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Journal articles on the topic 'Core-Shell Particle'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Li, Ming Jue, Ying Yan Diao, and Xi Jun Liu. "Synthesis and Characterization of PBA/aPS Core-Shell Latex Particles." Advanced Materials Research 631-632 (January 2013): 588–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.588.

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The core-shell structure copolymer of PBA/PS was prepared using pre-emulsion and semi-continues polymerization process. The particle size of core-shell latex and the St conversion of shell monomer were affected by emulsifier, initiator, pH and temperature etc. Meanwhile, the laser particle size analyzer, transmission electron microscope and other test methods were utilized to study latex particle average particle size, size distribution and morphological structure, respectively. The kinetics of polymerization was investigated. Well-defined core-shell structure and narrow particle sizedistribution could be achieved under starved conditions of monomer feeding. By the means of TEM found that PBA/PS latex particles had clearly core/shell morphology.
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2

Kantar, Ersin. "Dynamic calculations of the core/shell structured Ising-type endohedral fullerenes: The effect of core and core/shell interaction." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 33 (November 27, 2017): 1750307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917503079.

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In this study, we examine by comparing the dynamic magnetic and hysteretic properties of Ising-type endohedral fullerene (EF) with various dopant magnetic particles confined within a spherical cage. The model of EF X@C[Formula: see text] with X = spin-1/2, spin-1 and spin-3/2 is proposed to study the effect of the nature of core particle on the magnetic properties. The results were obtained by mean-field theory as well as Glauber-type stochastic dynamics, and focused on the response of thermal and hysteretic behaviors of systems. The system exhibits second- and first-order phase transitions. In three different core cases, the system also exhibits type-II superconductivity behavior with a dynamic hysteresis curves of the core. All results display magnetic properties of the EF which strongly depend on the nature of core particle. Moreover, core particle and core/shell (C–S) interaction are proposed as the basic factors affecting the magnetic properties of EF system.
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3

Inamoto, Shin, and Yuji Otsuka. "Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for an atomic-scale quantitative analysis of Pd–Pt core-shell nanoparticles." Microscopy 69, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfz113.

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Abstract The properties of core-shell nanoparticles, which are used for many catalytic processes as an alternative to platinum, depend on the size of both the particle and the shell. It is thus necessary to develop a quantitative method to determine the shell thickness. Pd–Pt core-shell particles were analyzed using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Quantitative EDX line profiles acquired from the core-shell particle were compared to four core-shell models. The results indicate that the thickness of the Pt shell corresponds to two atomic layers. Meanwhile, high-angle annular dark-field STEM images from the same particle were analyzed and compared to simulated images. Again, this experiment demonstrates that the shell thickness was of two atomic layers. Our results indicate that, in small particles, it is possible to use EDX for a precise atomic-scale quantitative analysis.
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4

Ning, Na, Yiping Qiu, and Yi Wei. "Building effective core/shell polymer nanoparticles for epoxy composite toughening based on Hansen solubility parameters." Nanotechnology Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2021-0077.

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Abstract Particles have been demonstrated to toughen epoxy resins, especially for fiber-reinforced epoxy composites, and core/shell particles are one of them. It is known that not all particles toughen the same but most evaluations are through experimentation, and few studies have been conducted to accurately predict the particles’ toughening effect or guide the design of effective particles. In this study, efforts were made to find the control factors of core/shell particles, primarily interfacial compatibility and degree of dispersion, and how to predict them. Nanocomposites were fabricated by incorporating core/shell nanoparticles having various shell polymer compositions, especially their polarities. Their compatibility was estimated using a novel quantitative approach via adopting the theory of Hansen solubility parameters (HSP), in which the HSP of core/shell nanoparticles and the epoxy matrix were experimentally determined and compared. It was found that the HSP distance was a good predictor for particle dispersion and interfacial interaction. Particles having a small HSP distance (R a) to the epoxy resin, represented by the polybutylacrylate core/polymethyl methacrylate shell particle having the smallest R a of 0.50, indicated a uniform dispersion and strong interfacial bonding with the matrix and yielded outstanding toughening performance. In contrast, polybutylacrylate core/polyacrylonitrile shell particle having the largest HSP distance (6.56) formed aggregates and exhibited low interfacial interaction, leading to poor toughness. It was also demonstrated that HSP can provide an effective strategy to facilitate the design of effective core/shell nanoparticles for epoxy toughening.
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5

CHOI, H. J., M. S. CHO, and I. S. LEE. "ELECTRORHEOLOGY OF MONODISPERSE CORE/SHELL STRUCTURED PARTICLE SUSPENSIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 07n09 (April 10, 2005): 1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205029882.

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As a novel candidate of electrorheological (ER) material, core/shell composite particles (PAPMMA) of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) core and polyaniline (PANI) shell were prepared and adopted as a dispersed phase. PAPMMA particles, obtained by a dispersion polymerization method, were spherical and possessed a monodisperse particle size distribution, in which the PANI shell was introduced on the surface of PMMA via an in-situ polymerization of aniline by adding an oxidant in an aqueous acidic solution. Yield stress of the PAPMMA suspensions under an applied electric field was observed to be increased with a particle size. In addition, monodisperse acrylic microspheres with aniline moiety on the surface were prepared by a seeded emulsion method, and then composite particles possessing chemically bonded PANI shell (PA-PGMA) were prepared via an in-situ polymerization of aniline. Their ER characteristics were also examined.
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6

Xu, Xue Feng, H. F. Chen, H. T. Ma, B. X. Ma, and Wei Peng. "The Mechanism of Polymer Particles in Silicon Wafer CMP." Materials Science Forum 626-627 (August 2009): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.626-627.231.

