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1
Kohlmeyer, Jan, and Brigitte Volkmann-Kohlmeyer. "New species of Koralionastes (Ascomycotina) from the Caribbean and Australia." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 1554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-199.
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Koralionastes giganteus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. sp.nov. is described from subtidal coral slabs of back reefs of two small islands off the coast of Belize, Central America. Koralionastes violaceus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. sp.nov. occurs on an island of the Great Barrier Reef, off the Queensland (Australia) coast, and is the first record of the genus outside of the Caribbean. All five Koralionastes species are associated with crustaceous sponges. Key words: Koralionastes, Koralionastes giganteus, Koralionastes violaceus, marine fungi, ascomycetes, corals, sponges.
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Acosta, Charles A., and Mark J. Butler IV. "Role of mangrove habitat as a nursery for juvenile spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, in Belize." Marine and Freshwater Research 48, no. 8 (1997): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf96105.
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The use of mangrove prop roots and associated coralline habitats by Caribbean spiny lobsters was investigated near two types of mangrove islands in Belize. Spiny lobsters sheltered among mangrove prop roots, in undercut peat banks and under corals near islands, and they ranged in size from newly recruited juveniles to subadults. Lobsters preferred to shelter under large stony corals, but their use of mangrove prop roots nd undercut peat banks increased when the density of corals was low. Den residence time and distance moved within a site were similar at islands isolated by deep water channels and islands separated by shallow seagrass beds, but as a consequence of high immigration rates, population sizes were highest near shallow islands. Predation on newly settled juveniles was greater in seagrass and coral crevices than in mangrove prop roots, whereas the survival of larger juveniles was higher in mangroves and coral patch reefs than in seagrass. These results suggest that mangrove habitats may function as a nursery for juvenile spiny lobsters but that the use of this habitat depends on shelter characteristics and the isolation of islands.
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Kohlmeyer, Jan, and Brigitte Volkmann-Kohlmeyer. "Ophiodeira gen.nov. (Halosphaeriales) and a survey of higher marine fungi from Saint Croix (Virgin Islands)." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 2062–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-282.
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The new monotypic genus, Ophiodeira, based on the lignicolous marine species O. monosemeia Kohlm. et Volkm.-Kohlm. sp.nov., is described and compared with the closely related Halosarpheia Kohlm. et Kohlm. The new species occurs on Rhizophora mangle in the Caribbean (Belize, Saint Croix, Tobago) and differs from other members of Halosphaeriaceae by a thin stroma, a curved neck, and a single ascospore appendage that develops into a long filament. A total of 35 higher marine fungi have been collected in Saint Croix on mangroves, coral reefs, and sandy beaches, comprising 31 ascomycetes, 2 basidiomycetes and 2 anamorphic fungi. All are new records for this island. New distributional data for several other Caribbean species are also listed. At present, 78 taxa of higher marine fungi are known from the tropical part of the western Atlantic Ocean.
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Morrow, Kathleen M., Anthony G. Moss, Nanette E. Chadwick, and Mark R. Liles. "Bacterial Associates of Two Caribbean Coral Species Reveal Species-Specific Distribution and Geographic Variability." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 18 (July 6, 2012): 6438–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01162-12.
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ABSTRACTScleractinian corals harbor microorganisms that form dynamic associations with the coral host and exhibit substantial genetic and ecological diversity. Microbial associates may provide defense against pathogens and serve as bioindicators of changing environmental conditions. Here we describe the bacterial assemblages associated with two of the most common and phylogenetically divergent reef-building corals in the Caribbean,Montastraea faveolataandPorites astreoides. Contrasting life history strategies and disease susceptibilities indicate potential differences in their microbiota and immune function that may in part drive changes in the composition of coral reef communities. The ribotype structure and diversity of coral-associated bacteria within the surface mucosal layer (SML) of healthy corals were assessed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting and 454 bar-coded pyrosequencing. Corals were sampled at disparate Caribbean locations representing various levels of anthropogenic impact. We demonstrate here thatM. faveolataandP. astreoidesharbor distinct, host-specific bacteria but that specificity varies by species and site.P. astreoidesgenerally hosts a bacterial assemblage of low diversity that is largely dominated by one bacterial genus,Endozoicomonas, within the orderOceanospirillales. The bacterial assemblages associated withM. faveolataare significantly more diverse and exhibit higher specificity at the family level thanP. astreoidesassemblages. Both corals have more bacterial diversity and higher abundances of disease-related bacteria at sites closer to the mainland than at those furthest away. The most diverse bacterial taxa and highest relative abundance of disease-associated bacteria were seen for corals near St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) (2.5 km from shore), and the least diverse taxa and lowest relative abundance were seen for corals near our most pristine site in Belize (20 km from shore). We conclude that the two coral species studied harbor distinct bacterial assemblages within the SML, but the degree to which each species maintains specific microbial associations varies both within each site and across large spatial scales. The taxonomic scale (i.e., phylum versus genus) at which scientists examine coral-microbe associations, in addition to host-elicited factors and environmental fluctuations, must be considered carefully in future studies of the coral holobiont.
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Zlatarski, V. N. "SCLERACTINIANS OF YUCATÁN PENINSULA, MEXICO: RESULTS OF 1983-1984 INVESTIGATION." CICIMAR Oceánides 22, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2007): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v22i1-2.37.
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From 1983 to 1984, the Center for Advanced Studies and Research in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico (CINVESTAV-Unidad Mérida) conducted an extensive study of reef scleractinians all around the Yucatán peninsula, from Cayos Arcas to the border of Belize. The results were not published. This article aims to preserve the unique information gathered in this study regarding scleractinian taxonomy, nomenclature and health, their species richness, community data and distribution, as well as their reef zonation. Scuba observations and collections were performed daily and nightly from the coast to a depth of 60 m, in 39 transects and 10 single stations, from a total of 141 sites and 174 stations. 4,579 coralla were collected, inventoried and identified. In total, 42 species and one hybrid of 27 genera were determined and four reef types were established: Campeche Bank reefs, reefs in the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, Cozumel Island coral reefs and Chinchorro Bank reefs. The severe negative impact of oil exploiation was evident in Cayos Arcas. Poorly conducted tourism and fishing damaged the reefs in Cozumel, Punta Brava and Isla Mujeres. Scleractinian health did not show significant anomalies. No epizootic phenomena were established. Recruits frequented non-damaged locations. The results obtained in less than 14 months of field work present a quarter-century-old snapshot and baseline for understanding scleractinian life and their role in the reef-building process, and assist in the formulation of recommendations for the conservation of coral reefs in southeastern Mexico. Escleractinios de la penínsutla de Yucatán, México: Resultados de la investigación 1983-1984 Durante 1983 y 1984, el Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Mérida, Yucatán, México (CINVESTAV-Unidad Mérida) condujo un estudio sobre los arrecifes de corales escleractinios alrededor de la península de Yucatán, desde Cayos Armas hasta la frontera con Belice; los resultados no fueron publicados. Este artículo está enfocado en preservar la única información obtenida de este trabajo sobre la taxonomía, nomenclatura, salud, riqueza de especies, datos de la comunidad y distribución, así como la localización por zonas en el arrecife, de los escleractinios. Las observaciones y recolectas fueron realizadas diariamente mediante buceo libre (día y noche), desde la costa hasta una profundidad de 60 m, en 39 lineas de muestreo y 10 estaciones, de un total de 141 sitios y 174 estaciones. Se recolectaron 4,579 corales, que fueron inventariados e identificados. Se determinaron 42 especies y un híbrido de 27 géneros; se establecieron cuatro tipos de arrecifes: arrecifes de banco de Campeche, arrecifes de la costa este de la península de Yucatán, arrecifes coralinos de Isla Cozumel y arrecifes del banco Chinchorro. El impacto negativo por explotación de petróleo fue evidente en Cayos Arcas. Y en Cozumel, Punta Brava e Isla Mujeres debido a turismo pobremente manejado y por pesca. La salud de los escleractinios no mostró anomalías significativas. No se determinaron fenómenos epizooticos. El reclutamiento fue frecuente en lugares sin daño. Con menos de 14 meses de trabajo de campo se presenta una fotografía de hace un cuarto de siglo y una línea base para entender la vida de los escleractinios y su papel en el proceso de la construcción del arrecife. Asimismo, coadyuva en las recomendaciones para la conservación de los arrecifes coralinos del sureste de México.
