylobacter jejuni, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Niesseria gonorrhoeae and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The study also tried to compare how bacteria survived in Eswab which was refrigerated and in Eswab room temperature. Results for H. influenzae (n=9) and N. gonorrhoeae (n=9) showed that an equal amount or more of the bacteria survived in Eswab. More of F. nucleatum (n=9) survived in Copan swab (Copan swab sticks) for the first 28 hours, additionally they showed that the bacteria won’t survive more than 28 hours in room temperature. Regarding S. pneumoniae (n=9) and C. jejuni (n=9) both displayed unreliable results. Overall more measurements and additional studies are needed for more reliable results.

Esta pesquisa investiga a contribuição da análise musical, disciplina consolidada no estudo de música, ao desenvolvimento de uma disciplina analítica em arquitetura. Para tanto, empreendeu-se a análise do Edifício Copan (1951), de Oscar Niemeyer, a partir dos parâmetros musicais adotados por Stefan Kostka (2006). Por meio da análise de um exemplar arquitetônico, procurou-se apontar a procedimentos inerentes à análise arquitetônica de modo geral, propondo-se a elaboração de parâmetros mais sensíveis do que os verificados até o presente.
This research examines the contribution of the Musical Analysis, a traditional discipline in the study of music, to the development of an analytical discipline on architecture. To do so, an analysis of Copan Building (1951), built by Oscar Niemeyer, has been done based on musical parameters adopted by Stefan Kostka (2006). Through this architectural case study, this report aimed at pointing the general procedures involved in the architectural analysis out, suggesting the development of more sensitive parameters than those found so far.

In this dissertation I study Ball Cancelled, Summer Indoors and La tajada, the three early screenplays by Argentine writer Manuel Puig, who wrote these before his first novel and dismissing “copies of old movies”. My thesis investigates and refutes this harsh self-judgment and tries to show—through theories of the “copy” —, that the three screenplays establish a dialogue with one another as well as with the “old Hollywood movies”, through a subtle critique, a transgressive distance and complacency towards the model they represent. The first section examines Puig’s relationship to the conditions under which they were composed, and those films produced in Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s, in particular those classified as melodramas and “women’s films” under the genre system of that time, as well as with movie reception and the theories elaborated around the audiences, especially the female spectator. The second section is dedicated to the analysis of the three screenplays, from their conception as films to be made under the “Hollywood system” to their impossibility to adherence to the models required by that system, since they reelaborate and alter them, sometimes subtly, and on occassions openly. These three screenplays permit a comprehensive understanding of Puig's narrative, which is why they should be integrated as autonomous texts in the complete works of Manuel Puig.

Be cornu copiae, paru en 1489, est un dictionnaire encyclopedique de la langue latine, presente comme un commentaire mot a mot du liber de spectaculis de martial. Ce dictionnaire est en fait une compilation d'ouvrages anterieurs, essentiellement d'oeuvres techniques sur la langue latine (grammaires et lexiques antiques, medievaux et humanistes), d'ouvrages scientifiques comme l'historia naturalis de pline et d'autres compilations anterieures antiques et tardo-antiques. Mais il comporte egalement un grand nombre de cittions d'auteurs anciens, qui servent d'illustration au sens des lemmes donnes, et couvrent de nombreux auteurs de la langue latine. Quelques-uns de ces citations, non identifiees dans les textes que nous avons conservees, ont pu faire penser a une falsification de la part de perotti, mais cela ne semble pas correspondre a son etat d'esprit. Le cornu copiae n'est plus un commentaire de texte comme les maitres du moyen age en produisaient, car il n'explique plus vraiment le texte, qui devient un pretexte a reunir des renseignements sur la langue et la civilisation latines : il n'est plus non plus une encyclopedie car les connaissances y sont organisees autour d'un texte et non plus d'un principe philosophique. Il s'agit donc bien d'un lexique, ou perotti utilise une methode medievale, la disciplina deriuationis, au service d'une culture renouvelee. Mais cette inadequation entre la methode adoptee, heritee du passe, et la matiere traitee, composee de textes recemment redecouverts, condamne le cornu copiae, apres cinquante ans de succes, a etre supplante par des oeuvres plus modernes.

This study investigates indirect translations translated from Bengali source texts to Swedish target texts via English intermediary texts by comparing Pedersen’s (2011) Extralinguistic Cultural References in coupled pairs from all three languages. The purpose of this study is to examine how indirect translations differ from direct translations and to discern whether there are specific translation strategies that translators use when transferring Extralinguistic Cultural References (ECRs) from a third language. The results were analyzed with a perspective based on translation norms, previous research into indirect translation, and the concept of foreignization/domestication in mind. The results show that an indirect translation can be closer to the original source text than the intermediary text it was based on in the first place. This was demonstrated with the Swedish TTs displaying more source-oriented transfer strategies compared to the English ITs, which displayed a higher amount of target-oriented strategies used by the translators. An unexpected finding was noted in the analysis material, namely that misunderstandings or deviations present in the ITs were not necessarily transferred to the TTs, which goes against previous research into indirect translations (cf. Dollerup 2000; Tegelberg 2011; Ringmar 2016). This supports similar results as found in Adler (2016) and Hekkanen (2014). In conclusion, the results suggest that the tendency of high-prestige literature resulting in adequate translations would be stronger than the tendency of indirect translations resulting in acceptable translations in the context of the Swedish target system. The source-oriented strategies in the TTs could also be seen as resistancy to target norms by the translators to create foreignizing translations.

