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Jumbo, McDonald Bright. "Comparison of conventional, modified single seed descent, and doubled haploid breeding methods for maize inbred line development using GEM breeding crosses." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 118 p, 2010. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1992441961&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Azar, Christian. "Characterization of white floury corn (Zea mays L.) landraces of Ontario." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23867.
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Data were collected on 24 traits to characterize and classify 35 white floury corn (Zea mays L.) landraces collected on native reserves in Ontario. Several landrace x landrace and landrace x inbred crosses were evaluated. Test crosses were made to determine whether the landraces carry the floury-l (fl$ sb1$) allele. Most traits examined exhibited considerable variation among the landraces. Variation was also observed within many of the landraces for ear and cob colour, for endosperm texture and row number. The landraces were grouped into 10 clusters by centroid clustering analysis. Significant heterosis over the mid-parent value was observed in the crosses among landraces. Some crosses between landraces and inbreds yielded more than either parent. Crossing the landraces with the inbreds improved some agronomic characteristics, but disrupted some of the ear characteristics of the landraces. The floury factor responsible for the characteristic endosperm texture of the IAPO landraces was identified as being the dosage dependent fl$ sb1$.
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Sharma, Santosh. "Increasing the Genetic Diversity of U.S. Northern Corn Belt Hybrids with Tropical and Temperate Exotic Germplasm." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29319.
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The NDSU EarlyGEM or the Early Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (Zea maize L.) is a
long term incorporation program designed to increase the genetic diversity of short season
hybrids. Starting in 1999, exotic GEM breeding crosses derived from temperate accessions:
BR52051, CH05015; tropical accessions: SCR01, CUBA17, FS8B; and tropical hybrid
DKB844 along with late checks: B73, Mo17, and Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS), were
adapted to short-seasons and incorporated via a modified backcross (BC) procedure. This
study was designed to assess the genetic diversity in exotic derived BC1:S1 lines and their
competitive potential as sources of new and unique hybrids. Useful genetic diversity was
evaluated with testers belonging to opposite heterotic groups, LH176 representing a non
stiff stalk and TR3026 x TR2040 a stiff stalk testers and were tested in five North Dakota
environments over two years (2009 and 2010). All the traits showed highly significant
(P<0.01) differences across genotypes except root and stalk lodging. Among 236
experimental testcrosses, 64 were statistically not different (LSD, 0.05) to industry hybrids
for grain yield. BC derived lines from BR52051, CHO5015, DKB844 showed diverse
alleles for low grain moisture (below 87 relative maturity days) at harvest and high grain
yield. SCR01, BR52051, CHO5015 and CUBA117 derived lines produced hybrids with
high grain oil (4. 9% vs. 4.1%) and grain protein (10.4% vs. 9.1%) contents compared to
top checks. The results showed that the exotic incorporations are the sources of unique new
alleles for early maturing maize not present in existing US germplasms (e.g. B73, Mo17, and BSSS). Even though each exotic cross was unique to integrate diverse alleles, utilizing multiple unique exotic crosses for incorporation showed large variation for specific traits. Phenotypic correlations of traits showed grain moisture played the most important role for short season hybrid development. Exotic incorporation through NDSU EarlyGEM has shown a new way of breeding early maturing maize keeping the breeding program open and genetic diversity high.
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Spaner, Dean Michael. "Maize (Zea mays L.) production in Trinidad & Tobago : development, agronomic, and breeding perspectives." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40447.
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Increasing maize production in Trinidad & Tobago could reduce imports and lessen dependency on foreign markets for food and feed. A review of large maize development projects and a survey of maize farmers on small landholdings indicated that mechanized production of maize grain is technically and economically impractical. Maize is normally grown and harvested in the green immature stage by small-scale farmers as a fast, easy, and relatively profitable sideline vegetable crop. An imported hybrid and an improved local landrace (ICTA Farm Corn) yielded more green maize than a Mexican-bred locally-distributed variety, following early (June) rainy season plantings. Hybrid and local unimproved open-pollinated maize were grown with two levels of weed control and with two levels of fertilizer application following late (November) rainy season plantings. For commercial carnival season production of green maize on productive soils in Trinidad, the purchase of imported hybrid seed is economically justifiable, but high inputs into weed control and fertility management may not be needed. A consumer preference study of the main varietal types eaten as boiled ears indicated panelists could not discern differences when seasoned with Creole seasoning, but preferred yellow, large-eared varieties when not seasoned. In a series of 11 variety trials on Inceptisolic and Ultasolic soils in Trinidad, imported hybrids and ICTA Farm Corn consistently yielded greater than 9 other varieties. Grid mass selection for ear weight and ear size was carried out in ICTA Farm Corn. Green maize ear length (1.9% cycle$ sp{-1}$), width (1.5% cycle$ sp {-1}$), and ear weight (2.4% cycle$ sp{-1}$) increased linearly with selection, leading to increases in green marketable (4.4% cycle$ sp{-1}$), green total (3.0% cycle$ sp{-1}$), and grain yield ha$ sp{-1}$ (4.3% cycle$ sp{-1}$). Phenotypic correlations indicated high levels of association between grain yield and both green marketable ear weight (r = 0.91
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Bello, Halima Thelma. "Phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of generations and recombinant inbred lines for response to aflatoxin." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1359.
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Camochena, Rubia Cristiani. "Reação de genótipos de milho à mancha ocular e caracterização do agente causal." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2009. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/270.
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A investigação da mancha ocular do milho foi baseada no seu agente causal e na elaboração de uma escala diagramática da doença que auxiliou na avaliação da sensibilidade dos genótipos de milho, correlacionada com a resposta de defesas bioquímicas da planta. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, 35 isolados de Kabatiella zeae, de diferentes materiais genéticos de milho, foram avaliados quanto à coloração e aspecto das colônias e mensuração dos esporos do fungo em BSA. Os meios de cultura utilizados foram BSA (batata, sacarose e ágar), MA (malte e ágar), AvA (aveia e ágar) e FA (fubá de milho e ágar). Discos de 5 mm de diâmetro, foram colocadas no centro das placas contendo os respectivos meios de cultura. As placas foram incubadas a 24° C com fotoperíodo de 12 horas , por 10 dias. As características das colônias e mensuração dos conídios foram avaliadas em BSA, e o crescimento radial, nos quatro meios. Houve diferença entre todos os isolados em relação aos meios de cultura. Observou-se que a dimensão dos esporos variou de 3- 4 x 27-33 μm, de largura e comprimento, respectivamente, e que 80% dos isolados apresentaram coloração clara (rosa) e aspecto coreáceo e enrugado, e o maior crescimento micelial foi observado no meio BSA. A escala diagramática foi desenvolvida coletando-se 110 folhas doentes, aleatoriamente no campo, eliminando-se 20 cm da extremidade, sendo utilizados os 20 cm seguintes. Foi mensurada a área foliar e área das lesões para determinação dos limites de severidade mínima e máxima da doença, e os níveis intermediários calculados matematicamente. Os níveis de severidade observados em campo seguiram incrementos logarítmicos, representando: 0,9; 2,0; 4,0; 9,0; 18,0; 32,0 e 51,0% da área foliar lesionada. A validação da escala consistiu-se em duas etapas: na primeira, 10 avaliadores, com experiência na avaliação de doenças em plantas, avaliaram 30 folhas com diferentes níveis de severidade, com e sem o uso da escala diagramática. Na segunda etapa, outros 10 avaliadores, sem experiência, fizeram as mesmas avaliações, com e sem uso da escala diagramática. Por meio de regressão linear, foram confrontados valores de severidade reais e estimados, sendo analisadas a acurácia e a precisão dos avaliadores. Constatou-se melhora na acurácia e na precisão das estimativas visuais efetuadas com o auxílio da escala diagramática. A reação de genótipos de milho à mancha ocular foi avaliada no município de Pato Branco-PR na safra 2006/2007, com 33 híbridos e na safra 2007/2008, com 10 híbridos em duas épocas de semeadura e no município de Palma Sola-SC, na safra 2007/2008 com 8 híbridos. Os híbridos AG 9020 e SPRINT apresentaram maior suscetibilidade à doença, em relação à AS 1565 e DKB 234, repetindo este comportamento nos dois locais e épocas de cultivo. A enzima peroxidase foi observada em maior concentração nas folhas dos híbridos de milho com menor severidade de mancha ocular.This investigation on corn eyespot was based on its causal agent and on the preparation of a diagrammatic scale that helped evaluate the reaction of corn genotypes, in correlation with the response obtained from the plant’s biochemical defenses. In the first step of the study, 35 Kabatiella zeae isolates from different corn genetic materials had their colonies evaluated for color and aspect, and their spores measured in PSA medium. The following culture media were used: PSA (potato, sucrose, agar), MA (malt and agar), OA (oat and agar) and CA (corn flour and agar). Disks (5 mm in diameter) were placed in the center of Petri dishes containing the respective culture media. The dishes were incubated at 24°C and a 12-hour photoperiod for 10 days. Colony traits and conidia measurements were evaluated in PSA, while radial growth was evaluated in the four media. There were differences between all isolates with regard to the culture media. Spore size varied from 3-4 × 27-33 μm in width and length, respectively, and 80% of the isolates had a light color (pink) and a coriaceous and wrinkled aspect; the highest mycelial growth was observed in the PSA medium. A diagrammatic scale was developed by randomly collecting 110 diseased leaves in the field, discarding 20 cm from the leaf tip, and using the next 20 cm. Measurements were made for leaf area and the area containing lesions in order to determine minimum and maximum severity limits of the disease; intermediate levels were calculated mathematically. The severity levels observed in the field followed logarithmic increases, representing: 0.9; 2.0; 4.0; 9.0; 18.0; 32.0; and 51.0% of leaf area with lesions. Scale validation consisted of two steps: in the first, 10 evaluators experienced in plant disease evaluations assessed 30 leaves with different severity levels, both using and not using the diagrammatic scale. In the second step, another 10 naive (without experience) evaluators performed the same evaluations, both using and not using the diagrammatic scale. Actual and estimated severity values were compared by linear regression, and evaluator accuracy and precision were analyzed. Better accuracy and precision were obtained for visual estimates made with the diagrammatic scale. The reaction of corn genotypes to eyespot was evaluated in the city of Pato Branco-PR during the 2006/2007 growing season using 33 hybrids, and during the 2007/2008 growing season using 10 hybrids at two distinct sowing seasons, and in the city of Palma Sola-SC during the 2007/2008 growing season with 8 hybrids. Hybrids AG 9020 and SPRINT were the most susceptible to the disease in relation to AS 1565 and DKB 234; this behavior was observed in both years and planting seasons. The peroxidase enzyme was observed at higher concentrations in leaves of corn hybrids with the lowest eyespot severity.
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Shepherd, Michael. "Some aspects of the breeding biology of the corn bunting Miliaria calandra." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315092.
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Liu, Aiguo 1949. "Mycorrhizal symbiosis and nutrient uptake in new maize hybrids with contrasting phenotypes as influenced by soil phosphorus level." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36820.
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Development and functioning of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in the soil-plant system are required in sustainable agriculture. AM development of maize genotypes and uptake of nutrients as influenced by soil P levels were studied. Several experiments were conducted both in the greenhouse and in the field.In greenhouse trials, pasteurized substrates were inoculated with Glomus intraradices as mycorrhizal treatments. Mycorrhizal development varied widely among maize hybrids and inbreds. Leafy normal stature (LNS) had the highest root colonization and shoot:root ratio and was the most responsive to AM fungi. Mycorrhizal development was generally reduced at high soil P and micronutrient levels. The percentage of root colonization was correlated with the ratio of plant tissue N/P only when soil N level was intermediate. Mycorrhizal plants increased uptake of Zn and Cu only at low P and low micronutrient levels, but decreased Mn uptake at higher micronutrient level.
In field trials, soil fumigation was used to eliminate AM fungi in control plots. Again LNS was most responsive to indigenous AM fungi, closely followed by Non-leafy normal stature (NLNS). Mycorrhizae increased uptake of K, Ca and Mg only when these nutrients and available P were low in soil. Correlations between extraradicular hyphae and plant concentrations of K, Ca and Mg suggested that uptake of K was more dependent on extraradicular hyphae than uptake of Ca and Mg. Total P uptake was higher in plots where the AM symbiosis was not repressed, but soil available P was not always reduced.
There is potential for development of mycorrhiza efficient maize hybrids performing well under low input management in sustainable agriculture.
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Ball, Dale Warren. "Combining ability, protein, heterosis, and prediction of F₁ performance with RFLPs in a diallel of maize." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37452.
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Improving protein quality and identifying superior inbreds and hybrids are significant challenges in commercial maize breeding programs. These two problems were addressed in separate studies on inbreds and hybrids from a complete diallel cross of 12 elite proprietary inbred lines of maize evaluated in field trials in two locations for two years. One of the inbreds (WI) was a novel source of high quality protein obtained from Wilson Seeds, Inc. in Harlan, Iowa. In the first study, diallel analyses were used to study combining ability and types of gene action important in the inheritance of protein content, grain yield, grain moisture at harvest, time to silk, kernel hardness, and density. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were highly significant for all traits indicating presence of both additive and non-additive effects, respectively. Reciprocal effects (REe), often assumed to be absent in maize diallel studies, were significant for grain yield and protein concentration, suggesting that choice of female parent may be important for these traits. Ratios expressing the relative importance of GCA and SCA indicated that protein concentration is controlled primarily by additive gene action. In the second study, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data were obtained for the 12 inbreds using 42 genomic clones each with four restriction enzymes. Modified Roger's distances were calculated and used in cluster analyses for heterotic grouping of the inbreds. Two measures of level of heterozygosity and hybrid value were evaluated as means of predicting Fl performance of hybrids in the complete diallel set of hybrids and in groups of hybrids representing crosses between and within heterotic groups. Results from this study confirm those of previous investigations with respect to prediction of hybrid performance when comparable groupings of crosses between related and unrelated lines were evaluated. This study further indicates that RFLPs may also be useful for prediction of hybrid performance in situations typical of early generations of many maize breeding programs where recombinant inbreds are testcrossed to a common tester inbred.Ph. D.
