Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Coriza'

Luna LP, Buter R, Pantoja-Núñez, Acuña-Yanes M, Ceballos-Valenzuela K, Talavera-Rojas M, Salgado-Miranda C, Heuvelink A, de Wit S, Soriano-Vargas E, Feberwee A. Identification, HPG2 sequence analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility of Avibacterium paragallinarum isolates obtained from outbreaks of infectious coryza in commercial chickens in Sonora State, Mexico. Avian Diseases 2020; in press.<br>La coriza infecciosa es una enfermedad del tracto respiratorio superior de los pollos causada por la bacteria Avibacterium paragallinarum. La enfermedad esta presente donde se crían pollos y ocasiona pérdidas económicas en la industria avícola. La clasificación serológica de A. paragallinarum se basa en dos esquemas: Page que reconoce tres serogrupos (A, B y C) y Kume que reconoce nueve serovariedades (A-1 a A-4, B-1, y C-1 a C-4). Actualmente, en México, se han identificado las serovariedades A-1, B-1, C-1 y C-2. En 2011, la serovariedad C-1 se identificó por primera vez en aislamientos de A. paragallinarum en aves bacterinizadas contra coriza infecciosa en México. Adicionalmente, estudios de genotipificación basados en la técnica de ERIC-PCR y análisis filogenético basado en el gen 16S rRNA, mostraron que los aislamientos C-1 de México y Ecuador compartían el mismo genotipo y que estaban estrechamente relacionados. En Sonora, la situación epidemiológica se conoce poco. Hasta 2004, solo el serogrupo B había sido identificado con dos genotipos diferentes. Además, la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de los aislamientos, que puede ayudar en cierta manera en la elección del tratamiento de coriza infecciosa se desconocen en esta región. Con base en lo anterior, se realizó la serotipificación mediante el esquema de Page, genotipificación mediante el análisis de secuencias HPG-2, análisis filogenético de los genes 16S rRNA y HPG-2 y la determinación de la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de ocho aislamientos de A. paragallinarum del estado de Sonora. Los aislamientos en este estudio, fueron obtenidos de brotes de coriza infecciosa en aves inmunizadas con una bacterina trivalente. Todos lo aislamientos fueron NAD-dependientes, catalasa negativos. Los aislamientos fueron identificados como A. paragallinarum mediante las técnicas de HPG-2, PCR y MALDI-TOF, así como la secuencia nucleotídica del gen 16S rRNA. Los serogrupos A, B y C de Page fueron identificados. El análisis filogenético basado en el gen 16S rRNA reveló dos grupos de aislamientos de A. paragallinarum. El grupo 2 presentó la secuencia TTTTT en las posiciones 182-186. El grupo 1 mostró la deleción de la secuencia. El análisis genético de las secuencias HPG-2, mostró tres tipos diferentes: ST 1, ST 4 y ST 11. La ST 4 incluyó los aislamientos PL-07, PL-08, PL-09, PL-01 y ESV-135, todos serogrupo C. Estudios previos han mostrado una relación clonal entre aislamientos americanos del serogrupo C. La ST 1 incluyó los aislamientos PL-06 y PL-05, serogrupos B y C, respectivamente. La ST 11 se identificó previamente en aislamientos de Holanda e incluyó los aislamientos PL-04 y PL-10, serogrupo A. Todos los aislamientos fueron susceptibles a la tetraciclina y eritromicina. El presente estudio parece ser el más extenso en la identificaión y caracterización de aislamientos de A. paragallinarum de Sonora. Los resultados del presente estudio guiarán en el estudio de la antigenicidad e inmunogenicidad de las bacterinas empleadas en la zona, ya que inmunotipos diferentes a los incluidos en las bacterinas, podrían aparecer en los brotes de coriza infecciosa.<br>Institute for Biodiversity Research, Development and Sustainability (iBIRDS). Pecuarius Laboratorios SA, Sonora, México. Royal GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands.

Introdução: A asma relacionada ao trabalho é a doença respiratória ocupacional mais comum e engloba a asma ocupacional e a asma agravada pelo trabalho. No Brasil, a legislação (NR7) determina que exames espirométricos sejam realizados periodicamente para os trabalhadores expostos a aerodispersóides. Essa determinação teria, entre seus propósitos, o de detectar doenças respiratórias, incluindo asma, mais precocemente e reduzir o risco ao trabalhador. No entanto, a capacidade dessa rotina em detectar a asma precocemente necessita de confirmação. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a ocorrência de sintomas nos trabalhadores expostos à aerodispersóides que apresentam espirometria normal. Assim, conheceremos as possibilidades de haver doença respiratória nesses casos. O estudo foi desenvolvido com 180 trabalhadores da cidade de Franca que apresentam exposição à aerodispersóides e que tinham espirometria normal; foi aplicado um questionário testado e validado para sintomas respiratórios e relação desses sintomas com o ambiente de trabalho. Resultados: Os sintomas foram detectados em 48 (26,7%) dos trabalhadores. Algum sintoma, incluindo sintoma nasal e prurido ocular, foi detectado em 26,7% da amostra de trabalhadores com espirometria normal. Dentre os sintomas compatíveis com asma, falta de ar estava presente em 8,3% da amostra; tosse, em 7,7% da amostra e sibilos em 3,3%. O tempo médio de exposição de 67 meses e idade média de 37 anos todos com espirometria normal. Conclusão: O presente estudo permitiu identificar os sintomas respiratórios apresentados pelos trabalhadores expostos a aerodispersóides, tipo e tempo de exposição, dados esses que podem contribuir para o melhor planejamento das ações de prevenção de doenças respiratórias ocupacionais. É possível haver doença respiratória, inclusive asma, em trabalhadores com espirometria normal, o que sugere que um questionário de sintomas poderia melhorar a capacidade de detectar doença respiratória ocupacional nos trabalhadores expostos.<br>Introduction: Work-related asthma is the most common occupational respiratory disease and includes both occupational asthma and asthma aggravated by work. In Brazil, the legislation (NR7) determines that spirometry exams be performed on a regular basis for workers exposed to aerodispersoids. Among other purposes, this determination aims at the early detection of respiratory diseases, including asthma, in order to reduce the risks to workers. However, the effectiveness of this routine in the early detection of asthma needs to be confirmed. The objective of this study was to analyze the occurrence of symptoms in workers exposed to aerodispersoids presenting normal spirometry. This will evidence the possibilities of presence of respiratory disease in these cases. The study was developed with 180 workers from the city of Franca, presenting exposure to aerodispersoids and who had normal spirometry values; a questionnaire tested and validated in previous studies was applied in order to obtain data on respiratory symptoms and the relationship of these symptoms to the work environment. Results: The symptoms were detected in 48 (26.7%) workers. A symptom, including nasal symptom and ocular pruritus, was detected in 26.7% of the sample of workers with normal spirometry values. Among the symptoms compatible with asthma, dyspnea was present in 8.3% of the sample; cough in 7.7% of the sample, and respiratory sounds in 3.3%. The mean time of exposure was 67 months and the mean age was 37 years, all with normal spirometry values. Conclusion: The present study allowed to identify the respiratory symptoms presented by workers exposed to aerodispersoids, and type and time of exposure, which can contribute for a better planning of preventive actions for respiratory diseases. It is possible to find respiratory diseases, including asthma, in workers with normal spirometry values, which suggests that a questionnaire of symptoms could improve the ability to detect occupational respiratory diseases in exposed workers.