El diaconat és una institució abundosament representada en el corpus de la papirologia documental que, tanmateix, no havia estat fins ara objecte d’un estudi específic. Els documents que ens han pervingut, procedents bàsicament d’Egipte, ens permeten tenir una visió de l’evolució del lema διακi de la institució del diaconat durant més d’un mil∙leni. En primer lloc, ens il∙lustren sobre l’ús quotidià del mot διάκονος i les corresponents formes verbals i variants en el context del grec precristià o no cristià. Una de les constatacions més evidents és que, si literàriament convivien des del segle I un ús general i un tecnicisme cristià utilitzat per indicar un grau de la jerarquia eclesiàstica, a partir del segle IV i de la cristianització de l’Imperi Romà l’ús cristià esdevé hegemònic i bandeja, en els textos documentals, qualsevol altra utilització del mot. Esment a part mereix el seu ús en els papirs màgics, on la seva utilització està marcada pel caràcter fortament transgressor d’aquestes pràctiques. Pel que fa al diaconat cristià, el corpus documental ens ofereix un gruix important de textos que comencen el segle IV, amb algun cas anterior discutit, i s’incrementen de manera important en el període següent. A través d’aquests documents podem reconstruir en part aspectes relatius a la pràctica de l’ordenació diaconal i la seva evolució al llarg del temps, així com de la participació dels diaques en la vida litúrgica de l’Església. Igualment, reflecteixen la seva participació en el fenomen del monaquisme, que precisament tingué el seu bressol a Egipte. Els documents també ens permeten comprovar quin era el grau de participació dels diaques en l’administració eclesiàstica, especialment en el seu vessant econòmic, així com funcions de caràcter civil que assoliren gradualment, especialment en les poblacions petites i en matèria fiscal. També podem resseguir l’activitat privada dels diaques: la seva participació en la vida econòmica a través de l’exercici de l’activitat agrícola i el de diverses professions artesanals o liberals. És especialment significativa l’una especialització en la redacció de documents i l’assumpció de funcions notarials, que implica també l’exercici de potestats públiques. Aquesta activitat en el món econòmic es manifesta també en la participació en diversos negocis jurídics recollits en diferents tipologies contractuals, així com en les seves relacions amb l’administració de justícia per diverses causes penals. Els documents examinats permeten igualment tenir una visió de la vida familiar dels diaques que hi són representats, especialment pel que fa a les relacions de filiació. Finalment, la documentació ens confronta amb una institució diferent del diaconat, malgrat que amb una relació etimològica, la dels diaconetes. Aquest mot, tot i que molt menys documentat, també sofrirà un procés d’especialització semblant al del mot “diaca” per esdevenir un mot tècnic cristià.
Diaconate is a wide represented institution in the corpus of documental papyri. Nontheless it had not been object of specific study until now. Documents we have, most of them coming from Egypt, allow us to have a vision of the evolution of lemma διακand of diaconate for more than a millenium. First of all, they give us a glance over the everyday use of the word διάκονος and its related verbal and variant forms in preChristian or noChristian context. In literary texts a general and a specialised Christian meaning were developing aside from the 1st century, but in the 4th century the Christian meaning overwhealmed the other one. The case of the magical papyri deserves a special reference as it is deeply marked by its transgressive nature. As for Christian diaconate, documental corpus offers us an important number of texts growing from the 4th century onwards. These documents help us reconstructing some details about diaconal ordinations and their evolution all over time, and also about deacons’ liturgical life in the Church. They reflect too their involvement whith monasticism. Documents also give us the chance to check responsabilities assumed by deacons in Church adminsitration, especially in aspects regarding economy. They also inform us about their assumption of leading functions in civil administration, in villages and in tax collecting. Thanks to papyri we can also consider deacons’ private activity. They took part in economic life as farmers, craftmen or professionals. They show special skills in document writing, and they also worked as notaries. All these business were documented through various types of contracts, and some documents witness their relationship with justice courts. We can also have a vision of deacons’ family life. Finally, documents show us some diaconetes, an institution other than the diaconate. This word, much less documented, endured an evolution parallel to that of the word “deacon” to become a Christian specialized term.

Transposable elements (TEs) are segments of DNA that have the ability to move up and replicate themselves within the genome. The retrotransposon copia belongs to the superfamily copia and was first sequenced in D. melanogaster. We used in part of this work, which corresponded to a populational analysis of element copia in the genomes of species of the group willistoni, the portion of 5'LTR-URL for its importance as a regulatory sequence that can give us relevant phylogenetic information. Data in silico were added to the work which sought in the twelve genomes of Drosophila available the complete sequence of the element copia and the sequence of LTRs that surround the element. The wide distribution of element copia in the genus Drosophila suggests the occurrence of several cases of horizontal transfer, one of them between D. melanogaster and D. willistoni. To investigate this case we amplify by PCR the region 5'LTR-URL of two strains of D. willistoni, which showed a 95 to 98% similarity with the element copia, but the same homology was not detected in the search made by Southern blot. Some assumptions can be considered to explain these results: the copia polymorphism in the host genome, a small number of copies in a few individuals of the population or the sequence of the copia element could be in a vector. But the data are still inconclusive. The results of the searches showed a wide distribution of element copia in the genome, despite uneven, and some inconsistencies were found related to the phylogenetic analysis of the host species. Of the species examined, only three of subgenus Sophophora and two of subgenus Drosophila did not show sequences related to copia element.
Elementos transponíveis (TEs) são segmentos de DNA que têm a capacidade de mover-se e replicar-se dentro dos genomas. O retrotransposon copia pertence à superfamília copia e foi primeiramente seqüenciado em D. melanogaster. Abordamos em parte deste trabalho uma busca por seqüências relacionadas ao elemento copia nos genomas de diversas linhagens de espécies do grupo willistoni. A região estudada corresponde a porção da 5 LTR-URL, escolhida pela sua importância como seqüência regulatória e que pode nos fornecer informações filogenéticas relevantes. Dados in silico foram adicionados ao trabalho onde buscamos nos doze genomas de Drosophila disponíveis a seqüência completa de copia e a seqüência das LTRs que flanqueiam o elemento. A ampla distribuição do elemento copia no gênero Drosophila sugere indícios da ocorrência de vários casos de transferência horizontal, um deles entre D. melanogaster e D. willistoni. Para investigarmos esse caso amplificamos por PCR a região 5 LTR-URL de duas linhagens de D. willistoni, que apresentaram de 95 a 98% de similaridade com o elemento copia, porém a mesma homologia não foi detectada em rastreamentos por Southern Blot. Algumas hipóteses podem ser levadas em consideração para explicarmos tais resultados: o polimorfismo de copia nos genomas hospedeiros, pequeno número de cópias em poucos indivíduos da população ou a seqüência do elemento copia estar em um vetor. No momento não podemos excluir nenhuma dessas hipóteses. Os resultados das buscas nos genomas seqüenciados mostraram uma ampla distribuição do elemento copia, porém desigual, e algumas incongruências foram encontradas com relação à análise filogenética das espécies hospedeiras. Das espécies analisada em somente três do subgênero Sophophora e duas do subgênero Drosophila não foram encontradas seqüências relacionadas a copia.