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In order to increase the material removal rate of silicon wafer, composite abrasives slurry was used in CMP. Zeta potential of polymer particle was measured and interaction potential energy between silica abrasives and polymer particles in slurry were analyzed and calculated. Adsorptions between silica abrasives and polymer particles were observed with TEM. CMP experiments had been taken to analyze the effects of polishing parameters (the concentration of colloidal silica and polymer particle, the pressure and the speed of polishing) on the material removal rate. The mechanism of polymer particle in polishing was elaborated. Experimental results indicated that PS, PMMA and BGF polymer particles could adsorb silica abrasives in slurry. Silica shell/PS core, silica shell/PMMA core and silica shell/BGF core particles could be used to formulate composite abrasives slurries. The material removal rate with composite abrasives slurry was higher than that of single abrasive slurry. The maximum material removal rate was obtained with silica shell/BGF core composite abrasives slurry.
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7

Li, Xin, Kao-Hsiang Liu, Bin Wu, Luis Enrique Sanchez-Diaz, Gregory S. Smith, and Wei-Ren Chen. "Scattering functions of yolk–shell particles." Journal of Applied Crystallography 46, no. 6 (October 11, 2013): 1551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889813022917.

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The single-particle small-angle scattering properties of the yolk–shell particle, a new type of core–shell particle with a mobile core within the hosting shell, are systematically investigated. The Debye spatial autocorrelation function, pair distance distribution function and intraparticle structure factor (form factor) are calculated and compared with the corresponding scattering functions of reference systems of hard sphere and concentric core–shell particles with identical sizes. On the basis of these theoretical calculations, it is found that the broken centrosymmetry, originating from the mobility of the trapped yolk, results in an imaginary scattering amplitude. As a result, it contributes an additional destructive interference term which smears certain features present in the scattering functions of the reference systems. These theoretical models raise the prospect of jointly using small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering techniques to quantitatively determine the structural characteristics of yolk–shell particles.
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8

Yano, Kazuhisa, Tadashi Nakamura, Hiroshi Nozaki, Noritomo Suzuki, and Yuusuke Akimoto. "Synthesis of Highly Monodispersed Core/Shell Mesoporous Silica Spheres." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 814–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.814.

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Particle size development of monodispersed mesoporous silica spheres (MMSS) was investigated by laser scattering measurement, TEM and XRD in situ. Smaller particles suddenly appeared after the commencement of the experiment, then growing homogeneously to larger particles. It is assumed that residual silica precursors in solution preferentially reacted with existing particle surface silanol, preventing generation of new particles. This leads to the formation of monodispersed particles. Based on the mechanism, monodispersed mesoporous silica spheres with core/shell structure have been newly synthesized.
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9

Jia, Guobin, Jonathan Plentz, Ingmar Höger, Jan Dellith, Andrea Dellith, and Fritz Falk. "Core–shell diodes for particle detectors." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 49, no. 6 (January 15, 2016): 065106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/49/6/065106.

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10

Lin, King-Fu, and Yow-Der Shieh. "Core-shell particles designed for toughening the epoxy resins. II. Core-shell-particle-toughened epoxy resins." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 70, no. 12 (December 19, 1998): 2313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19981219)70:12<2313::aid-app2>3.0.co;2-p.

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11

Lu, Jia, Allan J. Easteal, Debes Bhattacharyya, Clive J. Bolt, and Neil R. Edmonds. "Synthesis of Crosslinkable Core-Shell Emulsion and Rheology of the Core-Shell/Amine Crosslinking Process." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 2203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.2203.

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Starve feed and semi-continuous seed emulsion polymerization were used to control the morphology of core shell latex particles with a vinyl acetate (VAc)/vinyl ester of versatic acid 10(VeoVa10) copolymer core surrounded by a poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) shell. Pure core and core-shell structures were confirmed by TEM. The results suggest that core-shell morphology of the two stage emulsion was favoured by higher concentration of emulsifier in the seed latex: the particle size distribution of core-shell latex was broader than that of the core latex, and the average particle size of core-shell latex was larger than that of the core latex. The core-shell structure was not produced using seed emulsion with emulsifier concentration at or below the critical micelle concentration. The core shell emulsion containing epoxy functional group with added ethylene diamine showed an abrupt increase in dynamic shear moduli, G' and G'' and complex viscosity η* (several orders of magnitude) at about 35oC, during temperature ramps, over a wide range of angular frequencies. The time ramps showed that the crosslinking reaction did not occur at 15oC for the core-shell emulsion/amine system. The time for gel formation decreased with increase in temperature.
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12

Liu, Zhen Yu, Yu Zhu Xiong, Wen Jie Mei, and Li Wang. "Toughening Modification of PA6 with Different Core-Shell Particles." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 820–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.820.

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(POE-g-MAH/OMMT) and (POE-g-MAH/SiO2) toughening particles of core-shell structure were prepared by ball grinding method and were used to modify toughness of PA6.The morphology of PA6 modified by these core-shell particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM),and were detected by mechanical performance test. The results show that both toughening particles could improved notch impact strength of PA6,and with toughening particle exceed 10%, composites notch impact strength is rapid increase.(POE-g-MAH/OMMT) particle of PA6 toughening effect is better than (POE-g-MAH/SiO2).When material under impact, OMMT produced slip effect in core-shell structure and SiO2 produced rolling effect.
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13

Seul, Soo Duk. "A Study of Synthesis and Property of CaCO3/Organic Core-Shell Particle." Polymer Korea 34, no. 1 (January 31, 2010): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2010.34.1.38.

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14

Cao, Shunsheng, Xiaobo Deng, and Bailing Liu. "The Preparation of Core/Shell Particles with Siloxane in the Shell." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 7 (October 2005): 721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300708.