Avibacterium paragallinarum es el agente causal de la coriza infecciosa, una enfermedad del tracto respiratorio superior que afecta a pollos y gallinas. Av. paragallinarum se clasifica serológicamente en nueve serovariedades (A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4, B-1, C-1, C-2, C-3 y C-4) distribuidas en 3 serogrupos (A, B y C). La distribución de estas serovariedades en el mundo es muy diversa. En México, hasta el año 2002, se habían identificado aislamientos de las serovariedades A-1, A-2, B-1 y C-2. Recientemente, en el año 2011, se identificó la serovariedad C-1 de Av. paragallinarum en este país. Todos los aislamientos obtenidos procedían de parvadas inmunizadas contra coriza infecciosa. Con base en lo anterior, se evaluó la protección conferida por bacterinas comerciales frente a un aislamiento de la serovariedad C-1. Se registraron diferencias significativas en la protección conferida por las bacterinas evaluadas, de 25% a 83%, lo cual explicó en parte los brotes observados en campo. Actualmente, la técnica para la tipificación serológica de aislamientos de Av. paragallinarum es la inhibición de la hemoaglutinación (IH). PCR múltiple En el presente trabajo se tipificaron 12 cepas de referencia y 69 aislamientos de diferentes serovariedades provenientes de Ecuador, México, Panamá y Perú, serológicamente y mediante una PCR múltiple (mPCR). Tres de 6 (50%) cepas de referencia del serogrupo A, 2 (100%) del serogrupo B y 1 de 4 (25%) de las cepas de referencia del serogrupo C fueron correctamente tipificadas por la mPCR. De manera similar, 16 de 17 aislamientos del serogrupo A, 10 de 12 aislamientos del serogrupo B y 18 de 37 aislamientos del serogrupo C fueron correctamente tipificados mediante la mPCR. Basados en estos resultados, se puede concluir que la mPCR no es recomendada para reemplazar a la prueba de IH para la tipificación de aislamientos de Av. paragallinarum. Adicionalmente, en el presente trabajo, se amplificaron y secuenciaron los genes hagA y 16S rRNA de aislamientos de Av. paragallinarum de diferentes serovariedades permitiendo establecer la relación filogenética entre aislamientos de Bolivia, Ecuador, México, Panamá y Perú. El análisis filogenético, confirmó que algunos aislamientos de Av. paragallinarum de estos países están relacionados con cepas de referencia previamente informadas. Sin embargo, de manera particular el análisis basado en el gen 16S rRNA permitió la identificación de un genogrupo de aislamientos del continente Americano. En conclusión, el presente estudio muestra la necesidad de seguimiento de brotes de coriza infecciosa para determinar la posible prevalencia o emergencia de serovariedades de Av. paragallinarum. Asimismo, es necesaria la evalución frecuente de las bacterinas disponibles en un país para explicar los brotes. Es necesario el análisis de más aislamientos de otros países del continente Americano para confirmar el genogrupo identificado.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária<br>A coriza felina, um problema de apresentação frequente na prática clínica, afecta principalmente os animais mais jovens, mostrando-se por regra auto-limitante. Em alguns indivíduos, porém, os sinais clínicos tornam-se crónicos ou recorrentes. No presente trabalho avaliou-se por PCR real-time a presença de herpesvírus felino-1 (HVF-1) e de Chlamydophila felis, os agentes mais importantes no desenvolvimento das manifestações oculares de coriza, em 24 gatos com e sem sinais oculares compatíveis com esta síndrome. O HVF-1 apresentou uma prevalência global de 87,5%, enquanto a C. felis apenas se detectou em 4,17% dos casos. Não foi possível encontrar uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre a quantidade de vírus existente nas amostras e a presença de sinais oculares, ou entre a quantidade de vírus e a gravidade desses sinais. Observou-se, no entanto, uma correlação negativa entre a classe etária dos 2 aos 6 meses e a carga viral no olho esquerdo, entre a idade e a presença de simbléfaro, entre a presença de conjuntivite e a carga viral orofaríngica e entre a presença de corrimento ocular purulento ou mucopurulento e a carga viral orofaríngica. O PCR real-time permitiu detectar o HVF-1 num maior número de amostras do que o PCR convencional, mostrando assim, aparentemente, uma maior sensibilidade, o que poderá justificar a sua preferência em relação à modalidade clássica. Contudo, devemos encarar estes resultados com precaução, uma vez que a amostra utilizada apresentava uma dimensão reduzida.<br>ABSTRACT - Detection of feline herpesvirus-1 and Chlamydophila felis by real-time PCR in cats with ocular signs - Feline infectious respiratory disease is commonly seen in clinical practice, especially among young animals, and it is usually self-limiting. Some cats, however, develop chronic or recurring signs. In the present study we tested 24 cats with and without ocular signs of feline infectious respiratory disease for the presence of feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) and Chlamydophila felis, which are the most important causes of these manifestations, using real-time PCR. FHV-1 had a prevalence of 87,5%, whereas C. felis was only detected in 4,17% of the animals. There wasn’t a significant correlation between the viral load found in our samples and the presence of ocular signs, nor between viral load and the severity of those signs. There was, however, a negative correlation between the 2 to 6 months age group and the viral load in conjuntival swabs of the left eye. We also found a negative correlation between age and the presence of symblepharon, between conjunctivitis and the viral load found in oropharyngeal swabs and between purulent or mucopurulent ocular discharge and the viral load in oropharyngeal swabs. FHV-1 was detected more often by real-time than by conventional PCR, which suggests a greater sensibility of the former technique, justifying its preference. These results must be interpreted with caution, due to the small size of the populational sample.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico<br>O trabalho relata a investigaÃÃo quÃmica dos extratos das raÃzes de Cordia multispicata e Cordia globosa. Para o isolamento dos compostos foram utilizadas tÃcnicas cromatogrÃficas clÃssicas, tais como: cromatografia em coluna aberta e do tipo âflashâ, cromatografia por exclusÃo molecular e cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia. A investigaÃÃo quÃmica do extrato hexÃnico de C. multispicata resultou no isolamento de duas naftoquinonas terpÃnicas conhecidas, as cordiaquinonas B e J, alÃm da naftoquinona inÃdita 6-[10-(12,12,16-trimetil-7-oxabiciclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ila]-2,3-dihidroxi-1,4-naftalenodiona, a qual foi denominada de cordiaquinona P. Do extrato etanÃlico das raÃzes de C. globosa foram isoladas duas hidroquinonas terpÃnicas incomuns: (4bE,6Z,8E)-1,4-dihidroxi-9a,10-dihidro-10,12-epoxi-5-etilbenzo[a]azulen-12-ona e (4bZ,6Z,8E)-1-hidroxi-9a,10-dihidro-4,11:10,12-diepoxi-benzo[a]-azulen-11,12-diona, ambas relatadas pela primeira vez. O Ãster N-benzoil-L-fenilalaninato de N-benzoil-2-amino-3-fenilpropila foi tambÃm isolado. A citotoxicidade dos novos compostos foi avaliada frente a trÃs linhagens de cÃlulas tumorais: OVCAR-8 (ovÃrio), SF-295 (glioblastoma) e HCT-116 (cÃlon). Os compostos foram fracamente ativos com valores de IC50 > 5 &#956;g/mL. A determinaÃÃo estrutural das substÃncias isoladas foi realizada atravÃs de mÃtodos espectromÃtricos: IR, EMAR and RMN 1H and 13C, incluindo tÃcnicas bidimensionais (COSY, HSQC, HMBC), alÃm de comparaÃÃo com dados disponÃveis na literatura, sempre que disponÃveis.<br>This work reports the chemical investigation of the hexane extracts from the roots of Cordia multispicata and Cordia globosa species. For the compounds isolation were used classic chromatographic techniques, such as open and âflashâ chromatography on column over silica gel, molecular exclusion on sephadex LH-20 and High Performance Liquid Cromatography in reverse phase. The chemical investigation of the hexane extract of C. multispicata lead to the isolation of two known terpenoid naphthoquinones, the cordiaquinones B and J. In addition, the new naphthoquinone 6-[10-(12,12,16-trimethyl-7- oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione, which was designed cordiaquinone P. From the hexane extract of C. globosa were isolated two uncommon terpenec hydroquinones, (4bE,6Z,8E)-1,4-dihydroxy-9a,10-dihydro-10,12-epoxy-5- methylbenzo[a]azulen-12-one and 4bZ,6Z,8E)-1-hydroxy-9a,10-dihydro-4,11:10,12- diepoxy-benzo[a]-azulen-11,12-dione, both reported for the first time. The Nbenzoylphenylalaninyl-N-benzoyl-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl was also isolated. The cytotoxic potential of the new compounds were evaluated against three tumor cell lines OVCAR-8 (ovarium), SF-295 (glioblastoma) and HCT-116 (colon). The compounds were weakly active showing IC50 values > 5Âg/mL. The structural elucidation was performed by spectrometric methods: IR, HRMS and 1H and 13C NMR, including bidimensional techniques (COSY, HSQC and HMBC), in addition to comparison with literature data, whenever available.

SILVA, A. K. O.; PESSOA, O. D. L. Estudo químico de espécies de Cordia (Boraginaceae): Cordia multispicata (Cham.) e Cordia globosa (Jacq.) 2013. 120 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Química) - Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2013.<br>Submitted by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2014-10-15T20:26:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_akosilva.pdf: 5357295 bytes, checksum: 7cf7ea0232c8130d7dc69e9a9d4ecbd4 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa(jairo@ufc.br) on 2015-11-24T20:05:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_akosilva.pdf: 5357295 bytes, checksum: 7cf7ea0232c8130d7dc69e9a9d4ecbd4 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-24T20:05:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_akosilva.pdf: 5357295 bytes, checksum: 7cf7ea0232c8130d7dc69e9a9d4ecbd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013<br>This work reports the chemical investigation of the hexane extracts from the roots of Cordia multispicata and Cordia globosa species. For the compounds isolation were used classic chromatographic techniques, such as open and “flash” chromatography on column over silica gel, molecular exclusion on sephadex LH-20 and High Performance Liquid Cromatography in reverse phase. The chemical investigation of the hexane extract of C. multispicata lead to the isolation of two known terpenoid naphthoquinones, the cordiaquinones B and J. In addition, the new naphthoquinone 6-[10-(12,12,16-trimethyl-7- oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione, which was designed cordiaquinone P. From the hexane extract of C. globosa were isolated two uncommon terpenec hydroquinones, (4bE,6Z,8E)-1,4-dihydroxy-9a,10-dihydro-10,12-epoxy-5- methylbenzo[a]azulen-12-one and 4bZ,6Z,8E)-1-hydroxy-9a,10-dihydro-4,11:10,12- diepoxy-benzo[a]-azulen-11,12-dione, both reported for the first time. The Nbenzoylphenylalaninyl-N-benzoyl-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl was also isolated. The cytotoxic potential of the new compounds were evaluated against three tumor cell lines OVCAR-8 (ovarium), SF-295 (glioblastoma) and HCT-116 (colon). The compounds were weakly active showing IC50 values > 5µg/mL. The structural elucidation was performed by spectrometric methods: IR, HRMS and 1H and 13C NMR, including bidimensional techniques (COSY, HSQC and HMBC), in addition to comparison with literature data, whenever available.<br>O trabalho relata a investigação química dos extratos das raízes de Cordia multispicata e Cordia globosa. Para o isolamento dos compostos foram utilizadas técnicas cromatográficas clássicas, tais como: cromatografia em coluna aberta e do tipo “flash”, cromatografia por exclusão molecular e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A investigação química do extrato hexânico de C. multispicata resultou no isolamento de duas naftoquinonas terpênicas conhecidas, as cordiaquinonas B e J, além da naftoquinona inédita 6-[10-(12,12,16-trimetil-7-oxabiciclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ila]-2,3-dihidroxi-1,4-naftalenodiona, a qual foi denominada de cordiaquinona P. Do extrato etanólico das raízes de C. globosa foram isoladas duas hidroquinonas terpênicas incomuns: (4bE,6Z,8E)-1,4-dihidroxi-9a,10-dihidro-10,12-epoxi-5-etilbenzo[a]azulen-12-ona e (4bZ,6Z,8E)-1-hidroxi-9a,10-dihidro-4,11:10,12-diepoxi-benzo[a]-azulen-11,12-diona, ambas relatadas pela primeira vez. O éster N-benzoil-L-fenilalaninato de N-benzoil-2-amino-3-fenilpropila foi também isolado. A citotoxicidade dos novos compostos foi avaliada frente a três linhagens de células tumorais: OVCAR-8 (ovário), SF-295 (glioblastoma) e HCT-116 (cólon). Os compostos foram fracamente ativos com valores de IC50 > 5 μg/mL. A determinação estrutural das substâncias isoladas foi realizada através de métodos espectrométricos: IR, EMAR and RMN 1H and 13C, incluindo técnicas bidimensionais (COSY, HSQC, HMBC), além de comparação com dados disponíveis na literatura, sempre que disponíveis.

Cordia boissieri and Cordia parvifolia are plants commonly used in landscapes in the Southwest. Although they are available in the nursery trade, Cordia species are recalcitrant to germinate from seeds. The objective of the study was to determine a reliable propagation protocol for each species. Germination percentages for Cordia boissieri of 70 to 100% were obtained when seeds were stratified under warm conditions before germination. However, with prolonged storage seeds lose viability and age of the seed and seed storage conditions need further investigation. Seeds of Cordia parvifolia collected from local sources had low viability and did not germinate in response to several different seed treatments.

The subject of the master thesis is the design of an eye center. It’s a three-floored building, where in the first floor is designed eye optics, pharmacy and main entrance to the eye center. During the design of the building, emphasis is placed on people with reduced mobility and orientation, technical building solution, thermal technical solution, as well as the assessment of fire safety. On the second floor there is an eye clinic and an operating theatre. On the third floor there are designed an operating theatre, a conference room and offices. The two types of roofs are designed - a vegetation flat roof and a walkable flat roof.