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Zlatarski, V. N. "SCLERACTINIANS OF YUCATÁN PENINSULA, MEXICO: RESULTS OF 1983-1984 INVESTIGATION." CICIMAR Oceánides 22, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2007): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v22i1-2.37.
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From 1983 to 1984, the Center for Advanced Studies and Research in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico (CINVESTAV-Unidad Mérida) conducted an extensive study of reef scleractinians all around the Yucatán peninsula, from Cayos Arcas to the border of Belize. The results were not published. This article aims to preserve the unique information gathered in this study regarding scleractinian taxonomy, nomenclature and health, their species richness, community data and distribution, as well as their reef zonation. Scuba observations and collections were performed daily and nightly from the coast to a depth of 60 m, in 39 transects and 10 single stations, from a total of 141 sites and 174 stations. 4,579 coralla were collected, inventoried and identified. In total, 42 species and one hybrid of 27 genera were determined and four reef types were established: Campeche Bank reefs, reefs in the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, Cozumel Island coral reefs and Chinchorro Bank reefs. The severe negative impact of oil exploiation was evident in Cayos Arcas. Poorly conducted tourism and fishing damaged the reefs in Cozumel, Punta Brava and Isla Mujeres. Scleractinian health did not show significant anomalies. No epizootic phenomena were established. Recruits frequented non-damaged locations. The results obtained in less than 14 months of field work present a quarter-century-old snapshot and baseline for understanding scleractinian life and their role in the reef-building process, and assist in the formulation of recommendations for the conservation of coral reefs in southeastern Mexico. Escleractinios de la penínsutla de Yucatán, México: Resultados de la investigación 1983-1984 Durante 1983 y 1984, el Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Mérida, Yucatán, México (CINVESTAV-Unidad Mérida) condujo un estudio sobre los arrecifes de corales escleractinios alrededor de la península de Yucatán, desde Cayos Armas hasta la frontera con Belice; los resultados no fueron publicados. Este artículo está enfocado en preservar la única información obtenida de este trabajo sobre la taxonomía, nomenclatura, salud, riqueza de especies, datos de la comunidad y distribución, así como la localización por zonas en el arrecife, de los escleractinios. Las observaciones y recolectas fueron realizadas diariamente mediante buceo libre (día y noche), desde la costa hasta una profundidad de 60 m, en 39 lineas de muestreo y 10 estaciones, de un total de 141 sitios y 174 estaciones. Se recolectaron 4,579 corales, que fueron inventariados e identificados. Se determinaron 42 especies y un híbrido de 27 géneros; se establecieron cuatro tipos de arrecifes: arrecifes de banco de Campeche, arrecifes de la costa este de la península de Yucatán, arrecifes coralinos de Isla Cozumel y arrecifes del banco Chinchorro. El impacto negativo por explotación de petróleo fue evidente en Cayos Arcas. Y en Cozumel, Punta Brava e Isla Mujeres debido a turismo pobremente manejado y por pesca. La salud de los escleractinios no mostró anomalías significativas. No se determinaron fenómenos epizooticos. El reclutamiento fue frecuente en lugares sin daño. Con menos de 14 meses de trabajo de campo se presenta una fotografía de hace un cuarto de siglo y una línea base para entender la vida de los escleractinios y su papel en el proceso de la construcción del arrecife. Asimismo, coadyuva en las recomendaciones para la conservación de los arrecifes coralinos del sureste de México.
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McClanahan, T. R., R. B. Aronson, W. F. Precht, and N. A. Muthiga. "Fleshy algae dominate remote coral reefs of Belize." Coral Reefs 18, no. 1 (April 22, 1999): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003380050155.
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Stroddart, JA. "Coral populations Fringing Islands: Larval Connections." Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 1 (1988): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880109.
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The ubiquitous Indo-Pacific coral Pocillopora damicornis utilises two modes of larval dispersal; one operates over short distances and involves a brooded, asexually-produced, planula; the second acts over longer distances and involves a sexual propagule. When examined genetically, larval connections between definable populations were weaker between fringing reefs around an island than they were between patch reefs in an embayment of similar dimensions. Differing regimes of water circulation were inferred to explain this pattern. One implication for management is that populations on fringing reefs are more likely to contain singularities than those on patch reefs and will thus contribute more to the total genetic diversity within a species.
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Raudina Sari, Pavita, Ratna Saraswati, and Adi Wibowo. "Spatial Temporal Analysis of Coral Reefs in Belitung Tourism Destination Islands." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 03024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187303024.
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One of the world’s most spectacular ecosystems in this world is the coral reef. In Indonesia, Bangka Belitung is one province which has beautiful coral reefs and has become one of the tourist attractions. However, there might be a loss of the coral reefs area that can be caused by natural factors and human activities. This study aims to analyze the distribution and the changing of coral reefs that occurred in the islands of tourist destination in Belitung Regency from 2005 to 2018 and to analyze its factors. Landsat satellite imageries used in this study are Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+, and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS. The distribution of coral reefs will be determined by image data processing. Then, overlay methods are used to analyze the changes and its factors. Based on the analysis, in the year of 2005-2018, there are 3.93 km2 areas of coral reefs that have decreased. On the top of that, there are 1.34 km2 or about 34.04% of coral reefs areas have decreased that caused by non-natural factors. It can be concluded that the decreased of the coral reefs occurred in Belitung tourism destination islands, are still dominated by natural factors rather than a non-natural factor.
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Lesmana, Dudi. "Coral Reef in SAP of Western Waigeo Island in Raja Ampat District." JURNAL MINA SAINS 4, no. 1 (September 11, 2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jms.v4i1.1270.
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This study aims to identify the condition of coral reefs in SAP Western Waigeo Islands, Raja Ampat District. The value of coral cover in the SAP area of the Western Waigeo Islands is in the range of 0% to 60% with an average value of 25.02%. In general, the condition of coral reefs in SAP Western Waigeo Islands can be categorized as "medium". Keywords: coral reef, SAP of Western Waigeo Island, coral cover
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Emrich, Kristen, Michael Martinez-Colon, and Henry Alegria. "IS UNTREATED SEWAGE IMPACTING CORAL REEFS OF CAYE CAULKER, BELIZE?" Journal of Foraminiferal Research 47, no. 1 (January 2017): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.47.1.20.
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Dixson, Danielle L., Geoffrey P. Jones, Philip L. Munday, Serge Planes, Morgan S. Pratchett, Maya Srinivasan, Craig Syms, and Simon R. Thorrold. "Coral reef fish smell leaves to find island homes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1653 (August 26, 2008): 2831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0876.