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Core-shell microspheres ranging in average diameter from 12.829 to 15.039 μm, with a poly butyl methacrylate (BMA) core, and a poly 3-(methacryloxypropyl)-trimethoxysilane (MATS) shell, were prepared with methanol as the dispersion medium, by a successive seeding method under kinetically controlled conditions. To date, although some of particles (PSi/PA) have been prepared by seeded emulsion polymerisation, only a few core/shell (PA/PSi) microspheres have been reported the literatures. To prepare core/shell (PA/PSi), the core was first synthesized by dispersion polymerisation and to form seeds; addition of MATS monomer was started after 90~95% conversion of the BMA. The reaction was prolonged for another 12 h to achieve complete consumption of MATS monomer. Microspheres; containing hydrophilic PBMA as the core and hydrophobic PMATS as the shell, were successfully formed through the free radical of surface in the core. The particles morphology and size distribution were examined using a Transmission electron microscope and a Malvern Master Sizer/E particle size analyser, respectively.
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15

Cao, Shunsheng, Juanrong Chen, and Jie Hu. "The Fabrication and Progress of Core-Shell Composite Materials." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 12 (2009): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch08420.

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Core-shell materials, in which a layer or multilayer of inorganic or organic material surrounds an inorganic or organic particle core, have been investigated both as a means to improve the stability and surface chemistry of the core particle and as a way of accessing unique physical and chemical properties that are not possible from one material alone. As a result, the fabrication of core-shell particles is attracting a great deal of interest because of their unique properties and potential applicability in catalysis, semiconductors, drug delivery, enzyme immobilization, molecular recognition, chemical sensing, etc. As evidenced by the literature described and discussed in this review, a basic understanding of the mechanism and recent progress in production methods have enabled the fabrication of core-shell particles with unique and tailored properties for various applications in materials science.
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16

Watanabe, H., M. Nishimura, Y. Fukui, and K. Fujimoto. "Development of a Particle Nanoimprinting Technique by Core–Shell Particles." Langmuir 30, no. 6 (February 3, 2014): 1630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la4046176.

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17

Hwang, Ha Soo, Duck Soo Yuk, So Hee Ko, and In Park. "Synthesis of Superhydrophobic Raspberry-Like Polymethylmethacrylate/Silica Core/Shell Particles." Advanced Materials Research 93-94 (January 2010): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.93-94.27.

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Silica-coated raspberry-like polymeric particles were synthesized based on the cationic colloidal particles which were prepared by soap-free emulsion polymerization of methylmethacrylate (MMA) in the presence of a cationic monomer, methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (MOTAC) using azobis(isobutylamidine)hydrochloride (AIBA) as an initiator. The Stöber method has been adopted to coat silica on the surface of these cationic particles. Negatively charged Silica precursors were rapidly hydrolyzed onto the cationic surfaces of colloidal particles. The resulted polymethylmethacrylate-silica(PMMA-silica) core-shell particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which clearly revealed that the PMMA-silica core-shell particles had the raspberry-like structure with 45nm wall thickness. Then, the fabrication of a superhydrophobic particle surface was achieved by coupling reaction of the PMMA-silica core-shell particle surface with nonafluorohexyltriethoxysilane. The water and oil static contact angle on the surface of the submicron-nano particles were 161° and 129°, respectively.
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18

Plummer, Christopher J. G., Ph Béguelin, and H. H. Kausch. "Microdeformation in core-shell particle modified polymethylmethacrylates." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 153, no. 1-3 (August 1999): 551–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7757(98)00477-4.

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19

Zu, Lei, Shun Yu Han, Kai Gu, and Xiu Guo Cui. "Preparation of Ultrafine Polyethylene-Silica Composite Particle with Core-Shell Structure." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.554.

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A novel ultrafine polyethylene/silica composite particle with core-shell structure was prepared by the sol-gel method in the presence of the melt polyethylene emulsion. A series of samples with different polyethylene content were prepared to investigate the unique characteristics of this original composite particle. The core-shell structure and composition of the composite particle was proved by the transmission electron microscopy observation and Fourier transform infrared spectra. The composite particles possess a spherical morphology and the mean size is about 160nm, presented by the scanning electronic microscope observation and nanoparticle tracking analysis, respectively.
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20

Wagner, Joachim. "Small-angle scattering from spherical core–shell particles: an analytical scattering function for particles with Schulz–Flory size distribution." Journal of Applied Crystallography 37, no. 5 (September 11, 2004): 750–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188980401581x.

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The scattering function for Schulz–Flory distributed spherical core–shell particles is derived analytically. A constant ratio of core to shell radii is assumed. The analytical expression, which does not require any numerical integration, provides a fast way to model experimental data by nonlinear least-squares fitting. The asymptotic behavior for large momentum transfers coincides with the different power laws expected for homogenous spheres and thin spherical shells. In the second part, the derived expression is applied to describe experimental small-angle X-ray scattering data from core–shell particles with different particle sizes, polydispersity and ratio of core to shell radii. For large particles, a resolution correction by numerical convolution with a Gaussian resolution function is applied.
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21

Wei, Zhi Qiang, Xiao Yun Wang, and Hua Yang. "Preparation of Carbon-Encapsulated Fe Core-Shell Nanostructures by Confined Arc Plasma." Materials Science Forum 688 (June 2011): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.688.245.

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Special carbon encapsulated Fe core-shell nanoparticles with a size range of 15–40 nm were successfully prepared via confined arc plasma method. The composition, morphology, microstructure, specific surface area, particle size of the product by this process were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (XEDS) and BET N2adsorption. The experiment results shown that the carbon encapsulated Fe nanoparticles with clear core-shell structure, the core of the particles is body centered cubic (BCC) structure Fe, and the shell of the particles is disorder carbons. The particle size of the nanocapsules ranges from 15 to 40nm，with an averaged value about 30nm, the particles diameter of the core is about 16nm and the thickness of the shells is about 6-8 nm, and the specific surface area is 24 m2/g.
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22

Tkachenko, Vitalii, Loïc Vidal, Ludovic Josien, Marc Schmutz, Julien Poly, and Abraham Chemtob. "Characterizing the Core-Shell Architecture of Block Copolymer Nanoparticles with Electron Microscopy: A Multi-Technique Approach." Polymers 12, no. 8 (July 25, 2020): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081656.