Le flamenco est un phenomene encore peu reconnu actuellement. L'image que l'on en a est incomplete sinon caricaturale. Cette etude veut contribuer a une meilleure comprehension du phenomene. Elle comporte: une presentation theorique de la copla; une introduction au theme de la violence suivie d'un examen du contexte historique et social de l'andalousie du dix neuvieme siecle, lieu et periode de developpement du phenomene; une selection et un classement d'un corpus de coplas relatives a la violence effectuees a partir de quatre anthologies s'echelonnant entre mille huit cent quatre vingt un et mille neuf cent quatre vingt trois. A partir des donnees du contexte et de l'analyse des coplas, le flamenco se revele comme l'espace dans lequel l'individu stigmatise les effets d'une realite quotidienne dont la violence est partie integrante. Il semble legitime de le considerer comme la reaction d'une marginalite a travers une expression qui, loin d'etre aureolee de resignation comme d'aucuns le pensent, s'inscrit dans le mouvement de resistance se manifestant au dix neuvieme siecle. C'est pourquoi nous avons cru pouvoir parler a propos de la copla flamenca et parallellement a sa valeur poetique, de l'invisibilite d'une protestation sociale
Flamenco is a phenomenon that is still given little recognition nowadays. The image one has of it is incomplete if not a caricature. The purpose of this study is to give a better understanding of the phenomenon. It includes: a theoretical presentation of the flamenco stanza; an introduction to " violence "; an analysis of the historical and social context in andalusia in the nineteenth century, the place and period of the expansion of this phenomenon; a selected and classified corpus of stanzas related to violence taken from four anthologies ranging from eighteen eighty one to nineteen eighty three. From the contextual elements and the analysis of stanzas, flamenco appears to be the space in which the individual condemns the effects of everyday reality, the integral part of which is violence. Flamenco can be justified by being considered as the reaction of the dropouts, far from being full of resignation as there are some who think it, is in keeping with the nineteenth century resistance movement. This is why we have throught it was good to speak about the invisibility of social unrest in flamenco stanzas as well as about its poetical value

Mestrado em Planeamento Regional e Urbano
A cidade de Curitiba tornou-se conhecida mundialmente pela suas propostas e ações inovadoras em Planejamento Urbano, a partir de 1970 iniciou-se um processo urbanístico onde diversas ações foram implementadas com base no Plano Diretor da cidade que derivou do Plano Preliminar de Urbanismo criado em 1965 pelo Urbanista Jorge Wilheim e posteriormente revisado por uma equipe constituída pelo Arquiteto Jaime Lerner e técnicos da área. Naquele período, foram executadas diversas obras inovadoras baseadas nas diretrizes do Plano Diretor que, ao contrário do conceito setorizado aplicado em Brasília que inspirava diversos urbanistas pelo mundo, propunha um sistema diferenciado de ocupação linear integrando três elementos importantes do urbanismo moderno, mobilidade, uso do solo e sistema viário. Um dos destaques foi a implantação de um sistema inédito de transporte coletivo, atualmente denominado de BRT, o sistema foi se desenvolvendo ao longo das décadas e a inovação apresentada em 1974 serviu de inspiração para diversas cidades do mundo, além do sistema de transporte, marca de Jaime Lerner, outras ações inovadoras se desenvolveram na cidade como a primeira coleta seletiva de lixo do país e uma rua que funcionava ininterruptamente. Os sucessores de Lerner não deram continuidade a política inovadora do Urbanista e aos poucos, a cidade começou a enfrentar problemas comuns as grandes metrópoles como o aumento do trânsito e a degradação do sistema de transporte. Atualmente, na tentativa de solucionar os seus problemas, Curitiba tem importado soluções já implantadas em outras cidades, essas intervenções urbanas não atendem a real necessidade da cidade apesar de satisfatórias onde tiveram origem, isso tem acontecido devido as soluções serem meras cópias que não atendem a necessidade real e personalizada da cidade. Nesta dissertação analisou-se o processo urbano ocorrido em Curitiba com intenção de identificar os motivos da interrupção do ciclo inovador que projetou a cidade a nível internacional além de entender porque a cidade, ao invés de dar continuidade a sua política inovadora passou a copiar soluções urbanas já consagradas.
The City of Curitiba has become widely known by it’s ideas and innovative actions in the urban planning. Since 1970 an urbanist process has begun, implementing a great number of actions in the city’s urban master plan. It has been based on the preliminar urban plan previously created by Mr. Jorge Wilheim and later reviewed by Mr. Jaime Lerner and a specialist architects team. In that years a great amount of innovative urban plant has been executed and processed, all of them based in the master plan directives in a way very different of the sectored concept applied in the City of Brasilia wich followed the wide world common sectored tendency in the urban planning. That new concept had the purpose to a linear occupation, linking three basic pillars of the modern urban planning: mobility, the use of the territory and the road system. The main highlight was the indent implementation of a collective transport system, nowadays called as BRT - Bus Rapid Transit. That system was been developed in the further years and that presented innovation from 1974 has been used as inspiration for some international cities. Not only the system of transport was the main mark for Jaime Lerner’s work, other innovative actions were pursuit in the city of Curitiba as the first selective and separated garbage collect in the country, as well as a commercial street with prolonged and almost uninterrupted opening time. Jaime Lerner’s successive mayors and administrators did not continue his legacy of that kind of innovative urbanist planning, slowly letting the city to experiment the common great issues of the big metropolis such as the uncontrolled increase of the transit and the constant degradation of the transport’s system. Curitiba is contemporary adopting solutions that has already been implemented in foreign cities as attempt to solve it’s main issues. Many of that processed urban interventions do not attempt to the realistic needs of the City, although successfully implemented in other Cities where they were originated from. That happened because this kind of solutions were mere copies of good and bad urban solutions wich did not attempt to a local and personalized response to Curitiba’s nuances. Curitiba’s urban planning process was analyzed in the present dissertation with the meaning of identifying the lack of new inventive and innovative urban processes, it’s reasons and causes, in other words, the interruption of the known innovative cycle of the city’s development that used to project the City’s image in the international urban planning scenery. Another important aspect in the current text is the analyzed reason why the City stopped creating it’s own planning ideals and simply begun to copy the common solutions applied in the common vulgar urban planing tendencies.

