Relevant bibliographies by topics / Corals – Barbados

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Academic literature on the topic 'Corals – Barbados'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Corals – Barbados"

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Muhs, Daniel R., and Kathleen R. Simmons. "Taphonomic problems in reconstructing sea-level history from the late Quaternary marine terraces of Barbados." Quaternary Research 88, no. 3 (October 11, 2017): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2017.70.

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AbstractAlthough uranium series (U-series) ages of growth-position fossil corals are important to Quaternary sea-level history, coral clast reworking from storms can yield ages on a terrace dating to more than one high-sea stand, confounding interpretations of sea-level history. On northern Barbados, U-series ages corals from a thick storm deposit are not always younger with successively higher stratigraphic positions, but all date to the last interglacial period (~127 ka to ~112 ka), Marine Isotope Substage (MIS) 5.5. The storm deposit ages are consistent with the ages of growth-position corals found at the base of the section and at landward localities on this terrace. Thus, in this case, analysis of only a few corals would not have led to an error in interpreting sea-level history. In contrast, a notch cut into older Pleistocene limestone below the MIS 5.5 terrace contains corals that date to both MIS 5.5 (~125 ka) and MIS 5.3 (~108 ka). We infer that the notch formed during MIS 5.3 and the MIS 5.5 corals are reworked. Similar multiple ages of corals on terraces have been reported elsewhere on Barbados. Thus, care must be taken in interpreting U-series ages of corals that are reported without consideration of taphonomy.
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Vallès, Henri, Hazel A. Oxenford, and Alex Henderson. "Switching between standard coral reef benthic monitoring protocols is complicated: proof of concept." PeerJ 7 (December 3, 2019): e8167. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8167.

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Monitoring the state of coral reefs is necessary to identify drivers of change and assess effectiveness of management actions. There are several widely-used survey methods, each of which is likely to exhibit different biases that should be quantified if the purpose is to combine datasets obtained via different survey methods. The latter is a particularly important consideration when switching methodologies in long-term monitoring programs and is highly relevant to the Caribbean today. This is because of the continuing need for regionally comparable coral reef monitoring datasets and the fact that the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN)-Caribbean node is now recommending a photoquadrat (PQ) method over the chain intercept transect method widely adopted by the members of the first truly regional monitoring network, Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity Program (CARICOMP), in the early-1990s. Barbados, a member of the CARICOMP network, has been using a variation of the chain intercept method in its long-term coral reef monitoring program for more than two decades. Now a member of GCRMN-Caribbean, Barbados is considering switching to the PQ method in conformity with other regional members. Since we expect differences between methods, this study seeks to quantify the nature of those differences to inform Barbados and others considering switching methods. In 2017, both methods were concurrently implemented at 21 permanent monitoring plots across three major reef types in Barbados. Differences in % cover estimates for the six major benthic components, that is, hard corals, sponges, gorgonians, macroalgae, turf algae and crustose coralline algae, were examined within and among reef types. Overall, we found a complex pattern of differences between methods that depended on the benthic component, its relative abundance, and the reef type. We conclude that most benthic components would require a different conversion procedure depending on the reef type, and we provide an example of these procedures for Barbados. The factors that likely contribute to the complex pattern of between-method differences are discussed. Overall, our findings highlight that switching methods will be complicated, but not impossible. Finally, our study fills an important gap by underscoring a promising analytical framework to guide the comparison of ecological survey methods on coral reefs.
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MacIntosh, Kevin, Tundi Agardy, and Seth Logan. "FOCUS ON ECOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DESIGN OF A BEACH STABILIZATION PROJECT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.6.