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Electron microscopy has proved to be a major tool to study the structure of self-assembled amphiphilic block copolymer particles. These specimens, like supramolecular biological structures, are problematic for electron microscopy because of their poor capacity to scatter electrons and their susceptibility to radiation damage and dehydration. Sub-50 nm core-shell spherical particles made up of poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate)–b–poly(styrene) are prepared via polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). For their morphological characterization, we discuss the advantages, limitations, and artefacts of TEM with or without staining, cryo-TEM, and SEM. A number of technical points are addressed such as precisely shaping of particle boundaries, resolving the particle shell, differentiating particle core and shell, and the effect of sample drying and staining. TEM without staining and cryo-TEM largely evaluate the core diameter. Negative staining TEM is more efficient than positive staining TEM to preserve native structure and to visualize the entire particle volume. However, no technique allows for a satisfactory imaging of both core and shell regions. The presence of long protruding chains is manifested by patched structure in cryo-TEM and a significant edge effect in SEM. This manuscript provides a basis for polymer chemists to develop their own specimen preparations and to tackle the interpretation of challenging systems.
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23

Sun, Zhao, Yan Ping Liu, and Xi Jun Liu. "Synthesis and Characterization of PBA-P(MMA-HPMA) Core-Shell Latex Particles." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 854–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.854.

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In this paper, Taken the methyl hydroxypropyl acrylate (HPMA) as functional monomer, a novel poly (butyl acrylate)-poly (methyl methacrylate-methyl hydroxypropyl acrylate) (PBA-P(MMA-HPMA)) core-shell latex particles were synthesized by the method of pre-emulsion semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization. The structure and morphology of core-shell latex particles were characterized by the way of laser particle size analyzer, transmission electron microscope (TEM), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), nonaqueous acid-base titration, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Experimental results showed that the average size of PBA-P(MMA-HPMA) core-shell latex particles was 340nm and the average size of PBA core latex particles was 270nm. The functional monomer HPMA really participated in shell layer copolymerization, when the dosage of HPMA was 8% of shell monomer, HPMA content in the shell was the largest and reached 2.16%. Tg value of the copolymer P(MMA-HPMA) was firstly increased and then reduced with the increasing of HPMA content in shell.
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24

Duan, Hui Min, and Shi Quan Liu. "Functions of SiO2-Shells in Core-Shell Structured Particles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (October 2014): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.279.

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Coating a particle with another material to form a core-shell structured composite is often used in powder technology. Silica has widely been selected as the shell material due to its ease of fabrication, versatile surface functionality, physical and chemical stability. In this artilce, the proctective and modifying roles of silica shells in core-shell particles have been briefly reviewed.
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25

Schroffenegger, Martina, and Erik Reimhult. "Thermoresponsive Core-Shell Nanoparticles: Does Core Size Matter?" Materials 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091654.

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Nanoparticles grafted with a dense brush of hydrophilic polymers exhibit high colloidal stability. However, reversible aggregation can be triggered by an increase in temperature if the polymer is thermoresponsive, as the polymer shell partly loses its hydration. We investigate the role of nanoparticle curvature on the critical solution temperature (CST) of grafted poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOx) and critical flocculation temperature (CFT) of the core-shell nanoparticle dispersion. Cores with diameters ranging from 5 to 21 nm were studied by temperature-cycled dynamic light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry over a large range of concentrations. We show that core size and curvature only have a minor influence on particle aggregation (CFT and cluster size), while they have major influence on the CST of the polymer shell. The densely grafted shells exhibit three distinct solvation transitions, the relative contributions of each is controlled by the core curvature. We link these transitions to different polymer density regimes within the spherical brush and demonstrate that the CST of the innermost part of the brush coincides with the CFT of the particle dispersion.
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26

Sarnello, Erik, and Tao Li. "Synthesis and Advanced Characterization of Polymer–Protein Core–Shell Nanoparticles." Catalysts 11, no. 6 (June 13, 2021): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060730.

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Enzyme immobilization techniques are widely researched due to their wide range of applications. Polymer–protein core–shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) have emerged as a promising technique for enzyme/protein immobilization via a self-assembly process. Based on the desired application, different sizes and distribution of the polymer–protein CSNPs may be required. This work systematically studies the assembly process of poly(4-vinyl pyridine) and bovine serum albumin CSNPs. Average particle size was controlled by varying the concentrations of each reagent. Particle size and size distributions were monitored by dynamic light scattering, ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Results showed a wide range of CSNPs could be assembled ranging from an average radius as small as 52.3 nm, to particles above 1 µm by adjusting reagent concentrations. In situ X-ray scattering techniques monitored particle assembly as a function of time showing the initial particle growth followed by a decrease in particle size as they reach equilibrium. The results outline a general strategy that can be applied to other CSNP systems to better control particle size and distribution for various applications.
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27

Kredel, Julia, Christian Dietz, and Markus Gallei. "Fluoropolymer-Containing Opals and Inverse Opals by Melt-Shear Organization." Molecules 24, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020333.

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The preparation of highly ordered colloidal architectures has attracted significant attention and is a rapidly growing field for various applications, e.g., sensors, absorbers, and membranes. A promising technique for the preparation of elastomeric inverse opal films relies on tailored core/shell particle architectures and application of the so-called melt-shear organization technique. Within the present work, a convenient route for the preparation of core/shell particles featuring highly fluorinated shell materials as building blocks is described. As particle core materials, both organic or inorganic (SiO2) particles can be used as a template, followed by a semi-continuous stepwise emulsion polymerization for the synthesis of the soft fluoropolymer shell material. The use of functional monomers as shell-material offers the possibility to create opal and inverse opal films with striking optical properties according to Bragg’s law of diffraction. Due to the presence of fluorinated moieties, the chemical resistance of the final opals and inverse opals is increased. The herein developed fluorine-containing particle-based films feature a low surface energy for the matrix material leading to good hydrophobic properties. Moreover, the low refractive index of the fluoropolymer shell compared to the core (or voids) led to excellent optical properties based on structural colors. The herein described fluoropolymer opals and inverse opals are expected to pave the way toward novel functional materials for application in fields of coatings and optical sensors.
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28

Fan, S. M., Guo Sheng Gai, Yu Fen Yang, Shao Yun Fu, and He Zhuo Miao. "Nanostructured Surface Coating Layer of Calcium Carbonate Composite Particles." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.593.