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Recent studies have shown that some coral reef fish larvae return to natal reefs, while others disperse to distant reefs. However, the sensory mechanisms used to find settlement sites are poorly understood. One hypothesis is that larvae use olfactory cues to navigate home or find other suitable reef habitats. Here we show a strong association between the clownfish Amphiprion percula and coral reefs surrounding offshore islands in Papua New Guinea. Host anemones and A. percula are particularly abundant in shallow water beneath overhanging rainforest vegetation. A series of experiments were carried out using paired-choice flumes to evaluate the potential role of water-borne olfactory cues in finding islands. Recently settled A. percula exhibited strong preferences for: (i) water from reefs with islands over water from reefs without islands; (ii) water collected near islands over water collected offshore; and (iii) water treated with either anemones or leaves from rainforest vegetation. Laboratory reared-juveniles exhibited the same positive response to anemones and rainforest vegetation, suggesting that olfactory preferences are innate rather than learned. We hypothesize that A. percula use a suite of olfactory stimuli to locate vegetated islands, which may explain the high levels of self-recruitment on island reefs. This previously unrecognized link between coral reefs and island vegetation argues for the integrated management of these pristine tropical habitats.
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Denley, Danielle, Anna Metaxas, and Robert Scheibling. "Subregional variation in cover and diversity of hard coral (Scleractinia) in the Western Province, Solomon Islands following an unprecedented global bleaching event." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): e0242153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242153.
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Coral reefs are critically important marine ecosystems that are threatened worldwide by cumulative impacts of global climate change and local stressors. The Solomon Islands comprise the southwestern boundary of the Coral Triangle, the global center of coral diversity located in the Indo-Pacific, and represent a bright spot of comparatively healthy coral reef ecosystems. However, reports on the status of coral reefs in the Solomon Islands are based on monitoring conducted at 5 stations in 2003–2004 and 2006–2007, with no information on how corals in this region have responded to more recent global bleaching events and other local stressors. In this study, we compare reef condition (substrate composition) and function (taxonomic and morphological diversity of hard corals) among 15 reefs surveyed in the Western Province, Solomon Islands that span a range of local disturbance and conservation histories. Overall, we found high cover of live hard coral (15–64%) and diverse coral assemblages despite an unprecedented 36-month global bleaching event in the three years leading up to our surveys in 2018. However, there was significant variation in coral cover and diversity across the 15 reefs surveyed, suggesting that impacts of global disturbance events are moderated at smaller scales by local anthropogenic factors (fisheries extraction, land-use impacts, marine management) and environmental (hydrodynamics) conditions. Our study provides evidence that relatively healthy reefs persist at some locations in the Solomon Islands and that local stewardship practices have the potential to impact reef condition at subregional scales. As coral reef conservation becomes increasingly urgent in the face of escalating cumulative threats, prioritising sites for management efforts is critical. Based on our findings and the high dependency of Solomon Islanders on coral reef ecosystem services, we advocate that the Western Province, Solomon Islands be considered of high conservation priority.
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McCLANAHAN, TIMOTHY R., and NYAWIRA A. MUTHIGA. "An ecological shift in a remote coral atoll of Belize over 25 years." Environmental Conservation 25, no. 2 (June 1998): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892998000174.
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Many coral reefs in the Caribbean, and elsewhere, have undergone changes from hard coral to fleshy algal dominance over the past two decades which has often been interpreted as a localized response to eutrophication and fishing. Here, data on the abundance of hard corals and algae from lagoonal patch reefs distributed throughout a large (260 km2) remote reef atoll located approximately 30 km offshore from the sparsely-populated coast of Belize, Central America, are compared with a study of these patch reefs conducted 25 years previously. Data and observations indicate that these patch reefs have undergone a major change in their ecology associated with a 75% reduction in total hard coral, a 99% loss in the cover of Acropora cervicornis and A. palmata, and a 315% increase in algae, which are mostly erect brown algae species in the genera Lobophora, Dictyota, Turbinaria and Sargassum. Such changes have been reported from other Caribbean reefs during the 1980s, but not on such a remote reef and the present changes may be attributed primarily to both a disease that began killing Acropora in this region in the mid 1980s and a reduction in herbivory. The low level of herbivory may be attributable to the disease-induced loss of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum in 1983, or fishing of herbivorous fishes, but both explanations are speculative. The present density of fisherfolk is low, and their efforts are not targetted at herbivorous fishes, and population densities of D. antillarum 14 years after the mortality are <1 individual per 1000 m2, but there is no comparative data from before the die off. There is, however, no indication that these major changes occurred on the fore reef, because A. palmata is abundant and erect algal abundance is low. We suggest that reported changes in other Caribbean reefs are not necessarily or exclusively influenced by local human factors such as localized intense eutrophication or fishing.
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Burke, C. D., and S. J. Mazzullo. "Biotic and sedimentologic comparison of patch reefs on the north and south shelf of Belize, Central America." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006055.
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Holocene patch-reefs occur throughout the shallow marine platform, to the lee of the barrier reef in northern and southern Belize, Central America. Patch reefs on the northern shelf that occur within an areally extensive patch reef complex (Mexico Rocks) indicate that differences exist between reefs here and well-studied patch reefs on the southern shelf that have been used by workers as a general model for patch reef development throughout Belize. This model proposes that patch reefs on the Belizean shelf are dominated by typical Atlantic-Caribbean, biotically-zoned coral assemblages of Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis that kept up or caught up with Holocene sea level rise during the last 8000 years to form large “keep up” or in some instances “catch up” reefs.In contrast to those in the south, the northern patch reefs are not biotically zoned, are dominated by Montastrea annularis rather than Acropora spp., and are much younger (400 years old) than those in the south. In addition, northern shelf patch reefs developed predominantly by lateral growth in a milieu of static sea level and are herein called “accretion” type reefs. These differences in biotic and sedimentologic parameters between reefs on the northern and southern shelves imply fundamentally different ecologic and sea level history controls on patch reef formation from north to south. A leading contributor to the variation among the reefs along the Belizean shelf may be species-specific growth rates of the coral species that initiate each patch reef, and response to sea level fluctuation versus stasis through time.
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Attamimi, Nafil Rabbani, and Ratna Saraswati. "Spatial analysis of coral reefs and its degradation patterns in Bunaken National Park." E3S Web of Conferences 76 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197601001.
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This article will analyze the spatial pattern as well as the degradation pattern of the coral reefs in the Bunaken National Park. Bunaken National Park is a marine national park located in the Province of North Sulawesi; the park was built as means of conservation as well as providing a region for tourism. The national park contains a different type of marine and land ecosystem, one of the many types of the ecosystem that are in the national park is coral reefs. Coral reefs in Bunaken National Park provides different kinds of function and benefits whether for the marine habitats that live around the ecosystem, as well as for the local people who live in the islands of the national park. Remote sensing could be used as a tool to identify the spatial pattern and the type of ecosystem that habits inside shallow sea water. The main issue with this method is that the research cannot be conduct directly to identify which type of ecosystem specifically (such as coral reefs, seagrass, etc.), as well as its condition. Therefore, data collecting is necessary to observe and identify the ecosystem and its condition specifically. This study uses satellite image from Landsat 8 OLI as the main secondary data to be processed. The satellite image will be processed by using an algorithm of shallow water analysis that was introduced by Lyzenga in 1981. Since data verification and data observation is needed for this study, the research observes the pattern of the different type of ecosystem and its condition that spreads around Bunaken National Park. The verification and observation process was done by GPS, there were 250 different samples from the data that were collected around the Bunaken National Park. The sample that was collected in the study area will be used to classify the satellite image that has been processed by shallow water algorithm, on which could identify: seagrass, bleached coral reefs, deceased coral reefs, and healthy coral reefs around the national park. The results of this study show the spatial pattern of the coral reefs is located usually around the islands in the Bunaken National Park. The results show that the coral reefs are mostly located around the islands in the National Park. The map results show that the healthy coral reefs are usually located in the outermost layer around the shallow water ecosystem. The bleached reefs are usually located in the middle section of the shallow water, between the healthy coral and the islands itself. Most of the reefs that died and bleached are in the southwest of Bunaken Island, and the northwest of Nain Island.