By accurately describing cancer genomes, we may link genomic mutations to phenotypic effects and eventually treat cancer patients based on the molecular cause of their disease, rather than generalizing treatment based on cell morphology or tissue of origin. Alteration of DNA copy number is a driving mutational process in the formation and progression of cancer. Deletions and amplifications of specific chromosomal regions are important for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and copy number analysis has become standard practice for many clinicians and researchers. In this thesis we describe the development of two computational methods, TAPS and Patchwork, for analysis of genome-wide absolute allele-specific copy number per cell in tumour samples. TAPS is used with SNP microarray data and Patchwork with whole genome sequencing data. Both are suitable for unknown average ploidy of the tumour cells, are robust to admixture of genetically normal cells, and may be used to detect genetic heterogeneity in the tumour cell population. We also present two studies where TAPS was used to find copy number alterations associated with risk of recurrence after surgery, in ovarian cancer and colon cancer. We discuss the potential of such prognostic markers and the use of allele-specific copy number analysis in research and diagnostics.

This study aimed to identify the political role of mega sports events in Brazil from the analysis of cropping on the Soccer World Cup in 2014 aiming to understand the links and present relations between this government policy and the need to expand the subordination of the country to the capital monopolist. For this we rely on the understanding that this political project of domination imposed on Brazil by the world bourgeoisie shows clear signs of exhaustion , with the June days of 2013 signaled this. Therefore we investigated the popular manifestations and its set of claims relating the content demands of the Brazilian people with government policies expressed in hosting the games , trying to understand the continuity of this struggle and its development during the popular demonstrations against the FIFA World Cup in Porto Alegre, Fights organized by Block by Public Transport.
Este estudo buscou identificar o papel político dos megaeventos esportivos no Brasil a partir do recorte de análise sobre a realização da Copa do Mundo de Futebol 2014 visando compreender os nexos e relações presentes entre esta política governamental e a necessidade de ampliar a subordinação do país ao capital monopolista. Para tanto nos valemos do entendimento de que este projeto político de dominação imposto ao Brasil pela burguesia mundial demonstra claros sinais de esgotamento, tendo as jornadas de junho de 2013 sinalizado isto. Portanto investigamos as manifestações populares e seu conteúdo reivindicatório relacionando as demandas do povo brasileiro com as políticas governamentais expressas na realização dos jogos, buscando compreender a continuidade desta luta e seus desdobramentos durante as manifestações populares contra a Copa do Mundo FIFA na cidade de Porto Alegre, organizadas pelo Bloco de Lutas pelo Transporte Público.

Cílem této magisterské práce je návrh a implementace síťové sondy pro sledování toků na 10GbE rozhraní. Text se zabývá přehledem GNU/Linux nástrojů využívaných ve vysokorychlostních sítích a principů jejich fungování. Dále pak je uveden návrh a implementace sondy využívající mechanismu zero-copy pro sledování provozu na 10GbE rozhraní. Aplikace využívá Expresní datové cesty (XDP) a jeho AF_XDP soketu pro zachycení provozu na rozhraní. Jako testovací platforma byla vybrána platforma NETX používaná na FIT VUT.