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The calcium carbonate composite particles with nanostructured surface were prepared by heterogeneous nucleation. The calcium carbonate composite particles consisted of a core of groundcalcium carbonate particle and a shell of nanometer calcium carbonate particles. The thickness of theshell of composite calcium carbonate was observed by TEM. The bond intensity between the core and the shell was measured by means of ultrasonic comminution and stirred ball milling. It was found that the composite calcium carbonate had a compact structure. The linkage between the core and shell was so strong that it must be chemical bond instead of physical adsorption.
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29

Hayashi, Tsugumi, Yohei Baba, Toshiharu Taga, Shun Yokoyama, Hiroaki Suzuki, Hideyuki Takahashi, Masayuki Niino, and Kazuyuki Tohji. "Effect of Metal Gradient In Nano Wall of Stratified Type Photocatalyst." Materials Science Forum 631-632 (October 2009): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.631-632.339.

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Objective of study was the development of core-shell type ZnS-CdS photocatalyst with the stratified morphology. To form the stratified morphology, condition of the precursor is extremely important. For this purpose, three types of precursors, thus core-shell type, egg-shell type and uniform type, was tried to synthesize by utilizing the results of the calculation. The size of the synthesized precursor particles was about 40-100 nm. Main phase of the particle was gradually changed from ZnO (pH8.0) to Cd(OH)2 (pH9.5). Detailed analysis of the synthesized precursor was clearly demonstrated that these have the crystalline structure and each metal element was co-existed in one particle. Therefore, it could be concluded that core-shell type or uniform type precursor was successfully synthesized. Core-shell type ZnS-CdS stratified photocatalyst could be successfully synthesized by sulfurization for 1h, and it shows the high photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation.
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Shaffer, O. L., M. S. El-Aasser, and J. W. Vanderhoff. "TEM analysis of core/shell latex morphology." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 502–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100127153.

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Transmission electron microscopy is an excellent method to study particle size and particle morphology of latexes. Special sample techniques are utilized in the study of latexes and often more than one technique is needed to answer questions concerning the structure of the particle. If the latex is of a core/shell type the study becomes more complex. Sample preparation for studying latexes include staining with osmium tetroxide to crosslink and stain unsaturated polymers, cold stage if the latex is too soft to examine at room temperature, negative staining to increase contrast shadowing to determine the sag of the particle at room temperature, ultramicrotoming, cryoultramicrotoming or a combination of techniques such as staining and cold stage.The latex investigated was the first stage seed latex of poly (butylacrylate - butadiene) and the final latex a core-shell of poly(butylacrylate - butadiene)/poly(methyl methacrylate). Because of its unsaturation, poly(butadiene) can be preferentially stained with osmium tetroxide.
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31

Horváth, Szabolcs, Fabrice Gritti, Róbert Kormány, and Krisztián Horváth. "Theoretical Analysis of Efficiency of Multi-Layer Core-Shell Stationary Phases in the High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Large Biomolecules." Molecules 24, no. 15 (August 6, 2019): 2849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152849.

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Modern analytical applications of liquid chromatography require columns with higher and higher efficiencies. In this work, the general rate model (GRM) of chromatography is used for the analysis of the efficiency of core-shell phases having two porous layers with different structures and/or surface chemistries. The solution of the GRM in the Laplace domain allows for the calculation of moments of elution curves (retention time and peak width), which are used for the analysis of the efficiency of bi-layer particles with and without a non-porous core. The results demonstrate that bi-layer structures can offer higher separation power than that of the two layers alone if the inner layer has smaller surface coverage (retentivity) and the pore size and pore diffusion of the outer layer is either equal to or higher than that of the inner layer. Even in the case of core-shell phases, there is an increase in resolution by applying the bi-layer structure; however, we can always find a mono-layer core-shell particle structure with a larger core size that provides better resolution. At the optimal core size, the resolution cannot be further improved by applying a bi-layer structure. However, in case of the most widely produced general-purpose core-shell particles, where the core is ∼70% of the particle diameter, a 15–20% gain of resolution can be obtained by using well-designed and optimized bi-layer core-shell phases.
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Kou, Hua Min, Yu Bai Pan, and Jing Kun Guo. "Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al/Al2O3 Cermet Composites Reinforced by Al/Al2O3 Core-Shell Particles." Advanced Materials Research 15-17 (February 2006): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.15-17.240.

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Al/Al2O3 cermet composites were fabricated by hot-pressing at the temperature range of 1350~1450oC from commercial γ - Al2O3 reinforced by Al/Al2O3 core-shell particles, which were synthesized via calcining the Al/AlOOH·nH2O core-shell particles prepared by wet-chemical based method. This newly designed aluminum coated with alumina composite structure can not only reduce or resist the oxidization of Al at elevated temperature but also make it possible to control inter-particle and particle-matrix interactions, and this predesigned structure is expected to improve the following sintering ability and therefore the properties of final products.
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Antonioli, Diego, Michele Laus, Giampaolo Zuccheri, Valerj Kapeliouchko, Maria Cristina Righetti, Luca Boarino, and Katia Sparnacci. "Preparation and Properties of PTFE-PMMA Core-Shell Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites." Journal of Nanotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/875815.