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Pfunde, Cleopatra Nyaradzo. "Parent characterization of quality protein maize (Zea mays L.) and combining ability for tolerance to drought stress." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007536.
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Quality protein maize (QPM) has enhanced levels of two essential amino acids, lysine and tryptophan compared to normal maize. This makes QPM an important cereal crop in communities where maize is a staple crop. The main abiotic factor to QPM production is drought stress. Little information is available on the effect of drought stress on QPM. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: (i) conduct diversity analysis of QPM inbred lines using morpho-agronomic and simple sequence repeat markers, (ii) screen available QPM inbred lines and F1 progeny for tolerance to seedling drought stress, (iii) determine the combining ability and type of gene action of QPM inbred lines for tolerance to seedling drought stress, grain yield and endosperm modification. The study was conducted in South Africa, at the University of Fort Hare. Morphological characterisation of 21 inbred lines was done using quantitative and qualitative traits. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used for characterizing the inbred lines in the field. Genstat statistical software, version 12 (Genstat ®, 2009) was used for analysis of variance (ANOVA) and descriptive statistics. Analysis of variance was performed on all quantitative data for morphological traits. Data for qualitative traits was tabulated in their nominal classes. Traits that contributed most to the variation were days to anthesis, days to silking, anthesis-silking interval, plant height, number of kernel rows, ear length and grain yield. Cluster analysis grouped the inbred lines into three main clusters. The first cluster was characterised by tall and average yielding lines, while the second cluster showed the least anthesis-silking interval, and had the highest yield. Cluster three consisted of lines that were early maturing, but were the least yielding. Genetic distances between maize inbred lines were quantified by using 27 simple sequence repeat markers. The genetic distances between genotypes was computed using Roger’s (1972) genetic distances. Cluster analysis was then carried out using the neighbour-joining tree method using Power Marker software version 3.25. A dendrogram generated from the genetic study of the inbred lines revealed three groups that concurred with expectations based upon pedigree data. These groups were not identical to the groups generated using morpho-agronomic characterisation. Twenty one QPM inbred lines were crossed using a North Carolina design II mating scheme. These were divided into seven sets, each with three inbred lines. The three inbred lines in one set were used as females and crossed with three inbred lines in another set consisting of males. Each inbred line was used as a female in one set, and as a male in a second set. Sixty three hybrids (7 sets x 9 hybrids) were formed and evaluated in October 2011, using a 6x8 alpha-lattice incomplete block design with three replicates under glasshouse and optimum field conditions. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used for the 21 parental inbred lines. Traits recorded for the glasshouse study were, canopy temperature, chlorophyll content, leaf roll, stem diameter, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, fresh and dry root and shoot weights. Data for the various traits for each environment, 25 percent (stress treatment) and 75 percent (non-stress) of field capacity, were subjected to analysis of variance using the unbalanced treatment design in Genstat statistical package Edition 12. Where varietal differences were found, means were separated using Tukey’s test. Genetic analyses for grain yield and agronomic traits were performed using a fixed effects model in JMP 10 following Residual Maximum Likelihood procedure (REML). From the results, inbred lines that were not previously classified into heterotic groups and drought tolerance categories were classified based on their total dry weight performance and drought susceptibility index. Inbred lines L18, L9, L8, L6 and L3, in order of their drought tolerance index were the best performers under greenhouse conditions and could be recommended for breeding new varieties that are tolerant to seedling drought stress. Evaluation of maize seedlings tolerant to drought stress under glasshouse conditions revealed that cross combination L18 x L11 was drought tolerant, while cross L20 x L7 was susceptible. Total dry weight was used as the major criteria for classifying F1 maize seedlings as being resistant or susceptible. General combining ability effects accounted for 67.43 percent of the genetic variation for total dry weight, while specific combining ability effects contributed 37.57 percent. This indicated that additive gene effects were more important than non-additive gene action in controlling this trait. In the field study (non-drought), the experimental design was a 6x8 alpha lattice incomplete block design with three replicates. On an adjacent field a randomised complete block design with three replicates was used to evaluate the parental inbred lines. The following variables were recorded: plant height, ear height, ears per plant, endosperm modification, days to silking and days to anthesis, anthesis-silking interval, number of kernels per row, number of rows per ear and grain yield. General analyses for the incomplete lattice block design and randomised complete block design for hybrid and inbred data respectively were performed using JMP 10 statistical software. Means were separated using the Tukey's test. Genetic analyses of data for grain yield and agronomic traits were conducted using a fixed effects model using REML in JMP 10. The importance of both GCA (51 percent) and SCA (49 percent) was observed for grain yield. A preponderance of GCA existed for ear height, days to anthesis, anthesis-silking interval, ears per plant and number of kernels per row, indicating that predominantly, additive gene effects controlled hybrid performance under optimum field conditions. The highest heritability was observed for days to silking (48.27 percent) suggesting that yield could be improved through selection for this trait. Under field conditions, variation in time to maturity was observed. This implies that these inbred lines can be recommended for utilisation in different agro-ecologies. Early maturing lines such as L18 can be used to introduce earliness in local cultivars, while early maturing single crosses such as L18 x L2, L5 x L9, L3 x L4 and L2 x L21 could be recommended for maize growers in drought prone areas such as the former Ciskei. Single crosses L18xL11, L16xL18, L8xL21 and L9xL6 had good tolerance to seedling drought stress. On the other hand, single crosses L18xL11 and L11xL13 had high grain yield and good endosperm modification. All these single crosses could be recommended for commercial production after evaluation across locations in the Eastern Cape Province. Alternatively they can be crossed with other superior inbreds to generate three or four way hybrids, which could then be evaluated for potential use by farmers in the Eastern Cape.
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Miller, Erin Suzanne. "Increasing Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Maize through Breeding." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1359.
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The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common virus, with two billion people infected worldwide. It causes approximately 600,000 deaths each year, despite the availability of an effective vaccine since 1982. Maize as a platform for oral vaccination can supply a heat stable vaccine, which does not require syringes or trained personnel to administer. The Hepatitis B Surface antigen was transformed into maize and this seed was used to evaluate expression levels through the breeding process. The transgene was transferred into two elite maize inbreds by backcrossing. Highest expressing ears were selected each generation until approximately 99% commercial parent was obtained with a single gene coding for the vaccine present. Selected individuals were crossed to create hybrid plants. This work was done to create high expressing high yielding lines that could be used as a plant-based oral vaccine for Hepatitis B.
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Presello, Daniel A. "Studies on breeding of maize for resistance to ear rots caused by Fusarium spp. and on the occurrence of viruses in maize in eastern Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38260.
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Responses from pedigree selection for resistance to gibberella ear rot were assessed in four maize (Zea mays L.) populations, two selected after inoculation of Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe) macroconidia into the silk channel and two selected after inoculation into developing kernels. Responses were significant in both populations selected for silk resistance and in one of the populations selected for kernel resistance. Selection was more effective in later generations and genetic gains were associated with among-family selection but not with within-family selection. Results obtained here indicate that responses to selection could be more efficiently obtained by applying high selection intensities in advanced generations, by managing earlier generations as bulks and by reducing the number of plants per family. In another experiment, a wide sample of Argentine maize germplasm was evaluated for silk and kernel resistance to gibberella ear rot and to fusarium ear rot (caused by F. verticillioides (Saccardo) Nirenberg [=F. moniliforme (Sheldon)]. Several entries exhibited disease resistance in comparison with local check hybrids, particularly for fusarium ear rot, the most prevalent ear rot in Argentina. Results obtained in this study suggested the presence of general mechanisms controlling silk and kernel resistance to both diseases. In a supplementary study, viral diseases were surveyed in maize fields from the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in 1999 and 2000. Barley yellow dwarf was found in 1999. Sugarcane mosaic, maize dwarf mosaic and wheat streak mosaic were found in 2000. These diseases were not important for grain-maize planted in May, the most prevalent kind of maize crop in these provinces. Some of these diseases, such as sugarcane maize mosaic and maize dwarf mosaic were found important only in maize fields planted during or after the month of June, and this is of commercial relevance only for sweet corn.
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Kgonyane, Mailula Cedric. "Low rates of nitrogen and phosphorus as fertilizer options for maize (Zea mays L.) in drier regions." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/854.
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Silva, Flávia Alves Marques da. "REML/BLUP para predição de valores genotípicos de topcrosses e seleção de testadores em milho /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/137918.
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Orientador: Gustavo Vitti MôroBanca: Sandra Helena Unêda Trevisoli
Banca: Ivana Marino Barbaro
Resumo: Nos programas de melhoramento de milho, a avaliação das linhagens em cruzamentos é uma etapa de alto custo, sendo que o uso e a escolha dos testadores mais adequados podem reduzir a demanda de recursos. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi utilizar a abordagem REML/BLUP de modelos mistos para predição de valores genotípicos de topcrosses, combinando testadores com estruturas genéticas diversificadas. Foram avaliados 234 topcrosses (39 linhagens x 6 testadores), no ano agrícola 2012/13, no delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso para o caráter produtividade de grãos de milho (t ha-1), altura de plantas (cm) e acamamento e quebramento de plantas (%). Foram realizadas análises de variância e, com as médias fenotípicas dos topcrosses, obteve-se os valores dos BLUPs considerando diferentes níveis de eliminação de testadores. Para verificar a eficiência dos BLUPs foram estimadas as correlações entre as médias fenotípicas e os valores genotípicos preditos com diferentes números e combinação de testadores, bem como os coeficientes de determinação, a coincidência no ordenamento dos topcrosses para seleção e descarte, com 10 e 20% de intensidade, e classificações dos topcrosses quanto à média fenotípica. O método de REML/BLUP se mostra adequado na predição dos valores genotípicos dos topcrosses nas situações com todos os testadores e com diferentes níveis de eliminação de testadores, com resultados variados em função das diversas combinações obtidas, para todos os caracteres avali... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In maize breeding programs the evaluation of lines at crosses is a costly step, and the use and the choice of the most appropriate testers can reduce the demand for resources. The objective of this work was to use the REML/BLUP approach of mixed models to predict genotypic values of topcrosses using testers with diverse genetic structures. Were evaluated 234 topcrosses (39 lines x 6 testers) in the agricultural year of 2012/13, under the experimental design of randomized blocks for the traits as grain yield (t ha-1 ), plant height (cm) and lodging and breakage of plants (%). Analyses of variance were conducted, and with the phenotypic means of topcrosses were obtained BLUPs values considering different levels of elimination of the testers. In order to check the efficiency of BLUPs, the correlations were estimated between the average phenotypic and the genotypic predicted values with different numbers and combination of the testers, as well as the coefficients of determination, the coincidence in the ranking of topcrosses for selection and discard, with 10 and 20% of intensity, and the classification of the topcrosses as to the phenotypic average. The method of REML/BLUP shown adequate to predict the genotypic values of topcrosses in situations with all testers and with different levels of testers elimination, with varying results depending on the various combinations obtained for all traits. Is possible to set a standard as to the origin and genetic structure of the most reco... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Nndwambi, F. H. "Evaluation of dryland maize / pigeonpea intercropping under variable phosphorus application rates." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1233.
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Thesis (M.Sc (Plant Production)) --University of Limpopo, 2015Information on the performance of the maize and pigeonpea intercropping system under dryland conditions of South Africa is scanty. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum P level and productivity of pigeonpea and maize under the dryland intercropping system. Five P rates (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 kg P ha-1) were applied to both sole and pigeonpea intercropped with maize in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Growth parameters and yield and yield attributes of pigeonpea and maize were measured to determine performance of both crops. There were significant differences in grain yield of pigeonpea as influenced by P rates in both seasons. Highest grain yields of 781 kg ha-1 during 2009/10 and 894 kg ha-1 during 2010/11 were obtained at P rate of 45 kg ha-1. Cropping system significantly influenced grain yield of pigeonpea in 2010/11 season with 37.1% higher pigeonpea grain yield from intercropped plots than in sole pigeonpea plots. There was 21.8% increase in grain yield of pigeonpea across two seasons as influenced by P rate. Maize grain yield showed little response to P rate only during the first season. However, highest maize grain yield of 1699 kg ha-1 was obtained at 60 kg P ha-1 during the 2009/10 season. Maize grain yield was only significantly influenced by cropping system during the 2010/11 season where sole plots achieved higher grain yield of 4148 kg ha-1 compared to 3297 kg ha-1 from intercrop plots. The results revealed that P application increased grain yield of pigeonpea significantly, especially in intercropped plots. The calculated total land equivalent ratio (LER) for the two crops gave positive and higher than one values, which suggests a favourable grain yield advantage for maize/pigeon pea intercrop.
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Neto, Roberto Fritsche. "Predição de valores genotípicos de híbridos de milho com desbalanceamentos de genótipos e ambientes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-11022009-093447/.