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Baird harnessed the latest technology to improve the beach while minimizing environmental impacts and improving habitat wherever possible at a west coast location in Barbados. Baird used an Echoscope to precisely map bathymetry, living reef, and voids in relic reef. Following numerical and physical modeling, underwater structures for beach stabilization were specifically designed to accommodate coral transplants and lab grown corals. This first phase of shoreline stabilization creates new opportunities for enhancement, training, and education. Subsequent monitoring of biodiversity will measure the rate of reef recovery. Turbidity monitoring, as well as rainfall and surface run-off rates, will provide much needed information regarding the relative impacts of wave sediment resuspension and surface run-off on coral health.
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Goslar, Tomasz, Tadeusz Kuc, Mieczysław F. Pazdur, Magdalena Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, Kazimierz Różański, Krystyna Szeroczyńska, Adam Walanus, et al. "Possibilities for Reconstructing Radiocarbon Level Changes During the Late Glacial by Using a Laminated Sequence of Gościaż Lake." Radiocarbon 34, no. 3 (1992): 826–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200064134.

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Laminated sediments of Gościaż Lake can be used as an independent source of material for calibrating the radiocarbon time scale. The varve chronology is based on three long cores from the deepest part of the lake, with one additional core from the second deepest part. From pollen and Cladocera spectra and stable isotope and chemical content sequences, we have determined the Allerød(AL)/Younger Dryas(YD) and Younger Dryas/Preboreal(PB) boundaries in the three long cores with relatively good accuracy, and have tentatively defined the AL/YD boundary in the fourth core. The Younger Dryas period contains at least 1520 varves, with 980 varves in fragments well replicated in all four cores. The duration of the Younger Dryas as recorded in sediments of Gościaż Lake corresponds well to the duration derived from 230Th/234U and 14C dates on Barbados corals, but disagrees with estimates from Soppensee, Lake Holzmaar and Swedish varves. Two AMS dates of terrestrial macrofossils from the PB and YD periods seem to fit both the data obtained for Swiss lake sediments and Barbados corals.
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Oxenford, Hazel A., and Henri Vallès. "Transient turbid water mass reduces temperature-induced coral bleaching and mortality in Barbados." PeerJ 4 (June 14, 2016): e2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2118.

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Global warming is seen as one of the greatest threats to the world's coral reefs, and with the continued rise in sea surface temperature predicted into the future, there is a great need for further understanding of how to prevent and address the damaging impacts. This is particularly so for countries whose economies depend heavily on healthy reefs, such as those of the eastern Caribbean. Here, we compare the severity of bleaching and mortality for five dominant coral species at six representative reef sites in Barbados during the two most significant warm-water events ever recorded in the eastern Caribbean, i.e., 2005 and 2010, and describe prevailing island-scale sea water conditions during both events. In so doing, we demonstrate that coral bleaching and subsequent mortality were considerably lower in 2010 than in 2005 for all species, irrespective of site, even though the anomalously warm water temperature profiles were very similar between years. We also show that during the 2010 event, Barbados was engulfed by a transient dark green turbid water mass of riverine origin coming from South America. We suggest that reduced exposure to high solar radiation associated with this transient water mass was the primary contributing factor to the lower bleaching and mortality observed in all corals. We conclude that monitoring these episodic mesoscale oceanographic features might improve risk assessments of southeastern Caribbean reefs to warm-water events in the future.
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Bard, E., B. Hamelin, and R. G. Fairbanks. "U/Th ages obtained by mass spectrometry in corals from Barbados." Chemical Geology 84, no. 1-4 (July 1990): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(90)90196-e.

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Bard, Edouard, Maurice Arnold, Bruno Hamelin, Nadine Tisnerat-Laborde, and Guy Cabioch. "Radiocarbon Calibration by Means of Mass Spectrometric 230Th/234U and 14C Ages of Corals: An Updated Database Including Samples from Barbados, Mururoa and Tahiti." Radiocarbon 40, no. 3 (1998): 1085–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200019135.