Doctor en Ciencias, Mención Computación
La cantidad y el uso de videos en Internet ha aumentado exponencialmente durante los últimos años. La investigación académica en tópicos de videos se ha desarrollado durante décadas, sin embargo la actual ubicuidad de los videos presiona por el desarrollo de nuevos y mejores algoritmos. Actualmente existen variadas necesidades por satisfacer y muchos problemas abiertos que requieren de investigación científica. En particular, la Detección de Copias de Video (DCV) aborda la necesidad de buscar los videos que son copia de un documento original. El proceso de detección compara el contenido de los videos en forma robusta a diferentes transformaciones audiovisuales. Esta tesis presenta un sistema de DCV llamado P-VCD, el cual utiliza algoritmos y técnicas novedosas para lograr alta efectividad y eficiencia. Esta tesis se divide en dos partes. La primera parte se enfoca en el estado del arte, donde se revisan técnicas comunes de procesamiento de imágenes y búsqueda por similitud, se analiza la definición y alcance de la DCV, y se presentan técnicas actuales para resolver este problema. La segunda parte de esta tesis detalla el trabajo realizado y sus contribuciones al estado del arte, analizando cada una de las tareas que componen esta solución, a saber: preprocesamiento de videos, segmentación de videos, extracción de características, búsqueda por similitud y localización de copias. En relación a la efectividad, se desarrollan las ideas de normalización de calidad de videos, descripción múltiple de contenidos, combinación de distancias, y uso de distancias métricas versus no-métricas. Como resultado se proponen las técnicas de creación automática de descriptores espacio-temporales a partir de descriptores de fotogramas, descriptores de audio combinables con descriptores visuales, selección automática de pesos, y distancia espacio-temporal para combinación de descriptores. En relación a la eficiencia, se desarrollan los enfoques de espacios métricos y tabla de pivotes para acelerar las búsquedas. Como resultado se proponen una búsqueda aproximada utilizando objetos pivotes para estimar y descartar distancias, búsquedas multimodales en grandes colecciones, y un índice que explota la similitud entre objetos de consulta consecutivos. Esta tesis ha sido evaluada usando la colección MUSCLE-VCD-2007 y participando en las evaluaciones TRECVID 2010 y 2011. El desempeño logrado en estas evaluaciones es satisfactorio. En el caso de MUSCLE-VCD-2007 se supera el mejor resultado publicado para esa colección, logrando la máxima efectividad posible, mientras que en el caso de TRECVID se obtiene una performance competitiva con otros sistemas del estado del arte.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 17-20, 1994 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California
In this paper, by using computer simulations, the interference of channel data in the SDM telemetry system is investigated, the performance of the copy demultiplexing is examined, and finally the selection rule of Walsh functions is recommended.

In plants, retrotransposon copy numbers have been shown to vary from several hundreds to several million. The factors that regulate retrotransposon copy number are poorly known. A model by FLAVELL et al. (1997) proposing different effects of selection in genomes with low numbers of copia-like retrotransposons, against genomes with higher copy numbers of this retroelement, was tested. Non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions ratio (d N/dS), together with the frequency of occurrence of stop codons within the reverse transcriptase sequence of copia -like retrotransposons, were analyzed in relationship to copy number estimates of this retrotransposons. Evidence of purifying selection was detected in an enzyme directly involved in transposition. Genomes with less than 10,000 copia-like elements showed significantly smaller dN /dS ratios and fewer stop codons compared with genomes containing more than 10,000 copia-like elements. Genome size also appeared to be correlated with dN/dS ratios and frequencies of stop codons. Heterogeneity of copia-like retrotransposons was not related to dN/dS ratios. Copia-like retrotransposons with different copy numbers inside a single genome showed the same dN/d S ratios. The findings were discussed in relation to different possible selective scenarios in plants with low versus high retrotransposon copy number.

James Berlin, in his book Rhetoric and Reality, points out that our disparate epistemologies lead to inevitable classroom practices, which mean that different epistemologies impact our pedagogical approach and enforce certain views about the role and function of writing in classrooms. This thesis highlights the impact of Romantic beliefs about writing on creative writing pedagogy, as well as exploring how those beliefs hamper the critical function of the workshop. Romantic beliefs have enforced the idea that talent and genius is most important in creative writing, and that writing is spontaneous, organic, original, and expressive. Because of this, many creative writing teachers have come to believe that a structured pedagogical approach hampers creative writing, but this creates problems in workshop where the need for collaborative criticism conflicts with Romantic beliefs. The result is that students, who are assumed to know how to offer effective criticism, struggle to negotiate expressive ideals as opposed to critical response. This thesis therefore explores the problems of Romantic beliefs in detail. This thesis proposes the classical rhetorical curriculum, supported by appropriate rhetorical theory, as a solution to the problems created by Romantic beliefs. This curriculum provides a detailed, structured approach to teaching writing, which is best highlighted by the way it combined stylistic analysis together with production; therefore, helping students use criticism as a way to develop their writing. In doing so, I look at a rhetorical approach to style as detailed by Richard Lanham and Winston Weathers who emphasize helping students with stylistic analysis by helping students understand the function of style. Also, because I recognize that creative writers are often resistant to any discussion of the links between creative writing and rhetoric, this thesis emphasizes the critical links between creative writing and rhetoric, thereby showing that the view of rhetoric held by creative writers is a substantially reduced view of a more dynamic discipline. The truth is the two disciplines share a fundamental critical purpose aimed at assisting student in the production of new texts, and therefore, because the two disciplines have a great deal in common, there is a viable opportunity to build on their theoretical links in order to enhance pedagogy in both disciplines. Therefore, this thesis looks at some specific ways that the classical rhetorical curriculum can be applied within the constraints of the contemporary creative writing classroom.