Lors d’un accident grave dans un réacteur nucléaire à eau pressurisée, le combustible nucléaire va réagir avec le gaines en Zircaloy, les absorbants neutroniques et les structures métalliques environnantes pour former un mélange partiellement ou complètement fondu. Ce cœur fondu peut ensuite interagir avec la cuve en acier du réacteur pour former un mélange appelé corium en cuve. Par la suite, le corium peut percer la cuve et venir se déverser sur le radier en béton en-dessous du réacteur. En fonction du scénario considéré, le corium qui va réagir avec le béton peut être constitué soit d’une seule phase liquide oxyde ou de deux liquides, métallique et oxyde. L’objectif de la thèse est l’étude de la thermodynamique du corium en cuve, prototypique U-Pu-Zr-Fe-O. L’approche utilisée est basée sur la méthode CALPHAD, qui permet de développer un modèle thermodynamique sur ce système complexe à partir de données expérimentales thermodynamiques et de diagramme de phases. Des traitements thermiques sur le système O-U-Zr ont permis de mesurer deux conodes dans la lacune de miscibilité à l’état liquide à 2567 K. De plus, des températures de liquidus ont été mesurées sur trois échantillons riches en Zr, en utilisant le montage de chauffage laser de l’ITU. Par la même méthode, des températures de solidus ont été obtenues sur le système UO2-PuO2-ZrO2. L’influence de l’atmosphère réductrice ou oxydante sur le comportement à la fusion de ce système a été étudiée pour la première fois. Les résultats montrent que la stœchiométrie en oxygène de ces oxydes dépend fortement du potentiel d’oxygène et de la composition en métal des échantillons. La lacune de miscibilité à l’état liquide a également été mise en évidence dans un échantillon U-O-Zr-Fe. L’ensemble de ces nouvelles données expérimentales avec celles de la littérature a permis de développer le modèle sur le système U-Pu-Zr-Fe-O. Pour tous les échantillons, des calculs de chemin de solidification avec ce modèle ont servi à interpréter les microstructures de solidification observées. Un bon accord est obtenu entre les calculs et les résultats expérimentaux. Des traitements thermiques sur deux échantillons de corium hors cuve ont permis de montrer l’influence de la composition du béton sur la nature des phases liquides formées à haute température. Les microstructures de solidification ont été interprétées à l’aide de calculs avec la base de données TAF-ID. En parallèle, un nouveau montage expérimental appelé ATTILHA, utilisant la lévitation aérodynamique et le chauffage laser, a été conçu et développé pour mesurer des données de diagramme de phase à haute température. Ce montage a été validé avec des systèmes oxydes bien connus. De plus, cette méthode a permis d’observer in-situ à l’aide de la caméra infra-rouge la formation de la lacune de miscibilité à l’état liquide dans le système O-Fe-Zr lors de l’oxydation d’une bille d’alliage Fe-Zr. La prochaine étape du développement est la nucléarisation du montage pour effectuer des mesures sur des échantillons contenant de l’uranium. La mise en place d’une caméra ultra rapide (5000 Hz) pour l’étude de propriétés thermo-physiques de mélanges de corium en cuve et hors cuve est également envisagée. La synergie entre le développement de ces outils expérimentaux et de calcul devrait permettre d’améliorer la description thermodynamique du corium et des codes de calcul sur les accidents graves utilisant ces données thermodynamiques<br>During a severe accident in a pressurised water reactor, the nuclear fuel can interact with the Zircaloy cladding, the neutronic absorber and the surrounding metallic structure forming a partially or completely molten mixture. The molten core can then interact with the reactor steel vessel forming a mixture called in-vessel corium. In the worst case, this mixture can pierce the vessel and pour onto the concrete underneath the reactor, leading the formation of the ex-vessel corium. Furthermore, depending on the considered scenario, the corium can be formed by a liquid phase or by two liquids, one metallic the other oxide. The objective of this thesis is the investigation of the thermodynamics of the prototypic in-vessel corium U-Pu-Zr-Fe-O. The approach used during the thesis is based on the CALPHAD method, which allows to obtain a thermodynamic model for this complex system starting from phase diagram and thermodynamic data. Heat treatments performed on the O-U-Zr system allowed to measure two tie-lines in the miscibility gap in the liquid phase at 2567 K. Furthermore, the liquidus temperatures of three Zr-enriched samples have been obtained by laser heating in collaboration with ITU. With the same laser heating technique, solidus temperatures have been obtained on the UO2-PuO2-ZrO2 system. The influence of the reducing or oxidising on the melting behaviour of this system has been studied for the first time. The results show that the oxygen stoichiometry of these oxides strongly depends on the oxygen potential and on the metal composition of the samples. The miscibility gap in the liquid phase of the U-Zr-Fe-O system has been also observed. The whole set of experimental results with the literature data allowed to develop the thermodynamic model of the U-Pu-Zr-Fe-O system. Solidification path calculations have been performed for all the investigated samples to interpret the microstructures of the solidified samples. A good accordance has been obtained between calculation and experimental results. Heat treatments on two ex-vessel corium samples showed the influence of the concrete composition on the nature of the liquid phases formed at high temperature. The observed microstructures have been interpreted by means of calculation performed with the TAF-ID database. In parallel, a novel experimental setup named ATTILHA based on aerodynamic levitation and laser heating has been conceived and developed to obtain high temperature phase diagram data. This setup has been validated on well-known oxide systems. Furthermore, this technique allowed to observe in-situ, by using an infrared camera, the formation of a miscibility gap in the liquid phase of the O-Fe-Zr system by oxidation of a Fe-Zr sample. The next step of the development will be the nuclearization of the apparatus to investigate U-containing samples. The implementation of a very fast visible camera (5000 Hz) to investigate the thermo-physical properties of in-vessel and ex-vessel corium mixtures is also underway. The synergy between the development of experimental and calculation tools will allow to improve the thermodynamic description of the corium and the severe accident code using thermodynamic input data

