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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Corn – Metabolsim'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Nogemane, Noluyolo. "Symplasmic pathway in phloem loading and unloading in source and sink leaves of Zea mays L. as evidenced under normal and elevated CO₂ conditions." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007813.

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Zea mays plants kept at ambient (ca 375ppm) and elevated CO₂ (ca 650 to 700ppm) were used to examine the possibility of a symplasmic loading, unloading and transport pathway in dark-adapted and illuminated (200μmolm⁻²sec⁻¹ ) sink and source leaves. 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate was introduced into the mesophyll cells and symplasmic transfer observed 3h after application. In sink and source leaves exposed to ambient CO₂ and illuminated at 200 molm-2sec-1, the fluorescence front was observed approximately 3cm from the point of application, while in dark-adapted plants, the fluorescence front was observed approximately 1cm from the point of application. Under elevated CO₂ conditions the fluorescence front in illuminated plants appeared to transport faster moving approximately 5cm from the point of application, and in dark-adapted plants, only 3cm from the point of application. Based on the increase in 5,6-CF accumulation under elevated CO₂ conditions, the present study suggests that there was an increase in capacity for assimilate loading and transport under elevated CO₂ conditions. In source leaves, 5,6-CFDA was taken up into the mesophyll cells, loaded symplasmically and transported basipetally. In sink leaves 5,6- CFDA was taken up from basal mesophyll and after symplasmic loading, was transported acropetally where it was offloaded into the younger immature sink region. Transport in the sieve tubes was confirmed by using aniline blue, which was applied 3h after 5,6-CF transport. Aniline blue coupled with 5,6-CF transport studies showed that the sieve tubes of both cross and longitudinal veins are involved in symplasmic unloading, loading and transport processes in sink and source leaves. Apoplasmic uptake of 5,6-CFDA by cut leaves showed that after apoplasmic transport via the transpiration stream, 5,6-CFDA was offioaded to the xylem parenchyma where it was metabolically cleaved , releasing fluorescent 5,6-CF into the xylem parenchyma. Transverse sections cut after 3h of uptake were observed after 120 and 180 min suggesting that a retrieval of solutes occurs from the xylem to the xylem parenchyma, bundle sheath, phloem parenchyma and to the th in-walled sieve tubes. It was not possible to determine if the thick-walled sieve tubes were involved or if they took up 5,6-CF. Given the available data on loading and offioading of assimilates in sink and source leaves respectively, this study demonstrated that a slow symplasmic pathway exists from the mesophyll to the phloem, and that offloading from the phloem in sink leaves can occur via a symplasmic route.
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2

Álvarez, Guardia David. "Estudi dels mecanismes moleculars implicats en l’associació entre inflamació i alteracions metabòliques en cèl∙lules cardíaques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31985.

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El canvi en l’estil de vida que s’ha produït en les societats desenvolupades els darrers anys ha tingut com a contrapartida l’aparició de conductes sedentàries i modificacions en la dieta. Com a conseqüència d’aquests factors s’han produït diverses alteracions metabòliques que han causat un augment de la prevalença de l’obesitat. Aquesta obesitat té una sèrie d’efectes adversos sobre la fisiologia cardiovascular i és considerada un important factor de risc pel desenvolupament de la insuficiència cardíaca. De fet, el consum de dietes amb un elevat contingut en greixos (HFD) s’ha relacionat amb una sèrie d’alteracions cardíaques directes com són la inflamació, la hipertròfia i la disfunció contràctil. Durant el procés inflamatori que es produeix en les esmentades malalties cardiovasculars, les cèl•lules cardíaques humanes secreten citocines i quimiocines proinflamatòries com el TNF-α, MCP-1, i IL-6, molècules que es troben sota el control transcripcional del factor de transcripció ubic i induïble anomenat NF-κB. Aquestes citocines exerceixen diversos efectes pleiotròpics autocrins en les cèl•lules cardíaques, tot produint un efecte de retroalimentació positiva del procés inflamatori que contribueix al desenvolupament d’aquestes malalties. En condicions normals, el cor de mamífers adults obté energia en forma d’ATP principalment a partir de la β-oxidació d’àcids grassos en el mitocondri, encara que aquest orgànul és capaç de catabolitzar altres substrats com la glucosa o el lactat per tal d’assegurar una font constant d’energia. Ara bé, en determinades circumstàncies, com és el cas de la hipertròfia i la insuficiència cardíaques, aquesta flexibilitat de substrat es veu compromesa i la β-oxidació d’àcids grassos es redueix degut a que la font principal d’energia passa a ser la glucosa. Aquests canvis metabòlics comporten una desregulació del control transcripcional de gens relacionats amb el transport, captació i catabolisme dels àcids grassos i la glucosa. En el miocardi, els factors de transcripció implicats en el control d’aquests gens inclouen ERRα i PPARβ/δ. Ambdós factors de transcripció, participen en l’activació de la PDK4, enzim clau en la modulació homeostàtica de la glucosa. Aquesta cinasa regula l’activitat de la PDC, enzim que catalitza la reacció de descarboxilació del piruvat a acetil-CoA, tot limitant l’ús de carbohidrats com a font d’energia en mitocondris i afavorint així la β-oxidació d’àcids grassos. En l’activació de la transcripció de PDK4 també hi participa PGC-1α, que interacciona amb ERRα i PPARβ/δ, tot incrementant-ne la seva activitat transcripcional. Estudis recents però, semblen indicar que no només aquests dos factors de transcripció participen en la regulació de PDK4. És el cas d’E2F1, un factor de transcripció clau en la regulació de la transició de la fase G1 a la fase S del cicle cel•lular i del qual la regió promotora del gen que codifica per PDK4 en presenta dos llocs d’unió. Estudis recents suggereixen que PPARβ/δ, que és la forma predominant en les cèl•lules cardíaques, pot atenuar les vies de senyalització inflamatòries i, per tant, interferir en la remodelació cardíaca. Aquesta funció és en gran mesura deguda a la capacitat dels PPAR, un cop han estat activats per agonistes, de formar complexos amb altres factors de transcripció activats, com ara NF-κB i STAT resultant així en la inhibició de l’activitat transcripcional d’aquests últims. Així l’ús d’agonistes PPARβ/δ podria ser un camí força interessant de cara a trobar potencials fàrmacs per tal de pal•liar les afeccions cardíaques derivades d’alteracions metabòliques i amb un rerefons inflamatori. En conjunt en aquest treball es presenten una sèrie de resultats destinats a conèixer de forma més detallada els mecanismes moleculars que relacionen les alteracions metabòliques i els processos inflamatoris en cor, per tal de poder buscar potencials dianes farmacològiques amb l’objectiu de prevenir i tractar aquests estats patològics.
The change in lifestyle that has occurred in developed societies in recent years has been accompanied by the rise of sedentary behavior and changes in diet that have caused an increasing obesity prevalence. Obesity has a huge number of adverse effects on cardiovascular physiology and is considered an important risk factor for heart failure developement. In fact, high fat diets have been linked with direct cardiac abnormalities such as inflammation, hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction. During the inflammatory process that occurs in these diseases, human cardiac cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6, molecules that are under the control of the ubiquitous and inducible transcription factor NF-κB. In certain circumstances, such in hypertrophy and heart failure, the substrate flexibility in heart is compromised and the fatty acids β-oxidation is reduced because the main source of energy becomes the glucose. These metabolic changes lead to a deregulation on the transcriptional control of genes associated with transport, uptake and catabolism of fatty acids and glucose. In the myocardium, among the transcription factors involved in the control of these genes we found ERRα and PPARβ/δ. Both transcription factors, are involved in PDK4 activation, an important enzyme in the homeostatic modulation of glucose. This kinase regulates PDC activity, an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation from pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, limiting the use of carbohydrates as energy source in mitochondria and thus favoring the fatty acid β-oxidation. In the PDK4 transcription activation also participates PGC-1α, which interacts with ERRα and PPARβ/δ, increasing its transcriptional activity. However recent studies, suggest that not only these two transcription factors are involved in PDK4 regulation. Other transcription factors as E2F1, which is crucial for cell cycle control, may regulate PDK4 expression. Overall, the results shown in this work are aimed to learn in more detail the molecular mechanisms linking the metabolic disorders and inflammatory processes in heart, in order to find potential drug targets to prevent and treat these pathological states.
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3