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A fase mais difícil e que exige mais recursos em um programa de melhoramento de milho é a avaliação experimental dos híbridos, pois geralmente um elevado número de híbridos necessita ser avaliado em diversos ambientes. Deste modo, tanto o número de híbridos como o de ambientes são limitados pelos recursos disponíveis, o que poderia levar a uma redução do número de ambientes, e, portanto, conjuntos de híbridos comumente são avaliados em diferentes ambientes levando a comparações desbalanceadas entre os híbridos. A metodologia estatística conhecida como REM/BLUP tem sido amplamente utilizada no melhoramento animal, mas nos programas de melhoramento vegetal a sua utilização tem sido restrita a culturas perenes, onde experimentos desbalanceados são comuns. Há pouca informação na literatura sobre a confiabilidade do método REML/BLUP utilizando dados experimentais para a predição de valores genotípicos sob experimentos desbalanceados para programas de melhoramento de culturas anuais. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar se o método REML/BLUP poderia ser útil para predizer os valores genotípicos de híbridos simples de milho sob situações de desbalanceamento. Um conjunto de 256 híbridos simples foi avaliado em delineamento látice 16 x 16 com duas repetições por ambiente em 13 ambientes e as características analisadas foram produção de grãos, altura da planta e acamamento de plantas. Uma vez que a avaliação constou de 26 observações para cada híbrido simples, suas médias gerais ajustadas computadas pelo método dos quadrados mínimos foram consideradas como seus valores genotípicos, para fins de comparações com as predições dos valores genotípicos pelo método REML/BLUP. As predições dos híbridos simples foram computadas pelo método REML/BLUP considerando conjuntos desbalanceados de híbridos dentro de ambientes e perdas completas dos dados de ambientes. Os dados foram submetidos a um desbalanceamento aleatório e cada situação foi simulada 1.000 vezes utilizando o método bootstrap. Foram computados coeficientes de correlação entre os valores genotípicos preditos e as médias gerais ajustadas, e seus valores foram elevados ao quadrado para obter os valores de R2; assim 1.000 valores de R2 foram obtidos para cada situação considerada. Além disso, foi praticada seleção utilizando os valores genotípicos preditos e as médias gerais ajustadas dos híbridos simples e as percentagens de coincidência foram computadas. Independentemente do caráter analisado, os valores de R2 e o percentual de coincidência dos híbridos simples selecionados mostrou que o REML/BLUP prediz com alta acurácia os valores genotípicos dos híbridos simples com até 20% das perdas de híbridos dentro de ambientes ou com redução de até 23% dos ambientes. Nota-se que o caráter produção de grãos apresentou interação genótipos x ambientes significativa e complexa, e mesmo assim o método REML/BLUP fez a predição dos valores genotípicos com alta acurácia. Deste modo, o método REML/BLUP poderia ser considerado como uma valiosa ferramenta no melhoramento genético de milho para predizer os valores genotípicos dos híbridos sob dados desbalanceados. Entretanto, os resultados também apontaram que há um limite para a sua acurácia, o qual corresponde a cerca de 20% dos dados desbalanceados.The more difficult phase and that demands more funding in a maize breeding program is the experimental evaluation of the hybrids, because usually a high number of hybrids needs to be evaluated in several environments. Then, both the number of environments and hybrids are limited by the resources available, which could lead to a reduction in the number of environments, and therefore, sets of hybrids are commonly tested in different environments leading to unbalanced comparisons among the hybrids. The statistical methodology known as REM/BLUP has been widely used in animal breeding, but in plant breeding programs its use has been restricted to perennial crops where unbalanced experiments are very common. There is limited information about the reliability of the REM/BLUP method using experimental data for the genotypic values prediction under unbalanced experiments for annual crops breeding programs. Thus, the objective of this research was to assess whether the REM/BLUP method could be useful to predict the genotypic values of maize single-crosses under unbalanced situations. A set of 256 single-crosses was evaluated in a 16 x 16 lattice design with two replications per environment in 13 environments, and the traits analyzed were grain yield, plant lodging and plant height. As the evaluation consisted of 26 observations for each single-cross, their adjusted overall means computed by the least squares method were considered as their genotypic values for the sake of comparisons with the genotypic predictions by REM/BLUP method. The predictions of the single-crosses were computed considering unbalanced sets of hybrids within environments and unbalanced sets of environments. The data were submitted to a random unbalance and each situation was simulated 1,000 times using the bootstrap method. Coefficients of correlation were then computed between the predicted genotypic values and the adjusted overall means, and their values were squared to obtain the R2 values; thus 1,000 R2 values were obtained for each considered situation. Also, selection were performed using the predict values and the adjusted overall means of the single-crosses, and the percentage of coincidence were computed. Regardless of the trait analyzed, the R2 values and the percentage of coincidence of the selected single-crosses showed that the REM/BLUP predict with high accuracy the genotypic values of the single-crosses up to 20% of losses of hybrids within environments and up to 23% of environments reduction. It should be noted that grain yield showed a significant cross-over interaction, and even so the REM/BLUP predicted the genotypic values of the hybrids with high accuracy. Thus, the REM/BLUP method can be considered as a valuable tool in maize breeding programs to predict the genotypic values of the hybrids under unbalanced data. However, the results also pointed out that there is a limit for its accuracy, which is around 20% of unbalanced data.
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Paes, Geísa Pinheiro. "Desequilíbrio de ligação e mapeamento associativo em populações de milho-pipoca relacionadas por ciclos de seleção." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4806.
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-27Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is defined as the non-random association between alleles of different loci in a population and association mapping (MA) refers to a statistically significant association between molecular marker and phenotypic trait. The objectives of this study were: (1) estimate the linkage disequilibrium in populations of popcorn related by cycles of selection using SNP markers, (2) compare the populations in the degree of LD, (3) evaluate changes in allele frequencies and (4) identify significant associations between markers and quality related characteristics of popcorn. In total 465 samples were evaluated, with 354 samples belonging to the population 'Viçosa' and 111 samples belonging to the population eija- asm Improvement Program popcorn, Federal University of Viçosa. The populations were subjected to the following cycles of selection: Viçosa cycle 1 and cycle 1 Beija-Flor, obtained after one cycle of selection among and within half-sib families, Viçosa cycle 4, obtained after four cycles of selection among and within half-sib families, Viçosa cycle 2 full-sib families (FIC), obtained after two cycles of selection among and within full-sib families, Viçosa S4, obtained by selection of progeny S4. Ninety-six SNPs markers in properly selected QTL regions for quality, already identified above were used. The following characters were measured: capacity expansion (ml/g), grain density (g/ml), sphericity of grains and 100 grains weight (g). In comparison the Viçosa c0 used as the reference population for the highest mean values for LD linking group found in Viçosa c2 fic (D' = 0,8911; r 2 = 0,1905) as well as to related and unrelated SNPs (D' = 0,8911, r 2 = 0,1905) . Regarding the MA significant associations (p < 0.05) were found for all traits, with thirteen associations related to the feature expandability, twenty three with the sphericity of the grains, eight with the weight of 100 grains and seventeen density of the grains.
Desequilíbrio de ligação (LD) é definido como a associação não aleatória entre alelos de diferentes locos em uma população e mapeamento associativo (MA) refere-se à associação estatística significativa entre o marcador molecular e a característica fenotípica. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (1) estimar o desequilíbrio de ligação em populações de milho pipoca relacionadas por ciclos de seleção utilizando marcadores SNP, (2) comparar as populações quanto ao grau de LD, (3) avaliar alterações de frequências alélicas e (4) identificar associações significativas entre marcadores e características relacionadas à qualidade do milho pipoca. No total foram avaliadas 465 amostras, sendo 354 amostras pertencentes à - populações pertencentes ao germoplasma do Programa de Melhoramento de Milho-Pipoca da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. As populações foram submetidas aos seguintes ciclos de seleção: Viçosa ciclo 1 e Beija-Flor ciclo 1, obtidas após um ciclo de seleção entre e dentro de famílias de meios-irmãos, Viçosa ciclo 4, obtida após quatro ciclos de seleção entre e dentro de famílias de meios-irmãos, Viçosa ciclo 2 famílias de irmãos completos (FIC), obtidas após dois ciclos de seleção entre e dentro de famílias de irmãos completos, Viçosa S 4, obtida por seleção de progênies S4. Foram utilizados 96 marcadores SNP devidamente selecionados em regiões de QTL pré-identificadas para qualidade. Os seguintes caracteres foram mensurados: capacidade de expansão (ml/g), densidade dos grãos (g/ml), esfericidade dos grãos e peso de 100 grãos (g). Em comparação a Viçosa c0, utilizada como população de referência os maiores valores médios de LD por grupo de ligação foram encontrados em Viçosa c2 fic r2=0,1905). Na análise de MA foram encontradas associações significativas (p < 0,05) para todas as características avaliadas, sendo treze associações relacionadas com a característica capacidade de expansão, vinte e três com a esfericidade dos grãos, oito com o peso de 100 grãos e dezessete com a densidade dos grãos.
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Galiano, Carneiro Ana Luísa [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Miedaner. "Genomics-assisted breeding strategies for quantitative resistances to Northern corn leaf blight in maize (Zea mays L.) and Fusarium diseases in maize and in triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm.) / Ana Luísa Galiano Carneiro ; Betreuer: Thomas Miedaner." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2021. http://d-nb.info/123663019X/34.
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González, Amálio Ramón Mendoza. "Biometria Aplicada ao Melhoramento do Milho Amiláceo na Região Oriental do Paraguai." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4798.
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Previous issue date: 2014-07-10The corn crops occupies a prominent position in the agricultural activity in worldwide, being an of the most studied crops in the plant breeding, not so much for the case of corn starch. The corn starch Avati Morotî food is of greater importance for the Paraguayan peasant family and general public as source of typical food in several country regions. In most cases, the producers of this type of maize using seeds its own production of cultivars generally from low productivity, susceptible to disease, pests, and long cycle.Considering the importance of this type of corn for food security the Instituto Paraguayo de Técnologia Agraria (IPTA) is working in the plant breeding for to get early crops, being more productive and with low cost of ownership for small producers cultivars. The objective of this study was to evaluate the existence of interactions between genotypes and environments, and estimate the parameters of adaptability and stability of hybrids of corn starch by the method of Lin and Binns (1988); estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters as the simple correlations, partial and track, the genetic divergence and relative contribution of genetic diversity to characters by the method of Singh (1981) for 49 genotypes of corn starch in three environments in eastern Paraguay. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications, with plot containing 25 plants. The analysis of variance showed significant difference for all traits in the locality of Choré with 1% level of significance by F test for the location of Capitan Miranda; however, grain yield (GY) and plant aspect (AP) were not significant. The locality Yjhovy the (PG) was significant at 5%. The analysis of variance showed a significant interaction for genotype by environment at the 5% significance level for the F test, for all traits except male flowering. Most features of the showed interaction of complex type. The adaptability and stability proved more adaptable and stable hybrids, being also the most productive. The 41and 24 materials were genotypes that contained the lowest values of Pi general. In all locations, there was a significant genetic variability for all traits, including productivity the exception of the number of caterpillar (NL) and empty cobs (EV), the grain yield (GY) correlates positively with plant height and percentage of grains to the location of Choré and Yjhovy, lower positive correlation with GY were found with a diameter of cob (DE) and ear length (EC).Features percentage of grains (Pg) and ear length (EC) are those with the highest direct effect on PG between the primary components and secondary components were between plant height (APL) and prolificacy (PROL), the most indicated for indirect selection for grain yield. In all locations, there was a significant genetic variability among genotypes, with genotypes 48 the most divergent between them. From the dendrogram nearest neighbor two groups were formed for the localities Capitan Miranda and Choré, although for Yjhovy three groups were formed and the method of UPGMA were, three and four groups for the localities Capitan Miranda, Chore and Yjhovy, characters male flowering (FM) and plant height (APL) were the main contributors to genetic divergence.
A cultura de milho ocupa posição de destaque na atividade agropecuária no mundo, sendo umas das culturas mais estudadas na área de melhoramento genético, nem tanto assim para o caso de milho amiláceo. O milho amiláceo Avati Morotî constitui uns dos alimentos de maior importância para a população do Paraguai em especial à família camponesa do Paraguai e população em geral por ser parte constituinte de vários pratos típicos do país. Na maioria dos casos os produtores deste tipo de milho utilizam sementes de sua própria produção, geralmente provenientes de cultivares de baixa produtividade, suscetível à doenças e pragas e ciclo muito longo. Considerando as importâncias deste tipo de milho para a segurança alimentar, o IPTA (Instituto Paraguaio de Tecnologia Agrária) trabalha na área de melhoramento para obter cultivares precoces, mais produtivas de baixo custo de aquisição para os pequenos produtores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a existência de interação entre genótipos e ambientes e estimar os parâmetros de adaptabilidade e estabilidade de híbridos de milho amiláceo pelo método de Lin e Binns (1988); estimar os parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos, assim também as correlações simples, parciais e de trilha e estudar a divergência genética, assim também a contribuição relativa dos caracteres para diversidade genética pelo método de Singh (1981), para 49 genótipos de milho amiláceo, em três ambientes, na região Oriental do Paraguai. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, com a parcela contendo 25 plantas. A análise de variância demonstrou diferenças significativas para todos os caracteres avaliados na localidade de Choré com nível de 1% de significância pelo teste F. No entanto, para a localidade de Capitan Miranda, a produtividade de grãos PG e aspecto da planta AP não foram significativos. A localidade Yjhovy o (PG) foi significativa aos 5%. A análise de variância conjunta mostrou uma interação significativa para híbridos por ambientes ao nível de 5 % de significância pelo teste F, para todos os caracteres, com exceção de floração masculina. A maioria das características apresentou interação do tipo complexa. A adaptabilidade e estabilidade revelaram híbridos mais adaptados e estáveis, sendo também, os mais produtivos. Os híbridos 41e 24 foram que contiveram os menores valores de Pi geral. Em todos os locais, observou-se a existência de variabilidade genética para todas as características entre eles a produtividade a exceção do número de lagarta e espiga vazia . A PG correlacionou-se positivamente com a altura de planta e porcentagem de grãos para a localidade de Choré e Yjhovy, menor correlação positiva com PG foi obtida com diâmetro de espiga DE e comprimento de espiga CE. Os caracteres porcentagem de grãos Pg e comprimento de espiga CE são os que apresentaram maior efeito direto sobre a PG entre os componentes primários, e entre os componentes secundários foram altura de planta APL e prolificidade PROL, sendo os mais indicados para seleção indireta para PG. Em todos os locais, observou-se a existência de variabilidade genética entre os híbridos, sendo o genótipo 48 o mais divergentes entre eles. A partir do dendrograma de Vizinho mais próximo foram formados dois grupos para as localidades de Capitan Miranda e Choré, embora para Yjhovy foram formados três grupos e pelo método de UPGMA foram dois, três e quatro grupos para as localidades de Capitan Miranda, Chore e Yjhovy. Os caracteres floração masculina FM e altura de planta APl foram os que mais contribuíram para a divergência genética.