La producción acuícola en Europa está dominada por un pequeño grupo de especies, como salmón, trucha, carpa, lubina, dorada, que a su vez limita el número de productos acuícolas disponibles en el mercado. Estas especies han experimentado algunos problemas en relación al precio de mercado que menudo se encuentra cerca o por debajo del coste mínimo de producción, como consecuencia de ello el crecimiento de la acuicultura en la UE se ha visto limitado, no alcanzando las cantidades previstas a la vez que se han ido incrementando las importaciones desde otros países. Sin embargo, un sistema sostenible basado en la incorporación de nuevas especies podría mermar en cierto modo gran parte del problema. Actualmente, el nivel de concienciación en la industria de la acuicultura de investigar la biología de nuevas especies contribuye a fortalecer la sostenibilidad económica, lo que trae como consecuencia un mayor interés por buscar nuevas especies con ciertas características como: rápido crecimiento, facilidad de cultivo, adaptabilidad a grandes volúmenes de cultivo y alta productividad, que ofrezcan excelentes oportunidades para el procesamiento y desarrollo de valor añadido. El propósito de este trabajo, es el estudio de una especies considerada prometedora para la acuicultura mediterránea, perteneciente a la familia Sciaenidae y conocida comúnmente como corvina (Argyrososmus regius). Esta especie se caracteriza por su alta tasa de crecimiento (1 kg año-1) y su buen índice de conversión entre otras. Sin embargo, como toda especie nueva cuenta con algunos cuello de botellas presentes durante sus primeras etapas de desarrollo que necesitan ser resueltos. Así los objetivos generales de esta tesis van dirigidos a estudiar los siguientes aspectos: (1) morfología y desarrollo funcional del sistema digestivo de la larva, basado en el análisis histológico y actividad enzimática durante su fase de crecimiento, (2) estudio del efecto de diferentes estrategias de alimentación temprana de alimento artificial y reducción del uso de nauplios de Artemia (destete temprano) a un 50% de la cantidad utilizada en protocolos estándar de producción, evaluando los efectos en el desarrollo, particularmente en crecimiento, supervivencia, digestión y deformaciones. Dos experimentos fueron diseñados con diferentes protocolos de alimentación orientados especialmente en la incorporación temprana de alimento artificial, evaluando su efecto en la morfología y desarrollo funcional, mediante marcadores enzimáticos que reflejan la madurez del tracto digestivo. Sin embargo ciertos problemas inherentes a la especie particularmente, su conducta caníbal durante la fase de post-flexión marcaron efectos sobre la supervivencia, no obstante el destete temprano no tuvo mayor influencia en el desarrollo de deformaciones a nivel de estructuras esqueléticas. En este sentido se procedió al (3) estudio de los requerimientos nutricionales durante el desarrollo larvario, especialmente en la composición de ácidos grasos, con el intento de examinar los efectos sobre el crecimiento y supervivencia mediante diferentes composición de ácidos grasos en larvas, específicamente contenido de DHA y relación DHA/EPA, así como también, evaluar su capacidad de poder elongar y desaturar ácidos grasos de sus precursores usando una emulsión con bajo contenido de DHA (aceite Hemp). Dos experimentos fueron diseñados durante el cultivo larvario, utilizando varios contenidos de DHA (alto, medio, bajo) demostrado que los requerimientos en cuantos ácidos grados (DHA) son específicos a nivel de especie, además de evidenciar la incapacidad de la larva por elongar y desaturar cuando sus precursores son ofrecidos en el alimento vivo. El sistema inmune es otros de los aspectos de gran importancia durante la cría larvaria ya que por lo general el éxito de un cultivo larvario se basa no solo en la nutrición sino también en los mecanismos de defensa con que cuenta la larva frente a innumerable agentes patógenos presentes en el medio de cultivo. La larva durante su desarrollo depende de una serie de importantes moléculas de protección que hacen frente a potenciales patógenos hasta que su sistema adaptativo o específico está completamente maduro. Particularmente, la mayor parte de la mortalidad durante un cultivo peces se presenta durante las etapas más críticas de crecimiento, limitando la producción de juveniles. En este sentido, para evaluar el tiempo en que la larva es más susceptible a factores externos, y su capacidad de afrontar una respuesta inmune, (4) se estudió la ontogenia del sistema inmune innato durante el desarrollo larvario, enfocado en la organogénesis de los principales órganos linfoides tales como el timo, el riñón y el bazo, además de tejidos linfoides asociados a las mucosas del intestino y branquias. Para este propósito se tomaron muestras de larvas en los periodos más importantes del crecimiento, considerando también las fases criticas de cambio en el desarrollo (metamorfosis), para este fin, se utilizaron técnicas histológicas mediante tinciones específicas para detectar los principales cambios a nivel de composición y estructuras en estos órganos y tejidos. A. regius, presenta patrones similares a la mayoría de teleósteos durante la organogénesis, pero el tiempo de aparición de estas estructuras durante su crecimiento es específico. Además y para completar este estudio del desarrollo del sistema inmune (5) se analizó la expresión de ciertos genes relacionados con el sistema inmune inespecífico con el propósito de identificar posibles marcadores de inmunidad durante el crecimiento, particularmente su presencia durante periodos tempranos de desarrollo así como cambios a nivel de expresión en larvas y tejidos de juveniles, además, evaluar si la expresión relativa de estos genes puede estar correlacionada con cambios morfológicos observados por la histología. Los resultados mostraron que estos genes pueden detectarse durante la etapa temprana de desarrollo y sus perfiles de expresión pueden estar influenciados por la dieta durante el cultivo.<br>Aquaculture production in Europe is dominated by a small group of species, such as salmon, trout, carp, seabass, seabream that limits the number of aquaculture products available on the market, and to some extent, the geographic regions where aquaculture can be done profitably. The market price of these species is often close to or below the minimum cost of production, which has consequent negative influences on the growth of aquaculture in the EU. A sustainable system based on the incorporation of new species could, to a certain extent, reduce the problem by providing a diversified market with increased geographic dispersal of production sites that can reduce transport costs form “farm to table”. Thus, in order to increase aquaculture products in the market new species have been selected taking in account characteristics such as rapid growth, ease of cultivation, adaptability to large volumes under intensive rearing, large body size to facilitate automated post-harvest processing and development of value-added consumer products. The purpose of this thesis is to study a species considered promising for Mediterranean aquaculture belonging to the family Sciaenidae and commonly known as meagre (Argyrososmus regius). This species is characterized by its high growth rate (1 kg year-1) and good feed conversion rate. However, as other new species, meagre has some bottlenecks present during its early stages of development that need to be solved. Thus, the general objectives of this thesis aims to evaluate the following aspects: (1) morphology and functional development of the digestive system, based on histological and enzymatic activity analyses, (2) study the effect of different strategies for early weaning onto artificial feed, reduce the use of Artemia to 50% of the amount used in standard production protocols, and evaluate the effects of these diets on development, digestion, growth, survival, and deformations. Two experiments were carried out using different feeding protocols designed for an early incorporation of artificial feed, then evaluate its effects on morphology and functional development using enzymatic markers that reflect the maturity of the digestive tract. Certain problems inherent to the species, in particular, their cannibalistic behavior during the post-flexion phase had effects on survival rate, although early weaning had no major influence on the presence of skeletal deformities. In this sense, we proceeded to the (3) study of fatty acid requirements during larval development (DHA -22:6n-3- and DHA/EPA ratio) in order to examine the effects of different live prey enrichments on larval growth and survival, and evaluate their ability to elongate and desaturate fatty acids from their precursors. Two experiments were designed during larval culture using high, medium and low content of DHA demonstrating that the fatty acids requirements (DHA) are species-specific. The use of hemp oil (rich in 18:3n-6 and 18:4n-3) served to demonstrate the inability of meagre larva to elongate and desaturate fatty acids even when the precursors are offered in the live food. The immune system is another aspect of great importance during larval rearing, since the success of larval culture is based not only in nutrition, but also on the defense mechanisms that the larva possess against potential pathogens present in the water. The larva depends on a suite of important protective molecules of the innate immune system that deal with potential pathogens until the adaptive or specific system is completely mature. Most of the mortality afflicting industrial aquaculture occurs during the critical stages larval growth, thus limiting the production of juveniles. In this sense, to evaluate the time in which the larva is more susceptible to external factors and its ability to cope with an immune response, we have studied (4) the ontogeny of the innate immune system during larval development, focused on the organogenesis of the major lymphoid organs (thymus, kidney, and spleen), and lymphoid tissues associated with mucosal gut and gills. For this purpose, larval samples were taken in several developmental periods including the critical change in development (metamorphosis) where rapid changes in growth require tissue modification and increased bioenergetic consumption. For this objective we have used histological techniques and specific stains to detect the main changes in composition and structures in these organs and tissues. A. regius shows similar patterns to most teleosts during organogenesis, but the time of appearance of these structures during their growth is species-specific. In addition, and to complete this study of the development of the immune system (5) the expression of certain genes related to the non-specific immune system was analyzed in order to identify possible markers of immunity during growth. Particularly, we wanted to determine the presence during early developmental periods of significant immune gene transcripts as well changes in expression level in larvae and juvenile tissues, and study whether the relative expression of these genes may be correlated to observed morphological changes seen by histology. The results indicated that the genes under study for this work can be detected during the early stages of development and we found indications that their expression profiles may be influenced by significant dietary changes made during the larval and early juvenile culture.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2017-03-13T13:22:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 capa e indice.pdf: 115929 bytes, checksum: 84e56035870ec6aadeec590fa091cb92 (MD5) INTRODUÇÃO.pdf: 8999500 bytes, checksum: 4c472aceb4e05170816f9b5fc71950a1 (MD5)<br>Rejected by Vanessa Reis (vanessa.jamile@ufba.br), reason: O presente trabalho trata-se de uma tese de doutorado em química e foi submetido a coleção de Dissertações de Mestrado (POSQUIMICA). Solicito que seja feita a devida correção de submissão do trabalho a coleção adequada. on 2017-03-14T13:43:57Z (GMT)<br>Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2017-03-30T17:37:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 capa e indice.pdf: 115929 bytes, checksum: 84e56035870ec6aadeec590fa091cb92 (MD5) INTRODUÇÃO.pdf: 8999500 bytes, checksum: 4c472aceb4e05170816f9b5fc71950a1 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Uillis de Assis Santos (uillis.assis@ufba.br) on 2017-03-30T17:41:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 capa e indice.pdf: 115929 bytes, checksum: 84e56035870ec6aadeec590fa091cb92 (MD5) INTRODUÇÃO.pdf: 8999500 bytes, checksum: 4c472aceb4e05170816f9b5fc71950a1 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T17:41:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 capa e indice.pdf: 115929 bytes, checksum: 84e56035870ec6aadeec590fa091cb92 (MD5) INTRODUÇÃO.pdf: 8999500 bytes, checksum: 4c472aceb4e05170816f9b5fc71950a1 (MD5)<br>CAPES<br>O gênero Cordia L. (Boraginaceae), compreende aproximadamente 250 espécies. Nesse gênero tem sido reportado a presença de benzoquinonas, naftoquinonas, hidroquinonas, cromonas, terpenos, polifenóis, flavonóides e alcalóides. Cordia rufescens A. DC. (Sin: C. piauhiensis Fresen) é um pequeno arbusto conhecido no Nordeste do Brasil como “ramela de velho” e utilizado pela população como abortivo, antiinflamatório e no tratamento da dismenorréia e dispepsia. Em estudos anteriores foram identificadas as presenças de saponinas e de uma lignana do tipo arilnaftaleno. Este trabalho relata a determinação estrutural de uma nova lignana, denominada rufescinolideo, apresentando esqueleto até então não inserido nas classificações anteriores. Descreve também resultados obtidos do estudo fitoquímico das folhas e caules Cordia rufescens e das folhas de Cordia superba. A partir destes estudos foram isolados quercetina 3-O-β-D-glicopiranosídeo, quercetina-3-O-β-(6´´- E-p-cumaroil-β-D-glicopiranosideo, rosmarinato de metila, cafeato de metila, siringaldeido, ácido 4-metoxi-protocatequeico, sitosterol, 3-β-O-β-glicopiranosil- sitosterol, α-amirina, β-amirina. Foi realizado o teste da letalidade da Artemia salina na avaliação da atividade citotóxica das frações. A identificação estrutural das substâncias foi realizada através da análise de dados espectrométricos.<br>The genus Cordia L. (Boraginaceae), comprises about 250 species disttibuted in tropical and temperate areas of the globe. In that genus has been reported the presence of benzoquinones, naphtoquinones, hidroquinones, cromones, terpenes, poliphenols, flavonoids and alkaloids. Cordia rufescens A. DC. (Sin: C. piauhiensis Fresen) is a shrub popularly known in the Northeast of Brazil as " ramela de velho " Some plants of the genus Cordia have been used by the population as abortive, anti- inflammatory and in the treatment of the dysmenorrhea and dyspepsia. In previous studies, was identified the saponinas and a arylnaphthalene type lignan. This work reports the structural determination of a new lignan, named rufescinolide, presenting a skeleton until then not shown in the previous classifications. It also describes obtained results of the phytochemistry study of the leaves and stems of Cordia rufescens and from leaves of Cordia superba. From these studies were isolated quercetin 3-O-β-D-glycopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-(6´´-E-p-coumaroyl-β-D- glycopyranoside, methyl rosmarinate, 4-methoxy-protocatequeic acid, methyl rosmarinato, methyl caffeate, synringaldheide, 4-methoxi-protocatechuic acid, β- sitosterol, stigmasterol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin and 3-β-O-β-D-glycopiranosyl-sitosterol. The structural identification of the substances was accomplished through spectral data analysis.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-22T20:31:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 235222.pdf: 344152 bytes, checksum: 355c4826e886c2c6667103d7f2b1e2bd (MD5)<br>A Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. (Boraginaceae) tem como sinonímia científica Cordia verbenacea DC. e é conhecida popularmente como erva baleeira. Popularmente utilizada para tratamento de reumatismo, inflamação e promover a cicatrização. É uma espécie ocorrente no Domínio da Mata Atlântica e vegeta preferencialmente em terrenos arenosos e ensolarados, como restingas, dunas e praias. As principais substâncias presentes na C. curassavica com ação antiinflamatória são a artemetina e o a-humuleno, porém sabe-se que além dessas existem outras substâncias antiinflamatórias presentes nesta planta, como o ácido rosmarínico, que é um metabólito secundário comum na família Boraginaceae, mais facilmente encontrado em extratos alcoólicos do que no óleo essencial. O ambiente de crescimento da planta pode influenciar na composição de seus compostos químicos de uso medicinal e na quantidade de material vegetal. Este estudo procurou verificar a influência de três intensidades de luz (100%, 70% e 20% da luz solar) e de substratos com dois níveis de fertilidade (areia de duna e um substrato composto de solo argiloso, areia de rio e composto orgânico termofílico) no crescimento, composição e quantidade de compostos químicos em C. curassavica. Os resultados indicaram que maior intensidade de luz: (1) aumentou a massa seca da raiz e diminuiu a área foliar; (2) aumentou o rendimento relativo dos extratos éter de petróleo e etanólico e o rendimento relativo total; (3) aumentou ou diminuiu, dependendo da substância, apenas duas substâncias das nove detectadas na cromatografia de camada delgada; (4) aumentou a atividade biológica (avaliada pela toxicidade dos extratos etanólicos para larvas de Artemia salina). O substrato mais fértil: (1) aumentou a massa seca total e a área foliar e proporcionou maior valor da taxa de crescimento relativo para as plantas; (2) aumentou o rendimento relativo dos extratos éter de petróleo e etanólico e o rendimento relativo total; (3) não influenciou a intensidade ou número de metabólitos detectados em cromatografia de camada delgada (CCD), no extrato etanólico, nem interferiu na atividade biológica desse extrato. Face ao exposto, este estudo mostra que a alta intensidade de luz solar aumenta a produção de metabólitos em C. curassavica, mas não a biomassa de folhas. Enquanto que solos de maior fertilidade aumenta a produção de metabólitos e da biomassa de folhas - órgão utilizado para extração de metabólitos neste estudo.