Martins, Carolina Guerra. "Níveis de inclusão de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura associados a milho grão inteiro ou floculado em dietas de terminação de bovinos Nelore." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-13112013-145253/.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi a avaliação metabólica de dietas contendo níveis de inclusão de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura (0, 3, 6, 9% da MS da dieta) associados a milho grão inteiro ou floculado (360g/L), perfazendo um total de cinco tratamentos. Foram utilizados cinco bovinos machos castrados da raça Nelore, com peso médio inicial igual a 479,2kg; contendo cânulas no rúmen, distribuídos em um delineamento Quadrado Latino 5x5. Tratamentos aplicados: MI-0: milho inteiro sem inclusão de BIN (bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura); MI-3: milho inteiro com 3% de BIN; MI-6: milho inteiro com 6% de BIN; MI-9: milho inteiro com 9% de BIN; MF-6: milho floculado com 6% de BIN. O método de processamento não alterou o consumo de MS e nutrientes (p>0,05) e não houve efeito de nível de inclusão de BIN (p>0,05), exceto para o consumo de FDN que aumentou linearmente (p=0,0145) com a inclusão de BIN. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade não diferiram entre os métodos de processamento e nem entre os níveis de BIN (p>0,05), apesar do efeito positivo da inclusão de BIN no pH ruminal (p=0,0001). O milho duro utilizado no presente estudo quando fornecido inteiro para bovinos Nelore em dietas com altos teores de concentrado apresentou ao redor de 96% da concentração de ELm e de ELg (2,12 e 1,44 Mcal/Kg de MS) em relação ao valor tabular do NRC (1996) para milho dentado (2,18 e 1,50 Mcal/Kg de MS). Os maiores teores de BIN na dieta ocasionaram maiores tempos gastos na atividade de ingestão (p<0,05) e mastigação (p<0,05) e, também, houve uma tendência (p=0,0702) para maior tempo de alimentação à medida que o teor de BIN foi aumentando. O método de floculação não alterou os VfCF e VfCNF, no entanto, diminuiu a KdCF e aumentou a KdCNF e o lag time.
The objective of this study was to evaluate diets containing levels of fresh sugar cane bagasse (0, 3, 6, 9% DM) associated with whole or steam flaked corn grain (360g/L) in metabolic parameters of cattle. Five rumen cannulated Nellore steers, weighing 479.2 kg at the beginning of the experiment, were distributed in five treatments in a 5x5 Latin Square design. Experimental treatments were the following finishing diets: WC-0: whole corn with no addition of sugar cane bagasse (SCB); WC-3: whole corn with 3% SCB; WC-6: whole corn with 6% SCB, WC-9: whole corn with 9% SCB; SFC-6: steam flaked corn with 6% SCB. Despite the increased in vitro Kd of non-fibrous carbohidrates (NFC), steam flaked corn did not improve the nutritional value of corn grain in comparison with whole grain based on in vivo metabolic assay. The inclusion of dietary SCB did not improve DM intake and digestibility of nutrients, but resulted in positive effects on ruminal pH. The addition of whole flint corn used in the present study in the diet of Nellore steers fed high concentrate finishing diets, had approximately 96% of NEm and NEg concentrations (2.11 and 1.44 Mcal / kg DM) in comparison to tabular values from (1996) for dent corn (2.18 and 1.50 Mcal / kg DM), for DM intake restricted to 85% of potential intake.
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4

Lahiguera, Belenguer Álvaro. "Defectos en la reparación homóloga producen un aumento del metabolismo oxidativo en cáncer de ovario: relevancia para los tratamientos con inhibidores de PARP." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671620.

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Hipótesis: ¿El daño crónico en el ADN o bloqueo de la HR crónico produce un shift o una selección de células que han cambiado su metabolismo para poder sobrevivir a la situación? Objetivos: El principal objetivo de esta tesis doctoral ha sido estudiar la correlación entre los defectos de reparación en la recombinación homóloga o daño crónico en el ADN y la adaptación metabólica que se lleva a cabo para poder sobrevivir en esa situación en el cáncer de ovario seroso de alto grado. Como objetivos concretos de la tesis tenemos: A) Generación y caracterización de modelos que padezcan daño crónico en el ADN o sufran defectos en la reparación por recombinación homóloga. B) Estudiar los mecanismos de adaptación metabólica de estos modelos celulares al daño crónico y los fallos en la recombinación homologa C) Ver el papel que pueden jugar inhibidores de la cadena respiratoria como posibles tratamientos a tumores de estas características y las interacciones con otros tratamientos que se utilizan actualmente.
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5

Casas, Maria I. "BIOCHEMICAL AND GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SPECIALIZED FLAVONOID METABOLISM IN MAIZE." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1431071650.

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6

Paranhos, Vivian Maria dos Santos 1984. "Taxa metabólica basal em atletas usuários de cadeira de rodas : comparação entre dois métodos de avaliação." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/275064.

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Orientador: Edison Duarte
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T08:35:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paranhos_VivianMariadosSantos_M.pdf: 1343045 bytes, checksum: c0fc2e5a6fd994aa302b9869101ed399 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Considerada atualmente um problema de saúde pública, as lesões na medula espinhal na população aumentam a cada ano e com ela muitos problemas que irão acompanhar o indivíduo ao longo de toda a vida. Algumas dúvidas surgem ao trabalhar com essas pessoas pelos profissionais nutricionistas, visto as alterações fisiológicas decorrentes da lesão. Como calcular o gasto energético total diário e especificar, com maior precisão, as necessidades de calorias totais e de macronutrientes (proteínas, lipídeos, carboidratos e todas as vitaminas e minerais)? Como calcular esse gasto em atletas com lesão medular usuários de cadeira de rodas em suas práticas esportivas? O método comumente empregado para cálculo de gasto energético como a fórmula de Harris-Benedict, por exemplo, elaborada para indivíduos hígidos. Outro método utilizado para esse tipo de avaliação é o de calorimetria indireta, bastante preciso, porém inviável muitas vezes, quer pelo custo, quer pela dificuldade de aplicação. Esse estudo teve como o objetivo analisar o gasto energético basal através de um método de calorimetria indireta em atletas usuários de cadeira de rodas e comparar os resultados com a fórmula comumente utilizada (Harris-Benedict) buscando comparar os valores apresentados entre esses dois métodos. O estudo foi realizado com 14 indivíduos praticantes da modalidade de rugby em cadeira de rodas, com lesão da medula espinhal cervical (C5-C7), do gênero masculino, com idade entre 25 e 36 anos. Observou-se uma correlação significativa de 0,58 entre a comparação dos dois métodos e concordância significativa com intervalo de confiança entre eles de +154,3 kcal/dia até -115,5 kcal/dia. No entanto a fórmula de Harris & Benedict não prevê e não calcula o gasto relacionado à espasmos musculares, comum nessa população, dentre outras especificidades. Concluiu-se que a calorimetria indireta é um método mais preciso, validado e mais indicado para essa população quando comparado à fórmula de predição de Harris & Benedict, devido as especificidades da lesão da medula espinhal
Abstract: Currently considered a public health problem , injuries to the spinal cord in the population increase every year and with it many problems that will accompany the individual throughout life . Some questions arise when working with these people by professional nutritionists , since the physiological changes resulting from injury. How to calculate the total daily energy expenditure and to specify more precisely the needs of total calories and macronutrients ( proteins , lipids , carbohydrates and all the vitamins and minerals) ? How to calculate this expense in athletes with spinal cord injury wheelchair users in their sports practices ? The common method for calculating energy expenditure as the Harris-Benedict formula , for example , designed to healthy individuals . Another method used for this type of assessment is to indirect calorimetry quite accurate , but often impractical , either by cost or by the difficulty of implementation . This study aimed to analyze the basal energy expenditure through a method of indirect calorimetry in athletes of wheelchair users and compare the results with the commonly used formula ( Harris -Benedict ) trying to compare the values ??presented between these two methods . The study was conducted with 14 subjects practicing the sport of rugby in wheelchairs with cervical spinal cord ( C5 - C7 ) , male , aged between 25 and 36 years. There was a significant correlation of 0.58 between the two methods and a significant agreement with a confidence interval between them +154.3 kcal / day to -115.5 kcal / day. However the formula of Harris & Benedict does not provide and does not calculate the expense related to muscle , spasms common in this population , among other specifics . It was concluded that indirect calorimetry is a more accurate , validated and most appropriate method for this population when compared to the prediction formula of Harris & Benedict , because the specifics of spinal cord injury
Mestrado
Atividade Fisica Adaptada
Mestra em Educação Física
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7