L’estudi de la variació estructural complementa l’estudi de la variació de seqüència per revelar les complexitats de la variació fenotípica. Els gossos són l’espècie domesticada amb més variació fenotípica que existeix avui en dia, malgrat la seva baixa diversitat nucleotídica. Com a tal, estudiar sistemàticament la variació del nombre de còpies en un panell compost de més de 100 races de gossos, permet descobrir algunes de les bases d’aquesta diversitat fenotípica. En la recerca presentada en aquesta tesi, hem descrit un excés de variants estructurals en gossos si ho comparem amb el que s’esperaria segons la seva història genètica. Aquest fet podria explicar part de la seva variació morfomètrica, anatòmica i patològica. Per altra banda, l’estudi d’associació fenotípica que hem realitzat troba més de 90 variants de nombre de còpia associades a més de 10 fenotips, alguns dels quals desconeguts fins al moment. A més a més, hem trobat una correlació entre variants de nombre de còpia de baix efecte estadístic i altres variants genòmiques rellevants, com ara els patrons d’expressió d’ARN llargs no codificants o la presència de contactes de cromatina. El nostre estudi ha generat una gran quantitat d’hipòtesis que poden donar lloc a validacions funcionals posteriors.
The study of structural variation complements and synergizes with the study of sequence variation to unravel the intricacies of phenotypic variation. Dogs are the most phenotypically variable domesticated species existing today despite their remarkably low nucleotide diversity. As such, the systematized study of copy number variation in an extensive panel of over 100 dog breeds has the potential to unravel a fraction of the bases of phenotypic diversity which remain unexplored. This study finds an excess of structural variants in dogs compared to the expectation given their genetic history, which can potentially account for some of their morphometric, anatomical and pathological variance. Indeed, trait mapping finds over 90 copy number variants associated with more than 10 phenotypes, some of which were previously unknown or uncharacterized. Moreover, there is a correlation between low effect, associated copy number variants and other relevant genomic features such as the expression patterns of long non-coding RNA or the presence of long-range chromatin contacts. Our characterization of copy number variation in dogs has generated a wealth of hypotheses for further functional testing and validation.

Les éléments transposables jouent un rôle majeur dans l’évolution des génomes eucaryotes. La connaissance de la distribution des éléments transposables entre différentes espèces au sein d’un même taxon est une condition essentielle pour étudier leur dynamique et mieux comprendre leur rôle dans l'évolution des espèces. Compte tenu de leur abondance, de leur diversité spécifique et de milieu de vie, les crustacés sont un excellent modèle pour étudier la génomique comparative des rétrotransposons. C’est notamment chez les Galathées qu’a été défini le clade GalEa des éléments de la superfamille des Copia. Nous avons étudié la distribution de deux superfamilles de rétrotransposons à LTR bien connus: les Gypsy et les Copia, au sein des crustacés. En combinant des PCRs avec amorces dégénérées et des analyses in silico, nous avons identifié 35 familles de rétrotransposons Copia et 46 familles de rétrotransposons Gypsy dans respectivement 15 et 18 espèces de crustacés (principalement des malacostracés : crabes, crevettes, krill...). Ces éléments présentent une distribution et une diversité différentes au sein des crustacés. Les éléments Gypsy apparaissent relativement fréquents et diversifiés dans toutes les espèces. A l’inverse, les éléments Copia semblent rares, donc difficilement détectables, et sont largement dominés par les éléments du clade GalEa. Ces résultats suggèrent deux stratégies différentes de dynamique pour les rétrotransposons Gypsy (théorie de la Reine Rouge) et les rétrotransposons GalEa (‘domino days spreading’ branching process). De plus, les éléments GalEa présentent un grand succès évolutif en étant largement distribués dans de nombreuses branches de métazoaires. Ils sont aussi présents chez quelques algues rouges et nous en avons également détecté chez des Fungi. Profitant des nombreuses données génomiques disponibles, nous avons donc étudié la distribution des éléments GalEa de Fungi, dans le but de comparer celle-ci aux résultats obtenus chez les crustacés. En fait, ils n’apparaissent qu’au sein d’un grand embranchement d’ascomycètes, les Pezizomycotina, et ils forment un groupe monophylétique au sein des GalEa. Enfin, chez les Fungi, les éléments GalEa ne sont pas majoritaire parmi les rétrotransposons Copia. Nous avons donc initié une nouvelle étude chez les mollusques, afin de définir si les résultats obtenus chez les crustacés sont une caractéristique des éléments GalEa, des malacostracés ou des métazoaires
Transposable elements play a major role in the evolution of eukaryotic genomes. Knowing the distribution of transposable elements between different species within the same taxon is essential to study their dynamics and to better understand their role in the evolution of species. Given their abundance, species diversity and living environment, crustaceans are an excellent model for studying comparative genomics of retrotransposons. It is notably in the squat lobsters that the GalEa clade of Superfamily Copia was defined. We studied the distribution of two well-known LTR retrotransposons superfamilies: Gypsy and Copia, in crustaceans. By combining PCRs with degenerate primers and in silico analysis, we identified 35 families of Copia retrotransposons and 46 families of Gypsy retrotransposons in 15 and 18 species of crustaceans (mainly Malacostraca: crabs, shrimp, krill ...). These elements have different distribution and diversity in crustaceans. Gypsy elements appear relatively commonly and diverse in all species. Conversely, the Copia elements seem rare, and consequently more difficult to detect, and are largely dominated by the elements of the clade GalEa. These results suggest two different dynamic strategies for retrotransposons Gypsy (the Red Queen theory) and retrotransposons GalEa (‘domino days spreading’ branching process). In addition, GalEa elements present a great evolutionary success being widely distributed in many branches of metazoans. They are also present in certain red algae and we have also detected them in Fungi. Taking advantage of the large amount of available genomic data, we have studied the distribution of GalEa elements of Fungi, in order to compare it with the results obtained in crustaceans. In fact, they appear only in a large phylum of Ascomycetes, in Pezizomycotina, and they form a monophyletic group within the GalEa. Finally, in the Fungi, the GalEa elements are not majority among Copia retrotransposons. We have therefore initiated a new study in molluscs, to define if the results obtained in crustaceans are a feature of GalEa elements, Malacostraca or metazoans