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Dwyer, James Fitzgerald. "Ecology Of Non-Breeding And Breeding Crested Caracaras (Caracara cheriway) In Florida." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27618.
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Like many species, Florida's population of Northern Crested Caracaras (Caracara cheriway, hereafter "caracara") is likely declining due to loss of breeding habitat. Consequently, management-oriented restrictions on landscape modification are applied where breeding occurs, but management rarely is extended beyond breeding areas. Focusing management on breeding areas can be effective if all caracaras occupy breeding areas, all breeding areas are detected, and no intermittent breeding occurs. Management may not operate as intended if any of these criteria are unmet. To explore this possibility, I investigated the movement, habitat, survival, and social biology of non-breeding caracaras. I also investigated long-term occupancy of breeding habitat, and factors contributing to detection of breeding.
Non-breeding caracaras occupy areas much larger than individual breeding territories, particularly during breeding seasons. Pastures occupied by cattle were the most used habitat, but non-breeding caracaras also occupied habitats atypical of breeding areas. Specifically, citrus groves were occupied extensively, and row crops were used particularly during breeding seasons. Non-breeding caracaras also shared communal roosts, sometimes with hundreds of conspecifics, and roosts were occupied year-round. Survival of non-breeding caracaras was lowest during breeding seasons. Adult non-breeding caracaras persisted in groups for multiple years without establishing breeding territories. This implies that breeding habitat is limited and saturated. Given the proportion of adults in groups, adults also were the first to find carrion more often than expected. Apparently, young caracaras benefit from grouping by following adults. I found caracaras at all sampled breeding areas where nests were originally documented during the 1990s, and found nests at 83% of territories where nests likely existed. I also found that observer experience, visit start time, and weather affected the probability that a nest would be detected. Thus, not all caracaras occupy breeding areas, and not all breeding attempts are likely to be detected. Long-term occupancy of breeding areas should render annual verification of nesting unnecessary as a trigger for maintaining management actions. Rather management should persist even without confirmation of annual breeding. Caracara management also may be optimized through supporting the non-breeding population by maintaining a matrix of cattle pasture and citrus groves, particularly around roosts.Ph. D.
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Soto-Cerda, Braulio. "Association mapping analysis of a core collection of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)." BMC Plant Biology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/22306.
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Linseed oil (Linum usitatissimum L.) is valued for its food and non-food applications. Although Canada is the world’s largest linseed producer and exporter, linseed remains a minor crop in part because its yield has been stagnating over the last decade compared to other oilseeds. Narrow genetic base, absence of an efficient hybrid production system and limited genomic tools for linseed breeding are the main factors hindering yield and quality improvements. Here, we characterized the Canadian flax core collection of 407 accessions with 448 genome-wide simple sequence repeat markers and, using association mapping (AM), we demonstrated its potential for the improvement of seed quality and agronomic traits.
Genetic structure analyses assigned all accessions to two major groups that were weakly differentiated (FST = 0.094). Genetic diversity was abundant in the total panel (5.32 alleles per locus) with weak familial relatedness (mean = 0.287) for most individual pairs. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) decayed relatively quickly with an average genome-wide LD of ~1 cM.
AM for seven seed quality traits including oil content (OIL), palmitic acid (PAL), stearic acid (STE), oleic acid (OLE), linoleic acid (LIO), linolenic acid (LIN) and iodine value (IOD) identified nine stable candidate QTL. LIO and LIN QTL co-localized with previously identified QTL and some mapped in the vicinity of genes known to be involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway.
AM conducted for nine agronomic traits including yield, bolls per area (BPA), seeds per boll (SPB), thousand seed weight (TSW), start of flowering (FL5%), end of flowering (FL95%), plant height (PH), plant branching (PB) and lodging (LDG) identified twelve significant marker-trait associations for six of the traits. The associated markers explained between 0.5 to 18.5% of the phenotypic variation, with Lu526 and Lu2532 associated with TSW and Lu943 associated with flowering being the most promising for marker-assisted selection. Statistical simulation for five markers associated with TSW indicated that the favorable alleles have additive effects. None of the accessions carried the five favorable alleles but a few breeding lines had four, indicating that further improvement of TSW and yield could be achieved through marker assisted breeding
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Miyatake, Koji. "Development of selective markers for important agronomic traits and construction of a core collection for eggplant breeding." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/252996.
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Dahl, Emma. "Physiological and Environmental Processes Influencing Growth Strategies in Amphibian Larvae." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-145024.
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Cost and benefits of high individual growth rates are likely to vary across different environments leading to geographic differentiation in growth strategies. In ectotherms, habitats constrained by short growing seasons favour rapid growth and development leading to adaptive latitudinal clines in these traits. Geographic variation in growth strategies should be influenced by physiological variation as well as environmental factors, however many of these mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In my thesis, I studied hormonal correlates of growth strategies, and compensatory responses to phenological variation and environmental stress in anuran tadpoles. I tested the hypotheses that fast growing high latitude common frog Rana temporaria tadpoles have higher growth hormone (GH) expression, and low stress hormone (CORT) elevation in response to predator stress. I found no relationship between GH expression and latitude, but CORT response decreased with latitude after 24 hours of predator exposure. Lower CORT response at high latitude can be adaptive as it may enable the tadpoles to maintain high growth in time constrained habitats. I also found that breeding phenology affected latitudinal variation in growth, development and anti-predator strategies. Northern R. temporaria tadpoles were phenotypically more similar to southern tadpoles when breeding occurred early, suggesting that part of the latitudinal variation is plastic and affected by yearly variation in phenology. When time stress was manipulated by delaying hatching, tadpoles were able to compensate by increasing their development and growth during the larval stage, decreasing the cost of the delayed development. In the final study, I found that northern tadpoles showed stronger compensatory growth during the larval stage than southern tadpoles after being delayed by low food, however, temperature manipulation did not induce differences in the compensatory responses. In general, my results highlight the roles of both environmental and genetic variation in determining individual growth strategies.Felaktigt tryckt som Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 735
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Santos, Fernando Almeida. "Análise de trilha dos principais constituintes orgânicos e inorgânicos sobre a cor do caldo em cultivares de cana-de- açúcar." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2008. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4497.
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Previous issue date: 2008-10-28Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Brazil is the main producer and exporter of sugar in the world. For 2008, its production is estimated to reach more than thirty million tons. One requirement for exportation of the sugar is its coloration, that must be in accordance with the International Commission for Uniform Methods in Sugar Analysis - ICUMSA. The color ICUMSA (sugar) can also be applied to the juice of the sugarcane. As less intense is the color of the juice, the clearest will be the sugar. As this color becomes more intensive, the sugar acquires darker coloration, becoming inadequate to exportation. This study was carried out to determine the effect of both organic and inorganic compounds on the color of the juice in cultivars of sugarcane. The trial was conducted in the experimental area pertaining to the Department of Plant Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG. The evaluations were accomplished in ratoon, on April and October 2007. The randomized experimental design was used, as being eight cultivars (RB72454, RB867515, RB835486, RB855156, SP80-1816, SP79-1011, RB855536 and RB92579) and five replicates. Ten plants in each plot were sampled for the accomplishment of the analyses. The juice was extracted by hydraulic press. The technological analyses (BRIX, POL, pH, PURITY, AR, ART and FIBER) were performed according to the method CONSECANA- SP. For analysis of the inorganic compounds (Cu, Al, Mg, Ca, K and P), the perchloric-nitric digestion was accomplished and the reading was performed in the spectrophotometer plasma. The extraction of the aconitic acid and phenolic compounds were accomplished with methanol/water (70:30) and hexane, as well as quantified by High Efficiency Liquid Chromatography - CLAE. For determination of the color by ICUMSA, the spectrophotometry method was used. The results showed the variables under study to differ in their degree of direct influence on the color of the juice. Copper and phenolic compounds were the characters providing the better explanation for the color of the sugarcane juice. However, the other characteristics must be taken into account due to high correlation, therefore suggesting the application of the selection index.
O Brasil é o maior produtor e exportador de açúcar do mundo, com produção estimada para safra 2008 de mais de trinta milhões de toneladas. Uma das exigências para a exportação do açúcar é a sua coloração, que deve estar em conformidade com a Comissão Internacional para Métodos Uniformes de Análise de Açúcar-ICUMSA. A cor ICUMSA (açúcar) também pode ser aplicada ao caldo da cana-de- açúcar. Quanto menos intensa for à cor do caldo mais claro será o açúcar. À medida que esta cor aumenta o açúcar vai adquirindo coloração mais escura, tornando-se inadequado para exportação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito dos compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos sobre a cor do caldo em cultivares de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental do departamento de Fitotecnia em Viçosa. As avaliações ocorreram em cana-soca, nos meses de abril e outubro de 2007. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com oito cultivares (RB72454, RB867515, RB835486, RB855156, SP80-1816, SP79-1011, RB855536 e RB92579) e cinco repetições. Dez plantas por parcela foram amostradas para realização das análises. A extração do caldo foi feita por meio de prensa hidráulica. As análises tecnológicas (BRIX, POL, pH,PUREZA, AR, ART e FIBRA) foram realizadas conforme método CONSECANA-SP. Para análise dos compostos inorgânicos (Cu, Al, Mg, Ca, K e P), foi realizada digestão nítrico-perclórica e a leitura feita no espectrofotômetro de plasma. A extração do ácido aconítico e compostos fenólicos foi feita com metanol/água (70:30) e hexano e quantificados por meio de Cromatógrafia Líquida de Alta Eficiência CLAE. Para determinação da cor ICUMSA foi utilizado o método de espectrofotometria. Os resultados mostraram que as variáveis estudadas diferiram no seu grau de influência direta sobre a cor do caldo. Cobre e compostos fenólicoss foram os caracteres que melhor explicam a cor do caldo de cana. Contudo, as demais características devem ser levadas em consideração, devido à elevada correlação, sugerindo assim, aplicar índice de seleção.
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Pereira, Juliana Campana [UNESP]. "Uso de fitorreguladores e efeitos no florescimento de plantas de pinhão-manso e na maturidade fisiológica das sementes." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86369.
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O pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.), da família Euforbiaceae, é uma cultura perene, rústica e adaptada à diversas condições edafoclimáticas, com grande potencial para a produção de biodiesel devido a elevada quantidade de óleo presente em sua semente. Entretanto, a desuniformidade no processo de maturação dos frutos é característica desfavorável à produção de pinhão-manso. Estudos sobre aplicação de reguladores de crescimento e outros produtos químicos indutores de florescimento tem mostrado eficiência na uniformização do florescimento em muitas culturas, o que leva à suposição que o mesmo possa ocorrer em pinhão-manso, minimizando custos com colheita. A maturidade fisiológica das sementes é geralmente acompanhada por visíveis mudanças na coloração dos frutos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência dos fitorreguladores proexadione-Ca e cloreto de chlormequat na formação de flores femininas e masculinas, na quantidade de frutos produzidos por inflorescência e por planta (3 floradas) e na maturidade fisiológica das sementes, em função da coloração dos frutos. Este estudo foi desenvolvido em duas fases distintas. A primeira constituiu-se de ensaio conduzido no campo, onde plantas com dois anos foram pulverizadas com diferentes dosagens de dois fitorreguladores (Proexadione de cálcio e Cloreto de chlormequat) e o desenvolvimento floral e as formações de frutos e a de sementes foram monitorados. Com a maturação e posterior coleta dos frutos foi desenvolvida a segunda etapa do estudo, que constou da avaliação, em laboratório, das sementes coletadas. Os frutos foram caracterizados quanto a sua coloração, comparativamente ao índice do catálogo de cores de Munsell. Para as duas etapas foi utilizado o delineamento estatístico em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Constatou-se que a...
The Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.), Euphorbiaceae family, is a rustic perennial crop, adapted to many different soil and climate conditions, with great potential for biodiesel production due to high oil content in its seeds. However, nonuniform fruit maturation is unfavorable caracteristic in Jatropha/Physic nut production. Experiments with growth regulators and other flowering inducing products have positive results on flowering uniformity in many crops, leading to the assumption that it may occur in Jatropha, specific phytoregulators, reducing harvest costs. Physiological maturity of the seeds is usually accompanied by visible changes on fruit coloration. As scientific studies related to flowering and seed technology from Jatropa are scarce, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of the phytoregulators proexadione-Ca e chlormequat chloride on male and female flowers formation, amount of fruits produced per inflorescence and per plant (3 flowering/flush), and physiological maturity of the seeds, according to fruit coloration. This study was conducted under two distinct phases. The first one consisted on field trial, where two year old plants were sprayed with different concentrations of two phytoregulators (Calcium Proexadione and Chlormequat Chloride); floral development, fruit and seeds formation were monitored. After ripening and harvest the second phase of this study started, which consisted on the laboratorial evaluation of the collected seeds. Fruits were characterized by their color using the Munsell Color System. For both phases randomized blocks design was used, with four repetitions. The application of Chlormequat Chloride on Jatropha plants increases the amount of feminine flowers and fruits per inflorescence. The dosages of 800 g ha-1 e 750 g ha-1 of phytoregulators Pro-Ca e CCC, respectively... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Pereira, Juliana Campana 1985. "Uso de fitorreguladores e efeitos no florescimento de plantas de pinhão-manso e na maturidade fisiológica das sementes /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86369.