Costa, Amina Chain. "Influência do exercício físico sobre a massa e o metabolismo ósseo de indivíduos com lesão medular cervical." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3702.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Indivíduos que permanecem longo tempo em cadeira de rodas apresentam importante perda de massa óssea, principalmente nos membros inferiores, possivelmente agravada pela baixa ingestão de cálcio dietético e pelo inadequado estado nutricional de vitamina D. O exercício físico pode contribuir para a manutenção ou aumento da massa óssea em diferentes populações e nos indivíduos com lesão medular pode contribuir para atenuar a perda de massa óssea. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência da prática regular de exercício físico sobre a adequação da massa óssea, indicadores bioquímicos do metabolismo ósseo e estado nutricional de vitamina D em indivíduos com lesão medular cervical há pelo menos um ano. Em vinte e cinco homens de 19 a 56 anos sendo 15 fisicamente ativos e 10 sedentários, foi realizada análise sérica de cálcio, PTH, 25(OH)D, IGF-1, osteocalcina e NTx. As medidas do conteúdo mineral ósseo, densidade mineral óssea (DMO), massa magra e massa gorda foram realizadas por DXA. A pigmentação da pele (constitutiva e por bronzeamento) foi determinada por colorimetria com o objetivo de investigar sua influência sobre o estado de vitamina D. A ingestão habitual de cálcio foi registrada em um questionário de frequência alimentar direcionado para alimentos fonte. As comparações entre os dois grupos foram realizadas pela aplicação do Teste t de Student exceto para as variáveis ósseas que foram realizadas após ajustes pela massa corporal total, tempo de lesão e ingestão de cálcio utilizando-se análise de co-variância. Associações entre as variáveis estudadas foram avaliadas através de análise de correlação de Pearson. Valores de p<0.05 foram considerados significativos. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos para nenhuma variável óssea com exceção do z-score da DMO da coluna lombar, que foi significativamente maior no grupo de indivíduos sedentários (0,9 1,7 vs -0,7 0,8; p<0,05). No entanto, entre os indivíduos ativos, aqueles que iniciaram a prática de exercício físico com menos tempo decorrido após a lesão apresentaram maior DMO do fêmur (r=-0,60; p<0,05). Nos indivíduos ativos, a freqüência do exercício apresentou associação negativa com a concentração sérica de i-PTH (r = -0,50; p =0,05) e positiva com a concentração de 25(OH)D (r= 0,58; p <0,05). Após ajustes pela massa corporal total e tempo de lesão foram observadas associações positivas entre a ingestão diária de cálcio e z-score da DMO da coluna lombar (r = 0,73 e p <0,01) e DMO do rádio (r = 0,56 e p <0,05). Os resultados do presente estudo apontam para um efeito benéfico do exercício físico sobre a massa óssea e o perfil hormonal relacionado ao metabolismo ósseo. O início da prática regular de exercício físico o quanto antes após a lesão parece contribuir para atenuar a perda de massa óssea nos membros inferiores. Além disso, os resultados deste estudo sugerem uma possível potencialização do efeito osteogênico do exercício físico quando combinado a uma adequada ingestão de cálcio.
Individuals who stay long time in a wheelchair have significant bone loss, especially in lower limbs that may be aggravated by low calcium intake and inadequate vitamin D status. Physical exercise contributes to maintain or increase bone mass in different populations and may be useful in reducing bone loss in spinal cord injured individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of regular physical exercise on bone mass adequacy, biochemical markers of bone metabolism and vitamin D status in individuals with cervical spinal cord injury. Twenty five male adults (19-56 years) with cervical spinal cord injury for at least one year, were recruited and divided into physically active (n=15) and sedentary (n=10) groups. Fasting blood samples were collected and serum samples were stored at -20oC until analysis of calcium, PTH, 25(OH)D, IGF-1, osteocalcin and NTx. Bone mineral content and density (BMD), lean mass and fat mass were evaluated by DXA. Skin pigmentation (constitutive and facultative) was evaluated by reflectance colorimetry in order to investigate its influence on vitamin D status. Habitual calcium intake was recorded using a food frequency questionnaire directed to calcium food sources. Comparisons between groups were performed using Students t test except for bone variables that were performed after adjustments for total body mass, duration of injury and calcium intake by analysis of covariance. Associations between variables were evaluated using Pearson's correlation analysis. P values <0.05 were considered significant. There were no significant differences between groups for bone measurements except for lumbar spine Z-score, that was significantly higher in the sedentary group (0.9 1.7 vs -0.7 0.8; p< 0.05). However, in the active group, it was observed that subjects who initiated the practice of physical exercise with less time after injury had higher BMD at the femur (r=-0.60; p<0.05). In active subjects, exercise frequency was negatively associated with serum i-PTH (r = -0.50, p = 0.05) and positively associated with serum 25(OH)D (r= 0.58; p <0.05). After adjustments for total body mass and duration of injury daily calcium intake was positively associated with lumbar spine Z-score (r = 0.73 and p < 0.01) and with radius BMD (r = 0.56 and p <0.05). The results of this study suggest a beneficial effect of regular exercise practice on bone mass and bone-related hormonal profile. The earlier initiation of regular physical exercise after the injury appears to contribute to attenuate the loss of bone mass in lower limbs. Moreover, our results suggest that the osteogenic effect of exercise may be potentiated when combined with an adequate calcium intake.
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Quiles, Caroline Luísa. "Iluminação artificial : efeito do fotoperíodo e do espectro de cor sobre os ritmos biológicos e metabolismo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/163577.

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Objetivo: Avaliar a influencia da iluminação artificial nos ritmos biológicos e metabolismo por meio de dois experimentos em ratos Wistar. O primeiro avalia mudanças de fotoperíodo que mimetizem a sazonalidade; o segundo, a qualidade da iluminação artificial (espectro de cor) no ciclo claro/escuro (LD). Métodos: Experimento1 - Três grupos de animais: Controle (CL; n=6, ciclo LD de 12/12); grupo que inicia com fotoperíodo longo (LP/SP; n=7; LD 16.5:7.5); grupo que inicia com fotoperíodo curto (SP/LP; n=7; LD 7.5:16.5). Os grupos experimentais passaram por 18 dias no fotoperíodo inicial, 17 dias de redução ou aumento gradual do fotoperíodo, 18 dias no fotoperíodo inverso ao que iniciou. Experimento 2 - 36 animais foram mantidos 108 dias em ciclo LD 16:8h, divididos em 2 grupos: Standard Light (SL; n=18), mantidos sob iluminação com espectro de cor padrão (LED, 4000K); e Circadian Light (CL; n=18) com alterações de espectro de cor ao longo do dia (LED, 2700-6500K). Em ambos os estudos, níveis de atividade e temperatura, além de melatonina e corticosterona sérica, foram mensurados. No Experimento 2, além das pesagens semanais, após eutanásia a gordura visceral foi medida. Os parâmetros circadianos foram obtidos por meio da análise de séries temporais. Na análise estatística foram usados os testes paramétricos ou não paramétricos, de acordo com a normalidade dos dados. Resultados: A quantidade de atividade noturna, além dos níveis de corticosterona foram menores no grupo SP/LP (p<0.05). Portanto, os animais demonstraram pior adaptação dos ritmos à transição do fotoperíodo de dia curto para longo (SP/LP). A qualidade de iluminação também influenciou o comportamento animal. O grupo CL apresentou melhores parâmetros rítmicos que o grupo SL, por exemplo, menor intracyclevariability, maior amplitude e quantidade de atividade (p<0.05). Apesar de o peso corporal ter sido similar, o grupo SL apresentou maior quantidade de gordura visceral (p<0.05). Parâmetros rítmicos de atividade correlacionaram com a concentração de melatonina somente no grupo CL, enquanto que parâmetros rítmicos correlacionaram com a concentração de corticosterona principalmente no grupo SL. Conclusões: Nosso estudo reforça a relevância da iluminação como um fator importante na regulação do comportamento e metabolismo, sugerindo que o a iluminação artificial comumente utilizada, sem variação de espectro de cor, é um forte fator facilitador do processo de cronodisrupção e aumento de gordura visceral. Ainda, o sistema de iluminação utilizado frequentemente nos alojamentos experimentais podem ser subótimas para simular o ambiente natural. Apoio: FIPE/HCPA, CNPq, CAPES e Luxion Iluminação.
Objective:To evaluate the influence of artificial illumination on biological rhythms and metabolism by two experiments whit Wistar rats. The first one evaluated changes in photoperiod that mimetics seasonality; the second one, the quality of artificial light (color spectrum) on light/dark cycle (LD). Methods: Experiment 1 – Three animal groups: Control (CL; n=6, LD cycle 12/12); group that started with long photoperiod (LP/SP; n = 7; LD 16.5:7.5); group that started with short photoperiod (SP/LP; n=7; LD 7.5:16.5). Experimental groups passed for 18 day in a start photoperiod, 17 days of gradual increase or decrease of photoperiod, 18 days on inverse photoperiod to what start.Experiment 2 – 36 animals were kept for 108 days in a LD cycle of 16:8h, divided in 2 groups: Standard Light (SL; n=18), kept under illumination with standard color spectrum (LED, 4000K); and Circadian Light (CL; n=18) with changes of color spectrum during the day (LED, 2700-6500K). In both studies, activity and temperature levels, as well as serum melatonin and corticosterone, were measured. On Experiment 2, in addition to weekly weighing, after euthanasia the visceral fat was measures. The circadian parameters were obtained by temporal series analyses. In statistical analyses were used parametric or non-parametric tests, according the normality of data. Results:Amount of activity on dark, besides corticosterone levels were lower on SL/LP group (p<0.05). So, animals showed low rhythms adaptation to photoperiod transitions from short to long light (SL/LP). The quality of illumination also influenced in animal behavior. The CL group presented better rhythmic parameters than SL group, for example, low intracycle variability, high amplitude and quantity of activity (p<0.05). Although body weight was similar, SL group presented higher amount of visceral fat (p<0.05). Rhythmic parameters of activity correlated with the melatonin concentration just in CL group, whereas rhythmic parameters correlated whit corticosterone concentration principally in SL group. Conclusions: Our study reinforces the relevance of illumination as an important factor on metabolic and behavioral regulation, suggesting that artificial illumination commonly used, without color spectrum variation, is a strong facilitating factor on the process of chronodisruption and increase of visceral fat. Thus, the illumination system frequently used in experimental accommodation could be suboptimal for to simulate the natural environment. Support:FIPE/HCPA, CNPq, CAPES andLuxionIluminação.
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9

Saunders, Royal Duane. "Arachidonic acid and lipid metabolism following spinal cord injury /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260859496213.