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As first shown by Bard et al. (1990a), high-precision 230Th-234U ages can be used successfully to calibrate the radiocarbon time scale beyond the high-precision tree-ring calibration that now reaches 11,900 cal bp (Kromer and Spurk 1998). Using mass spectrometric techniques, we measured 14C and 230Th ages on new samples collected from boreholes drilled off the islands of Tahiti and Mururoa (French Polynesia) in order to complement the database previously obtained on Barbados corals (Bard et al. 1990a, 1993).
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Radtke, Ulrich, Rainer Grün, and Henry P. Schwarcz. "Electron Spin Resonance Dating of the Pleistocene Coral Reef Tracts of Barbados." Quaternary Research 29, no. 3 (May 1988): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90030-0.

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The reef tracts of Barbados have been investigated by electron spin resonance dating; all parameters necessary for ESR dating (including effective α-efficiency and thermal stability) were determined without cross checking with another independent dating method. In addition, some U-series analyses were carried out in order to test the reliability of ESR. In most cases, the results show a satisfactory agreement between ESR and both these and previously published U-series dates (M. L. Bender, R. G. Fairbanks, F. W. Taylor, R. K. Matthews, J. G. Goddard, and W. S. Broecker (1979). Geological Society of America. Bulletin 90 , 577–594). For the oldest samples, ESR dates tend to exceed He/U dates, suggesting that there might have been He loss from aragonite. Raised reef tracts are assigned to high sea stands from successive interglacial stages 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15. ESR and U-series (230Th/234U) dates for corals and molluses in North Barbados do not support the suggestion of N. P. James ((1971). Unpublished Thesis, McGill University, Montreal) that this region has subsided during part of the past 125,000 yr. Whereas the experimentally determined mean life (τ) of trapped electrons is only 500,000 yr for the ambient temperature in Barbados, there is no evidence from the comparison between ESR and other dates for thermal fading. This emphasizes the difficulty of experimental measurement of τ.
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Bard, Edouard, Maurice Arnold, Richard G. Fairbanks, and Bruno Hamelin. "230Th-234U and 14C Ages Obtained by Mass Spectrometry on Corals." Radiocarbon 35, no. 1 (1993): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200013886.

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In 1988, Fairbanks conducted a drilling expedition off the south coast of Barbados to recover submerged corals contemporaneous with the last deglaciation. Core recovery was excellent and >30 different samples were dated by conventional β-counting techniques (Fairbanks 1989). At about the same time, we developed, at Lamont, the thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) technique to obtain precise U-Th ages (Edwards 1988), and to compare them with the 14C estimates measured on the same samples. A surprising result was that the discrepancy between 14C and U-Th ages increased through time to ca. 3000–3500 yr at ca. 15,000 14C BP (Bard et al. 1990a). Because the three youngest samples yielded U-Th ages in agreement with their calibrated 14C ages, we concluded initially that the TIMS U-Th determinations were not only precise, but also accurate, and that the 14C vs. U-Th data set could be used for a first-order 14C calibration.
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Tomascik, T. "Settlement patterns of Caribbean scleractinian corals on artificial substrata along a eutrophication gradient, Barbados, West Indies." Marine Ecology Progress Series 77 (1991): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps077261.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Corals – Barbados"

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Wittenberg, Mark. "Effects of eutrophication on juvenile scleractinian corals." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60552.

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This study investigates effects of eutrophication on settlement, abundance, mortality and community structure of soleractinian corals on fringing reefs on the west coast of Barbados, W.I. Juvenile abundance was lower, but juvenile size larger, on eutrophic than less eutrophic reefs. The lower abundance results at least in part from a higher juvenile mortality on eutrophic reefs. Algae were more abundant and grazers (Diadema antillarum and herbivorous fish) less abundant on eutrophic reefs. Juvenile community structure on all reefs, and adult community structure on eutrophic reefs, was dominated by type 1 corals (high recruitment, high natural mortality). Type 2 corals (low recruitment, low natural mortality) were common in adult communities on less eutrophic reefs. Settlement of coral recruits on artificial substrates was lower on more eutrophic reefs.
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Tomascik, Tomas. "The effects of eutrophication on the growth rates, reproductive potential and community structure of the inshore reef-building corals in Barbados, West Indies /." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74000.