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Resumo: O pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.), da família Euforbiaceae, é uma cultura perene, rústica e adaptada à diversas condições edafoclimáticas, com grande potencial para a produção de biodiesel devido a elevada quantidade de óleo presente em sua semente. Entretanto, a desuniformidade no processo de maturação dos frutos é característica desfavorável à produção de pinhão-manso. Estudos sobre aplicação de reguladores de crescimento e outros produtos químicos indutores de florescimento tem mostrado eficiência na uniformização do florescimento em muitas culturas, o que leva à suposição que o mesmo possa ocorrer em pinhão-manso, minimizando custos com colheita. A maturidade fisiológica das sementes é geralmente acompanhada por visíveis mudanças na coloração dos frutos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência dos fitorreguladores proexadione-Ca e cloreto de chlormequat na formação de flores femininas e masculinas, na quantidade de frutos produzidos por inflorescência e por planta (3 floradas) e na maturidade fisiológica das sementes, em função da coloração dos frutos. Este estudo foi desenvolvido em duas fases distintas. A primeira constituiu-se de ensaio conduzido no campo, onde plantas com dois anos foram pulverizadas com diferentes dosagens de dois fitorreguladores (Proexadione de cálcio e Cloreto de chlormequat) e o desenvolvimento floral e as formações de frutos e a de sementes foram monitorados. Com a maturação e posterior coleta dos frutos foi desenvolvida a segunda etapa do estudo, que constou da avaliação, em laboratório, das sementes coletadas. Os frutos foram caracterizados quanto a sua coloração, comparativamente ao índice do catálogo de cores de Munsell. Para as duas etapas foi utilizado o delineamento estatístico em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Constatou-se que a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)Abstract: The Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.), Euphorbiaceae family, is a rustic perennial crop, adapted to many different soil and climate conditions, with great potential for biodiesel production due to high oil content in its seeds. However, nonuniform fruit maturation is unfavorable caracteristic in Jatropha/Physic nut production. Experiments with growth regulators and other flowering inducing products have positive results on flowering uniformity in many crops, leading to the assumption that it may occur in Jatropha, specific phytoregulators, reducing harvest costs. Physiological maturity of the seeds is usually accompanied by visible changes on fruit coloration. As scientific studies related to flowering and seed technology from Jatropa are scarce, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of the phytoregulators proexadione-Ca e chlormequat chloride on male and female flowers formation, amount of fruits produced per inflorescence and per plant (3 flowering/flush), and physiological maturity of the seeds, according to fruit coloration. This study was conducted under two distinct phases. The first one consisted on field trial, where two year old plants were sprayed with different concentrations of two phytoregulators (Calcium Proexadione and Chlormequat Chloride); floral development, fruit and seeds formation were monitored. After ripening and harvest the second phase of this study started, which consisted on the laboratorial evaluation of the collected seeds. Fruits were characterized by their color using the Munsell Color System. For both phases randomized blocks design was used, with four repetitions. The application of Chlormequat Chloride on Jatropha plants increases the amount of feminine flowers and fruits per inflorescence. The dosages of 800 g ha-1 e 750 g ha-1 of phytoregulators Pro-Ca e CCC, respectively... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Cláudio Cavariani
Coorientador: Elza Alves
Banca: Edvaldo Aparecido Amaral da Silva
Banca: Leila Martins
Mestre
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Nguyen, Mai Lan. "Heavy metal fractionation studies in tidal sediment cores in the clam farms from Tan Thanh commune, Go Cong dong district, Tien Giang province, Vietnam." Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33344.
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This paper introduces the results from a study on the distribution of heavy metals in chemical fractions in tidal sediment cores at four sample stations inside the baby clam breeding plain, inside the harvested clam breeding plain, and on the frontier between the plains in the clam farms in Tan Thanh commune, Go Cong Dong district, Tien Giang province, Vietnam. The partitioning of metals among the compartments of the sediment’s solid phase was investigated indirectly by selective sequential extraction of substances that are water-soluble, exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Mn oxides, bound to amorphous Fe oxides, bound to crystalline Fe oxides, associated with organics and residual. In case of investigated heavy metals (HM), the concentrations of Zn and Hg exceeded the National Technical Regulation on Sediment Quality QCVN 43:2012/BTNMT by 1.12 - 3.53 times and 26.58 - 171.96 times, respectively. The highest HMs concentration was found in the oxidable fraction (more than 60%). The data demonstrates the important role of organic matters in the oxidable condition at the surficial sediment layer. Besides the oxidable fraction, high HMs concentrations were measured also in the residual fraction. The HMs content present in the solid residue also indicates the level of contamination in the river system: the greater the percentage of HMs present in the solid residue, the lesser the pollution in the environment because this solid residue involves components that can not be remobilized. The HMs concentrations depending on the depth of the sediment indicate that clam’s digestive activity or the decomposition of tissue and shell of clams possibly affects the content of HMs.Bài báo giới thiệu các kết quả nghiên cứu về sự phân bố kim loại nặng dưới các dạng liên kết khác nhau trong các mẫu lõi trầm tích tại các bãi nuôi nghêu giống, bãi nuôi nghêu sau khi đã thu hoạch, và ranh giới giữa các bãi nuôi nghêu tại xã Tân Thành, huyện Gò Công Đông, tỉnh Tiền Giang, Việt Nam. Các dạng pha liên kết bao gồm: 1.pha hòa tan; 2. pha trao đổi; 3.liên kết với các bô nát; 4. liên kết với Man gan ô xít; 5. liên kết với sắt ô xít vô định hình; 6. liên kết với sắt ô xít dạng tinh thể; 7. liên kết với thành phần hữu cơ và; 8. Phần bã rắn. Trong các kim loại nặng (KLN) được phân tích, hàm lượng Zn và Hg vượt quá tiêu chuẩn cho phép QCVN 43:2012/BTNMT lần lượt từ 1,12 – 3,53 và 24,58 – 171,96 lần. Hàm lượng KLN tồn tại nhiều nhất dưới dạng liên kết với các thành phần có khả năng ô xi hóa với tỉ lệ hơn 60% chỉ ra vai trò của thành phần hữu cơ trong điều kiện ô xi hóa tại lớp trầm tích tầng mặt. Sau các thành phần có khả năng ôxi hóa, các KLN hiện diện trong phần bã rắn nhiều hơn trong các pha khác. Sự có mặt của KLN trong phần bã rắn chỉ ra mức độ ô nhiễm của hệ thống sông: càng nhiều phần trăm KLN có mặt trong phần bã rắn, càng ít ô nhiễm trong môi trường bởi phần bã rắn này liên quan đến các thành phần không thể bị rửa tách. Sự phụ thuộc theo độ sâu của hàm lượng kim loại nặng đưa ra khả năng về sự ảnh hưởng của hoạt động tiêu hóa và quá trình phân hủy của nghêu lên hàm lượng kim loại nặng.
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Khoza, Suzan. "Assessment of maize germplasm lines for genetic diversity, cultivar superiority and combining ability." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9891.
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Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important crop in the world; however, its yield is compromised by new production challenges leading to poor yield in sub-Saharan Africa. This calls for a need to enhance maize adaptation to changing climate and challenging environments. The new maize varieties should be richly endowed with high frequency of genes that confer high
yield under stress and non-stress conditions. Currently, such maize is not available, prompting research into development of new germplasm lines for use in developing new hybrids. The objective of the study was to determine i) the level of genetic diversity using SSR molecular markers and phenotypic data in a set of 60 maize inbreds from the breeding program, ii) genotype by environment interaction in maize hybrids, iii) cultivar superiority, iv) combining ability effects, v) the relationship between yield and secondary traits and vi) the relevant genetic parameters that underpin genetic gains in a breeding program. To study genetic diversity present in the germplasm, phenotypic data and 30 SSR markers were used to estimate the genetic distance between the inbreds. The results indicated that inbred lines which were put in the same cluster were related by pedigree and origin. To assess the level of genotype by environment interaction (GXE) and cultivar superiority of the new germplasm lines, hybrids were planted in five environments with two replications. Data
were analysed using the REML and AMMI tools in GenStat 14th edition. The results revealed significant differences between hybrids and environments for grain yield. However, GXE interaction was also significant indicating possible challenges which can be encountered in selecting new hybrids. To determine combining ability estimates two different testers were used. The REML tool from GENSTAT was used to perform the line X tester analysis. Results indicated that both additive and non-additive gene action were important for grain yield. The direct selection strategy for yield was recommended because heritability of grain yield was high. Overall, results suggested that the information on genetic diversity will assist in defining heterotic groups; which will enable effective and efficient management of the germplasm lines to produce new maize hybrids.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
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Musimwa, Tatenda Rambi. "Why SR52 is such a great maize hybrid." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10991.
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Maize is Africa’s most important food crop. Unfortunately a yield gap currently exists in Africa which can be attributed to the use of inferior maize varieties such as open-pollinated varieties, double and three-way cross hybrids. Single cross maize hybrids, such as the world’s first commercial hybrid, SR52, have a higher yield potential, which is reflected by the doubling of maize yields in southern and eastern Africa by SR52, within a decade of its release. The main objective of this study was to determine the genetic basis behind SR52’s high yield potential and heterosis. This was established through a generation mean and path coefficient analysis of the SR52 maize hybrid.
Research to determine genetic basis of yield and secondary trait was conducted using a randomized complete block design at two sites during the 2012/13 season, in South Africa. Six derivative generations of SR52 namely, its two parents N3 and SC, F1 and F2, and F1 backcross progenies (BC1N3 and BC1SC) were evaluated. A generation mean analysis was performed using PROC GLM procedures in SAS computer software program. High levels of mid-parent heterosis for grain yield potential was confirmed and ranged from 140% at Cedara to 311% at Ukulinga. The additive-dominance model was not adequate to explain the yield potential of SR52. Although negligible (less than 10%), epistatic gene effects were also influential (P<0.01) on grain yield and its components in SR52. The dominance and additive gene effects were highly significant (P<0.01), but dominance effects were the most influential. Correlation and path coefficient analysis of SR52’s segregating F2 and BC1 populations was performed in SAS. Most secondary traits, such as ear mass, ear length, total number of kernels per ear and plant height, were significant (P<0.05) and positively correlated with yield. However, the ear length, number of kernel rows, kernels per row and 100-kernel mass displayed the largest direct effects on yield of SR52, while indirect effects of secondary traits were small. The presence of genetic variation, as well as transgressive segregants for the yield components indicates possibility for extracting new germplasm lines with the desired QTL’s. It is concluded that SR52 is such an exceptional hybrid because of dominance gene action and direct contribution of superior cob length, number of kernel rows and mass of kernels to yield.Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.
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Srinivasan, Ganesan. "Genetic analysis of hybrids between Zea mays and Zea diploperennis." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9255.
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Moon, Hyeon Gui. "Quantitative genetic analysis of recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from tropical maize singlecrosses." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9269.
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Shoko, R. R. "Estimating the supply response of maize in South Africa." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1249.
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Thesis (MSc. (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014Maize is the most important crop in South Africa, being both the major feed grain for livestock and the primary staple food crop for the majority of the South African population. Furthermore, the maize industry contributes substantially to employment, manufacturing, foreign exchange and food security. The importance of maize in contributing to national growth is critical; this makes it meaningful to investigate the nature of maize farmers’ production decisions. This study quantifies the supply response of maize farmers to price and non-price factors in South Africa using econometric techniques. The non-price factors considered in this study are rainfall, technology and market policy. A modified Nerlovian partial adjustment model was applied on historical time series data spanning from 1980-2012 to estimate the supply response of maize in South Africa. To deal with the expected problems associated with time series data the study adopted several diagnostic tests. Results indicate a short-run supply elasticity of 0.49 and a long-run supply elasticity of 0.65, signifying that maize farmers are less sensitive to price changes. The results confirm that non-price factors seem to have more effect on maize supply in South Africa. These findings coincide with those obtained in supply response studies for field crops conducted in other developing African countries. The study also showed that non-price factors such as, rainfall, technology and market policies have a positive impact on maize production. Given the findings, the study recommends policies that focus more on non-price factors as a means of stabilising maize production. The study also recommends that Industry stakeholders and policymakers should find means to integrate the significant relationships between non-price factors and production output into future decisions and marketing policies to safeguard a healthy, growing and sustainable maize industry in South Africa. Key words: Maize supply response, Nerlovian partial adjustment model, price factors, non-price factors.
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Musundire, Lennin. "Genetic and economic value of a shuttle breeding programme for enhancing adaptability of tropical maize germplasm in South Africa." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10859.
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Maize is the principal crop for food security and livestock feed in South Africa. It is also an industrial crop and the produce is exported to many countries in the world. Therefore there is high seed demand which prompts competition for breeding productive hybrids. However direct introduction of tropical hybrids into the warm temperate South African environments has not been successful. Competitive advantages can be obtained by implementing a “shuttle breeding” programme whereby part of the breeding is done in Zimbabwe and South Africa to minimise research and production costs. Introgression of temperate germplasm in tropical elite inbred lines can also be pursued to obtain adapted hybrids. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the effectiveness of introgression of temperate germplasm into tropical elite maize inbred lines as a strategy to enhance adaptability of new hybrids to South Africa, and also to determine both breeding and economic value of a “shuttle breeding” programme. To this end, the introgressed inbred lines and their hybrid progenies were evaluated in South Africa to determine the effect of the selection environment on their performance and genetic variation. Both genetic and economic gains were evaluated with a view to make recommendations to the small and medium scale enterprises with interests in the market.
Introgression of temperate germplasm into tropical germplasm elite lines did not disrupt the heterotic groupings because most of the introgressed lines (86%) fitted into known existing heterotic groups. Only 14% of the introgressed lines did not show any inclination to towards the known heterotic clusters of their founder tropical parents. These lines were considered to be new recombinant inbred lines that showed little resemblance with their founder parents. Selection environment did not influence heterotic clustering of the introgressed lines, and genetic diversity was identified among introgressed lines developed in the same environment.
Genetic variation was observed for the major economic traits and heritability of 21% to 91%. The introgression was effective for improving grain yield potential and ear prolificacy. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis on grain yield and ear prolificacy data showed significant positive correlation between selection environments such as Ukulinga in South Africa and Kadoma Research Centre in Zimbabwe. Therefore Kadoma Research Centre will be recommended for use in breeding new maize germplasm lines for South Africa. Correlation among traits showed that ear prolificacy and plant height had significant (P<0.05) direct effects on grain yield thus direct selection of these traits will be emphasised in breeding new hybrids.