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10

Chiriboga, Varea María de los Ángeles. "Aspectos bioquímicos del bloqueo de la maduración de peras ‘Conference’ tratadas con 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) y aplicación de sistemas de control." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/108177.

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El objetivo de esta tesis fue investigar cómo el 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) afecta a peras “Conference”. El tratamiento con 1-MCP es muy eficaz para retardar la maduración y senescencia pero su aplicación puede resultar en una inhibición permanente de la maduración y se asocia con una alta concentración de 1-MCP (600 ppb), mientras que una concentración más baja (300 ppb) da resultados muy variables. Este comportamiento se ve influenciado principalmente por la madurez a la cosecha y especialmente, por la capacidad de la fruta para producir etileno en el momento del tratamiento. La capacidad de la fruta para madurar en el periodo de después del tratamiento con 1-MCP ve determinat por parámetros fisiológicos relacionados principalmente con el metabolismo del etileno, como el grado de inhibición de la enzima ACC sintasa durante la conservación frío y la reactivación de la misma durante la vida útil. El tratamiento también permite un mejor mantenimiento de los sistemas antioxidantes de la fruta. Finalmente, esta tesis propone un sistema para prevenir el bloqueo de la maduración debido al tratamiento con 1-MCP. La combinación de una alta dosis de 1-MCP y etileno exógeno aplicado al mismo tiempo inmediatamente después de la cosecha permite un considerable retraso del proceso de maduración sin bloquearlo por completo y dando lugar a una homogeneización de la maduración entre los frutos de diferentes fechas de cosecha.
L'objectiu d'aquesta Tesi ha estat investigar com l’ 1-metilciclopropè (1-MCP) afecta a les peres ‘Conference’. El tractament amb 1-MCP es molt eficaç per retrasar la maduració i la senescència, però pot arribar a provocar una inhibició permanent de la maduració i va associat amb una alta concentració d’1-MCP (600 nL L-1), mentre que una concentració més baixa (300 nL L-1) pot donar resultats molt variables. L'efecte d'1 MCP estan influenciats principalment per la maduresa de collita i especialment per la capacitat de la fruita per produir etilè en el moment del tractament. El comportament de la maduració desprès del tractament amb 1-MCP ve determinada per par‡metres fisiològics relacionats principalment amb el metabolisme de l'etilË i ve determinada pel grau d'inhibició d'ACS durant l'emmagatzematge en fred i la reactivació d'aquest enzim durant la vida útil. El tractament amb 1 MCP pot també tenir un efecte positiu sobre el metabolisme antioxidant. Finalment, aquesta tesi proposa un sistema que evita aquest bloqueig de la maduració. La combinació d'una alta dosi d'1-MCP i etilè aplicats simultàniament e immediatament després de la collita, permet aconseguir un considerable retard de la maduració, sense bloquejar-la completament, a la vegada que dona lloc a una homogeneïtzació de la maduració entre els fruits de diverses dates de collita.
The aim of this thesis was to investigate how 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) affects ëConferenceí pears. The treatment with 1-MCP was very effective to reduce ripening and senescence but can result in a permanent inhibition of ripening. This ripening blockage was associated with a high concentration of 1-MCP (600 ppb) whereas a lower concentration (300 ppb) gave very variable results. This behaviour was mainly influenced by the harvest maturity and especially by the ability of the fruit to produce ethylene at the moment of treatment. The softening behaviour and the effectiveness of 1-MCP are determined by physiological parameters related principally with the ethylene metabolism and is determined by the extent of the inhibition of ACC synthase during cold storage and the reactivation of the enzyme during shelf life. 1-MCP treatment also allows a better maintenance of the fruitís antioxidant system. Finally, this thesis proposes a system that permits the prevention of the evergreen behaviour. The combination of a high dose of 1-MCP and ethylene applied simultaneously immediately after harvest permitted a considerable delay of the ripening process without completely blocking it and resulted in a homogenization of ripening between fruit from different harvest dates.
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11

Romero, Romero María del Mar. "Modulación metabólica de la oleoil estrona en ratas con sobrepeso." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/131133.

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Aunque se ha caracterizado extensamente la eficacia de la administración de la oleoil estrona sobre la pérdida de grasa corporal, todavía no se ha conseguido averiguar su mecanismo de acción. Esta tesis doctoral se ha centrado en el estudio de la acción de la oleoil estrona a nivel periférico, utilizando ratas Wistar macho con sobrepeso (previamente alimentadas con una dieta de cafetería), y en un modelo de restricción energética forzada equivalente (pair fed), con el fin de discernir los efectos específicos de la oleoil estrona sobre vías metabólicas, partición de la energía y regulación hormonal. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la administración de oleoil estrona junto con una restricción energética adicional no potencia su efecto sobre la pérdida de grasa corporal, aunque se induce la movilización de proteína corporal. Por otro lado, tanto la disminución de las reservas de grasa producidas por el tratamiento con oleoil estrona como el perfil de expresión génica relacionado con el metabolismo lipídico en el tejido adiposo, parecen ser consecuencia, en buena parte, de la disminución de la ingesta. El hígado es, probablemente, el tejido que marca las diferencias en el metabolismo energético tras el tratamiento con oleoil estrona. La acción de la oleoil estrona en el hígado da lugar a cambios profundos y casi siempre en sentido contrario al observado en las ratas pair fed. Concretamente, la administración de oleoil estrona, a pesar de la diminución de la ingesta, disminuye la expresión hepática de los genes implicados en la gluconeogénesis, mantiene la de los relacionados con la glucolisis y la lipogénesis e incluso incrementa la expresión de los implicados en la síntesis de triacilgliceroles, de acuerdo con el incremento del factor de transcripción SREBP-1c, lo que diferencia claramente la acción de la oleoil estrona de la simple restricción energética. Estos resultados explican en parte el mantenimiento de la glucemia y el aumento del consumo de triacilgliceroles por parte de los órganos periféricos. Además, el tratamiento con oleoil estrona incrementa en el hígado la expresión hepática de genes y niveles de proteínas que participan en el transporte reverso de colesterol y en su oxidación a ácidos biliares. Estos efectos están de acuerdo con la disminución del colesterol circulante que se observa tras el tratamiento con oleoil estrona. El efecto adelgazante de la administración de la oleoil estrona se ve limitado por el efecto contraregulador de los glucocorticoides. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las ratas tratadas con oleoil estrona aumentan tanto la síntesis de glucocorticoides en las glándulas adrenales como su eliminación en el hígado, lo que modera el incremento de glucocorticoides circulantes, a diferencia del grupo pair fed, sometido a una restricción energética forzada. La hidrólisis de la oleoil estrona libera estrona, un estrógeno débil pero fácilmente activable a estradiol. La sobrecarga de estrona producida tras la administración de la oleoil estrona inhibe su activación de estradiol, lo que limita los efectos estrogénicos, pero a la vez se inhibe la síntesis y la activación de testosterona, con lo que se produce una marcada disminución de la testosterona circulante. En definitiva, el tratamiento con oleoil estrona disminuye la grasa corporal como consecuencia del incremento de la sensación de saciedad, pero a diferencia de una simple restricción energética mantiene la glucemia y la síntesis de lípidos hepáticos, a la vez que limita el incremento de glucocorticoides circulantes, lo que da lugar a la moderación del nivel de estrés de los animales.
This thesis has been focused on the study of the action of oleoyl estrone using overweight male Wistar rats, and a model of restricted energy intake (pair fed), in order to discern the specific effects on metabolic pathways of oleoyl estrone. The decrease in fat reserves produced by treatment with oleoyl estrone as suggests by the expression profile of genes associated with lipid metabolism in adipose tissue seems to be due, largely, to the decrease in food intake. The oleoyl estrone treatment results in profound changes in liver metabolism. In spite of decreased food intake, administration of oleoyl estrone decreases the hepatic expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis, maintaining those of glycolysis and lipogenesis; there are, even, an increase in those of triacylglycerol synthesis. This is in agreement with SREBP-1c increase, a condition which clearly differentiates the action of oleoyl estrone from pair fed energy restriction. These results explain at least partly the maintenance of blood glucose and the increased consumption of triacylglycerols by peripheral organs. Treatment with oleoyl estrone also increases the hepatic expression of genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport and its oxidation to bile acids. These effects are consistent with the marked decrease of circulating cholesterol observed under treatment with oleoyl estrone. Rats treated with oleoyl estrone increase both glucocorticoid synthesis in the adrenal glands and their oxidative inactivation in the liver, thereby moderating the increase in circulating glucocorticoids, unlike the pair fed group, subjected to a non voluntary restriction in energy intake. The estrone overload produced after the administration of the oleoyl estrone inhibits its own activation to estradiol, thereby limiting the overall estrogenic effects. However, this process also inhibits the synthesis and activation of testosterone, resulting in a decrease its circulating levels. In conclusion, treatment with oleoyl estrone decreases body fat due to a higher level of satiety, but unlike pair fed energy restriction, blood glucose and hepatic lipid synthesis are maintained, and the increase of circulating glucocorticoids is limited, lowering the level of stress endured by the rats.
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12