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Mann, Gary S. (Gary Seymour). "Distribution, abundance and life history of the reef coral Favia fragum (Esper) in Barbados : effects of eutrophication and of the black sea urchin Diadema antillarum (Philippi)." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68217.

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Effects of variation in eutrophication and in Diadema antillarum densities (grazing pressure) on the abundance and life history characteristics of Favia fragum on seven reefs along the west coast of Barbados were investigated. Densities of D. antillarum were negatively correlated with eutrophication levels, and interpretations of their effects have been made simultaneously. Abundance of F. fragum was lower on more eutrophic reefs with lower D. antillarum densities. This may result from effects of eutrophication and of D. antillarum on algal cover on reefs. Macrophytic algae were more abundant, and crustose coralline algae less abundant, on eutrophic reefs with lower D. antillarum densities; and macrophytic algal cover was negatively correlated with crustose coralline algal cover across reefs. F. fragum abundance was positively correlated with crustose coralline algal cover, and F. fragum occurred less frequently on reef areas where macrophytic algae were abundant. High eutrophication and low D. antillarum density (grazing pressure) may therefore reduce F. fragum abundance by increasing the cover of macrophytic algae relative to crustose coralline algae on reefs. Neither planulation periodicity, colony fecundity, nor polyp fecundity in F. fragum differed at different eutrophication levels and D. antillarum densities. Moreover, adult growth and adult mortality did not differ with eutrophication levels and D. antillarum densities on reefs. However, growth of juveniles appeared slower and mortality higher on eutrophic reefs with low D. antillarum densities. Moreover, larvae of F. fragum preferred to settle on crustose coralline algae than on turf algae (macrophytic algae), and the former are comparatively scarce on eutrophic reefs with low D. antillarum densities. The results suggest that the negative correlation between adult abundance of F. fragum and eutrophication levels/grazing pressure (D. antillarum densities) on Barbados reefs are caused primarily by effects
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Allard, Patrick 1968. "Changes in coral community structure in Barbados : effects of eutrophication and reduced grazing pressure." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68152.

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Multivariate ordination techniques were used to characterize the direction and magnitude of coral community changes on west coast reefs in Barbados between 1982 and 1992, and to relate these changes to coastal eutrophication and variation in Diadema antillarum densities (grazing pressure). D. antillarum densities were substantially lower in 1992 than in 1982, reflecting the 1983 mass mortality event. Reductions in urchin density were greater on less eutrophic reefs than eutrophic reefs. Cover by macrophytic algae increased, cover by crustose coralline algae decreased, and the number of coral species decreased between 1982 and 1992. With the notable exception of the most eutrophic reef, coral cover decreased over the 10 year period. Changes in algal cover across reefs between 1982 and 1992 were strongly correlated with decreases in D. antillarum densities, and were therefore typically greater on less eutrophic reefs, indicating that reduced grazing pressure has more strongly influenced algal cover changes than prevailing eutrophication levels. Coral species composition changed at all sites between 1982 and 1992, and except at the most eutrophic site, the direction of change was directly related to reduced D. antillarum densities and associated algal cover changes. Temporal change at the most eutrophic site was best explained by the prevailing high level of eutrophication, and resulted primarily from a substantial increase in the cover of one species, Porites porites. The decrease in coral cover that occurred on most of the study reefs in the face of the increasing cover by macrophytic algae was typically accompanied by an increase in the relative abundance of Type 1 (high recruitment, high natural juvenile mortality) to Type 2 (low recruitment, low natural juvenile mortality) corals.
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Chapman, Matthew R. "Coral reef fish movements and the effectiveness of the Barbados Marine Reserve." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20560.