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The preparation of polytetrafluoroethylene-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PTFE-PMMA) core-shell particles was described, featuring controlled size and narrow size distribution over a wide compositional range, through a seeded emulsion polymerization starting from a PTFE seed of 26 nanometers. Over the entire MMA/PTFE range, the particle size increases as the MMA/PTFE ratio increases. A very precise control over the particle size can be exerted by properly adjusting the ratio between the monomer and the PTFE seed. Particles in the 80–240 nm range can be prepared with uniformity indexes suited to build 2D and 3D colloidal crystals. These core-shell particles were employed to prepare nanocomposites with different compositions, through an annealing procedure at a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature of the shell forming polymer. A perfect dispersion of the PTFE particles within the PMMA matrix was obtained and optically transparent nanocomposites were prepared containing a very high PTFE amount.
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34

Lee, Jiyoung, Ha Soo Hwang, Tien N. H. Lo, Won-Gun Koh, and In Park. "Effect of Silica Size and Content on Superamphiphobic Properties of Silica-Fluoropolymer Core-Shell Coatings." Polymers 12, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 2864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122864.

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We present a facile approach to fabricate superamphiphobic surfaces by spray coating silica-fluoropolymer core-shell particles without substrate pretreatment with an additional binder resin. A series of SiO2@poly(1H,1H,2H,2H-heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate) (SiO2@PFMA) core-shell particles with core particles of different sizes were prepared via thiol-lactam initiated radical polymerization (TLIRP). The surface of each SiO2 particle with an average particle size of 12, 80, 150, and 350 nm was modified with (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane and used as a seed for TLIRP. The SiO2@PFMA particles with various SiO2 sizes and contents were coated on aluminum substrates by a spray gun and then thermally treated to form a stable, rough composite layer. During the spray coating, the core-shell particles were aggregated by rapid evaporation of the solvent and then irregularly adhered to the substrate resulting in hierarchical structures. In the case of SiO2@PFMAs with low SiO2 contents, the roughness created mainly by the polymer shell disappeared during heat treatment. However, the substrates coated with SiO2@PFMAs with high SiO2 contents maintained the roughness even after heat treatment. The core-shell particles prepared with 12 nm SiO2 formed a stable superamphiphobic surface. The water/hexadecane contact and sliding angles on an aluminum plate coated with SiO2@PFMA, prepared using 12 nm silica at 46 wt% silica content (12 nm-SiO2(46)@PFMA), were 178.5°/159.2° and 1°/7°, respectively. The cross-cut tape test showed that adhesion between the 12nm-SiO2(46)@PFMA and the aluminum substrate was classified as 5B. A glass surface spray-coated with the core-shell composite particles exhibited transparent superhydrophobicity and translucent superamphiphobicity by controlling the concentration of the coating solution.
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CHA, HWA JIN, YOUNG HWAN KIM, HYUN GIL CHA, and YOUNG SOO KANG. "PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Ag(CORE)/SiO2(SHELL) NANOPARTICLES." Surface Review and Letters 14, no. 04 (August 2007): 693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x07009943.

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Ag nanoparticles were synthesized by using thermal decomposition of Ag +–oleate complex. The mean size of Ag nanoparticle was confirmed as 10 nm with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The crystal structure and optical property of Ag nanoparticles were studied with X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and UV–vis spectroscopy, respectively. The Ag nanoparticles were used as seeds for Ag (core)/ SiO 2(shell) nanocomposite particles. TEM images of Ag (core)/ SiO 2(shell) nanocomposite particles showed that silver core was coated with 15 nm thickness of SiO 2 shell. The thickness of SiO 2 shells could be conveniently controlled by changing the concentration of sol–gel precursor or reaction time. The composition of Ag (core)/ SiO 2(shell) nanocomposite particle was investigated with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer.
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Li, Xuanxuan, John C. H. Spence, Brenda G. Hogue, and Haiguang Liu. "Merging single-shot XFEL diffraction data from inorganic nanoparticles: a new approach to size and orientation determination." IUCrJ 4, no. 6 (September 22, 2017): 741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252517012398.

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X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) provide new opportunities for structure determination of biomolecules, viruses and nanomaterials. With unprecedented peak brilliance and ultra-short pulse duration, XFELs can tolerate higher X-ray doses by exploiting the femtosecond-scale exposure time, and can thus go beyond the resolution limits achieved with conventional X-ray diffraction imaging techniques. Using XFELs, it is possible to collect scattering information from single particles at high resolution, however particle heterogeneity and unknown orientations complicate data merging in three-dimensional space. Using the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), synthetic inorganic nanocrystals with a core–shell architecture were used as a model system for proof-of-principle coherent diffractive single-particle imaging experiments. To deal with the heterogeneity of the core–shell particles, new computational methods have been developed to extract the particle size and orientation from the scattering data to assist data merging. The size distribution agrees with that obtained by electron microscopy and the merged data support a model with a core–shell architecture.
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Palancher, Herve, Anne Bonnin, Veijo Honkimäki, Heikki Suhonen, Peter Cloetens, Tobias Zweifel, Rémi Tucoulou, Alexander Rack, and Marco Voltolini. "Coating thickness determination in highly absorbent core–shell systems." Journal of Applied Crystallography 45, no. 5 (August 9, 2012): 906–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889812031159.

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This article describes a single-shot methodology to derive an average coating thickness in multi-particle core–shell systems exhibiting high X-ray absorption. Powder composed of U–Mo alloy particles surrounded by a micrometre-thick UO2protective layer has been used as a test sample. Combining high-energy X-ray diffraction and laser granulometry, the average shell thickness could be accurately characterized. These results have been validated by additional measurements on single particles by two techniques: X-ray nanotomography and high-energy X-ray diffraction. The presented single-shot approach gives rise to many potential applications on core–shell systems and in particular on as-fabricated heterogeneous nuclear fuels.
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38

Hun, Son Jeong, Jeong Ho Sohn, and Dong Sik Bae. "Fabrication and Microstructure of Ru Core Silica Shell Structure Particles by a Reverse Micelle and Sol-Gel Processing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 863 (February 2017): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.863.107.