Ramos, Patricia Maloso. "Dupla tonalidade e perda por gotejamento: relação com posição anatômica em secção transversal do lombo suíno e glicemia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-22082013-104027/.

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A percepção de cor e suas relações com água retida são aspectos importantes para definição do rendimento e qualidade final do processo produtivo da carne. A inter-relação entre as medidas objetivas de cor e a capacidade de retenção de água tem possibilitado a utilização de valores de atributos de cor para a predição de problemas com carne exsudativa. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a relação entre pontos anatômicos de amostragem na secção transversal do bife de lombo suíno para obtenção das medidas de cor e medidas indiretas da capacidade de retenção de água, além do impacto nestes atributos devido à glicemia no momento do abate e no exsudado. Foram realizados dois ensaios, na seguinte ordem: 1) 19 amostras de lombo suíno foram adquiridas de forma aleatória no varejo, no dia seguinte ao abate do animal, e submetidas à determinação das variáveis de cor, pelo padrão CIElab, em seis pontos da superfície do bife, que posteriormente foram submetidos a medidas de exsudação e 2) 25 carcaças foram amostradas em abatedouro experimental, selecionadas com base nos níveis de glicemia plasmática dos animais no momento da sangria, formando duas categorias: normal-NO (74,8 ± 2,00 mg.dL-1) e alta-AL (134 ± 5,30 mg.dL-1). Três diferentes regiões (lateral, intermediária e medial) definidas com base nas observações do ensaio 1 foram analisadas para os parâmetros de cor, perdas por gotejamento em dois tempos e concentração de glicose no exsudado. No primeiro ensaio, a leitura de L* na região ventro-lateral do bife apresentou a maior correlação com a perda por gotejamento média geral do bife. A perda por gotejamento cresceu de maneira proporcional entre 48 e 72 horas após a determinação das variáveis de cor. O grupo AL, no segundo ensaio, apresentou perdas por gotejamento elevadas para a posição intermediária (11,0 ± 1,0 g.100-1) e lateral (9,0 ± 1,0 g.100-1). A coloração entre os grupos não diferiu, porém a L* da região intermediária foi mais alta (55,88 ± 1,55) e sua intensidade de vermelho foi menor (6,67 ± 0,35) em relação às regiões lateral (52,83 ± 1,65 e 7,68 ± 0,40) e medial (50,93 ± 1,65 e 7,67 ± 0,39), respectivamente. Maiores valores de glicose no exsudado também foram observados para as regiões intermediária e lateral. Os indicadores indiretos do metabolismo glicolítico muscular estão relacionados com cor ou perda por gotejamento e podem ser influenciados pela posição anatômica no músculo, com impactos sobre a capacidade de retenção de água, ocorrência de dupla tonalidade e qualidade do lombo suíno.
The perception of color and its relationship with retained water are important for defining the yield and quality of pork production process. The inter-relationship between objective measures of color and water holding capacity has been used for prediction of problems with exudative meat. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between anatomical positions on cross section steak pork loin to obtain color measurements and indirect measurements of water holding capacity, and the impact in these attributes due to glucose at slaughter and the exudate. Two assays were conducted in the following order: 1) 19 samples of pork loin were randomly acquired in retail store, 24 hours after slaughter and subjected to the determination of color variables, following CIELab standard, in 6 positions of the steak surface, which subsequently underwent measurements of exudation; and 2) 25 carcasses were sampled at experimental abattoir selected based on plasma glucose levels of the animals at the time of bleeding, forming two categories: normal-NO (74.8 ± 2.00 mg.dL-1) and high-AL (134 ± 5.30 mg.dL-1). Three different regions (lateral, intermediate and medial) defined based on the observations of the assay 1 were analyzed for the color variables, drip loss in two times and glucose concentration in the exudate. In the first assay, the L* reading in the ventrolateral region of the steak had the highest correlation with drip loss average of all anatomical regions. The drip loss increased proportionally between 48 and 72 hours after determining the color parameters. The AL group from the second assay had higher drip loss, especially for the intermediate (11.0 ± 1.0 g.100g-1) and lateral position (9.0 ± 1.0 g.100g-1). The color did not differ between groups, but the L* of the intermediate region was higher (55.88 ± 1.55) and the intensity of red was lower (6.67 ± 0.35) compared to the lateral (52.83 ± 1.65 e 7.68 ± 0.40) and medial regions (50,93 ± 1,65 e 7,67 ± 0,39), respectively. Higher values of glucose exudate were also observed for the intermediate and lateral regions. The results confirm that indirect indicators of the muscle glycolytic metabolism are related to color or drip loss and can be influenced by the anatomical position of the muscle, impacting the ability to retain water, twotoning occurrence and overall pork loin quality.
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13

Varma, Sreejith Jayasree. "Mimicking C-C bond forming reactions of core metabolism." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAF038/document.

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Toutes les formes de vie assemblent et désassemblent continuellement des composés chimiques via un processus de consommation d'énergie appelé métabolisme. Le métabolisme est généralement modélisé en chimie et biologie par un cycle. Ce modèle dynamique traduit la transformation de composés de base en une cascade de produits appelés métabolites. Celui-ci est comparable à un ouragan à l’échelle moléculaire. De manière analogique et imagée un cyclone est constitué de deux éléments, l'air et l'eau, et transforme l’environnement qui l’entoure par un processus endothermique (consommateur d’énergie). Traditionnellement, la recherche chimique sur les origines de la vie est concentrée principalement sur la synthèse de composés chimiques sans suffisamment apprécier leur place dans la plus grande organisation biochimique de la vie. La vie construit toutes ses molécules à partir du dioxyde de carbone, pourtant elle manque étonnamment d'innovation à cet égard. Malgré presque 4 milliards d'années d'évolution, les organismes autotrophes utilisent seulement six voies différentes pour construire leurs molécules à partir du CO2. Parmi elles, deux voies – la voie de l’acétyle CoA (aussi appelée voie Wood-Ljungdahl) et le cycle du rTCA (également appelé le cycle de Krebs inverse) - sont considérées comme primitives, et contiennent les cinq molécules servant de précurseurs chimiques universels pour toute la biochimie. Comment et pourquoi les voies de l’acétyle CoA et du rTCA sont-elles apparues? Pour répondre à cette question, une recherche systématique a été effectuée afin de trouver des catalyseurs chimiques non-enzymatiques ou des minéraux simples, ainsi que des réactifs pouvant promouvoir les réactions d'anabolisme principal, particulièrement la voie de l’Acétyle CoA et le cycle de rTCA. A l’origine, pour créer les molécules organiques complexes comme les enzymes il a fallu que des molécules plus simples avec un moins grand nombre de carbone se forme sur terre et cela à partir du CO2. On peut donc supposer que les premiers produits à plusieurs carbones sont issus de synthèse totalement inorganique comme celles développer dans notre laboratoire, plutôt que d’une évolution chimique et organométallique simultanée, c’est-à-dire une interaction efficace entre une molécule carbonée et un ou plusieurs métaux à l’instar de certains enzymes. Après avoir trouvé autant de façons possible de promouvoir individuellement chaque étapes des cycles catalytiques étudiés, seules les conditions réactionnelles mutuellement compatibles (à savoir des conditions permettant de produire l’ensemble des métabolites dans le bon ordre) ont été retenu
All life forms continuously build up and break down its constituent chemical building blocks, through an energy consuming process called metabolism. Just like a hurricane’s dynamic patterns and its building blocks (air and water) as being equally fundamental to its nature, so too should metabolism’s dynamic chemical patterns and chemical building blocks be viewed as equally characteristic. Traditionally, much chemical research on the origins of life is overly focused on the synthesis of chemical building blocks without sufficiently appreciating their place in life’s larger biochemical self-organization. Life ultimately builds all of its molecules from carbon dioxide, yet it is surprisingly lacking in innovation in this respect. Despite nearly 4 billion years of evolution, autotrophic organisms use only six pathways to build their molecules from CO2. Two of these pathways – the acetyl CoA pathway (also known as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway) and rTCA cycle (also known as the reverse Krebs cycle) - are thought to be ancestral, with just five molecules within them serving as the universal chemical precursors for all of biochemistry. How and why did these pathways get their start? To answer this question, a systematic search was designed to find simple, non-enzymatic chemical or mineral catalysts and reagents, that can promote the reactions of core anabolism, particularly the acetyl CoA pathway and the rTCA cycle. After finding as many ways as possible to promote each reaction, they could be narrowed down to mutually compatible conditions where many reactions can occur in sequence. The more of core anabolism that can be achieved under a single set of purely chemical conditions, the more likely it is to have constituted early prebiotic chemistry rather than a later product of chemical and biological evolution
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14