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UTAMI, RISNITA TRI, NEVIATY P. ZAMANI, and HAWIS H. MADDUPPA. "Molecular identification, abundance and distribution of the coral-killing sponge Terpios hoshinota in Bengkulu and Seribu Islands, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 6 (October 9, 2018): 2238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190632.
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Utami RT, Zamani NP, Madduppa HH. 2018. Molecular identification, abundance and distribution of the coral-killing sponge Terpios hoshinota in Bengkulu and Seribu Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 2238-2246. Coral killing sponge Terpios hoshinota is one of threats to coral reefs. The outbreaks of T. hoshinota has been reported in the Indo-Pacific region. However, the current distribution of this species in Western of Sumatera Island is unknown, compared to Seribu Islands. This study aimed to identify coral-killing sponge molecularly and to compare the distribution and abundance of T. hoshinota in Bengkulu (Western of Sumatera) and in Seribu Islands (Northern of Java Island) and to record the preferences of coral substrate of T. hoshinota. Coral reefs and T. hoshinota data were collected using underwater photo transect method with 0.5x0.5m2 quadrate transect. Coral reefs covered by T. hoshinota was analyzed by using Correspondence Analysis, while the determination of biophysical and chemical environment was analyzed by Principal Component Analysis. The identity of the sponge was T. hoshinota. T. hoshinota has been expanding in many reefs across Indonesia especially in Tikus Island and Belanda Island. The most prevalent coral genera in the Seribu Islands infected by T. hoshinota was Acropora while those in Bengkulu were Porites and Pocillopora. Pearson correlation between the live coral cover and T. hoshinota cover was revealed not significant, while T. hoshinota cover and orthophosphate was significant. This study suggests that orthophosphate may play a role invasion of T. hoshinota outbreaks.
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Nurdin, N., K. Amri, A. R. Rasyid, D. A. T. Pulubuhu, N. Nurdin, and T. Komatsu. "CORAL REEFS ON INHABITED AND UNINHABITED SMALL ISLANDS, SPERMONDE ARCHIPELAGO, INDONESIA." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2021 (June 29, 2021): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2021-609-2021.
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Abstract. The small islands in Indonesia is providing important ecosystem services. It is important to identify damages of a coral reef ecosystem and whether natural factors or anthropogenic factors are the main causes. Landsat images obtained with different sensors were analyzed for mapping coral reef on inhabited and uninhabited small islands, Spermonde archipelago, Indonesia. Overall accuracies of three habitats classification were 89.2% and 85.6%, respectively. They are live coral, dead coral and non-coral. Ground truth surveys were selected by using the unsupervised classification method The live coral in inhabited islands was slightly greater than in uninhabited. An increasing area of live coral was about 5.3 ha of the total area in 1990 per year while a decreasing of dead coral was 3.5 ha per year in inhabited islands. In uninhabited island, a decreasing speed of live coral habitat area was about 0.6 per year. During 29 years, a significant increase in the dead coral and decrease in live corals. It has been identified that the significant controlling factor for the disturbances in reef ecosystem is derived from natural and anthropogenic.
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Dongeren, Ap van. "WAVES ON REEFS: HOW CORAL REEFS TRANSFORM OCEAN WAVES AND HELP PROTECT COASTS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 31, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.keynote.5.
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Coral reefs help protect tropical islands and coasts against wave-induced flooding. Because ongoing population growth in coastal zones, sea level rise and coral reef degradation, flooding and subsequent damages will likely increase in the future. In this presentation we discuss our current knowledge of the physics of wave transformation on reefs derived from observations and modelling. We will also discuss research questions and data needs.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/JvTmDnoy8E0
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Zuo, Xiuling, Fenzhen Su, Kefu Yu, Yinghui Wang, Qi Wang, and Huisheng Wu. "Spatially Modeling the Synergistic Impacts of Global Warming and Sea-Level Rise on Coral Reefs in the South China Sea." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (July 4, 2021): 2626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132626.
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Global warming and sea-level rise (SLR) induced by rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations can cause coral bleaching, death, and submergence of the world’s coral reefs. Adopting the GIS and RS methods, we modeled how these two stressors combine to influence the future growth of the atolls and table reefs of three archipelagoes in the South China Sea (SCS), based on geomorphic and ecological zones. A large-scale survey of the coral communities in Xisha Islands in 2014, Dongsha Islands in 2014–2016 and Nansha Islands in 2007 provided zone-specific process datasets on the range of reef accretion rates. Sea surface temperature and extreme (minimum and maximum) SLR data above 1985–2005 levels by 2100 in the SCS were derived from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) models forced with the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Our model projected that: (1) the Xisha Islands and Dongsha Islands may have a better growth status, because the reef flat biotic sparse zone may be recolonized with hard coral and become a biotic dense zone; (2) the southern Nansha Islands reefs have a risk of stopping growing due to their earlier annual bleaching years. The increasing of water depths of these reefs is stronger in the RCP with more emissions. Our approach offers insights into the best-case and worst-case impacts of two global environmental pressures on potential future reef growth under a changing climate.
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Kennedy, Emma V., Alexandra Ordoñez, and Guillermo Diaz-Pulido. "Coral bleaching in the southern inshore Great Barrier Reef: a case study from the Keppel Islands." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 1 (2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16317.
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Spatially explicit coral bleaching data can be used to improve our understanding of the causes and consequences of coral bleaching and help identify resilient reefs. In 2016, the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) experienced the most severe coral bleaching in recorded history, yet, as in previous 1998 and 2002 events, the severity and spatial extent of coral bleaching were variable. Cyclonic activity mitigated warming effects in the southern GBR, meaning corals in this region were predicted to bleach less; as a result, southern reef areas received little attention. Herein we report the effects of the 2016 warming event on southern inshore reefs around the Keppel Islands, an area of high conservation importance, with a history of environmental disturbance. Surveys of 14 reefs revealed paling of coral colonies at every site. A total of 21% of living coral, primarily Pocillopora and branching Acropora, was affected. Findings suggest that southern reefs were affected by warming, although significantly less than in the north. Records of milder bleaching help delineate variability in bleaching severity and extent across the GBR, and add to the historical record of bleaching history in the Keppel Islands, essential to understanding the complexity of exposure and recovery dynamics of the Keppel reefs.
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Ferdiansyah, M. Husien, Endang Linirin Widiastuti, Teguh Ismail, and Gregorius Nugroho Susanto. "INVENTARIZATION OF CORAL REEFS IN THE WATERS OF RAKATA ISLAND, KRAKATAU ISLANDS." AQUASAINS 8, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/aqs.v8i1.p775-782.
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Abstrak Indonesia is an ideal place for coral growth because of the tropical climate. Rakata Island is included in the Krakatau Islands Nature Reserve and Marine Reserve area which is influenced by the volcanic activity of son of Krakatau Archipelago and human activities. Both of these activities will affect the growth of coral reefs. The purpose of this study was to determine the current condition of coral reefs and the diversity of living coral forms on Rakata Island. Collecting data for analysis of coral reef cover using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method was parallel to the coastline of Rakata Island at two points. The percentage of live coral cover from points I and II at a depth of 5 meters was 50.69% and 33.80% classified as in good and moderate conditions respectively. While the percentage of live coral cover at a depth of 10 meters at points I and II were 41.90 % and 16.01% whice were in moderate and poor conditions. The coral reefs mostly found in point I were leaf corals (CF) namely Turbinaria reniformis and Turbinaria frondens, while in point II were massive corals (CM) were found i.e. Goniastrea edwardsi, Favia pallida, Montastrea valenciennesi, Favites abdita, Astreopora listeria, and Favites complanata.
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Aronson, Richard B., Ian G. Macintyre, William F. Precht, Thaddeus J. T. Murdoch, and Cheryl M. Wapnick. "THE EXPANDING SCALE OF SPECIES TURNOVER EVENTS ON CORAL REEFS IN BELIZE." Ecological Monographs 72, no. 2 (May 2002): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0233:tesost]2.0.co;2.