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Discutir as possibilidades de uso das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação é crucial para que se proponham mudanças efetivas na prática docente, de forma que possamos superar algumas das várias dificuldades que comprometem a qualidade da Educação brasileira. Aliada a esse aspecto percebemos que a pesquisa de conteúdos nas escolas e universidades não vem contribuindo para uma aprendizagem significativa, ainda mais com a utilização da Web como fonte para pesquisa. Sendo assim, nosso objetivo, neste estudo, foi investigar quais as estratégias que os professores do Ensino Superior utilizam para orientar seus alunos a realizarem pesquisa de conteúdos. Além disso, visamos identificar as habilidades e ações necessárias para uma pesquisa de conteúdos que proporcione a construção de conhecimentos significativos pelo aluno, para apresentar uma proposta de pesquisa de conteúdos na Web. Tivemos como principais aportes teóricos a Teoria do Pensamento Sistêmico e o Paradigma da Complexidade, que fundamentam a nossa compreensão de mundo e, como embasamento pedagógico a concepção construtivista de ensino e aprendizagem. Para atender nossos objetivos realizamos dois estudos. O primeiro investigou as estratégias de orientação de pesquisa de professores do Ensino Superior, através de questionários abertos, considerados à luz da Análise de Conteúdos. Concluímos que os professores não possuem estratégias claras e organizadas para orientar seus alunos a realizarem a pesquisa de conteúdos. Com esses resultados realizamos nosso segundo estudo, onde sugerimos uma proposta de pesquisa de conteúdos em estrutura de rede que foi aplicada três vezes com turmas de licenciandos. Essas aplicações foram analisadas e depuradas à luz da Teoria da Flexibilidade Cognitiva, assim como a nossa compreensão do objeto de pesquisa. A proposta de pesquisa de conteúdos em estrutura de rede considera algumas habilidades e princípios para que se possa ter uma aprendizagem significativa, a partir de uma perspectiva de construção de conhecimentos. Concluímos que para que se possa realizar uma pesquisa de conteúdos na Web de forma a construir conhecimentos e não apenas reproduzir informações, é necessário que o professor oriente o aluno a mobilizar e considerar, conscientemente, algumas habilidades e princípios. Nossa proposta de pesquisa de conteúdos em estrutura de rede, entretanto, orienta que esses princípios e habilidades devem ser considerados e mobilizados de forma complexa e interelacionadas, se quisermos que essa proposta atenda a uma aprendizagem significativa. Esse estudo contribui para uma melhor compreensão do uso das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação na Educação, em especial, a Internet e para a necessidade de reformulação dos cursos de formação de professores que considerem as especificidades da tecnologia para a aprendizagem. Indica também que, muito mais que uma mudança de cultura do copiar-colar, é necessário uma transformação na estrutura física e curricular da escola, de forma a proporcionar uma aprendizagem complexa e flexível, coadunando com um paradigma da complexidade que proporciona uma visão mais sistêmica e complexa da realidade

Dans ce travail de thèse, une approche hybride (analytique-numérique) a été développée dans le cas de l'usinage des alliages métalliques. La modélisation thermomécanique de l'écoulement du matériau dans la zone de cisaillement primaire, la longueur de contact outil-copeau ainsi que les dimensions des zones de contact collant et glissant ont été obtenues via une approche analytique. L'approche numérique a été introduite pour résoudre le problème thermique non linéaire dans le copeau à l'aide de la méthode des éléments finis. Les zones de contact collant et glissant à l'interface ont été prises en compte en considérant un champ de vitesses conforme aux observations expérimentales. Il a été montré dans cette étude que la coexistence d'un contact collant-glissant influence considérablement l'état de contraintes et la distribution de la température à l'interface outil-copeau. La nature hybride de l'approche proposée permet d'analyser, avec un faible temps de calcul, l'effet des différents paramètres d'usinage (conditions de coupe, paramètres matériaux, géométrie d'outils, etc. ) sur le comportement tribologique dans le contact. Enfin, l'approche hybride développée dans le cadre de cette thèse a permis de mettre en place une loi de frottement physique évolutive mettant en relation le frottement apparent mesuré expérimentalement, le frottement local et le comportement thermomécanique du matériau usiné
In this research work, a hybrid (analytical-numerical) approach has been performed in machining of metallic alloys. The thermomechanical model of material flow in the primary shear zone, the tool-chip contact length and the sticking and sliding contact parts have been obtained by an analytical approach. The numerical analysis has been introduced in order to solve the non linear thermal problem on the chip using Finite Element Method. The sticking and sliding zones have been taking into account considering a velocity field in accordance with experimental observations. It has been shown that the coexistence of a sticking and sliding contacts strongly influence the state of stresses and temperature distribution at the tool-chip interface. The proposed approach allows analyzing with a small computation time, the effect of machining parameters (cutting conditions, tool geometry, etc. ) on the tribological behaviour of the contact. A relationship between the apparent friction coefficient (obtained by experimental data), the local friction coefficient and the thermomechanical behaviour has been established through a new physical friction law