Cano, Corres Ruth. "Influencia de variantes de los genes APOE, HMGCR, SLC01B1, CYP3A4 y LPA en la respuesta al tratamiento con estatinas en pacientes con dislipemia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/286273.

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Los pacientes con dislipemia son tratados con estatinas para reducir sus concentraciones de lípidos, y disminuir el riesgo cardiovascular. El grado de respuesta a estos fármacos es heterogéneo, y en él podrían influir ciertos genes. Este trabajo trata de valorar la influencia de seis variantes genéticas sobre la eficacia de las estatinas en pacientes con dislipemia, tanto de manera independiente como junto a una serie de variables de control. Las magnitudes lipídicas evaluadas fueron el colesterol total (CT) y el excluido de HDL (noHDL), y las variables de control fueron: edad, dosis media diaria de estatina, cambio en el índice de masa corporal, cambio en el hábito tabáquico, cambio en las horas de ejercicio practicadas semanalmente y cambio en el consumo de gramos de alcohol diarios. La eficacia del tratamiento se valoró mediante tres indicadores: disminución relativa de CT y no HDL según la concentración al final (%C) y según la concentración media durante el tratamiento (%CM), y grado de consecución de objetivos terapéuticos. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en una población NAIF (n=100), pacientes en los que se inicia el tratamiento en la primera visita, y posteriormente en una población NO NAIF (n=57), pacientes ya tratados en la primera visita a quienes se les modifica el tratamiento. Las variantes genéticas estudiadas fueron: APOE c.526C>T (APOE2), APOE c.388T>C (APOE4), SLCO1B1 c.521T>C, CYP3A4 c.-392G>A, HMGCR c.1564-106A>G y LPA c.3947+467T>C. El estudio estadístico se basó en modelos de regresión múltiple. Para la población NAIF, la variante HMGCR c.1564-106A>G resultó influir sobre el %C y el %CM tanto para CT como para noHDL. Aportó al modelo basal un porcentaje de explicación adicional para %C de CT y noHDL de un 9,5% y 8,2%, respectivamente, y 6,2% y 3,5% al del %CM. También resultó influyente para los NO NAIF, suponiendo una explicación adicional de aproximadamente un 8% para los cuatro casos. Cabe destacar que en ambas poblaciones el efecto de la presencia de la variante resultó contrario: perjudicial para los NAIF y beneficioso para los NO NAIF. El gen HMGCR codifica para la enzima sobre la que ejercen su acción las estatinas. La variante estudiada está implicada en la regulación del splicing alternativo del exón 13, que modifica los centros activos sobre los que puede actuar la estatina. Este splicing alternativo también se ve modulado por la concentración de lípidos circulantes, pero esto ocurre únicamente en los no portadores de la variante. En esta tesis se postula que la disminución del CT y el noHDL se producirían de manera gradual y constante en el caso de los portadores de la variante, o según una función de tipo sigmoideo en los no portadores. Además, para los NO NAIF, la variante SLCO1B1 c.521T>C resultó influyente y perjudicial para el %C y %CM del CT, aportando un 7,1% y 5,9% de explicación al modelo basal respectivamente. Esto podría deberse a la relación entre la variante y los efectos adversos de las estatinas, que suele llevar aparejada una mala adhesión al tratamiento. Respecto al grado de consecución de los objetivos terapéuticos, las variantes influyentes fueron HMGCR c.1564-106A>G para el CT para los NAIF, y SLCO1B1 c.521T>C para CT y noHDL de los NO NAIF. La presencia de las variantes supuso mayor dificultad para alcanzar los objetivos. Se puede concluir que la variante estudiada del gen HMGCR tiene cierta influencia sobre la eficacia de las estatinas, aunque su efecto depende del tipo de población estudiada. La presencia de la variante del gen SLCO1B1 también podría presentar cierto efecto perjudicial, pero en ambos casos sería recomendable ampliar el estudio con un mayor número de pacientes.
Patients with dislipemia are often treated with statins to reduce lipids and cardiovascular risk. It is known that the efficacy of statins is variable between patients, so a genetic influence is suspected. This work tries to assess the influence of six genetic variants on the efficacy of statins employing three indicators: percentage reduction of total cholesterol (CT) and noHDL cholesterol (noHDL) according to final concentration (%C) and to mean concentration (%CM), as well as achievement of therapeutic objectives. The study was first developed in a population of patients who were not treated at the first visit (NAIF) and then it was repeated with patients treated in the first visit whose treatment was changed (NO NAIF). The genetic variants were: APOE c.526C>T (APOE2), APOE c.388T>C (APOE4), SLCO1B1 c.521T>C, CYP3A4 c.-392G>A, HMGCR c.1564-106A>G y LPA c.3947+467T>C. The statistical analysis employs multiple regression models to define the percentage of explanation added by the variant to a basal model constructed with the significant control variables. The most influential variant was HMGCR c.1564-106A>G which added an explanation of 9,5%, 8,5%, 6,2% and 3,5% to the indicators %C CT and noHDL, and %CM CT and noHDL in NAIF population. For NO NAIF it added an explanation of over 8% in the same cases. The presence of the variant showed an opposite effect in both populations: harmful for NAIF and beneficial for NO NAIF. This variant is related to an alternative splicing of the exon 13, which is also regulated by lipids concentrations, but only in patients without the variant. This work postulates that the reduction of CT and noHDL is gradual for variant carriers, but follows a sigmoid function for non-carriers. For NO NAIF the SLCO1B1 c.521T>C variant was harmful for %C and %CM of CT, adding explanations of 7,1% and 5,9%. This could be due to the relationship between this variant and the adverse effects of statins, which usually means worse treatment adherence. About therapeutic objectives, the variant HMGCR c.1564-106A>G was influent for CT of NAIF and SLCO1B1 c.521T>C for CT and noHDL of NO NAIF, hindering the achievement of therapeutic objectives in both cases.
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15

Gomes, Giovanna Larissa Gimenes Cotrick [UNESP]. "Alterações metabólicas de plantas de milho submetidas à aplicação de glyphosate e fosfito." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97185.