The unmet need for corneal epithelial cells for treating human eye diseases makes the cornea important in the cell therapy field. Additionally cornea tissue engineering has become valuable for clinical use, research, and for creating representative models replacing animals for chemical/drug testing. This study initially used qPCR to investigate the expression levels of key markers produced by 2D corneal epithelial cell cultures after wounding in a scratch assay. Then an attempt was made to environmentally reprogram human hair follicle keratinocytes into corneal epithelial cells using limbal epithelial stem cell media. Immunohistochemical and qPCR analysis revealed no changes in signature genes but rather a similarity between HFC and LSC’s when cultured in LSC’s culture conditions. Attention then focused on developing a novel three-dimensional bilayered spheroid cornea model using hanging drop culture. It is widely accepted that cells in 3D culture more closely mimic their in vivo counterparts than 2D cultures, and qPCR and immunofluorescence analysis of 3D spheroids made from cultured rabbit corneal stromal cells revealed that they partially reverted back to a quiescent in vivo phenotype. Coating the spheroids with cultured rabbit limbal epithelial cells produced a bilayered model of the cornea. Multiple iterations were produced incorporating variations in media and cell origin, leading to a cornea model that could be maintained for 10 days, expressed appropriate cytokeratins and other corneal markers including Pax6 and that, upregulated the expression of key cornea signature proteins including Aldh1a1 as a result of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Preliminary versions of a human bilayered cornea model were then created from equivalent human cell types. Generally this 3D model displays advantages over other in vitro cornea equivalents and has potential, but needs further refinement. The methodology was also used to coat stromal spheroids with skin keratinocytes, highlighting the possibility of reprogramming the former into corneal epithelial cells through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.

In this work, physical characteristics of the solar corona as observed in the Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) regime are investigated. The focus will be the regions of intense EUV radiation generally found near the locations of sunspots. These regions are commonly called active regions. Multiple space-based observing platforms have been deployed in the last decade; it is possible to use several of these observatories in combination to develop a more complete picture of the solar corona. Joint Observing Program 146 was created to collect spectroscopic intensities using the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer on Solar and Heliospheric Observatory and EUV images using NASA's Transition Region and Coronal Explorer. The emission line intensities are analyzed to develop an understanding of the temperature and density of the active region coronal plasma. However, the performance of the CDS instrument in the spatial and temporal domains is limited and to compensate for these limitations, data collected by the TRACE instrument provide a high spatial and temporal resolution set of observations. One of the most exciting unsolved problems in solar astrophysics is to understand why the corona maintains a temperature roughly two orders of magnitude higher than the underlying material. A detailed investigation of the coronal emission has provided constraints on models of the heating mechanism, since the temperature density and evolution of emission rates for multiple ionic species are indicative of the mechanism(s) working to heat the corona. The corona appears to consist of multiple unresolved structures as well as resolved active region structures, called coronal loops. The purpose of the present work is to determine the characteristics of the unresolved background corona. Using the characterizations of the coronal unresolved background, results for loops after background subtraction are also presented. This work demonstrates the magnitude of the unresolved coronal emission with respect to the total emission along the line of sight, and the relationship of the coronal background emission to the resolved loop emission. It is apparent from this analysis that the unresolved corona is the dominant source of radiation in active regions. Additionally, the unresolved active region coronal emission can be characterized by hydrostatic scaling laws.

ABSTRACT CORNEA ENGINEERING ON BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTERS Zorlutuna, Pinar M. Sc., Department of Biotechnology Supervisor: Prof. Vasif Hasirci Co-Supervisor: Asst. Prof. AySen Tezcaner January 2005, 66 pages Cornea is the outermost layer of the eye and has an important role in vision. Damage of cornea due to injuries or infections could lead to blindness lowering the quality of life of the patient severely. In such cases, transplantation or artificial corneas have been used for treatment but both had drawbacks. The novel approach for corneal replacements is the tissue engineering of the cornea, a promising method which would be free of these drawbacks, if successful. In this study, carriers for tissue engineering of the cornea were designed and tested in vitro. Blends of biodegradable and biocompatible polyesters of natural (PHBV8) and synthetic (PLLA) origin were used to construct these carriers. For the epithelial layer of the cornea, PLLA-PHBV8 micropatterned films were prepared with solvent casting and seeded with D407 (retinal pigment epithelial) cells. In order to achieve proper cell growth, the films were coated with fibronectin. For the stromal layer of the cornea, highly porous foams of PLLA-PHBV8 were prepared by lyophilization and seeded with 3T3 cells (fibroblasts). A new approach was developed to create a combination of the film and the foam to obtain a surface patterned, 3 dimensional cell carrier. These carriers were seeded with Saos-2 cells (osteosarcoma cells) in the preliminary optimization studies and with D407 and 3T3 cells in further studies. The cell numbers on the carriers were quantified by using MTS assay (non-radioactive cell proliferation assay) and the cell proliferation on polymeric carriers was significantly higher than that of control (Tissue culture polystyrene) by the day 14. Characterization of these cells and the carrier was done using a variety of microscopic methods. The micrographs showed that the foam had a highly porous structure and the pores were interconnected. 3T3 cells were found to be distributed quite homogeneously at the seeding site, but due to the high thickness of the foam, the cells could not sufficiently populate the core (central parts of the foam) during the given incubation time. The micropatterned film allowed multilayer formation of D407 cells. The functionality of the cells seeded on the carriers was examined by immunohistochemistry. These analyses proved that the cells retained their phenotype during culturing. D407 cells formed tight junctions characteristic of epithelial cells, and 3T3 cells deposited collagen type I into the foams. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the 3-D PLLA-PHBV8 construct with surface patterns have a serious potential for use as a tissue engineering carrier for the reconstruction of the cornea. Key words: Tissue engineering, cornea, polymeric carrier, biodegradable, polyester.

The goal of this work was to assess the feasibility of using corona discharge quenching by anesthetic gases as a technique for anesthetic gas concentration measurement. Two experiments were conducted to investigate corona discharge and measure changes due to anesthetic gases. Experiment One used a chamber in which a high voltage was imposed across two parallel plane electrodes, between which gases under test could flow. Halothane, ethrane, and nitrous oxide were shown to have corona discharge quenching effects proportional to their relative potency. In an attempt to improve accuracy and decrease baseline drift a second system was fabricated. This system used an improved voltage source, temperature and humidity control and a chamber in which gases flowed between two concentric cylindrical electrodes. Results from the second experiment showed that the complex physics of corona discharge quenching by anesthetic gases could not be easily used for reliable measurement of anesthetic gas concentrations.

Orientador: João Sinezio de Carvalho Campos<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T13:40:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giordano_JoaoBatista_D.pdf: 4390680 bytes, checksum: 205aa7153da8e4745f9366e58adcb8cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007<br>Resumo: Dentre as técnicas de modificação de superfícies aplicadas na indústria para melhorar adesão, o tratamento por descarga corona é amplamente utilizado. Durante o tratamento por descarga coro na, espécies ativas são geradas, as quais podem reagir com a superfície do polímero ocasionando quebra de cadeias e formação de radicais, criando assim grupos polares na superfície e conseqüentemente, aumentando a sua energia superficial e propriedade de adesão. Neste trabalho utilizaram-se tecidos de poliéster e de algodão. Nos processos convencionais de preparação de tecidos são usados agentes químicos que agridem os efluentes têxteis, assim a descarga corona propõe-se como tratamento prévio do material sem ação de tais agentes, sendo tratamento único e apenas físico. Os objetivos deste trabalho são: 1. Tratar com descarga corona tecidos de poliéster e tecidos de algodão (engomado, lavado e desengomado); 2. Verificar hidrofilidade e absorção de corantes em tecidos de algodão tratados com descarga corona; 3. Verificar propriedades mecânicas em tecidos tratados com descarga corona. 4. Verificar a adesão de pigmentos em de tecidos de poliéster tratados com corona. Tecidos foram submetidos à descarga: corona variando-se o tempo exposição e altura entre os eletrodos, em seguida foi realizada testes de hídrofilidade, absorção de corante tipo reativo, adesão de pigmentos, solidez a lavagem e ensaios de resistência à tração e alongamento. Foi utilizada a técnica de microscopia óptica, ensaio de hidrofilidade para caracterizar os efeitos causados. Os resultados mostram que: houve aumento da hidrofilidade do tecido de algodão que de 50% em amostra sem tratamento passou até a 280% com o tratamento, observou-se também que com te~pos de 1 mino já ocorrem modificações nos tecidos quanto a hidrofilidade e absorção de corantes; houve aumento da absorção de corante nas regiões tratadas principalmente em processos contínuos de tingimento; ocorreu boa aderência de pigmentos em tecidos de poliéster tratados; não ocorrem alteração das propriedades mecânicas (resistência a tração e alongamento) nas amostras tratadas.<br>Abstract: Amongst the techniques of modification of surfaces applied in the industry to improve adhesion, the treatment for discharge corona widely is used. During the treatment for discharge corona, active species are generated, which can consequently react with the surface of polymer causing chain in addition and formation of radicals, thus creating polar groups in the surface and, increasing its superficial energy and property of adhesion. In this work they had been used weaveed of polyester and cotton. In the conventional processes of fabric preparation they are used chemical agents whom the effluent textile attack, thus the discharge corona is considered as previous treatment of the material without action of such agents, being treatment only e only physicist. The objectives of this work are: 1.To deal with discharge corona weaveed to polyester and fabrics cotton (starchy, washed and dissolved the gum); 2. To verify water absorption and absorption of corantes in fabrics of cotton treated with discharge corona; to 3.Verificar mechanical properties in fabrics dealt with discharge corona. 4. To verify the pigment adhesion in of treated polyester fabrics with corona. Fabrics had been submitted to the discharge corona varying the time exposition and height between the electrodes and, after that water absorption tests had been carried through, absorption of corante reactive type, pigment adhesion, solidity the laudering and assays of tensile strenght and allonge. The technique of optic microscopy was used, assay of water absorption to characterize the caused effect. The results show that: it had increase of the hidrofilidade of the cotton fabric that of 50% in sample without treatment passed until 280% with the treatment, was 9.lso observed that with times of 1 min. already the water absorption and absorption of corantes occur modifications in fabrics how much; it had increase of the absorption of corante in the regions treated mainly in continuous processes of dyeing good pigment tack occurred in treat polyester fabrics; they do not occur alteration of the mechanical properties (resistance the traction and allonge) in the treated samples.<br>Doutorado<br>Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais<br>Doutor em Engenharia Química

In March 2020 the Covid-19 pandemic changed life circumstances drastically for everyone. Exactly one year ago the university had to shift from campus to the internet. This led to huge alterations in how professors lecture and how student university life takes place. After this year, it is time to evaluate the changes and put them into perspective. This means recognizing the benefits of technology to legal education instead of seeing the current situation as a replacement that disappears as soon as a return back to campus is possible.

This thesis reports the results of a study of volcanic processes at coronae on Venus. The Aglaonice F-Map region has been mapped, and its geological history interpreted, at the full-resolution of Magellan SAR data. Volcanism at coronae is shown to have occurred repeatedly over a protracted period of time, supporting a non-directional style of resurfacing in the F-Map region, and suggesting that corona-related flows may be an important resurfacing mechanism on Venus. It is likely that the magma storage system varies between each corona, with eruption dependent on local conditions such as location of magma body and local stress regime. Numerous flows which can be sourced to coronae, and were previously mapped as plains units, have also been identified. A global survey has revealed 29 volcano/corona 'hybrids', features which resemble both coronae and large volcanoes. Age, magma supply, stress state, thermal gradient and eruption duration are all important factors in determining gross hybrid morphology. It is likely that not all hybrids follow a similar evolutionary path. A detailed study of four selected hybrids is presented and suggests that processes typical of both large volcanoes and coronae have occurred throughout their history, and does not imply evolution from one type of feature into another. The presence of large central depressions and/or topographic rims at the hybrids support the theory that some large volcanoes undergo a sagging process similar to coronae. Study of the depth and extension at large radial graben at four centres of radial fractures is also reported. The inferred levels of hoop strain are too large to be explained by previous models of plume uplift, and a newly applied magma chamber inflation model concludes that dike formation is responsible for the strain at the large radial graben, and that intrusion is an important process at early-phase coronae.