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Wild, Christian, Carin Jantzen, and Stephan Georg Kremb. "Turf algae-mediated coral damage in coastal reefs of Belize, Central America." PeerJ 2 (September 16, 2014): e571. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.571.
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Stoddart, D. R. "Coral reefs and islands and predicted sea- level rise." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 14, no. 4 (December 1990): 521–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339001400405.
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Schleyer, MH, L. Bigot, and Y. Benayahu. "Coral reefs of the Glorieuses Islands, western Indian Ocean." African Journal of Marine Science 40, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/1814232x.2018.1512525.
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Stoddart, D. "Theory and Reality: The Success and Failure of the Deductive Method in Coral Reef Studies-Darwin to Davis." Earth Sciences History 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.13.1.wp354u3281532021.
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W. M. Davis's monograph The Coral Reef Problem (1928) and his voluminous other publications on coral reefs present his unambiguous support for Darwin's evolutionary model of the development of reef types through slow subsidence of reef foundations. Davis claimed to find unequivocal support for his views in the features of now-elevated reefs. Since his deductions, expressed in sequential block diagrams, were based on his incorrect belief that elevated reefs eroded rapidly, he was compelled to reject paleontological evidence that many elevated reefs are old. Thus to support his theoretical position he systematically misrepresented the geomorphic history of, for example, the Lau Islands, Eua, the Loyalty Islands, Jaluit Atoll and Mangaia. Not surprisingly this work did not impress contemporaries who had experience of these reefs in the field.
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Cortés, Jorge, Carlos E. Jiménez, Ana C. Fonseca, and Juan José Alvarado. "Status and conservation of coral reefs in Costa Rica." Revista de Biología Tropical 58, no. 1 (July 3, 2015): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v58i1.20022.
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<span>Costa Rica has coral communities and reefs on the Caribbean coast and on the Pacific along the coast and off-shore islands. The Southern section of the Caribbean coast has fringing and patch reefs, carbonate banks, and an incipient algal ridge. The Pacific coast has coral communities, reefs and isolated coral colonies. Coral reefs have been seriously impacted in the last 30 years, mainly by sediments (Caribbean coast and some Pacific reefs) and by El Niño warming events (both coasts). Monitoring is being carried out at three sites on each coast. Both coasts suffered significant reductions in live coral cover in the 1980’s, but coral cover is now increasing in most sites. The government of Costa Rica is aware of the importance of coral reefs and marine environments in general, and in recent years decrees have been implemented (or are in the process of approval) to protect them, but limited resources endanger their proper management and conservation, including proper outreach to reef users and the general public.</span>
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Alimuddin, Alimuddin, Nurul Chayati, Tedy Murtejo, La Ode M. Gunawan Giu, and Ria Fitri. "Condition of Coral Reefs and Reef Fishes in Dofa Village, Sula Islands Regency." Journal of Applied Geospatial Information 5, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/jagi.v5i1.2803.
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Coral reefs are unique among ocean associations or communities that are entirely formed by biological activity. This study aims to determine the condition of coral reefs and reef fishes in Dofa Village, West Mangoli District, Sula Islands, 2018. Collecting coral data used the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method, while coral fish data collection used the visual census method. Water parameters measured are temperature, salinity, degree of acidity (pH), brightness and current velocity. Based on observations, the water temperature ranges from 29.33° C - 29.9° C. The salinity of the waters ranges from 29.67 ‰ - 34 ‰. The degree of acidity is 7.5 which supports the life of coral reef. The water brightness level is 65% - 100%. The current velocity ranges from 0.02 m / s to 0.05 m / s. The condition of the coral reef ecosystem based on the percentage of hard coral cover ranged from 21.02% - 33.7% with low to medium category. The coral mortality index at the study location was small where at station 1 it was 0.487, station 2 was 0.335 and station 3 was 0.205, meaning that there was no significant change for live coral reefs. The abundance of reef fishes ranged from 0.52 ind/m2 - 1.22 ind/m2 which was dominated by the Pomacentridae and Labridae families where the two families were groups of fish that used coral reefs as habitat for feeding ground. The index value of coral fish diversity in the coral reef ecosystem at all stations ranged from 0.58 to 3.60 where the diversity index value was in the low to medium category. The uniformity index is included in the medium category with values ranging from 0.58 to 0.63 which illustrates that the difference in the number of individuals for each species is not too significant. The dominance index of reef fishes at the observation station is very small, ranging from 0.03 - 0.07 which indicates that the dominance of the species is very low, so that the condition of the reef fish community is relatively stable.
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Allen, Mary E., Chloe S. Fleming, Sarah B. Gonyo, Erica K. Towle, Maria K. Dillard, Arielle Levine, Matt Gorstein, et al. "Resident Perceptions of Ecosystem Services Provided by U.S. Coral Reefs: Highlights from the First Cycle of the National Coral Reef Monitoring Program’s Socioeconomic Survey." Water 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 2081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152081.
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Despite being among the most valuable ecosystems on Earth, coral reefs face ongoing threats that could negatively impact the human populations who depend on them. The National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP) collects and monitors data on various aspects of U.S. coral reefs to provide a holistic understanding of the status of the reefs and adjacent human communities. This paper explores results from the NCRMP’s first socioeconomic monitoring cycle using an ecosystem services framework and examines how these results can be used to improve coral reef management in the following U.S. coral reef jurisdictions: American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Florida, Guam, Hawai’i, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Results suggest that residents in the U.S. Pacific coral reef basin may hold stronger cultural and provisioning values, whereas residents in the U.S. Atlantic coral reef basin may hold stronger regulating values. These findings suggest that outreach efforts have been successful in communicating benefits provided by coral reef ecosystems to the public. They also provide insight into which ecosystem services are valued in each jurisdiction, allowing resource managers to make science-based decisions about how to communicate conservation and management initiatives.
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Cannon, Sara E., Erietera Aram, Toaea Beiateuea, Aranteiti Kiareti, Max Peter, and Simon D. Donner. "Coral reefs in the Gilbert Islands of Kiribati: Resistance, resilience, and recovery after more than a decade of multiple stressors." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): e0255304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255304.
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Coral reefs are increasingly affected by a combination of acute and chronic disturbances from climate change and local stressors. The coral reefs of the Republic of Kiribati’s Gilbert Islands are exposed to frequent heat stress caused by central-Pacific type El Niño events, and may provide a glimpse into the future of coral reefs in other parts of the world, where the frequency of heat stress events will likely increase due to climate change. Reefs in the Gilbert Islands experienced a series of acute disturbances over the past fifteen years, including mass coral bleaching in 2004–2005 and 2009–2010, and an outbreak of the corallivorous sea star Acanthaster cf solaris, or Crown-of-Thorns (CoTs), in 2014. The local chronic pressures including nutrient loading, sedimentation and fishing vary within the island chain, with highest pressures on the reefs in urbanized South Tarawa Atoll. In this study, we examine how recovery from acute disturbances differs across a gradient of human influence in neighboring Tarawa and Abaiang Atolls from 2012 through 2018. Benthic cover and size frequency data suggests that local coral communities have adjusted to the heat stress via shifts in the community composition to more temperature-tolerant taxa and individuals. In densely populated South Tarawa, we document a phase shift to the weedy and less bleaching-sensitive coral Porites rus, which accounted for 81% of all coral cover by 2018. By contrast, in less populated Abaiang, coral communities remained comparatively more diverse (with higher percentages of Pocillopora and the octocoral Heliopora) after the disturbances, but reefs had lower overall hard coral cover (18%) and were dominated by turf algae (41%). The CoTs outbreak caused a decline in the cover and mean size of massive Porites, the only taxa that was a ‘winner’ of the coral bleaching events in Abaiang. Although there are signs of recovery, the long-term trajectory of the benthic communities in Abaiang is not yet clear. We suggest three scenarios: they may remain in their current state (dominated by turf algae), undergo a phase shift to dominance by the macroalgae Halimeda, or recover to dominance by thermally tolerant hard coral genera. These findings provide a rare glimpse at the future of coral reefs around the world and the ways they may be affected by climate change, which may allow scientists to better predict how other reefs will respond to increasing heat stress events across gradients of local human disturbance.