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O glyphosate é um herbicida de largo espectro de controle, não seletivo, e seu sítio de ação é a inibição da enzima 5-enolpiruvilchiquimato 3-fosfato sintase (EPSPs). Com a inibição da enzima, e o bloqueio da rota do ácido chiquímico pelo glyphosate, ocorre o acúmulo de alguns compostos como os ácidos chiquímico e quínico, além de outras alterações metabólicas e fisiológicas nas plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações metabólicas e fisiológicas de plantas de milho submetidas à aplicação de glyphosate isolado e em associação com fosfito. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, no Núcleo de Pesquisas Avançadas em Matologia (NUPAM), pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – FCA/UNESP. Foi utilizado o híbrido de milho Pioneer 30F53, em vasos contendo 5 litros de substrato e os tratamentos foram compostos da aplicação de: glyphosate (72 g e.a. ha-1); glyphosate (720 g e.a. ha-1); glyphosate (72 g e.a. ha-1) + fosfito (3 L p.c. ha-1); glyphosate (720 g e.a. ha-1) + fosfito (3 L p.c. ha-1); fosfito (3 L p.c. ha-1); e uma testemunha sem aplicação. Foram realizados dois experimentos, com os mesmos tratamentos, mas com avaliações distintas. No primeiro, foram realizadas cinco coletas de todas as folhas das plantas aos 2, 4, 6, 10 e 15 dias após a aplicação (DAA) dos tratamentos. No segundo experimento, foi realizada a medição do fluxo de transporte de elétrons (ETR) nas folhas jovens e maduras, avaliações visuais de intoxicação, medição da altura e quantificação da matéria seca ao final do experimento. As folhas coletadas foram secas e moídas e utilizadas para quantificação dos seguintes compostos: ácido chiquímico, ácido quínico, ácido desidrochiquímico, ácido aminometilfosfônico (AMPA), glyphosate, fenilalanina, tirosina e triptofano. Foram também realizados testes de extração dos compostos...
The glyphosate is a broad spectrum herbicide, non-selective, and the site of action is the inhibition of the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (EPSPs). The inhibition of the enzyme results in a reduction in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan), and secondary compounds. The glyphosate block of the shikimic acid pathway and causes the accumulation of some compounds like shikimic acid and quinic acid, and other metabolic and physiological effects in plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic and physiological effects in corn plants after application of glyphosate and phosphite. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse in the Faculty of Agronomic Sciences at São Paulo State University. It was used the corn Pioneer 30F53, planted in vases containing 5 liters of substrate. The treatments were: glyphosate (72 g a.e. ha 1), glyphosate (720 g a.e. ha-1), glyphosate (72 g a.e. ha-1) + phosphite (3 L ha-1), glyphosate (720 g a.e. ha-1) + phosphite (3 L ha-1), phosphite (3 L ha -1) and an untreated control. Two experiments were carried out with the same treatments but with different evaluations. At first, it were realized five samples of all corn plant leaves at 2, 4, 6, 10 and 15 days after application (DAA). The second experiment was performed the evaluation of the electron transport rate (ETR) in young and mature leaves, visual evaluations of intoxication, height and weight of the plants. The leaves collected were dried, grated and used to quantify the compounds: shikimic acid, quinic acid, 3-dehydroshikimic acid, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), glyphosate, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. Extraction tests of compounds were conducted to choose the most appropriate and were development of analytical methods in LC-MS/MS. The extraction of the compounds that proved most appropriate was using the dry mass... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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16

Leal, Witt María Jesús. "Efecto de una intervención del estilo de vida en el perfil metabólico de sujetos prepuberales con obesidad." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457769.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: La obesidad en uno de los mayores factores de riesgo para desordenes metabólicos y cardiovasculares. El exceso de peso ganado durante la infancia aumenta el riesgo de enfermedad en el adulto, sin embargo revirtiendo esta condición tempranamente se reduce el riesgo futuro mejorando la calidad de vida de los individuos. OBJETIVOS: Una intervención en el estilo de vida de individuos prepuberales con obesidad podría provocar cambios en signaturas metabólicas en paralelo con mejoras del IMC. Nuestro objetivo principal fue determinar los efectos de una intervención en el estilo de vida en el perfil metabolómico tanto del plasma como de la orina en individuos prepuberales con obesidad. MÉTODOS: Estudio longitudinal prospectivo en 40 individuos prepuberales con obesidad (IMC > 2 D.E.) entre las edades de 7 a 10 años. La intervención fue principalmente educacional, focalizada a los individuos y sus familias durante 6 meses. Se analizaron parámetros nutricionales, antropométricos y bioquímicos antes y después de la intervención. También se realizó metabolómica no dirigida para muestras de plasma mediante LC-MS y dirigida para muestras de orina mediante RMN, obteniendo así un perfil metabólico completo antes y después de la intervención. RESULTADOS: La intervención disminuyó el IMC de 3,55 D.E. (3,30 - 3,79) a 3,09 D.E. (2,86 - 3,32), la circunferencia de cintura de 83 cm (79,6 - 85,8) a 81 cm (77,8- 84,5) y los niveles de HbA1c de 5,4% (5,3 - 5,4) a 5,2% (5,2 - 5,3), las variables se analizaron mediante Test t-Student pareado. Se disminuyó la ingesta de calorías, carbohidratos, azúcares libres y grasas. No se logró modificar las horas de actividad física. En el perfil metabólico del plasma se identificaron 2581 picos y se aplicó el Análisis de Componentes Principales para consolidarlos en 8 componentes (PC). El PC1 fue el único factor que tuvo diferencia después de la intervención (p= 0,008) incluso ajustando por comparaciones múltiples. El PC1 está compuesto por metabolitos relacionados con el metabolismo de esfingolípidos observando una disminución de los niveles circulantes de las especies identificadas. En relación al perfil metabólico de las muestras de orina, se identificaron 32 metabolitos. Los niveles de TMAO fueron significativamente menores después de la intervención (FDR q < 0,05). El cambio en los niveles de TMAO se relacionaron inversamente con el cambio en la ingesta de fibra. CONCLUSIONES: Una intervención en el estilo de vida reduce el IMC D.E. y modifica el metaboloma del plasma y de la orina. En particular, la intervención disminuyó los niveles de ceramidas, asociadas estrechamente con enfermedades metabólicas. Además, se redujeron los niveles de TMAO, biomarcador de riesgo cardiovascular. Por lo tanto podemos sugerir que una intervención en el estilo de vida de individuos prepuberales con obesidad puede ser un importante mecanismo para reducir el riesgo de enfermedades metabólicas y cardiovasculares.
BACKGROUND: Obesity is one of the major risk factor for metabolic disorders, and its global prevalence has increased exponentially in the last decades. Excessive weight gained during early childhood increases long-term risk; however, reversing this condition during early-life reduces risk, improving children’s quality of life. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that a lifestyle intervention in obese prepubertal children would result in differential metabolic signatures, in parallel to improvements in BMI. Our aim was to determine the changes in the plasma and urine metabolomics profiles induced by the intervention. METHOD: Longitudinal prospective study of 40 obese (BMI >2 SDS) prepubertal children ages 7 to 10. The lifestyle intervention was primarily educational, focused on children and family for 6 months. We analyzed nutritional, anthropometrics and biochemical parameters before and after intervention program. Untargeted metabolomics was applied to analyze plasma samples by LC-MS and targeted metabolomics to urine samples by nuclear magnetic resonance and to obtain a comprehensive metabolic profile at baseline and after intervention. RESULTS: The intervention decreased BMI 3.55 SDS (3.30-3.79) vs 3.09 SDS (2.86-3.32), waist- circumference 83 cm (79.6-85.8) vs 81 cm (77.8-84.5), and HbA1c levels 5.4% (5.3-5.4) vs 5.2% (5.2-5.3) using 2-tails paired student t-test. After 6 month decreased calories, carbohydrates, sugars and fat intakes. Was not achieved modify the physical activity hours. In relation with plasma metabolic profile, identified 2581 features and principal component analysis was applied to consolidate them into 8 principal factors (PC). PC1 differed between pre- and post- intervention (p=0.008), and significance was maintained after adjusting for multiple comparisons; PC1 was characterized by metabolites related with sphingolipid metabolism decreasing its levels after intervention. Urine metabolomics identified 32 metabolites. Trimethylamineoxide (TMAO) levels were significantly lower after intervention (FDR q< 0.05). The change in TMAO was inversely relationated with changes in fiber intake CONCLUSION: A 6-month lifestyle intervention able to reduce BMI-SDS and change the plasma and urine metabolome. In particular, the intervention reduced ceramides levels related to metabolic diseases and TMAO levels, a major cardiovascular risk factor. Therefore, these data suggest that the lifestyle intervention improves the metabolic and cardiovascular risk profiles in prepubertal obese children.
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17

Campbell, Ian G. "The influence of level of spinal cord injury on the physiological and metabolic response to exercise and performance." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1992. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7203.