Introgression of temperate germplasm into tropical elite maize inbred lines was effective for improving their adaptation to warm temperate environments. Positive genetic gains of 5-58% were realised for grain yield potential and 26-46% for ear prolificacy. Whereas 1% to 37% gains were realised for secondary traits such as plant and ear height, anthesis and silking days there was barely any improvement for root and stalk lodging, and grain moisture content at harvest. However, introgressed lines displayed impressive performance per se and inter se indicating potential for commercial production. The new inbred line 71-DMLF7_88 combined early physiological maturity, high ear prolificacy and grain yield potential qualifying it as a perfect parent for the warm temperate environments. At least six hybrids were stable and adaptable while four were considered to be ideal genotypes relative to standard commercial hybrids such as PAN6Q445B which is a market leader. The exceptional hybrids, 12C20264, 12C22766, 13XH349 and 11C11774 will be advanced in South Africa.
The study also indicated significant economic gains when a shuttle programme is implemented to breed new hybrids following the introgression strategy. The “Shuttle breeding” programme attained a positive net present value (NPV) of $1, 834, 166. 00. This indicated an increase in shareholder value through an opportunity cost of 17% and 3% relative to conventional breeding programmes which are based in South Africa and Zimbabwe, respectively. Positive NPV and genetic gain achieved using the “shuttle breeding” programme makes it a viable option for small and medium scale seed companies with intention to breed and commercialise competitive products in South African.
In general, the study revealed that introgression of temperate germplasm into tropical elite inbred lines using a “shuttle breeding” programme was effective for enhancing adaptability of tropical germplasm to the South African warm temperate environments.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.
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Gichuru, Lilian Njeri. "Breeding investigations on utility of maize streak virus resistant germplasm for hybrid development in the tropics." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10694.
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Maize (Zea mays L.) supports millions of livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in terms of
food and feed. Production of the crop is however limited by several factors, among these, maize
streak virus (MSV) disease. Although extensively studied, MSV remains a serious problem in
SSA due to several challenges in breeding MSV resistant maize varieties. These include
integration of MSV resistant germplasm from different backgrounds, reliance on a few resistant
sources, and genotype x environment interactions. This study was designed to assess the
breeding potential of several MSV resistant lines in hybrid combinations. Understanding
architecture of genetic divergence and background of these genotypes would greatly aid in
breeding high yielding and stable MSV resistant hybrids. Experiments were conducted during
2010 to 2012 seasons in Kenya. Diallel crosses and SSR markers were used to characterize
MSV resistant maize inbred lines from three programs of CIMMYT, KARI and IITA.
In general, this study revealed that MSV is still an important problem in Kenya with high
incidence and severity levels in the farmers’ fields. The levels of MSV resistance in locally
grown hybrids needs to be improved. Farmers challenged breeders to develop new hybrids that
combine early maturing, high yield potential and MSV resistance.
The study was successful in identifying the best eight inbred lines for use in breeding new maize
hybrids with MSV resistance. The nature of gene effects was established for the first time, in
particular the role of epistasis and G x E in conditioning MSV resistance in hybrids. Results
indicate serious implications for previous models that ignored epistasis in studying MSV
resistance in maize. The inbreds Z419, S558, CML509 and Osu23i, displayed high levels of
epistasis for MSV resistance. Unless strong sources of MSV resistance, such as MUL114 and
CML509, are used, breeding resistant hybrids will require parents that carry dominant
resistance genes. The additive-dominance model was adequate to explain northern leaf blight
(NLB) resistance in hybrids, indicating fewer complications in breeding NLB resistant hybrids.
The study also reveals that SSR genetic distance data can be used to predict hybrid
performance, especially when the correct set of markers is used. Many previous studies have
not found any significant relationship between genetic distance and heterosis, due to large
G x E and use of a wrong set of markers. The diallel analysis and SSR data established the
important heterotic groups, which will be exploited for efficient development of MSV resistant
maize hybrids. These strategies will be recommended to programs that emphasize MSV
resistance in maize hybrids.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.
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Sithole, Mxolisi Percival Sibongeleni. "Genetic variation and associations among adaptive traits in a recombinant maize inbred line population." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9890.
Full textAbstract:
Maize production in Africa is constrained by abiotic and biotic stresses. Breeders need to
have information on the nature of combining ability of parents, their traits and performance
in hybrid combination. This requires careful determination of genetic variability of parents,
and studying associations between grain yield and adaptive traits to breed superior cultivars
which are better able to withstand such stresses. Therefore, this study was aimed at
selecting parental testers with best combining ability in hybrid combination with
recombinant inbred lines (RILs); and studying the correlation between grain yield and its
components in eastern and western South Africa. It was also aimed at determining genetic
variation and associations among adaptive traits in hybrids involving RILs. The final
objectives of the study were to determine cultivar superiority of testcrosses involving RILs,
and to select the best cultivars within and across four different environments.
The 42 RILs were crossed to 9 Zimbabwean tropical testers resulting in 1009 hybrids with
sufficient seed for planting in trials. From these a sample of 87 hybrids with adequate seed
were selected and planted at four sites for combining ability analysis. The hybrids were
evaluated at four sites in two regions; western region (Potchefstroom research station) and
eastern region (Cedara, Ukulinga and Dundee research stations), during 2011/12 season.
The experiments were laid out as augmented alpha lattice design. Trials were managed in
accordance with production culture for each region. All quantitative data was subjected to
GenStat and SAS statistical softwares.
The results from combining ability study indicated that the line general combining ability
(GCA) effects played a non-significant role (p > 0.05) in determining grain yield, grain
moisture and anthesis date, while they were significant (p ≤ 0.05) for the other traits such as
ear prolificacy. The tester main effects were significant for all the traits except ear
prolificacy and plant height. Results also revealed that all the traits were controlled by both
additive and non-additive genes, where additive gene action had the most contribution to
the traits. The non-additive gene action played a minor role suggesting the total GCA effects
attributed to both lines and testers predominantly higher over the specific combining ability
(SCA) for all traits. In general the additive effects were preponderant over the non-additive
gene effects. One cross (L114 x T12) had a significant and positive SCA effect for grain yield.
The correlation between grain yield and secondary traits (number of ears per plant, grain
moisture content, ear height, plant height, ear position and anthesis date) suggested that
indirect selection can be employed to enhance grain yield by breeding for these particular
adaptive traits. Path analysis showed that plant height had the highest direct and indirect
effect on grain yield indicating its importance among other secondary traits for grain yield
enhancement. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic
coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the studied traits across all the four environments. All
the traits displayed high heritability at Potchefstroom except anthesis date which was highly
heritable at Ukulinga. Cedara was the second best site for heritability of all the traits except
for the number of ears per plant. The genetic advance for grain yield was the highest at
Cedara followed by Potchefstroom, Dundee and Ukulinga. The hybrids exhibited different
patterns of variation and distribution for all the traits. This indicated that selection
strategies to exploit GCA should be emphasised.
Association studies among grain yield and secondary traits such as ear length, number of
ears per plant, plant height, anthesis date, silking date and ear leaf area revealed that there
were significant phenotypic correlations between grain yield and secondary traits, and
among the secondary traits. Ear length had the highest direct effect on grain yield at
Ukulinga; number of ears per plant had the highest direct effect on grain yield at Cedara and
Potchefstroom; whereas plant height had the highest direct effect on grain yield at Dundee.
Grain yield was least affected by indirect factors at all the sites except Ukulinga, where
anthesis date had the highest indirect effect on grain yield through silking date followed by
plant height through leaf area. The study reveals that there is significant variation among
the hybrids for mean performance, indicating that there is opportunity for selection. Overall
the findings suggest that direct selection would be appropriate to enhance grain yield. Path
analysis revealed that plant height had the highest direct and indirect effects on grain yield,
indicating that plant height can be further exploited as the main trait in future breeding programmes for grain yield increment.
Hybrid 10MAK10-1/N3 was the best hybrid at Ukulinga in terms of grain yield, relative yield
and economic traits. Whereas hybrid T17/L83 was the best hybrid at Cedara in terms of
grain yield and relative yield; however, T11/L102 was selected as the most elite hybrid with
respect to grain yield, relative yield and economic traits. Hybrid T3/L48 was identified as thebest hybrid at Dundee with respect to grain yield, relative yield and prolificacy. At Potchefstroom the standard check PAN6611 was identified as the best hybrid in terms of grain yield and relative yield followed by developmental hybrid T1/L28; however,
developmental hybrid T1/L28 was the best in terms of earliness, prolificacy and ear aspect.
Stability coefficients and cultivar superiority index across the sites revealed that four
developmental hybrids were identified as best hybrids and they performed better than the
standard check. These hybrids will be recommended for further testing in advanced trials.
With respect to cultivar superiority, the desired hybrids are required to combine high grain
yield with economic and adaptive traits such as high ear prolificacy, low grain moisture, and
low ear aspect score (desired) for them to adapt to production environments in South
Africa. There was significant variation among the top 25 yielding hybrids. At least 5 hybrids
combined high grain yield with the desired complimentary adaptive traits such as quick
moisture dry down, prolificacy and ear aspect. The results showed that there is variation in
the performance of high yielding genotypes within all the sites, and that agronomically superior cultivars can be identified.
The study shows that there is significant variation among the RILs since they interacted
differently with the 9 tropical testers. Even among the top 25 selections of RILs in each
environment there was still variation for combinations of the desired traits. Significant
associations among grain yield and other economic and adaptive traits were observed with
implications for breeding strategy. Above all the significant variation gives large score for future breeding of new unique lines.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
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Mhoswa, Lorraine. "Heterosis, genetic distance and path coefficient analysis in dent, flint and popcorn hybrids." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10931.
Full textAbstract:
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important food crops in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA);
however its production is constrained by many factors. Grain yield is compromised by poor
genetic performance and poor agronomic management. This calls for need to develop
hybrids and exploiting heterosis of single crosses which are adapted to challenging
environments. Currently, there is no popcorn hybrids developed in South Africa which is
adapted to local conditions. As such, there is need to develop hybrids that cater for smallscale
farmers in marginal environments. The objectives of the study were to determine i)
standard heterosis, levels of variation and heritability for phenotypic traits in dent and flint
maize hybrids; ii) the association between genetic distances and phenotypic traits in dent and
flint maize hybrids; iii) mid-parent heterosis in popcorn hybrids, iv) the effect of secondary
traits on grain yield in dent, flint and popcorn hybrids; v) genetic diversity and the relationship
between traits in widely grown selected hybrids in Southern Africa; and vii) to compare
effectiveness of phenotypic analysis models for determining genetic distances between
hybrids. Popcorn, dent and flint hybrids were evaluated at two sites. The data was analysed
using SAS, Genstat and Power marker statistical packages. The results revealed that the
relationship between genetic distance and heterosis is dependent on the environment.
Hybrids in top 10 at both sites were different indicating that there was a significant genotype x
environment interaction. 13 new heterotic patterns that performed better than the controls can
be utilized in heterosis breeding; however there is need to test them in different environments
to check on their stability. Grain texture cannot be used to discriminate hybrids for yield
because all patterns of dent x dent, dent x flint and flint x flint were present in the top 10
hybrids. Lines DXL124 and DXL158 dominated parentage of the top 10 hybrid rank for yield
qualifying them as potential testers for specific combining ability in future studies. Heterosis in
popcorn hybrids that performed better than the mid-parent can be utilized in heterosis
breeding to exploit vigour, though there is need to test the hybrids in a number of different
environments. The main direct factors contributing to yield were ear prolificacy, ear aspect,
number of plants and shelling percentages qualifying them to be selected to boost grain yield.
Phenotypic data and 91 SNP markers were used to estimate the genetic distance between
the hybrids. The results indicated that hybrids that were in the same cluster belong to the
same brand and were related in origin and pedigree. Both molecular and phenotypic data
were effective in discriminating the hybrids into different clusters according to genetic
background. SNP markers revealed nine clusters of hybrids, 12-trait model revealed eight
clusters and five-trait model revealed six clusters at 85% genetic distance. The study
indicates strategies that can be adopted to boost grain yield in dent, flint and popcorn hybrids.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.
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Mengesha, Wende Abera. "Genetic diversity, stability, and combining ability of maize genotypes for grain yield and resistance to NCLB in the mid-altitude sub-humid agro ecologies of Ethiopia." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10935.
Full textAbstract:
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important cereal crops in the world after wheat
and rice. In Ethiopia, maize remains the second largest food security crop after tef
[Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter.]. The mid-altitude, sub-humid agro-ecology (1000 to 1800
m above sea level) is the most important maize producing environment in Ethiopia.
However, productivity of maize is low, due to several biotic and abiotic constraints.
Among the biotic constraints, Turcicum leaf blight disease of maize caused by
Exserohilum turcicum Pass Leonard & Suggs shows high incidence of 95-100% and
inflicts significant grain losses in the country. Therefore, high yielding, Turcicum leaf
blight resistant and farmers-preferred maize varieties and their production technologies
should be developed and made available to growers to enhance maize production and
to achieve food security.
The objectives of this study were to: (1) assess farmer’s preferences, and production
constraints for maize in the mid-altitude, sub-humid agro-ecology of western Ethiopia,
(2) determine the genetic variability among elite maize inbred lines and select promising
parents for resistance to E. turcicum, (3) determine diversity among the elite germplasm
lines using SSR markers, (4) determine combining ability and heterosis among elite
maize inbred lines and their hybrids, and (5) investigate genotype x environment
interaction and yield stability of experimental maize hybrids developed for the midaltitude
sub-humid agro-ecology of Ethiopia.
A participatory rural appraisal (PRA) research was conducted involving 240 maize
farmers in three representative maize growing zones of western Ethiopia; West Shoa,
East Wollega and West Wollega, each represented by two districts and two subdistricts.