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Zhao, Meixia, Kefu Yu, Qi Shi, Hongqiang Yang, Bernhard Riegl, Qiaomin Zhang, Hongqiang Yan, Tianran Chen, Guohui Liu, and Ziyun Lin. "The coral communities of Yongle atoll: status, threats and conservation significance for coral reefs in South China Sea." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 12 (2016): 1888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15110.
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Xisha Islands are in the central South China Sea and form one of the four large island groups in this region. They include more than 40 islands, reefs and cays, and have considerable ecological and biodiversity value, both intrinsically and as a source of larvae for coastal ecosystems throughout the South China Sea. Yongle atoll is the biggest and one of the most important atolls in the Xisha Islands. The detailed surveys of the marine habitats in the Yongle atoll were conducted from June to July 2013. This baseline survey revealed coral communities in a relatively healthy condition. Mean coral cover of different geomorphic habitats varied from 2 to 29%. Branching corals were most important, followed by encrusting and massive growth forms (48, 29 and 17% of coral cover). Pocillopora (29% of total cover in line transects), Porites (19%), Acropora (17%) and Montipora (16%) were the four dominant genera. Communities differentiated into four clusters, namely, lower reef slope, upper reef slope, outer reef flat, and inner reef flat and lagoon slope. This baseline investigation highlighted the ecological value of these reefs. Destructive fishing and overfishing are presently the most serious threats for these coral reefs. They should receive much more scientific and conservation attention.
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Kunzmann, Andreas, Zainal Arifin, and Gunilla Baum. "POLLUTION OF COASTAL AREAS OF JAKARTA BAY: WATER QUALITY AND BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES." Marine Research in Indonesia 43, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v43i1.299.
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Coastal development, growing urbanization and industrialization are the most important stressors of coral reefs worldwide. Jakarta is one of the largest megacities worldwide. The coral reefs of the Thousand Islands north of Jakarta have degraded dramatically over the last 30-40 years. While large-scale gradients (i.e., regional drivers) have been extensively studied and shown shifts and declines in coral cover and composition, local drivers and their impact on spatial community composition have been neglected. The aim of our study is to investigate the spatial impact of anthropogenic stressors on local and regional scales on coral reefs north of Jakarta. Our results demonstrate that reefs in the north of the Thousand Islands are separated from the reefs in Jakarta Bay (JB), where a direct impact of Jakarta can be seen. Local anthropogenic effects rather than regional gradients have shaped a spatial patchwork of differentially degraded reefs along the nearshore islands. The main anthropogenic stressor is pollution and sedimentation rate, NO2, PO4 and chlorophyll-a explain over 80% of the variation. Surfactants and diesel-borne compounds from sewage and bilge water discharges are common pollutants. Responses to combinations of selected pollutant with elevated temperature (+3°C) were determined in the metabolic performance of the coral reef fish Siganus guttatus. During combined exposure, metabolic depression was observed. Effects of pollutants were not amplified by elevated temperature. In a study about two dominant soft coral genera, Sarcophyton spp. and Nephthea spp., on dissolved inorganic nutrients (DIN), turbidity (NTU), and sedimentation combined with measurements of photosynthetic yield and respiratory electron system (ETS) activity water quality seems to control the relative abundance and physiology of dominant soft corals in JB. In order to reverse or prevent phase shifts from hard to soft corals, there is a need to manage the water quality better. It is concluded that the intense anthropogenic pressure from local as well as regional sources is responsible for the spatial structure and health of reefs. Therefore, improved spatial management with a focus on both local and regional stressors is needed for effective marine conservation.
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Adji, Arif Seno. "SUITABILITY ANALYSIS OF MULTISPECTRAL SATELLITE SENSORS FOR MAPPING CORAL REEFS IN INDONESIA CASE STUDY: WAKATOBI MARINE NATIONAL PARK." Marine Research in Indonesia 39, no. 2 (November 19, 2015): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v39i2.87.
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Providing accurate information on suitable multispectral satellite sensors for mapping coral reefs in Indonesia is a challenge for coastal remote-sensing experts. As coral reefs vary in spatial extent, shape, length, perimeter and/or distance to shore, the mapping of coral reefs will need different satellite sensors depending on the objectives and the kind of information required. This work compares the suitability of two kinds of multispectral satellite sensors for mapping coral reefs in Indonesia, high and moderate spatial resolution. This was done through a case study of Wakatobi Marine National Park since that represents many types of coral reef in Indonesia (fringing, barrier, atoll, and patch). Indonesian coral reef shapefile data 2010 was downloaded from UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) website, and Landsat 7 ETM + images, path/row 112/064 was used to determine the terrestrial area of Wakatobi Islands. Both high and moderate spatial resolution sensors are suitable for mapping the benthic communities and geomorphic zones on coral reefs. The former are more accurate but they are also much less cost-effective, especially over large areas.
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LUBIS, MUHAMMAD ZAINUDDIN, SRI PUJIYATI, DANIEL S. PAMUNGKAS, MUHAMMAD TAUHID, WENANG ANUROGO, and HUSNUL KAUSARIAN. "Coral reefs recruitment in stone substrate on Gosong Pramuka, Seribu Islands, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 1451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190435.
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Lubis MZ, Pujiyati S, Tauhid M, Anurogo W, Kausarian H. 2018. Coral reefs recruitment in stone substrate on GosongPramuka, Seribu Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1451-1458. Gosong Pramuka is a reef distribution area located in the center of theSeribu Islands of Jakarta, Indonesia. This research was conducted from April to June 2015, located within the Gosong Pramuka area,Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia. This location has 4 observation stations: Exposed I and II and Shielded I and II. Coral reefs identified atthe study sites consisted of 95 colonies, with colonies most abundant in Exposure Station I (35 colonies), and in the genus Acropora andPorites. Acropora coral growth is tabulated, branching, digitate and encrusting, and Porites are only sub-massive and massive. Theaverage area obtained from recruiting coral colonies had a range of 25-50 cm2, and the average diameter of coral recruits was 9-12 cm.The results of this research determined the coral health index of the area is 2-3. Based on the CoralWatch method, the coral at the stationwhere the research was conducted is classified as under stress conditions. The value of recalculated coral density obtained in this studywas 0.22 colony/m2 at Exposure Station I, 0.11 colony/m2 at Shielded Station I, 0.13 colony/m2 at Exposure Station II, and in 0.11colony/m2 at Shielded Station II. Temperatures in all four stations range from 30-32°C; this temperature range is within the optimumtemperature range for coral growth. The depth at all four stations was in the ranged from 70-98 cm; this indicates the stations where theresearch was conducted is still within an optimum depth.
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Ben, Hoang Xuan, and Vo Si Tuan. "Recent use of habitat service value for tourism and impacts on coral reefs in the target destinations in Southern Vietnam." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 19, no. 4A (November 8, 2019): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/19/4a/14601.