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The Ru core SiO2 shell nano size particles have been synthesized within reverse micelle via metal alkoxide hydrolysis and condensation. The size of the particles and the thickness of the coating can be controlled by manipulating the relative rates of the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) within the micro-emulsion. The average size of synthesized Ru core SiO2 shell particles was about in the size range of 15-40 nm. The average size and distribution of the synthesized Ru core SiO2 shell particles increased and narrow with R value increased. Otherwise, the average size and distribution of the synthesized Ru core SiO2 shell particles decreased and narrow with H value increased. TEM studies of particle formation indicate that the reaction process in the complex system containing reverse micelles and TEOS is governed by a diffusion-controlled process. The effects of synthesis parameters, such as the molar ratio of water to TEOS, and the molar ratio of water to surfactant, are discussed.
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39

Alexander-Katz, Roberto. "Scattering pattern of a quasitransparent core-shell particle." Physical Review A 42, no. 11 (December 1, 1990): 6816–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.42.6816.

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Song, Yanting, Takashi Funatsu, and Makoto Tsunoda. "Amino acid analysis using core–shell particle column." Journal of Chromatography B 927 (May 2013): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.09.005.

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41

Sun, Jiaxing, Xiao Zhang, Long Bai, Zhiguo Li, Zhao Jia, and Jiyou Gu. "Effect of Shell Growth on the Morphology of Polyvinyl Acetate/Polystyrene Inverted Core-Shell Latex Fabricated by Acrylonitrile Grafting." Materials 11, no. 12 (December 6, 2018): 2482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11122482.

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A novel strategy for fabricating inverted core-shell structured latex particles was implemented to investigate the morphology and properties of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)-based latex. In this study, active grafting points were synthesized onto the surface of PVAc latex cores via grafting acrylonitrile (AN) to obtain a controllable coating growth of the shell monomer, styrene (St). The effect of shell growth on the morphological evolvement was explored by tuning the time of shell monomer polymerization. Unique particle morphologies, transferring from “hawthorn” type, over “peeled pomegranate” type, to final “strawberry-like” type, were observed and verified by electron microscopy. The morphological structure of latex particles exerted a significant effect on the particle size, phase structure, and mechanical properties of the obtained emulsions. The water-resistance of PVAc-based latex was also evaluated by the water absorption of latex films. More importantly, the experimental results provided a reasonable support for the controlled growth of St monomer, that is, the self-nucleation of dispersive St monomer can be transformed to in-situ coating growth on the PVAc core surface depending on the AN-active grafting points. This fabricating approach provides a reference for dynamical design and control of the latex particle morphology.
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42

Li, Gang, Ting Wang, Xin Fu, Tian Ming Gao, and Mao Fang Huang. "Study of Core-Shell Structure Poly(vinyl Acetate-Butyl Acrylate) Emulsion Particles Modification." Advanced Materials Research 1061-1062 (December 2014): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1061-1062.277.

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Core-Shell structure Poly(vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate) emulsion is prepared by the semi-continuous emulsion polymerization. And the emulsion particles are modified by ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate crosslinker (EGDMA) to improve the properties of films in the different reaction stages. Then the emulsion particles structure is characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The particle size and distribution are characterized by Zata Potential- Particle analyzer, as well as analysis of the film mechanical properties and thermal performance. The results show that the emulsion particles possess a clear core-shell structure. The performance of the emulsion film show better when 1% and 0.5% EGDMA are added in the second reaction and the third reaction stage respectively under the emulsion preparation process.
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43

Chen, Zhi Hua, Zheng Wu, Jian Jun Bao, Gao Qing Max Lu, Qi Qing Zhang, Lian Zhou Wang, and Xian Fang Zhu. "Improved Fabrication of PMMA/Ag Core-Shell Nanostructures with Two Steps." Advanced Materials Research 32 (February 2008): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.32.33.

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An improved technique to fabricate PMMA/Ag core-shell nanocomposite via a two-step procedure is reported. The procedure includes an improved particle surface treatment and an improved, subsequent Ag reduction reaction strategy. Well-dispersed PMMA/Ag core-shell nanoparticles with uniform particle size distribution were successfully fabricated using this improved technique. Different functional group treatment on the PMMA particle surface led to an electronically graded transition from the covalent bond of PMMA core to the metallic bond of silver shell. The improved fabrication technique thus allows a highly tailorable size of PMMA core and controllable thickness of Ag shell, which is crucial to producing a tunable plasmon resonance signal to different bio-/chem-environments.
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Ali, Tammar Hussein, Amar Mousa Mandal, Thorsten Heidelberg, Rusnah Syahila Duali Hussen, and Ean Wai Goh. "Ionic magnetic core–shell nanoparticles for DNA extraction." RSC Advances 10, no. 64 (2020): 38818–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra05933a.

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The fabrication ionic magnetic core-shell nanoparticles were simple synthesize with a super-ferromagnetic and small particle size properties, which enabled sufficient DNA particle loading with easy isolation based on an external magnetic field.
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Park, Jae-Jung, Yongsoo Kim, Chanmin Lee, Donghyun Kim, Wonjun Choi, Hyukjun Kwon, Jung-Hyun Kim, Ki-Seob Hwang, and Jun-Young Lee. "Morphological Analysis of PSMA/PEI Core–Shell Nanoparticles Synthesized by Soap-Free Emulsion Polymerization." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11081958.

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Emulsion polymerization presents the disadvantage that the physical properties of polymer particles are altered by surfactant adsorption. Therefore, in the soap-free emulsion polymerization method, a hydrophilic initiator is utilized while inducing repulsion among particles on the polymer particle surface, resulting in stable polymer particle production. In this study, we developed a methodology wherein spherical and uniform poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA)/polyethyleneimine (PEI) core–shell nanoparticles were prepared. Further, their morphology was analyzed. During PSMA polymerization, the addition of up to 30% maleic anhydride (MA) resulted in stable polymerization. In PSMA/PEI nanoparticle fabrication, the number of reactants increased with increased initial monomer feed amounts; consequently, the particle size increased, and as the complete monomer consumption time increased, the particle distribution widened. The styrene (St) copolymer acted as a stabilizer, reducing particle size and narrowing particle distribution. Furthermore, the monomers were more rapidly consumed at high initiator concentrations, irrespective of the initiator used, resulting in increased particle stability and narrowed particle distribution. The shell thickness and particle size were PEI feed ratio dependent, with 0.08 being the optimal PEI-to-MA ratio. The fabricated nanoparticles possess immense potential for application in environmental science and in chemical and health care industries.
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Wang, Weigang, Ting Lei, Andreas Zuend, Hang Su, Yafang Cheng, Yajun Shi, Maofa Ge, and Mingyuan Liu. "Effect of mixing structure on the water uptake of mixtures of ammonium sulfate and phthalic acid particles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 3 (February 15, 2021): 2179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2179-2021.