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico Veterinario
Calreticulina es una proteína con múltiples funciones presente en todas las células de organismos superiores, salvo eritrocitos. En protozoos parásitos, hemos demostrado que calreticulina de Trypanosoma cruzi (TcCRT) inhibe el sistema del complemento humano y la angiogénesis y promueve la infectividad parasitaria. Esta proteína se expresa en la superficie del parásito y en organelos citoplásmicos. Su gen posee una localización cromosómica variable, sugiriendo que TcCRT estaría codificada por múltiples copias génicas organizadas en “tandem” con posibles implicancias funcionales. Obtuvimos ADN cromosomal de cultivos in vitro de epimastigotes. Mediante Electroforesis en Gel de Campo Pulsado (PFGE), seguido por hibridación con sonda radiactiva (correspondiente al dominio C-terminal de TcCRT) localizamos el gen TcCRT en las cepas Y, MF y Tulahuén y los clones DM28c y Cl Brener. Para evaluar el número de copias del gen TcCRT se realizó una cinética de digestiones parciales con la enzima BamH1 para generar fragmentos de ADN que contengan desde una a múltiples copias del gen. Los productos de digestión fueron separados por PFGE y el gen fue detectado con la sonda anterior. Nuestros resultados corroboran que TcCRT se encuentra en varios cromosomas de diferente tamaño, probablemente correspondan a pares homólogos donde TcCRT está presente en una sola copia. Estos datos concuerdan con la secuencia publicada del genoma de T. cruzi, Cl Brener, y sugieren que las múltiples funciones de TcCRT estarían controladas a nivel postranscripcional.

During the 20th century, book historians, bibliographers, librarians, and archivists laid down the theoretical and empirical framework to understand the printed book as a commodity--a product of a specific market. In the 21st, the predominance of digital technologies and the cyberspace has made more evident than ever that print technologies created a specific market space for cultural exchange: the printspace. We propose authorship as a textual commodity, a cultural object that is shaped by the legal, commercial, and material limitations of the printing press as a platform of media communication.

Under this framework I present four study cases, analyzing different authorships associated with a specific print product, all in the context of the Spanish Golden Age. In the first case, I posit that the material characteristics of the pliego suelto produce a very specific kind of authorship that differs greatly from the authorship for books. Here, the works of Benito Carrasco and Cristóbal Bravo serve as an example and a probe for the market of pliegos. In the second case I contrast Mateo Alemán’s authorial project with how the readers consumed his authorial persona. This juxtaposition shows how an authorship is not the sole creation of the author, but the product of the mechanisms of production, distribution, and consumption of printed text. The third case investigates the interaction between the market of comedias and the market of printed books. The play El Burlador de Sevilla serves to illustrate how this transfer created persistent authorial problems. I demonstrate how the printspace, as a theoretical framework, can provide critical solutions to these authorial problems. The last chapter studies the authorships of Lope de Vega and Juan Pérez de Montalbán as part of the editorial enterprise of the book merchant Alonso Pérez. This case exhibits the marketing strategies used in the construction of both authorships, and showcase the importance of the nascent figure of the editor in the market of books.

Föreliggande examensarbete behandlar det retorikdidaktiska begreppet imitatio som undervisnings- och lärandemetod. Syftet är att undersöka vad imitatio (efterbildning) kan betyda i didaktisk mening, hur det skiljer sig gentemot det svenska begreppet imitation och hur lärare tillika retorikstudenter förhåller sig till det i sin undervisning och i sin kompetensutveckling. Med utgångspunkt i syftet har två metoder använts; telefonintervjuer med fyra lärare som vidareutbildat sig i den retorikdidaktiska kursen Progymnasmata samt en litterturstudie. Telefonintervjuerna bidrar med ett praktiskt didaktiskt underlag från yrkesverksamma didaktiker, och litteraturstudien ligger till grund för undersökningen av imitatios retoriska ursprung och didaktiska relevans samt imitationsbegreppets olika tvärvetenskapliga innebörder. Resultatet visar att imitatio som retorikdidaktiskt begrepp i betydelsen medveten efterbildning har ett begränsat inflytande i samtida didaktisk forskning, trots dess över tvåtusen år långa historia med omfattande tillämpning. Imitation figurerar dock alltjämt i didaktisk forskning, men som en beskrivning av en omedveten och oreflekterad handling i lärandeprocesser. En central slutsats är att imitatiobegreppet har blivit föremål för en begreppsglidning och fått anmärkningsvärt lite utrymme i didaktisk forskning som en alternativ undervisnings- och lärandemetod.

O presente trabalho é um estudo dos efeitos da Copa do Mundo FIFA 2014, a partir das relações de poder e resistência que se estabeleceram ao seu redor. Ao investigar a produção normativa leis, decretos, portarias e demais normas que se produziram sob a justificativa do megaevento, esse estudo busca descrever de que maneira foi possível introduzir no ordenamento jurídico uma legislação de exceção, entendida aqui como dispositivo de governo. Também, ao descrever a delimitação de zonas de exclusividade comercial no espaço público, busca-se enxergar a maneira como essas normas puderam se territorializar, de modo a garantir a criação de mercado para um grupo de empresas ligadas à FIFA. Por fim, descrevemos as resistências que se articularam em torno da Copa 2014, entendida como campo de gravitação que permitiu colocar o futebol no centro do conflito pelo direito à cidade.
This dissertation consists of a study about the FIFA World Cup 2014 effects, from the power and resistance relations that were established around it. By examining the normative production laws, decrees, edicts and other rules produced under the justification of the megaevent -, this study describes by what means was possible to introduce in the law system a group of excepcion laws, meaning here as a government dispositif. Also, by describing the demarcation of exclusive comercial zones in the public space, the study pursues to look the manner how that rules could be territorialized, aiming to garantee the creation of market for a group of companies linked to FIFA. Finally, we describe the resistance that articulated around the 2014 World Cup, meaning the gravitation field that permitted to put the soccer in the centre of the right to the city\'s conflict.