Le cas hypothetique de la perte de refrigerant primaire dans un reacteur a eau pressurisee (rep) peut entrainer, en cas de non intervention, le denoyage du cur du reacteur, sa montee en temperature, la fonte des crayons combustibles et des structures qui les maintiennent. On peut alors aboutir a la degradation complete du cur et au percement de la cuve par les debris fondus (le corium). Le corium a haute temperature (2000 a 3000 k) peut ainsi couler sur le radier en beton du reacteur et l'eroder rapidement, comme l'ont montre plusieurs programmes experimentaux. De cette interaction, on a observe, entre autre, le degagement d'un epais nuage d'aerosols et d'importants flux de chaleur. L'effet de ces aerosols sur la propagation du flux de chaleur emis par le bain de corium a ete mis en evidence au cours de ce travail. Nous avons ecrit un modele numerique de transfert radiatif dans un milieu capable d'absorber, de diffuser et d'emettre de l'energie. Des resultats experimentaux puises dans la litterature nous ont permis de degager des elements de validation de ce modele et de montrer clairement l'effet d'ecran lie aux aerosols. A partir de ce modele, nous avons ensuite etabli des correlations relatives a des essais particuliers (essais l1, l2, l4 et l7 du programme advanced containment experiment). Ces correlations donnent l'extinction moyenne due aux aerosols en fonction de la concentration moyenne en aerosols dans le milieu. Elles sont destinees a etre ajoutees aux logiciels d'analyse de l'interaction corium/beton lesquels, en majorite, ne tiennent pas compte de la presence des aerosols et surestiment les pertes radiatives vers le haut de l'enceinte. Nous avons applique l'une de ces correlations a l'essai l7 a l'aide du logiciel corcon-uw. Nous avons ainsi montre que la prise en compte des aerosols rapproche significativement nos calculs des resultats experimentaux et nous permet d'observer le blocage de l'energie thermique pres du bain et l'elevation de la temperature du corium qui en resulte

Transverse loop oscillations (TLOs) are standing oscillations of coronal loops that are interpreted as kink waves in Magneto-hydrodynamic theory. These waves are particularly important as they can be used to infer local plasma properties such as the magnetic field strength through the technique of coronal seismology. In this thesis TLOs are studied both observationally, primarily with the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) instrument on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) satellite, and numerically using the Lare2D code. In the first observational study, eleven transversely oscillating loops in three active regions are analysed in detail. The time series analysis revealed periods between 1.7 and 10 minutes and damping times between 2.9 and 13 minutes and are compared with previously observed events. Coronal seismology of the kink mode is applied to determine the range of the internal Alfvén speed and the magnetic field strength for each loop. The magnetic field strength is found to have a range of 4 − 18 G. The second observational study presents the first observation of a transverse oscillation in a hot coronal loop following a linked coronal-flare mass-ejection event. The TLO is observed exclusively in the 131 Å and 94 Å bandpasses, indicating a loop plasma temperature in the range of 9 - 11 MK. Furthermore, the loop is not observed to cool into the other AIA channels, but just disappears from all bandpasses at the end of the oscillation. The time series analysis reveals a period of 302 ± 14 s (291 ± 9 s) and a damping time of 306 ± 43 s (487 ± 125 s) for the first (second) loop strand and a spatial phase shift along the loop of approximately 180° suggests that a higher order harmonic is observed. We show that the excitation mechanism of this unusual oscillation is directly connected with the reconnection processes that form the post flare loop. This differs from the blast wave excitation mechanism often proposed as the cause of cooler transverse loop oscillations. The third observation presents another unusual TLO event that is also shown to have a direct link to the local magnetic field topology and the flare reconnection processes. A transversely oscillating coronal loop seen in the 171 Å bandpass is seen to oscillate in antiphase with respect to adjacent larger loops seen in the 193 Å and 211 Å bandpasses. The local magnetic topology of the active region is modelled using potential field source surface (PFSS) extrapolation which reveals that the loops are anchored in different topological regions with footpoint locations identified either side of the EUV flare peak emission source. Lastly, numerical simulations using the Lare2D code are performed to further investigate the anti-phase TLO observations. Loops positioned in different topological regions above and below a magnetic X-point are impulsively excited and we observe inwardly directed anti-phase oscillations of the loops. In addition we show that both the loop oscillations and the oscillatory behaviour of the X-point are independent of the resistivity.

In this thesis, several problems relating to thermal instabilities in the solar corona are examined. Chapter 1 gives a brief description of the Sun and corresponding events with particular attention focused on prominences, their formation and eruption. Various problems concerning thermal instabilities are then tackled in the later Chapters. In Chapter 2, the basic MHD equations are introduced and a physical description of the thermal instability mechanism given. The MHD equations are linearised in a uniform, infinite medium and the basic instability criteria obtained. Chapter 3 investigates the normal mode spectrum for the linearised MHD equations for a cylindrical equilibrium. This spectrum is examined for zero perpendicular thermal conduction, with both zero and non-zero scalar resistivity. Particular attention is paid to the continuous branches of this spectrum, or continuous spectra. For zero resistivity there are three types of continuous spectra present, namely the Alfven, slow and thermal continua. It is shown that when dissipation due to resistivity is included, the slow and Alfven continua are removed and the thermal continuum is shifted to a different position (where the shift is independent of the exact value of resistivity). The 'old' location of the thermal continuum is covered by a dense set of nearly singular discrete modes called a quasi-continuum, for equilibria with the thermal time scale much smaller than the Alfven time scale. This quasi-continuum is investigated numerically and the eigenfunctions are shown to have rapid spatial oscillating behaviour. These oscillations are confined to the most unstable part of the equilibrium based on the Field criterion and may be the cause of fine structure in prominences. In Chapter 4, the normal mode spectrum for the linearised MHD equations is examined for a plasma in a cylindrical equilibrium. The equations describing these normal modes are solved numerically using a finite element code. In the ideal case the Hain-Lust equation is expanded and a WKB solution obtained for large axial wave numbers. This is compared to the numerical solutions. In the non-ideal case, the ballooning equations describing localised modes are manipulated in an arcade geometry and a dispersion relation derived. It is illustrated that as the axial wave number k is increased, the fundamental thermal and Alfven modes can coalesce to form overstable magnetothermal modes. The ratio between the magnetic and thermal terms is varied and the existence of the magnetothermal modes examined. The corresponding growth rates are predicted by a WKB solution to the ballooning equations. The interaction of thermal and magnetic instabilities and the existence of these magnetothermal modes may be significant in the eruption of prominences into solar flares. Chapter 5 extends the work presented in Chapter 4 to include the effects of line-tying in a coronal arcade. The ballooning equations which were introduced in Chapter 4 are manipulated to give a dispersion relation. This relation is a quadratic in the square of the azimuthal wave number m if parallel thermal conduction is neglected and a cubic in m2 if parallel conduction is included. Rigid wall boundary conditions are applied to this dispersion relation. This dispersion relation is then solved numerically subject to these boundary conditions and the solutions plotted. Unfortunately the expression for the thermal continuum in line-tied arcades is required since the thermal continuum must play an important role in the proceedings. This calculation is left for future work. From the results obtained, it can be seen that the thermal instability can play a major part in prominence formation and destruction. The thermal instability may help create the prominence. Resistivity and perpendicular thermal conduction can cause of the observed fine scale structure. Finally, a neighbouring thermal instability may trigger a magnetic instability that causes the prominence to erupt.

The work of Goodfellow et al., (J. Mol. BioI. 119: 231. 1918) and Sayers et al., (J. Mol. BioI. 160: 593. 1982), was repeated using fresh, equilibrated cornea, confirming their finding that the plot of interfibrillar spacing against liydration is a linear relationship. Intermolecular spacing in cornea, sclera and rat-tail tendon was shown to increase rapidly over the hydration range H=O to H::1, then tan off (physiological hydration is at H=3.2). Intermolecular and interfibrillar spacings rise in unison over the hydration range H=O to H~1, after which virtually all of the water goes between the fibrils. It was found that freezing corneas to 40oC and then thawing had no effect on normally hydrated or dehydrated corneas, but caused damage to swollen corneas. Freezing to ·180°C and thawing resulted in permanent damage to normally hydrated corneas . The changes in intermolecular spacing, D-period spacing, fibril diameter and fibril packing as a result of processing for TEM and SEM have been described. Low temperature embedding in Lowicryl K4M resin produced least disruption in the cornea. The fibril diameter in cornea at normal hydration was established to be 37.4nm±1.4. X-ray data modelling indicates that fibril packing in the cornea is liquid-like, as proposed by Worthington and Inoyue (Int. J. Macromol. 7: 2. 1985). It was shown that the water in the corneal stroma is evenly distributed around the fibrils over the hydration range H=O to H=4. Above H=4 more water is entering the stroma than can be "accounted for if its distribution is uniform. The transmittance of light through the bovine cornea (excluding interference effects), was calculated as T ==::12%. Thus, most of ~he transparency of the cornea must be due to constructive interference as first proposed by Maurice (J. Physiol. 136: 263. 1951). Examination of keratoconus corneas by the the SEM and TEM and showed abnormal epithelial cells, disrupted lamellae, and abnormally arranged proteoglycans. Analysis of X-ray data proved that stromal thinning in keratoconus was not due to closer fibril packing. Also that keratoconus corneas had increased intermolecular spacing, and an abnormal arrangement of proteoglycans along the fibrils. No differences were found between the corneal stroma of normal and myopic chicks. Myopic chick sclera was shown to have more aggrecan proteoglycan which was associated with larger empty spaces, than normal sclera. The fibril attachment sites of the proteoglycans was the same in normal and myopic sclera.