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This study examined whether movements of fishes across reserve boundaries reduced the difference in density and size of fish between reserve and non-reserve areas. Visual censuses, experimental trapping, habitat measurements and tagging were performed at 10 sites on two nearly contiguous fringing coral reefs at the northern edge of the Barbados Marine Reserve and at 10 sites on the two fringing reefs closest to the boundary in the non-reserve. The visual censuses showed that overall density and size of fishes large enough to be caught in Antillean fish traps were higher on reserve reefs than on non-reserve reefs. The differences in density and size varied considerably among species and were not statistically significant for individual species. In contrast to a previous study, experimental trap catches were not higher in the reserve than in the non-reserve. Visual censuses, trap catches, and their ratio (trappability) were affected by habitat variables. Species mobility, estimated by the maximum distance between locations at which an individual was captured, corrected for the sampling effort at that distance, was highly variable among species (medians 0--116m). For the more mobile species, movements within fringing reefs and between the nearly contiguous reserve reefs was high but extremely rare among reefs separated by expanses of sand and rubble. For this discrete fringing reef system, there is no evidence that movement across the reserve boundary influences the relative density or size of fish between the reserve and non-reserve.
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Holmes, Katherine E. (Katherine Elizabeth). "The effects of eutrophication on clionid (Porifera) communities in Barbados, West Indies." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23896.

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Samples of Porites porites rubble were collected from across three fringing reefs which lie along a eutrophication gradient in Barbados, West Indies. The coral skeleton fragments were examined for clionid sponges. Data collected from the reef crest and fore reef zones and from across the range of distances and depths were pooled for each reef to compare indices of sponge abundance along the eutrophication gradient. Significant differences between the reefs were found for the proportion of rubble invaded (ANCOVA, p = 0.004), number of invasions per sample (ANCOVA, p = 0.002), and number of species per sample (ANCOVA, p = 0.018) but not for total surface area of sponge invasions per sample (ANCOVA, p = 0.064). All the indices demonstrated an increase with increasing eutrophication level. Clionids were found in nearly twice as many of the pieces collected from the most eutrophic site (41%) as from the least eutrophic (24%). Since clionids may be the principal bioeroders of coral reefs, an increase in their abundance due to excessive pollution likely results in greater bioerosion of affected reefs. The mean abundance of Type 3 corals was found to be positively related to the frequency of boring sponge invasion, suggesting that increased bioeroision may be partly responsible for community shifts toward Type 3 corals in polluted waters. One new variety and three new species of boring sponges of the genus Cliona were found. A new variety of C. amplicavata Rutzler is described, Cliona species 2 of MacGeachy is redescribed and Cliona species 4 and Cliona species 5 are described for the first time. Cliona species 5 may become an important bioeroder in Barbados and other Caribbean islands since it flourishes under high eutrophic conditions which are beginning to plague West Indian reefs. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Southey, Katherine. "Spawning and spatial movement in the bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum) at Barbados, West Indies." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61036.

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This study investigates the characteristics and use of spawning sites by the bluehead wrasse Thalassoma bifasciatum in Barbados, and movements of wrasses from source reefs to proximate and isolate recipient reefs. Pair spawning rate increased with increasing projection height; group spawning rate increased with increasing proximity to the downcurrent reef edge. Daily group spawning rates, but not pair-spawning rates, were higher when daily current speeds were lower, suggesting that fertilisation rates in group spawns may be more sensitive to current speed than fertilisation rates in pair spawns. Migration rate to isolated reefs was 16% that to proximate reefs. Immigration rate to recipient reefs decreased with increasing distance from the source reef and increased with increasing population density on the source reef. Immigration rates to proximate reefs were phase, sex, and size-specific, and were strongly influenced by phase, sex, and size-specific differences in home range size of wrasses. Immigration to isolated reefs was also phase and sex-specific. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Hunt, von Herbing Ione. "Reproduction and recruitment in the bluehead wrasse Thalassoma bifasciatum in Barbados." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61833.

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Rakitin, Ana. "The effect of a marine reserve on the abundance and size of coral reef fishes in Barbados, West Indies /." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68247.