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Coral reef-based tourism has developed quickly in Southern Vietnam, taking into account the target locations namely Cu Lao Cham islands, Nha Trang bay, Ninh Thuan and Phu Quoc islands during last decade. Among them, Nha Trang bay had longer history of marine tourism, starting with inshore development and expanding to islands in and around the bay. Tourist activities in Cu Lao Cham islands and Ninh Thuan were developed in linkages with MPA development and management. Meanwhile, Phu Quoc had become a new destination and drawn huge investments for extensive development of tourism in the islands. Economic value that was brought from use of coral reefs for tourism has increased significantly. For example, the payment of entry fee to Cu Lao Cham MPA has quickly increased year by year, reaching approximately 700,000 USD in 2018 and that in Ninh Thuan around 50,000 in 2017 and up to 200,000 USD in 2018. Reclamation for infrastructure building on inshore land and islands was considered as a serious impact, resulting in loss of terrestrial and underwater habitats (e.g. loss of Melaleuca forest in Phu Quoc islands or seagrass beds and coral reefs in Nha Trang bay) and increased sediment loading to coral reefs. Overexploitation of living resources for high food and souvenir demands occurred at all areas, leading to modification of communities, poorness and uncertainty for resource recruitment. Among these tree areas, Phu Quoc waters are the most vulnerable to coral bleaching due to increased surface temperature with records of mass bleaching in 2010 and 2016. Although MPAs existed in all study areas, role of conservationists in developing coral reef tourism was significantly considerable only in Cu Lao Cham case but poor in others. Local managers and businesses should pay more attention to sustainability in order to ensure not only coral reef conservation but also long-term benefits of local communities and tourist sector itself.
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Baumann, Justin H., Joseph E. Townsend, Travis A. Courtney, Hannah E. Aichelman, Sarah W. Davies, Fernando P. Lima, and Karl D. Castillo. "Temperature Regimes Impact Coral Assemblages along Environmental Gradients on Lagoonal Reefs in Belize." PLOS ONE 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2016): e0162098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162098.
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SINGH, ABHINAV, HAO WANG, WENDY MORRISON, and HOWARD WEISS. "MODELING FISH BIOMASS STRUCTURE AT NEAR PRISTINE CORAL REEFS AND DEGRADATION BY FISHING." Journal of Biological Systems 20, no. 01 (March 2012): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339011500318.
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Inverted biomass pyramids (IBPs) seem to be extremely rare in natural communities. Until recently, the only examples have been in freshwater and marine planktonic communities. In 2002 and 2008, investigators documented inverted biomass pyramids for nearly pristine coral reef ecosystems within the NW Hawaiian islands and the Line Islands, where apex predator abundance comprises up to 85% of the fish biomass. Large predator:prey biomass ratio seems to be a signature of nearly pristine coral reefs. While the mechanism responsible for the IBP for homogeneously mixed planktonic communities seems to be well understood, this mechanism is not strictly applicable to nearly pristine coral reefs where much of the prey use coral as refuge and are inaccessible to the predators. We construct a mathematical model with an explicit refuge to illustrate a new biologically plausible mechanism that can explain stable IBPs in nearly pristine coral reefs. New modeling components include a refuge of explicit size, a refuge size dependent functional response, and refuge size dependent prey growth rate. Utilizing realistic life history parameters of coral reef fishes, our model exhibits a stable inverted biomass pyramid. We prove that all fishing decreases the biomass ratio and sufficiently strong fishing transforms the inverted biomass pyramid to be bottom heavy. Finally we use our model to test the conjecture that pristine coral reefs will rebound faster from environmental shocks and find that it is not always true.
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Wang, Jin Chao, Chuan Ying Wang, and Zeng Qiang Han. "Evaluation Method of Coral Reef Integrity: RMDI and Coring Rate Comparative Analysis Method." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 1396–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.1396.
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At present, relatively few drilling surveys have been conducted on coral reefs, and comprehensive geological info on coral reefs is difficult to obtain. However, research of coral reef is of great importance to our development and exploitation of maritime resources. The survey of South China Sea some Islands saw China’s first usage of digital borehole camera technology, which resulted in a large amount of first-hand geological data. Because the coral reef, special rock mass, integrity evaluation is very difficult, we proposed the RMDI and coring rate comparative analysis method. The evaluation method is applied to the South China Sea some Islands, and the evaluation results prove generally consistent with actual cores. The results indicate that: (1) high-resolution borehole images can provide reliable results for evaluation of coral reef integrity; (2) The RMDI and coring rate comparative analysis method is a feasible approach for the evaluation of coral reef integrity along the full or partial depth of a borehole.
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Seenprachawong, Udomsak. "Economic valuation of coral reefs at Phi Phi Islands, Thailand." International Journal of Global Environmental Issues 3, no. 1 (2003): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgenvi.2003.002413.
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Zann, Leon P. "The status of coral reefs in South Western Pacific Islands." Marine Pollution Bulletin 29, no. 1-3 (January 1994): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(94)90426-x.
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Vijay Anand, P. E. "Proximity of coral reefs and mangroves in the Andaman Islands." Coral Reefs 14, no. 2 (May 1995): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00303431.
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Leão, Zelinda M. A. N., Ruy K. P. Kikuchi, Beatrice P. Ferreira, Elizabeth G. Neves, Hilda H. Sovierzoski, Marília D. M. Oliveira, Mauro Maida, Monica D. Correia, and Rodrigo Johnsson. "Brazilian coral reefs in a period of global change: A synthesis." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 64, spe2 (2016): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-875920160916064sp2.
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Abstract Brazilian coral reefs form structures significantly different from the well-known reef models, as follows: (i) they have a growth form of mushroom-shaped coral pinnacles called "chapeirões", (ii) they are built by a low diversity coral fauna rich in endemic species, most of them relic forms dating back to the Tertiary, and (iii) the nearshore bank reefs are surrounded by siliciclastic sediments. The reefs are distributed in the following four major sectors along the Brazilian coast: the northern, the northeastern and the eastern regions, and the oceanic islands, but certain isolated coral species can be found in warmer waters in embayments of the southern region. There are different types of bank reefs, fringing reefs, isolated "chapeirões" and an atoll present along the Brazilian coast. Corals, milleporids and coralline algae build the rigid frame of the reefs. The areas in which the major coral reefs occur correspond to regions in which nearby urban centers are experiencing accelerated growth, and tourism development is rapidly increasing. The major human effects on the reef ecosystem are mostly associated with the increased sedimentation due to the removal of the Atlantic rainforest and the discharge of industrial and urban effluents. The effects of the warming of oceanic waters that had previously affected several reef areas with high intensity coral bleaching had not shown, by the time of the 2010 event, any episodes of mass coral mortality on Brazilian reefs.
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Thung, Do Cong, and Dao Minh Dong. "DIVERSITY OF ECHINODERMS (ECHINODERMATA) IN THE NORTH EASTERN ISLANDS, VIETNAM." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ Biển 18, no. 3 (November 3, 2018): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/18/3/13232.
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41 species have been identified, belonging to 29 genera, 18 families, 10 orders and 5 classes of Echinoderms in Northeast islands, from Mong Cai (Quang Ninh) to Do Son (Hai Phong). Compared to previous publications, 15 species were first identified in the Tonkin Gulf. The diversity of species numbers shows that Oreasteridae and Holothuriidae have the highest number of species (5 species/family), similarly the genus Holothuri has the highest species number (5 species). Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba has 33 species; Co To - Thanh Lan has 24 species and Bai Tu Long has 25 species. Echinoderms live in three habitats: Sand, coral, reef. The highest number of species is living in the sandy bottom and coral reefs, 39% and the lowest number only about 10% in coral reefs and reef. Van Boi, Van Ha, Da Den, Bac Van, Hong Van have high density of Echinoderms, potentially becoming marine medicine yards.
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Bargar, Timothy A., Virginia H. Garrison, David A. Alvarez, and Kathy R. Echols. "Contaminants assessment in the coral reefs of Virgin Islands National Park and Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument." Marine Pollution Bulletin 70, no. 1-2 (May 2013): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.001.