Odorous gases such as hydrogen sulfide have long been associated with wastewater treatment plants, especially those with long forced mains which allow septic conditions to develop. With the encroachment of urban and suburban populations, many wastewater treatment plants are no longer located far enough from residential areas to prevent odor problems. This has lead to renewed efforts to develop odor control techniques. The application of high energy coronas as a means to oxidize odorous gases has been limited by the relatively small size of the corona region around a given charged wire, approximately 1 centimeter at an applied voltage of 35 kilovolts. Attempts to enlarge the effective corona region by spacing wires such that their coronas would overlap have failed due to corona extinction, the destructive interference of the electric fields surrounding adjacent charged wires. This study demonstrates that corona extinction can be avoided in a system of closely spaced wires flanked by grounded plates if the wires are energized individually instead of' simultaneously. By employing a rapid load-switching technique an essentially continuous corona sheet can be produced. A bench-scale device utilizing the rapid switching principle was constructed and its ability to remove odorous gases, including hydrogen sulfide, was demonstrated. The influence of parameters such as flowrate, inlet concentration, switching frequency, temperature, and humidity on removal efficiency was evaluated.<br>Ph. D.<br>incomplete_metadata

The study investigated the central and peripheral corneal characteristics of groups of subjects from 20 to 90 years of age to assist the understanding of ageing changes in the cornea, and to see whether relationships between ocular parameters were revealed. After age 45 the corneal horizontal radius of curvature gradually decreased with age. This trend was shown by the Aston University subjects (group B). The effect was very significant for the hospital patients undergoing biometry before cataract extraction operation (group D). Vertical radius of curvature showed a slight decrease with age after age 45, but similar to corneal eccentricity, this showed no significant age effect. Corneal astigmatism progressed from with the rule towards against the rule, particularly after age 60. The shift seemed mainly due to the decreasing horizontal corneal curvature. In biometry no significant age relation was found for axial length, but a significant relation was found between curvature and axial length in the larger group D. Lens thickness showed a very significant relation to age and to axial length, but no significant relation to corneal curvature. Anterior chamber depth showed a very significant relation to age, lens thickness and axial length, but no significant relation to corneal curvature. A significant age effect was found for corneal thickness decreasing with age for the central, nasal and temporal regions of the right eye. Analysis of the biometry results indicated the influence of two major factors. Firstly, the natural growth of the eye in youth, leading to greater values of axial length, radius of corneal curvature, lens thickness and anterior chamber depth. Secondly, the typical ageing changes where the increasing lens thickness caused a reduction in anterior chamber depth.

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais. Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.<br>Submitted by Oliveira Flávia (flavia@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2014-12-19T12:46:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_FragmentaçãoMataAtlântica.pdf: 1604354 bytes, checksum: 4ba54cf2c062e5f75e243b4b121d525e (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Gracilene Carvalho (gracilene@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2015-01-16T15:32:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_FragmentaçãoMataAtlântica.pdf: 1604354 bytes, checksum: 4ba54cf2c062e5f75e243b4b121d525e (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-16T15:32:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_FragmentaçãoMataAtlântica.pdf: 1604354 bytes, checksum: 4ba54cf2c062e5f75e243b4b121d525e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013<br>O estudo da ecologia populacional, seleção e/ou uso de habitas e influências das variáveis climáticas têm como foco compreender os mecanismos que causam flutuações na densidade populacional das espécies. Este estudo teve como objetivos responder ás seguintes questões: 1) Espécies de corujas de maior massa corpórea apresentam uma menor densidade populacional quando comparadas com espécies de menor massa corpórea? 2) Corujas de espécies distintas usam os mesmos habitats de Floresta Atlântica? 3) Variáveis ambientais influenciam o comportamento das corujas dificultando seus registros? O estudo foi desenvolvido de outubro de 2011 a setembro de 2012 em remanescentes de Floresta Atlântica, localizado no Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Floresta Estadual do Uaimii, Estação Ecológica do Tripui, Serra do Ouro Branco, Serra da Brígida e Condomínio Paragem do Tripui no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os resultados demonstram que Megascops choliba apresentou uma menor densidade populacional quando comparado com Strix hylophila uma espécie de coruja de grande porte e não foi possível fazer comparação entre o numero populacional de Aegolius harrisii com as outras duas espécies de corujas pelo fato do baixo número de registro da espécie. Também verificou que as espécies de corujas (Aegolius harrisii, Megascops choliba e Strix hylophila) apresentam densidades populacionais diferentes, usam habitats diferentes, e que as variáveis ambientais não influenciam a detecção das espécies estudadas, com exceção da umidade relativa do ar para Strix hylophila. Necessitando desta maneira de mais estudos para uma maior compreensão dos reais efeitos das variáveis no comportamento desses animais. ______________________________________________________________________________________________<br>ABSTRACT: The study of population ecology, habitat selection and / or use and climatic variables influences help us understand the mechanisms that cause fluctuations in the population density of the species. This study aimed to answer the following questions: 1) owl species with greater body mass have a lower population density compared to smaller species? 2) Different species of owls use the same habitats of Atlantic Rainforest? 3) Environmental variables influence the behavior of owls impairing their records? The study was conducted from October 2011 to September 2012 in six remnants of Atlantic Forest in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The results demonstrate that the species of owls (Aegolius harrisii, Megascops choliba and Strix hylophila) have different densities and use different habitats. Environmental variables did not influence the detection of the species studied, with the exception relative humidity of the air for S. hylophila.

Orientador: João Sinézio de Carvalho Campos<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T20:46:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_SelmaAparecida_M.pdf: 4679717 bytes, checksum: b44b60b38798f2147b5fd6fe7eacc78f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012<br>Resumo: O material polimérico denominado não tecido de polipropileno (NTPP), após receber adequado tratamento químico, tem sido largamente utilizado na indústria têxtil para confecção de produtos de higiene pessoal, fraldas e absorventes descartáveis. Neste sentido o presente trabalho analisa os efeitos das técnicas de descarga corona (atmosfera ambiente) e plasma por radiofrequência (atmosferas de oxigênio (O2), nitrogênio (N2) e argônio (Ar) causados nas propriedades de superfície de amostras de NTPP em função do tempo de tratamento e nas respectivas atmosferas citadas. Recortam-se amostras de NTPP com geometria retangular (10x30mm) e espessura média de 40?m. Após tratamentos por corona e plasma submetem-se as amostras ás técnicas de medidas de ângulo de contato (método da gota séssil), de espectrometria em infravermelho (FTIR/ATR), de microscopia eletrônica exploratória (SEM) e de calorimetria diferencial exploratória (DSC); as quais têm por objetivo caracterizar a superfície do material em relação à molhabilidade, a formação de grupos polares, alterações morfológicas e comportamento de volume, respectivamente. Realizaram-se as medidas em quintuplicatas e dentre os resultados pode-se destacar que (i) o ângulo de contato tende a diminuir com o aumento do tratamento tanto corona quanto plasma, indicando que está ocorrendo aumento da molhabilidade do material, assim como comprovado por cálculos de energia livre de superfície (por exemplo: sem tratamento 18 mN/m e após tratamento 87 mN/m); (ii) as espectrometrias em infravermelho indicam a formação de grupos polares (hidroxílicos e carboxílicos); (iii) os termogramas em DSC indicam que não há alterações entre amostras com e sem tratamento, preservando assim propriedades de volume do material (estabilidade térmica de 0 á 135ºC e Tm=162ºC). Cabe ressaltar que realizaram-se medidas sobre a durabilidade do tratamento corona e os resultados mostram satisfatória durabilidade até 4 dias<br>Abstract: The polymeric material known as non-woven polypropylene (NTPP) upon receiving suitable chemical treatment has been widely used in the textile industry for the manufacture of personal hygiene products, diapers and disposable absorbent. In this sense the present paper analyzes the effects of corona discharge techniques (ambient atmosphere) and plasma radiofrequency (atmospheres of oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2) and argon (Ar) caused the surface properties of samples as a function NTPP treatment time and the respective atmospheres cited. Samples were cut out NTPP rectangular geometry (10x30mm) and an average thickness of 40?m. After corona treatment and plasma samples were subjected techniques measures the contact angle (sessile drop method), infrared spectrometry (FTIR/ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) which are intended to characterize the material surface with respect to wettability, the formation of polar groups, and morphological behavior volume, respectively. There were measures in quintuplicatas and among the results can be noted that (i) the contact angle tends to decrease with the increase in both corona treatment and plasma, indicating that it is an increase of the wettability of the material, as evidenced by calculations of surface free energy (for example, untreated 18 mN/m after treatment 87 mN/m; (ii) infrared spectroscopy indicated the formation of polar groups (hydroxyl and carboxyl); (iii) the DSC thermograms show no charges between treated and untreated samples, thus maintaining properties of the material volume (thermal stability of 0 to 135ºC and Tm=162ºC). It should be noted that measurements were performed on the stability of the corona treatment and the results show satisfactory stability up to 4 days<br>Mestrado<br>Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais<br>Mestre em Engenharia Química