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This study used trapping and visual census surveys to assess whether a marine reserve in Barbados effectively protected coral reef fish stocks and whether there was evidence of emigration from the reserve. Fish abundance and sizes were higher in the reserve than in surrounding non-reserve areas. Relative differences in abundance and size between reserve and non-reserve of different taxa were positively correlated to vulnerability to traps (the most common fishing method) but not to mobility of fish. Gradients of abundance across the reserve boundaries (decreasing abundance with distance from the reserve center) were apparent for total abundance but not for individual taxa. These patterns suggest that the reserve does protect fish stocks and that emigration is of minor importance.
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Tupper, Mark. "Recruitment and assemblage structure of reef fish in Barbados, W.I." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55660.

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Books on the topic "Corals – Barbados"

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Ulrich, Radtke, Whelan Franziska, and Universität zu Köln. Geographisches Institut., eds. The marine quaternary of Barbados. [Köln]: Geographisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, 2004.

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National Science Foundation (U.S.) and Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, eds. Barbados offshore drilling program: Cruise report : R/V Ranger Cruise 88-13, 18/Nov/88-6/Dec/88. 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Corals – Barbados"

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Hopley, David, and Ian G. Macintyre. "Barbados." In Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs, 97–102. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2639-2_184.

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Bard, E., R. G. Fairbanks, M. Arnold, and B. Hamelin. "230Th/234U and 14C Ages Obtained by Mass Spectrometry on Corals from Barbados (West Indies), Isabela (Galapagos) and Mururoa (French Polynesia)." In The Last Deglaciation: Absolute and Radiocarbon Chronologies, 103–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76059-4_7.

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Scholz, Denis, Augusto Mangini, and Dieter Meischner. "9. U-redistribution in fossil reef corals from Barbados, West Indies, and sea-level reconstruction for MIS 6.5." In The Climate of Past Interglacials, 119–39. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1571-0866(07)80034-0.

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Speed*, Robert C., and Hai Cheng†. "Active emergence, chronology, and limestone facies in southeastern windward Barbados." In Emergence and Evolution of Barbados, 21–44. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.2549(02).

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ABSTRACT Barbados is actively rising in the latest phase of a long history of emergence that began as far back as 15 Ma. The current phase began at or before ca. 700 ka, is highly nonuniform, and at least locally, has been nonsteady. The uplift rate field in SE Barbados ranges between near-zero and 0.47 m/k.y. and is harmonic to active structures of NNW-SSE contraction. Emergence markers include limestone strata, coral, and shoreline angles, but we used only shoreline angles in calculations. We divided the capping limestone of windward Barbados into 10 units using physical criteria and dated them with over 40 230Th ages as oxygen isotope stages 5a, 5e, late 7 and early 7, and old (older than 300 ka). The oldest unit is a relic of an earlier phase of emergence. Younger units, probably as old as 700 ka, downlap the eroded flank of the oldest unit and sublimestone foundation. Younger units comprise landward clastic facies deposited on abrasion platforms during eustatic highstand and seaward-coalescent fringe reef blankets deposited on preexisting slopes, mainly in transgression. Earlier models of ridged reefs of catch-up growth origin are not supported in windward Barbados. Shoreline angles, the updip tips of terrace floors and of younger limestone units, are isochronous markers of maximum highstand levels. Despite the lack of direct determination of their ages, shoreline angles provide the truest measures and highest values of emergence. Coral thought to indicate highstand growth gives moderately lower uplift rates due to depths of growth and collapse. Coral grown during transgression gives a marked error in emergence.
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Cowen, R. K., S. Sponaugle, C. B. Paris, J. L. Fortuna, K. M. M. Lwiza, and S. Dorsey. "Impact of North Brazil Current rings on local circulation and coral reef fish recruitment to Barbados, West Indies." In Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean, 443–62. Elsevier, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0422-9894(03)80157-5.

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Graham, Alan. "Context." In Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic History of North American Vegetation (North of Mexico). Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113426.003.0006.