Maize was ranked number one both as food and cash crop by 82.9% of
respondents. Turcicum leaf blight was ranked as number one devastating leaf disease
by 46% of respondents. Breeding for improved disease resistance and grain yield,
enhancing the availability of crop input and stabilizing market price during harvest time
were recommended as the most important strategies to increase maize production by
small-scale farmers in western Ethiopia. Fifty inbred lines were evaluated for reaction to Turcicum leaf blight during the main
cropping seasons of 2011 and 2012. Inbred lines were clustered into resistant
(CML202, 144-7b, 136-a, 139-5j, 30H83-7-1, ILOO’E-1-9, SZYNA-99-F2, and 142-1-e),
and susceptible (CML197, CML464, A7033 , Kuleni C1-101-1-1, CML443, SC22-430
(63), (DRB-F2-60-1-2) – B-1-B-B-B, Pool9A-4-4-1-1-1). Inbred lines (CML312, CML445,
Gibe-1-158-1-1-1-1, CML395, and 124-b (113)) had intermediate response to the
disease. Overall, inbred lines such as CML202, 30H83-7-1, ILOO’E-1-9-1, CML312,
CML395 CML445 and 142-1-e were selected with better agronomic performance and
resistance to leaf blight for breeding. Twenty selected elite parental inbred lines were
genotyped with 20 polymorphic SSR markers. The genotypes used were clustered into
five groups consistent with the known pedigrees. The greatest genetic distance was
identified between the clusters of lines CML-202 and Gibe-1-91.
Eighteen selected inbred lines were crossed using the factorial mating scheme and 81
hybrids developed to determine combining ability effects and heterosis. Inbred lines with
high GCA effect (CML 202, CML395, 124-b (113), ILOO’E-1-9 and CML 197) were
selected as best combiners for hybrid development. Additionally five high yielding novel
single cross hybrids with grain yield of > 8 t ha-1 and high SCA effects were identified
such as CML395 X CML442, DE-78-Z-126-3-2-2-1-1 X CML442, ILOO’E-1-9-1-1-1-1-1
X CML312, X1264DW-1-2-2-2-2 X CML464 and SC22 X Gibe-1-91-1-1-1-1. These
experimental hybrids are recommended for direct production or as hybrid testers for
hybrid development.
Genotype x environment interaction (GEI) effects of 81 newly developed and three
check maize hybrids were evaluated across 10 locations in the mid-altitude sub-humid
agro-ecologies of Ethiopia. The AMMI-3 and GGE biplot models were used to determine
stability. Hybrids such as G68, G39, G37, G77, G34 and G2 were identified as the most
stable and high yielding at favorable environments such as Bako, Jima, Arsi Negelle
and Pawe in Ethiopia. The genotype and genotype by environment interaction (GGE)
biplot clustered the 10 environments into three unique mega-environments. Environment I included Bako, Jima, Asossa, Ambo, Finote Selam, Haramaya and Pawe
while environment II represented by Arsi-Negelle and environment III Areka and
Hawassa.
In general, the study identified valuable maize inbred lines with high combining ability
for breeding and novel single cross hybrids for large-scale production or as testers for
hybrid development at the mid-altitude, sub-humid agro-ecologies of Ethiopia or similar
environments in sub-Saharan Africa.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.
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Kwena, Philip Onyimbo. "Recurrent selection for gray leaf spot (GLS) and phaeosphaeria leaf spot (PLS) resistance in four maize populations and heterotic classification of maize germplasm from western Kenya." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/747.
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Abdi, Abdulhakim Mohamed. "Investigating habitat association of breeding birds using public domain satellite imagery and land cover data." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6089.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial TechnologiesTwenty-five years after the implementation of the Birds Directive in 1979, Europe‟s farmland bird species and long-distance migrants continue to decrease at an alarming rate. Farmland supports more bird species of conservation concern than any other habitat in Europe. Therefore, it is imperative to understand farmland species‟ relationship with their habitats. Bird conservation requires spatial information; this understanding not only serves as a check on the individual species‟ populations, but also as a measure of the overall health of the ecosystem as birds are good indicators of the state of the environment. The target species in this study is the corn bunting Miliaria calandra, a bird whose numbers in northern and central Europe have declined sharply since the mid-1970s. This study utilizes public domain data, namely Landsat imagery and CORINE land cover, along with the corn bunting‟s presence-absence data, to create a predictive distribution map of the species based on habitat preference. Each public domain dataset was preprocessed to extract predictor variables. Predictive models were built in R using logistic regression.(...)
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Kasozi, Lwanga Charles. "Genetic analysis and selection for maize weevil resistance in maize." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10746.
Full textAbstract:
The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) is one of the most destructive storage insect pest of maize (Zea mays L.) in tropical Africa and worldwide, especially when susceptible varieties are grown. Therefore, grain resistance against the maize weevil should be part of a major component of an integrated maize weevil management strategy. The specific objectives of this study were to: i) determine farmers’ perceptions about weevil resistance in maize cultivars; ii) determine the genotypic variation for maize weevil resistance in eastern and southern Africa maize germplasm lines; iii) study the gene action conditioning weevil resistance in the inbred line populations from eastern and southern Africa maize germplasm and to measure their combining ability for yield and weevil resistance; iv) determine the effectiveness of two cycles of modified S1 recurrent selection in improving a tropical maize population “Longe5” for weevil resistance and agronomic superiority and v) evaluate the effectiveness of the “weevil warehouse techniques” compared to the “laboratory bioassay technique” as methods of maize screening against the maize weevil.
A participatory rural appraisal (PRA) was conducted in three districts between December 2010 and January 2011, to gather information on the maize weevil pest status in Uganda and farmers’ perceptions about improved maize varieties and the major attributes desired in new maize varieties. Over 95% of farmers knew the maize weevil and its pest status, and were reportedly controlling the maize weevil using wood ashes, red pepper and Cupressus sempervirens. The estimated postharvest weight losses attributed to weevil damage was over 20% within a storage period of four months. The most highly ranked attributes desired in the new maize varieties included high grain yield, tolerance to drought and low nitrogen stresses, resistance to field pests and diseases, good storability and resistance to storage pests.
In the search for new sources of weevil resistance, a total of 180 inbred lines from three different geographical areas were screened for weevil resistance using the laboratory bioassay technique. Eight inbred lines (MV21, MV23, MV75, MV102, MV142, MV154, MV157, and MV170) were consistently grouped in the resistant class, and therefore selected as potential donors for weevil resistance in the maize improvement programs. Large significant genetic variations for weevil resistance, and high levels of heritability (89 – 96%) were observed. The results revealed that there was no significant association between maize weevil resistance andgrain yield; suggesting that breeding for maize weevil resistance can be achieved without compromising grain yield.
Eight weevil resistant and two susceptible inbred line parents were crossed in a 10 x 10 full diallel mating design and the resulting 45 experimental hybrids and their reciprocal crosses evaluated for grain yield and secondary traits under four environments, and also to determine the gene action regulating their expression. The F1 hybrid seed, F2 full-sib and F2 half-sib grain generated from the 45 experimental hybrids and their reciprocals under two environments in Namulonge, were evaluated for weevil resistance using F1 weevil progeny emergence, median development period (MDP), Dobie’s index of susceptibility (DIS), and parental weevil mortality as susceptibility parameters. The general combing ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and reciprocal effects were all significant for grain yield, with SCA accounting for over 80% of the hybrid sum of squares. Inbred line parent MV44 exhibited positive significant GCA for grain yield and thus can be utilized in the development of synthetics and hybrids. Hybrids MV21 x MV13, MV154 x MV44, and MV154 x MV102 and all hybrids between parent MV142 and the rest of the parental lines exhibited positive and significant SCA effects. For the weevil resistance parameters, the general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and reciprocal effects were all significant for F1 weevil progeny emergence, MDP, and DIS in the three seed categories. The results revealed that weevil resistance was governed by additive gene action, non-additive, and maternal effects. Parents MV170 and MV142 were consistently exhibiting weevil resistance in the three seed categories and thus recommended for future breeding strategies. Furthermore, most of the hybrids generated from parental line M142 were noted to exhibit outstanding performance in terms of grain yield and weevil resistance.
Another study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of two cycles of modified S1 recurrent selection towards the improvement of weevil resistance in a maize population Longe5. Over 540 selfed ears were selected from the source population (C0) and screened for weevil resistance in the laboratory at Namulonge. Based on weevil resistance characteristics, 162 genotypes were selected from C0 and recombined in an isolated field to generate cycle C1. The same procedure was used for generating cycle C2 from cycle C1, but instead 190 weevil resistant C1 genotypes were selected and recombined to form C2. Seed from cycles C1 and C2, together with that from the source population (C0), was used to plant an evaluation trial in three locations, to compare the performance of the three cycles in terms of grain yield and reaction to the major foliar diseases, and also to produce seed for subsequent screening against weevil ii
infestation. A total of 54 seed samples were screened for weevil resistance in a laboratory at Namulonge, in an experiment laid out in a randomized complete block design. A reduction in grain weight loss of 65% was registered in the C2 seed, whereas in C1 seed it was 15%. A similar trend was observed for F1 weevil progeny emergence and grain damage. Grain yield results indicated a yield gain of 19% realized from cycle C2 while a yield gain of 7% was realized from cycle C1. Furthermore, reductions in disease severity of 27%, 10% and 13% were exhibited for Turcicum leaf blight (TLB), grey leaf spot (GLS) and rust disease, respectively in cycle C2. The results indicated that Longe5 can be improved for maize weevil resistance, grain yield, and resistance to foliar diseases through selection. Further recurrent selection cycles would be recommended.
The last study was aimed at evaluating the potential of shelled grain and suspended ear options of the weevil warehouse technique in discriminating maize genotypes into different susceptibility classes, based on genotype response to weevil attack. It involved comparing the effectiveness of the two options under the weevil warehouse technique with the laboratory bioassay technique using grain damage and grain weight loss as the maize grain susceptibility parameters. Fourteen maize genotypes were screened using the weevil warehouse and the laboratory bioassay techniques at Namulonge. On grouping the 14 genotypes into different response classes, high levels of consistency were observed in the three screening techniques. Therefore, the two weevil warehouse screening options being faster and effective in discriminating maize cultivars towards weevil attack, they were found to be better than the laboratory bioassay technique. The minimum evaluation period required to discriminate genotypes by the two weevil warehouse options was two months from the onset of the experiment.
The maize weevil was noted to be an important storage pest constraining maize production in Uganda. The major weevil control measures included proper postharvest handling procedures and use of indigenous technical knowledge. The results also revealed that host plant resistance could significantly reduce grain damage. It was further revealed that grain resistance against the maize weevil could be enhanced through hybridization and recurrent selection; thus the germplasm identified in the study can provide new sources of maize weevil resistance for commercial deployment and further breeding.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.
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Ngonyamo-Majee, Dainah. "Evaluation of corn endosperm properties and development of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations for screening germplasm on starch digestibility in large scale corn breeding programs." 2005. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/65642944.html.
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Mwimali, Murenga Geoffrey. "Genetic analysis and response to selection for resistance to two stem borers, Busseola fusca and Chilo partellus, in tropical maize germplasm." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10943.
Full textAbstract:
Maize is the principal staple food in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), but production lags behind population growth. The African stem borer, Busseola fusca, Fuller (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), and the spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus, Swinhoe (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) are serious insect pests of maize in tropical environments. The damage can be managed by breeding stem borer resistant maize varieties but there is limited information that can be used to devise appropriate breeding programs. Therefore breeding investigations were conducted to appraise germplasm screening methods, and to determine combining ability, heterosis and response of maize populations to S1 progeny recurrent selection. The study was conducted in Kenya during 2010 to 2013.
The results showed that most of the test genotypes were susceptible to B. fusca and less so to C. partellus, indicating that breeding for B. fusca would be more challenging. Therefore more resources would be required to improve maize germplasm for resistance to B. fusca to broaden the base from which breeders will select suitable lines for breeding. There was a highly significant (r=0.947, p≤ 0.01) correlation between rank selection index in the greenhouse and laboratory. The detached leaf disk bioassay method was effective for screening maize genotypes for resistance to both stem borers. Therefore it will be recommended for use in screening maize genotypes in future studies. The line x tester studies indicated a preponderance of the additive gene effects for borer resistance traits. Specific combining ability effects were significant for resistance traits and grain yield indicating that non-additive effects were also influential. Findings from the breeding investigations will impact positively on both food security and plant breeding capacity. The completed study was successful in identifying new maize inbred lines with resistance to both stem borers. These lines have high utility to maize breeding programmes that emphasise stem borer resistance in tropical environments. For the hybrid-oriented programmes, combining ability and heterotic orientation data for the 66 maize inbred lines will be crucial. In this regard the study was very successful in classifying the lines into three heterotic groups according to single cross testers (CML395/CML444, and CML312/CML442) that are widely used at CIMMYT, and by public breeding programs throughout SSA. Importantly, this was done based on grain yield potential of hybrids under B. fusca and C. partellus infestations in three mega environments.
The study demonstrates that S1 progeny recurrent selection is effective for improving stem borer resistance, without compromising yield. There was significant reduction (69%) in maize plant damage by both pests, and yield gains of 25% to 70% were realised in two populations. This represents significant contribution to plant breeding capacity, especially to maize breeding programmes that emphasise stem borer resistance in hybrids.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2014.
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Mariote, David. "Response to selection for downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) and maize streak virus resistance in three quality protein maize populations in Mozambique." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/748.
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Makhumbila, Penny. "Combining Ability for Ear Prolificacy and Response of Prolific Maize (Zea May L.) Hybrids to Low Nitrogen Stress." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1197.