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Abstract. Aerosol mixing state regulates the interactions between water molecules and particles and thus controls aerosol activation and hygroscopic growth, which thereby influences visibility degradation, cloud formation, and its radiative forcing. There are, however, few current studies on the mixing structure effects on aerosol hygroscopicity. Here, we investigated the hygroscopicity of ammonium sulfate / phthalic acid (AS / PA) aerosol particles with different mass fractions of PA in different mixing states in terms of initial particle generation. Firstly, the effect of PA coatings on the hygroscopic behavior of the core-shell-generated mixtures of AS with PA was studied using a coating hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (coating HTDMA). The slow increase in the hygroscopic growth factor of core-shell-generated particles is observed with increasing thickness of the coating PA prior to the deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) of AS. At relative humidity (RH) above 80 %, a decrease in the hygroscopic growth factor of particles occurs as the thickness of the PA shell increases, which indicates that the increase of PA mass fractions leads to a reduction of the overall core-shell-generated particle hygroscopicity. In addition, the use of the Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson (ZSR) relation leads to the underestimation of the measured growth factors of core-shell-generated particles without consideration of the morphological effect of core-shell-generated particles, especially at higher RH. Secondly, in the case of the AS / PA initially well-mixed particles, a shift of the DRH of AS (∼80 %, Tang and Munkelwitz, 1994) to lower RH is observed due to the presence of PA in the initially well-mixed particles. The predicted hygroscopic growth factor using the ZSR relation is consistent with the measured hygroscopic growth factor of the initially well-mixed particles. Moreover, we compared and discussed the influence of mixing states on the water uptake of AS / PA aerosol particles. It is found that the hygroscopic growth factor of the core-shell-generated particles is slightly higher than that of the initially well-mixed particles with the same mass fractions of PA at RH above 80 %. The observation of AS / PA particles may contribute to a growing field of knowledge regarding the influence of coating properties and mixing structure on water uptake.
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Gao, Xiao Hui, Yu Feng Li, and Zhou Mao Yu. "Preparation and Characterization of Core-Shell Type Versatate-Fluorocarbon Emulsion." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 2055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.2055.

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Versatate-fluorocarbon emulsion with core-shell structure was synthesized by seeded emulsion polymerization using versatate, organic fluorine and acrylate as raw materials. The influences of amount of organic fluorine and versatate, core-shell ratio on the properties of emulsion were discussed. The emulsion was characterized with contact angle analyzer, particle size, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the emulsion had good properties while w(organic fluorine)=6%, w(versatate)=8%, soft core-hard shell and w(core):w(shell)=3:2. The particle size is 110nm and with core-shell structure. The contact angle of emulsion film to water is 98.1º. The synergistic effect of versatate and fluorocarbon based on core-shell structure improve the over-all properties effectively.
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Morris, Nicholas J., Zachary J. Farrell, and Christopher E. Tabor. "Chemically modifying the mechanical properties of core–shell liquid metal nanoparticles." Nanoscale 11, no. 37 (2019): 17308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr06369b.

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Eutectic gallium–indium is a room temperature liquid metal that can be readily fabricated into nanoparticles. These particles form a thin, passivating oxide shell that can be chemically modified to change the mechanical properties of the particle.
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MRLIK, MIROSLAV, VLADIMIR PAVLINEK, QILIN CHENG, and PETR SAHA. "SYNTHESIS OF TITANATE/POLYPYRROLE COMPOSITE ROD-LIKE PARTICLES AND THE ROLE OF CONDUCTING POLYMER ON ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY." International Journal of Modern Physics B 26, no. 02 (January 20, 2012): 1250007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979212500075.

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In this paper, we study the preparation of titanate/polypyrrole core-shell rod-like composite particles. The mere titanate rod-like particles were prepared as core material and PPy was polymerized on their surface in different amounts. Rheological measurements showed that under an applied external electric field, shear stress of these materials significantly increased with amount of PPy in the shell layer. The yield stresses obtained from the Cho-Choi-Jhon model were correlated with dielectric properties of suspensions. Polarizability as a measure of particle polarization obtained from Havriliak–Negami model of dielectric spectra increases with the content of PPy in the samples. Furthermore, role of particle concentration and silicone oil viscosity was also investigated.
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KHOBY-SHENDY, SORAIA, MOHAMMAD REZA VAEZI, and TORAJ EBADZADEH. "Synthesis of TiO2/SnO2 core shell nanocomposite via sol-gel method." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 05 (January 2012): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512002097.

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The particles of TiO 2 core/ SnO 2 shell nanocomposite were prepared by hydrolysis of SnCl 4.5 H 2 O in the presence of titania nanoparticle after drying and calcinations treatments. TiO 2 particle were produced from titanium isopropoxide sol by hydrothermal processing. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the TiO 2/ SnO 2 core shell nanocomposites. The obtained results from XRD show that the SnO 2 nanoparticles coated on TiO 2 yields diffraction peaks correspond to the crystalline SnO 2 phase. Also, TEM results show that the nanocomposite particles have a spherical morphology and a narrow size distribution. The thickness of SnO 2 shell on the surface of TiO 2 particles were about 8 nm. Moreover, the results obtained from EDX analysis show that the core-shell structured nanocomposites have crystalline structure.
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