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The interaction between vegetation and the environment over time is one of the most complex of the Earth’s integrated systems. In addition to the direct methodologies of paleopalynology and paleobotany, there are other techniques that provide independent sources of information for interpreting this interaction. These include paleotemperature analysis, sea-level changes, and faunal history. The first two are also forcing mechanisms as discussed in Chapter 2, but for this survey the summary curves can also serve as convenient context information. Each is a vast subject with an extensive literature, and all are presently generating considerable discussion. For paleotemperature analysis, unsettled issues include the extent of temperature change in equatorial waters during the Early and Middle Tertiary, which would affect the poleward transport of heat by conveyer-belt mechanisms. Estimates range from surface waters as warm or warmer than the present to considerably cooler. For the Neogene, CLIMAP estimates based on the ecology of coccolithophores, diatoms, radiolarians, and especially foraminifera are that temperatures in the tropics did not cool significantly; modeling results, terrestrial paleontological evidence, and new Barbados coral data suggest they cooled by ~5°C. There is uncertainty as to when glaciations began on Antarctica; recent estimates range from the Early Eocene to late Middle Eocene to Middle Oligocene (45-35 Ma; Birkenmajer, 1990; Leg 119 Shipboard Scientific Party, 1988). This affects interpretation of 18O values during the Paleogene because they could reflect temperature alone or could be due to ocean water temperature and ice volume changes. Another challenge is to unravel the extent to which benthic temperature records track insolation-induced changes in water temperature versus new thresholds in ocean bottom-water circulation. Discussions of sea-level fluctuation are presently focused on their causes during the preglacial Early Cenozoic. In faunal history the timing of the North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs) or provincial ages are being revised. For vegetational history much of the older literature describes events in terms of geofloras, but this conceptual context, at minimum, requires substantial renovation, and the boreotropical hypothesis is emerging as an alternative for envisioning biotic events in the high northern latitudes.
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7

Sklair, Leslie. "Corporate Starchitects and Unique Icons." In The Icon Project. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464189.003.0009.

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Although some find it unpleasant and others find it flippant, the term ‘starchitect’ is theoretically useful for the sociology of architecture. It connects the world of the architect with the world of celebrity, and it con­nects architecture as an esoteric aesthetic practice with architecture as an industry in the public eye. Over the last few years, the term has become well established in the mass media and in trade publications, and it is also, slowly, starting to be taken seriously by scholars in and around architecture (e.g., McNeill 2009, Ponzini and Nastasi 2011; Knox 2012; Gravari-Barbas and Renard-Delautre 2015). The quest for fame, of course, is not new. Leon Battista Alberti, universal man, prodigious self-promoter of the early renaissance, and still an architectural notable, wrote an allegorical play on fame in the 1440s, recently reprinted (Alberti 1987). Neither Frank Lloyd Wright (1869–1959) nor Le Corbusier (1887–1965, Corb) shunned public­ity; both were what we would now call celebrities. Their rivalry is well documented, mostly in arguments around different conceptions of modernism—they never met. Noting that Wright called the Villa Savoye, one of Corb’s most celebrated buildings, ‘a box on stilts’, the cultural historian Nicholas Cox Weber, in his life of Corb, comments: ‘Today, it is an icon of twentieth-century design and has spawned countless imitations all over the world’ (2008: 288; see also Etlin 1994). Wright and Corb died around the time capitalist globalization was beginning to establish itself as a truly global system, and their own lives contained significant measures of socially produced iconicity. Although these terms were not used about them during their lifetimes, they can be considered proto-global and proto-iconic architects, by which I mean that the terms ‘global’ and ‘iconic’ are fruitfully employed today about them and their surviving architectural works. So, before considering the starchitects of our time, it is instructive first of all to delve briefly into the careers of these two most iconic architects of the first half of the 20th century. Wright and Corb both enjoy institutional legacies and continue to have plenty of enthusiasts.
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