Full textAbstract:
MSCAGR (Plant Production)Department of Plant Production
Smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa still obtain low grain yields in maize largely due to low soil fertility. The soils are inherently low in nitrogen (N) that is required for the proper development of the maize plant. Currently there are no commercial cultivars for low N tolerance locally. The combining ability approach can be used as a tool for breeding desirable cultivars. In order to improve grain yield in maize, it is important to consider ear prolificacy which is a major yield component. Therefore this study was designed to estimate combining ability in maize. Exotic germplasm from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center and the Institute of Tropical Agriculture as well as the local germplasm from the Agricultural Research Council was used in the study to generate crosses. One hundred and two crosses were evaluated together with a standard commercial check under low N and optimum N conditions. The specific objectives of the study were to determine general and specific combining ability for prolificacy among local and exotic inbred lines and evaluate the response of prolific hybrids to low N conditions. The hybrids were planted in the 2014/2015 summer season under irrigation in Potchefstroom, Cedara and Taung in field plots consisting of 0.75m x 0.25m spacing in a 0.1 alpha lattice design replicated twice. Data for agronomic attributes were recorded and subjected to analysis of variance using SAS version 9.1.3. Genetic correlations were analyzed using the Principal Components Analysis and factor analysis based on the correlation analysis and major traits. The results showed variation in agronomic performance among the inbred lines and their F1 hybrids. Inbred lines including TZEI63, T1162W, L15 and L17 showed positive GCA estimates for ear prolificacy at the different locations. Specific combining ability for prolific hybrids was positive at all locations and environments. The GCA:SCA ratio was close to unity; indicating that the number of ears per plant showed highly significant (P<0.01) correlation with grain yield. The hybrids showed ear prolificacy under the low N conditions. This trait can be used effectively in stress tolerance maize breeding programmes.
NRF
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Peterson, Mkafula Thembalethu. "Screening of ten maize genotypes for tolerance to acid soils using various methods." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26855.
Full textAbstract:
Breeding maize (Zea mays L.) for tolerance to acidic soils could improve maize yields. The current study aims to identify maize genotypes with tolerance to acidic soils, as well as identifying secondary traits associated with the tolerance to soil acidity. Ten maize varieties were screened for tolerance to aluminium (Al) toxicity under glasshouse, laboratory and field conditions. In the glasshouse, two soil acidity levels (limed and unlimed soil) were used and the experiment was set up in a complete randomised design (CRD) with three replications. The experiment lasted for 10 days and measurements were taken on plant height (PH), leaf area, stem diameter and dry matter. In the laboratory, a haematoxylin staining (HS) experiment was conducted to determine the response of 10 maize varieties to Al toxicity. Two Al concentrations (0 and 222 μM) were used and the experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with three replications. After 7 days, shoot length, was recorded. Five stress tolerance indices were estimated to determine the resilience of each genotype. A root growth stress tolerance index was also computed for both experimental procedures. In the field, two trials were established at two sites, namely Mbinja and Mpumaze. Limed and unlimed plots were used, and the trial was set up in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Maize kernel yield and other standard field parameters were recorded. Selection of tolerant genotypes from the field screening was also done using three indices, namely harmonic mean (HM), stress tolerance index (STI) and stress susceptibility index (SSI).
Both the glasshouse and laboratory assays identified similar genotypes of maize as being tolerant. These tolerant genotypes were Ngoyi, PANBG3492 BT, PAN 6Q408 and PHB 3442 based on the root growth stress tolerance index (RGSTI). It was therefore demonstrated that these two assays produced the same level of efficiency in identifying tolerant genotypes using this index. Based on ranking of seedling vigour index under soil acidity stress, the top three genotypes at Mpumaze were PHB32W71, PAN6616 and Sahara while at Mbinja, the top three were PAN6616, PAN6Q408 CB and PAN6P110. The genotypes PANBG3492 BT, PAN6Q408 and PHB3442 were also found to be tolerant to acidic soils at seedling stage. These genotypes are recommended for further evaluation in more sites to confirm their tolerance and yield potential under acidic soils.
The study also revealed that plant height, leaf area and stem diameter could be used for indirect selection for tolerance to Al toxicity under glasshouse conditions. The seedling vigour index was also effective in identifying tolerant genotypes under glasshouse conditions. On the other hand, shoot length stress tolerance index and the haematoxylin score were useful for indirect selection for tolerance to Al toxicity in the laboratory. In the field, it was observed that ear length, leaf area and ear diameter can be useful in identifying genotypes that are tolerant to soil acidity. They can therefore be useful as indirect selection criteria under field conditions. Additionally, the best selection indices for identifying soil acidity tolerant genotypes under field conditions were the HM and the STI. It is recommended that varieties that were identified as tolerant be further evaluated in several soil acidity hot spots to confirm their tolerance and stability of performance under field conditions.Agriculture and Animal Health
M. Sc. (Agriculture)
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Bucheyeki, Tulole Lugendo. "Characterization and genetic analysis of maize germplasm for resistance to northern corn leaf blight disease in Tanzania." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8730.
Full textAbstract:
The majority of farmers in Tanzania have not yet adopted modern maize varieties and still
cultivate landraces and open pollinated varieties (OPVs) with low production potential and
susceptible to diseases like maize streak virus (MSV), grey leaf spot (GLS) and northern corn
leaf blight (NLB). The NLB disease is among the major causes of low yield and has been
reported in all 21 maize growing regions in Tanzania. Breeding for host plant resistance with
high yielding potential and involving the community in the breeding process is expected to
address the problem of low yield, NLB disease susceptibility and low rate of F1 hybrid adoption.
Therefore, the study was conducted to obtain additional sources of resistance to NLB disease,
high yielding cultivars with community acceptable traits adapted to Tanzanian conditions. The
main objective was to contribute to increased maize productivity in the western zone of
Tanzania. The specific objectives of this study were therefore to : 1) investigate maize
production limiting factors for smallholder farmers in western Tanzania, 2) identify farmers and
stockist perceptions, opinions and maize variety selection criteria in western Tanzania, 3)
establish NLB disease status in farmers’ fields of western Tanzania, 4) determine the genetic
relationships among landraces and assess maize landraces as sources of breeding materials,
5) determine the combining ability and heterosis for NLB disease resistance of eleven maize
inbred lines adapted to Tanzanian conditions, and 6) determine the gene action and inheritance
of resistance to NLB disease in five maize inbred lines adapted to Tanzanian conditions. The
study was conducted from 2008-2011 in three diverse environments which represent all the
maize growing regions in the country
The participatory rural appraisal (PRA) was conducted in three districts to investigate farmers’
and stockists preferred traits for maize selection in western Tanzania, determine maize
production constraints facing farmers and assess NLB disease prevalence in the same area. A
focus group of 30 farmers was selected in each of the three villages. Transect walks, wealth
ranking and historical profiles were used in an informal survey. One hundred and fifty
questionnaires were used in a formal survey. The recorded yield was only 1 t haˉ¹. Thirteen
major maize production constraints, 13 insect pests and vermin and, 11 diseases were
recorded. The NLB disease was reported to be increasing in severity in all farmers’ fields.
Farmers’ preferred traits included resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, early maturity,
preferred milling qualities, high storage qualities and high yielding potential. Stockists mentioned
12 preferred maize variety traits which included high yielding, disease and insect pest
resistance, heavy grain, large cob size and large grain sizes. Similarity between farmers and
stockist variety preference ranking were found to exist.
The occurrence and distribution of northern leaf blight (NLB) disease study was conducted to
assess the incidence and severity of NLB disease in farmers’ fields in seven districts. The study
was conducted for two seasons. In each season, 175 fields with 5600 plants were sampled.
There were sixteen varieties grown with wide NLB disease reaction variation. Gembe, a
landrace, was among the three observed resistant varieties. The NLB disease has changed its
distribution pattern affecting all districts of the western zone. The disease incidence in season
two (2009/2010) significantly increased from season one (2008/2009) t= -3.25 (348), P= 0.001.
About 30% of both means of blight incidence and severity were recorded in the area.
Characterization and screening of maize landraces for northern leaf blight disease resistance was
conducted to determine the genetic relationships among landraces, assess maize landraces as
sources of NLB disease resistance and assess important agronomic traits for future maize
improvement. Ninety breeding materials consisting of 71 landraces and 19 commercial varieties
were evaluated. The average yield of landraces under research management was 2.3 t haˉ¹.
Landrace TZA 3075 was identified as NLB disease resistant. Yield potential, dent grain texture,
white endosperm and husk cover were important agronomic traits observed among landraces.
There were high variations in terms of morphology and NLB disease resistance among the
landraces. Five principal components contributed to 71.98 % of total variation. Clusters analysis
revealed five distinct groups of landraces. Leaves/plant, infested leaves/plant, lesion number,
lesion length, lesion width and NLB disease incidence traits highly contributed to variation and
grouping of landraces.
Combining ability analysis for northern leaf blight disease resistance was conducted to estimate
the combining ability for NLB disease resistance of 11 maize inbred lines adapted to Tanzanian
conditions, determine maternal effects which are involved in NLB disease resistance in maize
germplasm, and determine the heterosis in the F1 hybrids. A full 11 x 11 diallel cross was
performed. All top ten experimental hybrids in each of the three sites had negative midparent
heterosis for NLB disease severity. The overall mid-parent heterosis means for yield across
sites was 152%. The mean sum of squares for GCA was highly significant (P< 0.001) on
disease severity indicating additive gene action effects. Mean sum of squares for SCA were
highly significant for disease severity and yield implying non-additive gene action effects.
The mean squares for reciprocal effects were highly significant on yield and non-maternal sum
of squares had significant effect (P<0.05) on yield. The GCA contribution was high for disease
severity (91%) and lesion number (85%). Almost, all GCA effects for NLB disease resistance
were negative implying contribution to disease resistance. Due to preponderance of the additive
gene action, recurrent selection could be used to improve the resistance of inbred lines while
the non-additive gene action could be exploited in breeding for disease resistant hybrids.
Generation mean analysis of northern leaf blight disease resistance was conducted to
determine the mode of gene action involved in the inheritance of resistance to NLB disease in
five inbred lines adapted to Tanzania at contrasting environments, estimate heterosis and
heritability in five tropical inbred lines. Generation mean analysis was conducted using a six
parameter model comprising P1, P2, F1, F2, BCP1 and BCP2 generation progenies. The mean
sum of squares for environment, replication with the nested environment, generations,
generations x environment interactions were highly significant (P<0.001). The full model of
additive, dominance, additive x additive and additive x dominance epistatic effects was highly
significant (P<0.001). Nonetheless, the additive gene effects were predominant ranging
between 57% and 89% which was matched by large heritability (54%-85%). The average
degree of dominance ranged between -0.52 and 0.88 supporting observations of partial
dominance. The NLB disease severity showed a continuous distribution in all three sets for F2,
BCP1 and BCP2 populations which is an indication of quantitative nature of inheritance and
additive gene effects. The mid parent heterosis ranged from -19 to 1%. Therefore, resistance to
NLB disease could be improved through selection by exploiting the additive gene effects. The
epistatic gene effects would cause less complications because they were negligible (<25%).
The client oriented breeding for maize northern leaf blight disease resistance was carried out to
perform farmers and stockists assessment on the 110 F1 experimental maize hybrids and
compare them with breeders selection criteria. Breeders selection criteria ranked 10 top high
yielding experimental hybrids. Farmers developed 14 while stockists developed 13 selection
criteria. The most preferred hybrids by farmers were VL 05616 x CML 159, CML 159 x KS03-
0B15-47 and EB04-0A01-304 x CML 442 while stockists preferred VL 05616 x CML 395,
EB04-0A01-304 x CML 442 and VL 05616 x CML 159. Two F1 experimental hybrids EB04-
0A01-304 x CML 442 and CML 159 x CML 442 appeared in all top five ranked hybrids by
breeders, farmers and stockists. Generally, findings showed that, farmers, stockists and
breeders coincide in some selection criteria but also differ in other cases.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
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Papst, Christine [Verfasser]. "Resistance breeding in maize (Zea mays L.) against the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) and the use of DNA-markers for marker-assisted selection / von Christine Papst." 2005. http://d-nb.info/977769402/34.
Full text
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Maimela, Katlego Alocia. "Performance of five cowpea (Vigna uguiculata L.) varieties in cowpea/maize strip intercropping in Limpopo." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2972.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc. Agriculture (Agronomy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019The traditional practice of farmers in Limpopo Province is to mixed and broadcast crops at planting without definite row arrangement. This practice hinders farm input application and results in low crop yields. Strip intercropping, where crops are planted with definite row arrangement, has the advantage of reducing inter-species competition, optimise plant population and increasing crop yield. This study aimed at improving cowpea-maize cropping systems using strip intercropping. The experiment was conducted at University of Limpopo farm and Ga-Thaba village. Five cowpea varieties (Glenda (check)), IT86K-499-35, IT82E-16, IT86D -1010, TVu-13464 and maize (PAN 6479) were evaluated using randomised complete block design with three replications. Data collected were days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, canopy width, peduncle length, pod length, number of pods/plant, 100 seed weight, grain yield, fodder weight and land equivalent ratio was also determined. Data were analysed using the Statistix 9.0. The results revealed that in both locations TVu 13464 flowered early (50 days) respectively. At University of Limpopo farm TVu 13464, IT82E-16 and IT86D-1010 matured early (89, 88 and 91 days). At University of Limpopo farm, IT82E-16 had high cowpea grain yield (2230 kg/ha) under monocropping and also produced high grain yield of 1373 kg/ha during 2016/17 season. At Ga-Thaba, IT86D-1010 produced high cowpea grain yield of 1085 kg/ha under monocropping and during 2015/16 (660 kg/ha) while IT86K-499-35 also produced high grain yield of 915 kg/ha during 2016/17. The varieties showed yield stability depending on different locations. At University of Limpopo farm, strip intercropping achieved high maize grain yield of 3961 kg/ha during 2016/17. At Ga-Thaba, strip intercropping produced high maize grain yield 747 and 1024 kg/ha during 2015/16 and 2016/17, respectively. Monocropping produced low maize grain yield during 2015/16 with a mean of 425 kg/ha and mixed intercropping had mean of 499 kg/ha during 2016/17. The calculated LER for two crops over two seasons under strip intercropping ranged from 1.25 and 2.14, whereas under mixed intercropping, it ranged between 0.73 and 1.05 over two seasons at University of Limpopo farm. TVu 13464, IT82E-16 and IT86D-1010 are promising varieties for strip intercropping in low rainfall areas because of their early maturity and high grain yield. The calculated LER for two crops over two seasons xx under strip intercropping ranged from 1.62 and 2.98, whereas under mixed intercropping, it ranged between 0.76 and 1.67 in both seasons at Ga-Thaba.
National Research Foundation (NRF) and Water Research Commission (WRC)