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Wang, Jin Chao, Chuan Ying Wang, and Zeng Qiang Han. "Analysis of Coral Reef Rock Mass Integrity Based on RMDI Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.641.
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At present, relatively few drilling surveys have been conducted on coral reefs, and comprehensive geological info on coral reefs is difficult to obtain. However, research of coral reef is of great importance to our development and exploitation of maritime resources. The survey of Chenhang Island in Paracel (Xisha) Islands saw China’s first usage of digital borehole camera technology, which resulted in a large amount of first-hand geological data. We have utilized the rock mass integrity index (RMDI) method in our analysis of coral reef integrity, and with reference to the rock mass classification standard, formulated the correlation between RMDI values and coral reef intactness, enabling the engineering evaluation of coral reef integrity. Through statistical analysis of camera data gathered along the CK2 borehole’s approx. 1km length, we performed an integrity evaluation of the entire borehole length using the RMDI classification, and created a coral reef stratum development diagram which is consistent with the actual cores. The results indicate: (1) the classification system based on RMDI is feasible in the integrity evaluation of coral reefs; (2) the coral reef integrity values obtained using the RMDI method are accurate; (3) borehole camera survey and statistical analysis are of great utility in the study of coral reefs.
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Yamano, Hiroya, Osamu Abe, Hiroyuki Kitagawa, Etsuko Niu, and Toshio Nakamura. "Coral Reef Evolution at the Leeward Side of Ishigaki Island, Southwest Japan." Radiocarbon 43, no. 2B (2001): 899–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200041564.
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In comparison with windward coral reefs, the facies and evolution of leeward coral reefs has been discussed to a lesser extent. By accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) carbon-14 dating of coral specimens collected from the trench excavated across a modern coral reef during a fishery port repair, we revealed the internal facies and Holocene evolution of a leeward reef in Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Islands, southwest Japan. The reef facies can be split into three facies: the tabular Acropora framework facies, the tabular Acropora reworked facies, and the unconsolidated bioclast facies. The tabular Acropora reworked facies first formed a ridge by 3500 BR Then, the tabular Acropora framework facies grew both upward and seaward. The accumulation rates of the tabular Acropora framework facies ranged from 2.2 to 8.3 m/ka. Thus, the reef framework facies and accumulation rates of this leeward reef is similar to those of windward reefs, although the age of the reef top is younger than that of windward reefs.
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Ompi, Billy N., Unstain N. W. J. Rembet, and Ari B. Rondonuwu. "Coral Reef Conditions of Hogow and Dakokayu Islands Southeast Minahasa Regency." JURNAL ILMIAH PLATAX 7, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jip.7.1.2019.22743.
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This research objective was to determine the condition of Coral Reef ecosystems in Dakokayu and Hogow Islands, Southeast Minahasa Regency. The method that has been used in this studies that is Line Intercept Transect (LIT) by diving activities at 5 meter and 10 meters depth with 50 meters transect length. Each biota passed by the line transect recorded according based on shape of growth.Coral Reefs conditon in Hogow Island in 5 meters and 10 meters depth were categorized as a “Good” where the percentage of live coral cover in 5 meters depth is 70.12% and in 10 meters depth is 55.78%. The condition of Coral Reefs on Dokokayu Island at a depth of 5 meters is categorized “Good” with the percentage of live coral cover is 56.32% while in the 10 meters depth it is categorized as “Medium” with the percentage of live coral cover is 48.10%. Water quality parameters such as temperature, salinity, brightness, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) are within the range of tolerance for Coral Reefs to survive.Keywords: Condition, Coral Reef, Hogow, DokokayuABSTRAKTujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui kondisi ekosistem terumbu karang di Pulau Dakokayu dan Pulau Hogow, Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara. Metode yang telah digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Line Intercept Transek (LIT) dengan melakukan penyelaman pada kedalaman 5 dan 10 meter dengan panjang transek 50 meter. Setiap biota yang dilewati transek akan dicatat menurut bentuk pertumbuhannya. Secara umum, kondisi terumbu karang di Pulau Hogow pada kedalaman 5 meter dan 10 meter, dikategorikan Baik dimana persentasi tutupan karang hidup pada kedalaman 5 meter sebesar 70,12% dan pada kedalaman 10 meter sebesar 55,78%. Kondisi terumbu karang di Pulau Dokokayu pada kedalaman 5 meter dikategorikan Baik dengan persentase tutupan karang hidup 56,32% sedangkan di kedalaman 10 meter dikategorikan Sedang dengan persentase tutupan karang hidup 48,10 %. Parameter kualitas perairan seperti suhu, salinitas, kecerahan, pH, dan oksigen terlarut (DO) berada dalam kisaran toleransi bagi terumbu karang untuk dapat bertahan hidup.Kata Kunci : Kondisi, Terumbu Karang, Hogow, Dokokayu
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Putra, Singgih Afifa. "RAPID SURVEYS REVEAL HEALTHY CORAL-SPONGE COMMUNITIES ON KRAKATAU REEFS." BERITA BIOLOGI 19, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/beritabiologi.v19i1.3779.
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The Krakatau Islands in the Sunda Strait have been significantly impacted by catastrophic volcanic eruptions in 1883 and 2018. The marine habitats are not well studied, neither in the past nor in the present. This research is a report on the distribution and ecology of corals and sponges in the Krakatau Volcanic Complex at the three islands of Anak Krakatau, Rakata, and Panjang. This study used 100 m transects long in 5–7 m depth. Hard coral and soft coral communities are found to live with a coverage varied between 25-53% and 0-24%. Dead coral skeletons covered 14–40% of the surveyed area and did not seem to affect the abundance of sponges recorded. The Sponges occupied 0–6% of the area, and they often acted as coral competitors, shaping the benthic ecosystems. The recorded sponges only belong to the Demospongiae class, which are the Suberitid species that are commonly found in Indonesian waters, e.g., Amorphinopsis excavans, Protosuberites collaris, and Terpios sp. The excavating sponge Cliona cf. orientalis was frequently found to be a successful competitor of massive Porites sp., aggressively overgrowing live parts of the coral. Two Haliclona species and Mycale relicta colonized dead coral skeleton. Overall, the benthic communities appear healthy and are comparable to other similar locations that are not affected by volcanic activity.
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Dat, Mai Xuan. "Coral reef fishes in the banks and rocky islands in the offshore waters of Binh Thuan province." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 19, no. 4A (November 8, 2019): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/19/4a/14590.
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Binh Thuan province is located in the South Central Coast of Vietnam with favorable conditions for living coral reefs. The coral reefs were mainly investigated in coastal water areas and Phu Quy island, meanwhile other areas such as the banks and rocky islands seem to lack information. This study was conducted to evaluate the species composition and distribution of coral reef fish communities in the Royal Bishop banks and around rocky islands in Julia shoal in the offshore waters of Binh Thuan province in April 2019. A total of 151 species belonging to 86 genera and 33 families of coral reef fishes were recorded. Among them, 4 species for the first time recorded in Vietnam are Helcogramma striata (Hansen, 1986) (Tripterygiidae), Pseudanthias squamipinnis (Peters, 1855) (Serranidae), Bodianus bilunulatus (Lacepède, 1801) and Coris aygula (Lacepède, 1801) (Labridae). The total average density of coral reef fish in the offshore waters of Binh Thuan is quite high at 1,104.9 ± 617 individuals/250 m2, most of them are small sized fish and ornamental fish group, the large sized fish and target fish group accounts for a relatively low rate, but their density here is much higher compared to that in the coastal waters of Binh Thuan province. The comparative analysis also shows that sites in coral reef around rocky islands have species richness and density of coral reef fish higher than the bank area.