A cortiça é o material de eleição para o fabrico de vedantes para garrafas de vinho. No entanto, sendo um produto natural, a cortiça pode ser contaminada e atacada de diferentes formas, o que pode promover alterações nas suas propriedades. Um dos problemas mais críticos é o aparecimento de alterações organolépticas em vinhos, cujas causas têm vindo a ser atribuídas à migração de compostos de aroma indesejável, existentes na cortiça. Estes compostos, na sua maioria relacionados com a actividade microbiológica, podem ter a sua origem no facto da cortiça, desde a floresta até ao engarrafamento, ser susceptível de sofrer degradações microbiológicas com consequente formação de metabolitos secundários voláteis, alguns dos quais com aromas indesejáveis. A grande maioria dos estudos sobre este problema tem incidido na quantificação do 2,4,6-tricloroanisole (TCA), considerado um marcador de defeito pois ocorre em cerca de 80% dos casos de alteração organoléptica. A técnica de microextracção em fase sólida na região de espaço de cabeça (HS-SPME) tem vindo a ser utilizada na análise da fracção volátil de vinhos e no controlo da qualidade das rolhas de cortiça. Esta técnica tem sido, ainda, utilizada na análise de vinhos e cortiças com defeitos organolépticos, especialmente na detecção e quantificação do TCA. Considerando que são conhecidos outros compostos, associados à cortiça, susceptíveis de provocar defeitos de aroma em vinhos será importante estudar a aplicabilidade da técnica de HS-SPME na sua análise. Assim, com este trabalho pretendeu-se desenvolver uma metodologia de HSSPME para identificar e quantificar compostos voláteis da cortiça susceptíveis de provocar defeitos sensoriais em vinhos: 3-metil-1-butanol (3-MB), 1-octeno- 3-ol (1-Oct-3), 1-octanol (1-Oct), guaiacol (Gua), 2-metilisoborneol (MIB), 2,4,6- tricloroanisole (TCA) e geosmina (Geo). O estudo de optimização da metodologia incidiu sobre: i) temperatura de extracção, ii) linearidade global, iii) linearidade e reprodutibilidade relativamente a cada padrão e estimativa dos Factores Relativos de Resposta da metodologia de SPME e iv) avaliação dos efeitos de interferência da concentração de um composto sobre as áreas cromatográficas dos restantes constituintes da matriz. Após a fase de optimização procedeu-se à pesquisa destes compostos padrão em simulantes de vinho que estiveram em contacto durante treze meses com cortiça normal (N) e cortiça com defeitos: bolor (B) e mancha amarela (MA). Foram preparadas soluções padrão em simulantes de vinho em gamas de concentração que incluem os limites de percepção sensorial (LPS) dos diversos compostos: 3-MB (47,7-191,0 mg/L), 1-Oct-3 (10,7-42,7 mg/L), 1-Oct (20,8-208,0 mg/L), Gua (5,2-51,6 mg/L), MIB (8,0-80,0 ng/L), TCA (2,0-19,8 ng/L) e Geo (8,4-84,0 ng/L). As amostras foram analisadas em modo espaçode- cabeça usando uma fase estacionária do tipo absorvente, a polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS), de 100 mm de espessura. Do trabalho realizado, destacam-se como principais conclusões: i) Os compostos estudados têm comportamentos distintos em HS-SPME, o que pode ser observado através dos diferentes valores de Log(FRR), que dependem das suas características físico-químicas (solubilidade em água, volatilidade, pressão de vapor e coeficiente de partição fase líquida vs fase gasosa); ii) Apesar de se ter trabalhado numa gama de concentrações em que se verifica uma resposta linear da fibra relativamente à concentração total da matriz , verificou-se que a variação da concentração do 1-Oct (20,8 – 208,0 mg/L) interfere na quantificação dos restantes componentes, com excepção do 1-Oct-3. Este efeito ocorre de forma positiva para o 3-MB e negativa para o Gua, MIB, TCA e Geo. O 1-Oct apresenta o maior valor de Log(FRR) (4,9), e causa interferência em todos os compostos com valores de Log(FRR) menores mas não naquele que tem um valor de Log(FRR) próximo do seu, no caso o 1- Oct-3 (Log(FRR)= 4,3). A variação da concentração de 1-Oct levou à observação de erros de determinação dos restantes compostos, com coeficientes de variação de 13,8, 39,5, 53,7, 67,1, 62,2% para o 3-MB, Gua, MIB, TCA e Geo, respectivamente. Uma vez que o 1-Oct faz parte da composição química, quer de vinhos quer da cortiça, em quantidades que variam entre 3 e 250 mg/L, o efeito observado pode explicar a existência de discrepâncias entre a análise sensorial de determinado composto e a sua quantificação por HS-SPME. iii) Finalmente, os compostos em estudo foram pesquisados em simulantes de vinho rolhados com cortiça N, B e MA, de acordo com a metodologia desenvolvida. O único composto identificado, foi o TCA, com concentrações de 0,6, 0,4 e 2,4 ng/L, para os simulantes rolhados com a cortiça N, B e MA, respectivamente. Verifica-se que 25% dos simulantes rolhados com cortiça N e 35% dos rolhados com cortiça B apresentam TCA, encontrando-se todos os valores abaixo do LPS (4 ng/L). Estes resultados indicam que nenhum dos simulantes rolhados com cortiça N e B seria susceptível de apresentar defeitos de aroma associados aos descritores de aroma dos sete compostos estudados. No caso dos simulantes rolhados com cortiça MA, foi detectada a presença de TCA em 65% dos simulantes, dos quais 35% apresentavam concentrações superiores ao LPS. Assim, 35 % dos simulantes rolhados com cortiça MA são susceptíveis de apresentar defeitos de aroma. ABSTRACT: Cork is the premium raw material used to produce wine-bottling stoppers; however, being a natural product, cork can be contaminated and attacked in different ways that could promote modifications in its proprieties. One of the most critical problems of the cork industry is that wine may be organoleptically affected, due to off-flavours migration from cork. These compounds, mostly related with microbiological activity, may have its origin in the fact that cork is susceptible of microbiological attack during cork processing from the forest to the bottle, with production of off-flavours metabolites. Most studies on this problem are dedicated to 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) quantification, once it is present in around 80% of the organoleptically deviation cases. The headspace solid phase microextraction methodology (HS-SPME) has been used in the analysis of wines with organoleptic deviations, and in cork stoppers quality control, with particular emphasis on the detection of TCA. Considering wine organoloeptic deviations can be due to other cork off-flavours components, it is important to implement this technique to their determination.The present study aims to develop an HS-SPME methodology to identify and quantify cork volatile components that could produce a wine organoleptic deviations, namely: 3-methyl-1-butanol (3-MB), 1-octen-3-ol (1- Oct-3), 1-octanol (1-Oct), guaiacol (Gua), 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), 2,4,6- trichloroanisole (TCA) and geosmine (Geo). The methodology optimization study has considered the following aspects: i) extraction temperature, ii) global linearity, iiii) linearity and reproducibility to each compound and estimative of SPME Relative Response Factors and iv) analysis of interference effects of the concentration of each compound over the chromatographic areas of the other compounds. After the optimization step, the studied compounds were searched in wine simulants stoppered with standard (N) and defective cork: moulds (B) and yellow stain (MA). Standard solutions in wine simulants were prepared, in concentration ranges including the sensorial perception limits (LPS) of the studied compounds: 3-MB (47,7-191,0 mg/L), 1-Oct-3 (10,7-42,7 mg/L), 1-Oct (20,8-208,0 mg/L), Gua (5,2- 51,6 mg/L), MIB (8,0-80,0 ng/L), TCA (2,0-19,8 ng/L) and Geo (8,4-84,0 ng/L), using a polidimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber, with 100 mm thickness. The main conclusions arising from the experimental results are: i) The studied compounds have different HS-SPME behaviour, observed by the different Log(FRR) values, which depend on the physical and chemical properties (water solubility, volatility, vapour pressure and liquid phase vs gaseous phase partition). ii) Although the work was carried out in a concentration range in which it is observed a global linearity in fiber response in relation to the total concentration, the variation of the 1-Oct concentration (from 20,8 to 208,0 mg/L) interferes in the quantification of the other components, with exception of 1- Oct-3. This effect is positive to 3-MB, and negative to Gua, MIB, TCA and Geo and is related with changes in headspace composition and sorption in the fibre 1-Oct is the component with the higher Log (FRR) value (4,9), interfering with all compounds with lower Log(FRR) values, with no interference in the component with a similar Log(FRR) value, 1-Oct-3 (Log(FRR)= 4,3). The variation of 1-Oct concentration causes errors in the determination of the other components with variation coefficients of 13,8, 39,5, 53,7, 67,1, 62,2% to 3-MB, Gua, MIB, TCA and Geo, respectively. Since 1-Oct is found in the composition of wine and cork in concentrations between 3 and 250 mg/L, the observed effect may explain the existence of discrepancies between sensorial analysis of a compound and its quantification by HS-SPME. iii) Finally, the studied compounds were searched in wine simulants, stoppered with N, B and MA cork stoppers, according to the studied methodology. Only TCA was detected, with a concentration of 0,6, 0,4 and 2,4 ng/L, in the wine simulants stoppered with N, B and MA cork stoppers, respectively. TCA was detected in 25% of the simulants stoppered with N cork and 35% of the simulants stoppered and B cork, with all determinations below TCA LPS (4 ng/L). These results indicate that none of the simulants stoppered with N and B cork will be susceptible of present off-flavour defects associated to the seven studied compounds. In the case of simulantes stoppered with MA cork, TCA was detected in 65% of the wine simulants, 35% of them with values higher than the TCA LPS. Thus 35% of wine simulants stoppered with MA cork are susceptible to present off-flavours.

Orientador: José Luiz Laus<br>Coorientador: Marcela Aldrovani Rodrigues<br>Banca: Cláudia Valéria Seullner Brandão<br>Banca: Ivan Ricardo Martinez Padua<br>Banca: Roberta Martins Crivelaro<br>Banca: Marcia Rita Fernandes Machado<br>Resumo: Membranas a base de colágeno tipo I extraído de tendão flexor digital superficial bovino foram estudados como possível matéria prima para confecção de inlays corneais. Elas foram implantadas nos estromas corneais de olhos direitos de 16 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, adultos, machos ou fêmeas, em higidez sistêmica. Um "bolso" foi criado na região central de cada córnea para implantação e posicionamento da membrana (inlay) dentro do estroma anterior (grupo CM, 16 coelhos). Córneas com "bolso", sem implantação de membranas (grupo SM, 16 coelhos), bem como córneas intactas (grupo controle, 4 coelhos sem qualquer procedimento cirúrgico) foram estudadas. Os grupos CM e SM foram avaliados clinicamente quanto a presença de blefarospasmo, hiperemia conjuntival, edema, secreção ocular e neovascularização e quanto às propriedades refrativas e a curvatura da córnea imediatamente antes (basal) e transcorridos 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias de pós-operatório. Quatro animais dos grupos CM e SM, escolhidos ao acaso, foram submetidos à eutanásia ativa, em diferentes tempos, para colheita de córneas, as quais juntamente com córneas intactas do grupo controle, foram processadas para estudos comparativos em anisotropias ópticas (birrefringências total, de forma e intrínseca). Todas as variáveis contínuas foram testadas para a normalidade estatística. Diferenças com p < 0,05 foram consideradas significativas. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados na córnea dos animais do grupo SM não alteraram a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Membranes based on type I collagen extracted from bovine superficial digital flexor tendon were studied as a possible raw material for making corneal inlays. They were implanted in the right-eye, on the corneal stroma of 16 New Zealand White rabbits, male or female, adults, in apparently systemic health. A "pocket" was created in the central region of the cornea for implantation and positioning of the membrane (inlay) within the anterior stroma (CM group, 16 rabbits). Corneas with pocket, without implantation of membranes (SM group, 16 rabbits), as well as intact corneas (control group, 4 rabbits without any surgical procedure) were studied. The CM and SM groups were clinically evaluated for the presence of blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia, edema, ocular secretion and neovascularization, and on the refractive properties and curvature of the cornea immediately before (baseline) and after 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of the postoperative period. Four animals, randomly choose from CM and SM groups were submitted to active euthanasia at different times to harvest the corneas, which, together with intact corneas from the control group, were processed for comparative studies in optical anisotropy (total, form and intrinsic birefringences). All continuous variables were tested for statistical normality. Differences with p <0.05 were considered significant. Surgical procedures performed on the corneas of the SM group did not alter the refraction (p = 0.479). The corneas in the CM gr... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor

In this study, collagen based scaffolds were prepared for cornea tissue engineering. Three different cell carriers (rat tail collagen foam, insoluble collagen foam and patterned collagen film) were produced using two different collagen sources. Scaffolds were designed to mimic the unique topographical features of the corneal stroma. A novel crosslinking method was developed to achieve constant foam thickness. All scaffolds were tested with the primary cells of the native corneal stroma, human keratocytes. Although both foams promoted cell growth and penetration, rat tail foams were found to be superior for keratocyte proliferation. Their degradation rates were high enough but did not compromise their structural integrity during testing. Transparency studies with the foams revealed a progressive improvement. Collagen films degraded significantly over a one month period<br>however, the presence of cells increased the tensile strength of the films over a 21 day period to close to that of the native cornea and compensated for the loss of strength due to degradation. The micropatterned films proved to have higher transparency than the unpatterned scaffolds. In this study, it was possible to prepare collagen based micropatterned scaffolds using a silicon wafer and then a silicone template, successively, starting from original designs. The resultant collagen films were able to control cell growth through contact guidance, restricted cells and secreted-ECM within the pattern grooves, resulting in a higher transparency in comparison to unpatterned films. Thus, the tissue engineered constructs revealed a significant potential for use as total artificial corneal substitutes.