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Compared with our knowledge concerning the responses to exercise of able-bodied athletes there is relatively little known about the exercise responses of athletes who have a spinal cord injury (SCI). The purpose of this thesis was to examine the physiological characteristics of endurance trained wheelchair athletes; to assess the importance of various physiological factors to the endurance performance of wheelchair athletes; to describe and examine the physiological and metabolic responses and performances of wheelchair athletes to endurance and brief high intensity exercise; and to assess the influence of level of SCI or wheelchair racing class on these responses to exercise. The mean peak oxygen uptake (V02 pk) achieved by the group of 27 wheelchair athletes during wheelchair treadmill exercise was 2.11 ±0.53 I. min-1. When the athletes were grouped according to the paralympic racing classification system (TK2; TK3; TK4) the V02 pk values were 1.28 ±0.16 l. min-1,2.10 ±0.43 I. min-1 and 2.32 ±0.52 I. min-1 respectively. The mean peak heart rates of these groups were 112 ±4 b. min-1,190 ±9 b. min-i, and 200 ±9 b. min-1 respectively. The relationship between V02 pk and endurance performance (r=-0.69; p<0.01) was not as high as found between % V02 pk utilised at a given submaximal propulsion speed (r=0.89; p<0.01) or a propulsion speed equivalent to a reference blood lactate concentration (BLA) of 4 mmol. l-1 (r=-0.87; p<0.01). During a 10 km treadmill trial the group of athletes maintained a speed equivalent to 78.4 ±13.6% V02 pk. The TK2 racing class appeared to exhibit lower heart rates and respiratory exchange ratio (R) values throughout the test than the other racing classes. During a one hour endurance test at 80% of top speed (TS), an exercise intensity meaningful to the wheelchair athlete, the group were working at 64.6 ±13.5% V02 pk. The responses observed were indicative of steady state exercise. Oxygen uptake and ventilation rate remained stable, there was no cardiovascular drift, there was a decrease in R value, BLA peaked after 15 minutes and then decreased throughout the remainder of the test. Blood glucose (BGL) concentrations remained similar to the value observed at rest throughout the test. In general, it was found that wheelchair athletes were able to maintain a propulsion speed equivalent 75% V02 pk for prolonged periods of time, irrespective of their level of SCI. There were no differences between the physiological and metabolic responses of the two paraplegic racing classes. The tetraplegic group appeared to exhibit lower heart rates, BLA, BGL and R values throughout the duration of the test. The concentrations of plasma free fatty acid, glycerol, ammonia and urea postexercise indicated a tendency towards higher values in the wheelchair racing class with the lowest lesion level athletes (TK4). During a 20 s high intensity exercise fixed work test there was greater metabolic activity in the TK2 racing class than the TK4 racing class. The metabolic responses of the TK3 racing class to this test were, in general, between these two groups. A 30 s arm sprint resulted in a decrease in power output of greater than 50% for each racing class. The mean power outputs (MPO) generated by the TK2, TK3 and TK4 racing classes were 100.2 ±21.7 W, 188.3 ±48.9 W and 247.2 ±40.3 W respectively. The physiological and metabolic responses showed a similar tendency. A 30 s test at 80% MPO showed that the metabolic responses of each racing class were similar. The results of the thesis suggest that the amount of muscle mass available for recruitment during exercise and the degree of disruption to the sympathetic nervous system play an important role in determining the responses to exercise and the racing performance of wheelchair athletes with a SCI.
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18

Mora, Cubillos Lyda Ximena. "Evaluación de la exposición a frutos secos en sujetos con síndrome metabólico mediante una aproximación metabolómica no dirigida. Evidencias desde estudios nutricionales de intervención y de cohorte." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386539.

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Nueces (Juglans regia), almendras (Pronus dulcis) y avellanas (Corylus avellana) son frutos secos reconocidos como alimentos saludables en patrones de alimentación como la Dieta Mediterránea. Estudios clínicos y epidemiológicos sugieren que la ingesta regular de estos alimentos está asociada con la prevención de riesgo de síndrome metabólico y el tratamiento de sus componentes diagnósticos. Sin embargo, a pesar de los conocimientos actuales, los mecanismos de acción subyacentes a dichos efectos saludables no están completamente elucidados. La aplicación de la metabolómica a estudios nutricionales (nutrimetabolómica), como herramienta analítica avanzada, permite explorar los cambios en el metaboloma humano producto de la ingesta de un determinado alimento o patrón de alimentación (food metabolome), con el fin de descubrir y validar biomarcadores nutricionales que reflejen la exposición real a la dieta y, de esta manera, establecer evidencias fiables y robustas acerca de la asociación recíproca entre la dieta y el estado de salud. El objetivo principal de esta Tesis Doctoral fue identificar biomarcadores de exposición a frutos secos a través de la caracterización del perfil metabólico humano tras la ingesta y, evaluar las posibles asociaciones de efecto entre estos biomarcadores y el estado clínico de sujetos con síndrome metabólico. Para lograr este objetivo, se aplicó el flujo de trabajo en nutrimetabolómica desde una aproximación no dirigida a dos diseños de estudio diferentes, un estudio de intervención y un estudio de cohorte, en los cuales se analizó la huella metabólica plasmática y urinaria, respectivamente. El poder discriminante y predictivo de los biomarcadores de exposición a frutos secos se realizó a través de diferentes estrategias bioestadísticas, se interpretó biológicamente las huellas metabólicas asociadas a los biomarcadores de exposición a frutos secos y, finalmente, se evalúo las posibles asociaciones entre los biomarcadores de exposición a frutos secos y el estado clínico según los criterios diagnósticos de síndrome metabólico. En el estudio de intervención, la urolitina A glucurónido, metabolito derivado de la biotransformación de elagitaninos por acción de la microbiota intestinal y, el ácido dodecanodioico, metabolito derivado del metabolismo de ácidos grasos dicarboxílicos, se identificaron como los biomarcadores plasmáticos más discriminantes de la exposición a frutos secos. En cuanto al estudio de cohorte, catorce biomarcadores urinarios procedentes de diferentes rutas metabólicas (co- metabolismo microbiota-huespéd de polifenoles, metabolismo del triptófano y de los ácidos grasos) fueron considerados como discriminantes a la exposición a frutos secos. La relación entre estos biomarcadores urinarios de exposición y el registro de ingesta de frutos secos según el cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos (FFQ), se evaluó a través del modelo predictivo Tobit, lo cual demostró que la urolitina A glucurónido es el biomarcador más discriminante a la exposición a frutos secos en el estudio de cohorte. Estos resultados aportan evidencias contundentes acerca de la robustez de la urolitina A glucurónido como biomarcador de exposición a frutos secos independiente de la muestra biológica analizada (plasma y orina) y las características de exposición de la población (dieta controlada y condición de vida libre). Finalmente, la evaluación entre los biomarcadores de exposición a frutos secos y el estado clínico, evidenció que sujetos con alteraciones metabólicas menos severas de síndrome metabólico, como obesidad abdominal e hiperglucemia, presentaron mayores niveles de urolitina A glucurónido en plasma. Esta correlación inversa permite abrir nuevas hipótesis acerca de la influencia del perfil de disbiosis de la microbiota intestinal, recientemente asociado a sujetos con síndrome metabólico, en el metabolismo de polifenoles por acción de la microbiota intestinal y, por tanto, en la producción de metabolitos asociados con efectos saludables como son las urolitinas.
Nuts as walnuts (Juglans regia), almonds (Prunus dulcis) and hazelnuts (Corylus avellana) are recognized as healthy food in the Mediterranean Diet. Clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that regular intake of these foods is associated with the prevention of risk of metabolic syndrome and the treatment of its diagnostic components. However, despite current knowledge, the mechanisms of action about of health effects still have not been clearly established. The application of metabolomics to nutritional studies (nutrimetabolomics), allows to explore the changes in the human metabolome after of the intake of individual foods or food patterns (food metabolome) in order to discover and validate biomarkers nutritional reflect the actual exposure to diet and, thus establishing reliable and robust evidence on the reciprocal association between diet and health. The main objective of this thesis was to identify biomarkers of exposure to nuts through the characterization of the human metabolic profile after of intake and evaluate possible associations of effect between these biomarkers and clinical status of patients with metabolic syndrome. To achieve this purpose, a workflow in untargeted nutrimetabolomics was applied to two different study designs. The first one was an intervention study and the second one was a cohort study, metabolic footprint plasmatic and urinary were analyzed respectively. Urolithin A glucuronide was described as the biomarker of exposure to nuts more discriminant regardless of the biosamples analyzed (plasma and urine) and exposure characteristics of the population (controlled and free-living condition diet). Higher levels of urolithin A glucuronide are reported in plasma of subjects with less severe metabolic syndrome traits, such as abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia, especially in females. This inverse correlation may be related the profile of gut microbial dysbiosis, recently associated with subjects with metabolic syndrome, in the polyphenols metabolism and consequently in the production of metabolites associated with beneficial effects such as the urolithins.
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19

Guitart, Mampel Mariona. "Mitochondrial implication in intrauterine growth restriction and cardiovascular remodelling." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668102.

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Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is an obstetric complication characterized by placental insufficiency and secondary cardiovascular remodeling that may lead to cardiomyopathy in adulthood. Its etiology and potential therapeutics are poorly understood. Mitochondrial bioenergetics pathways are mainly regulated by nuclear effectors such as sirtuins and are essential for embryonic development and cardiovascular function. Members of our group developed a rabbit model of IUGR and cardiovascular remodeling, in which heart, mitochondrial alterations were observed by microscopic and transcriptomic analysis. We aimed to evaluate if such alterations are translated at a functional mitochondrial level to establish the ethiopathology and potential therapeutic targets for this obstetric complication. For that aim, heart and placenta from the rabbit model was included as well as placenta from human pregnancies together with maternal and neonatal blood. At delivery, peripheral blood and cord blood mononuclear cells (PBMC and CBMC, respectively) were isolated. For the mitochondrial characterization, we assessed: oxygen consumption of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) by polarography using endogen cellular substrates and substrates for complex I. Also, enzymatic activity of complex I, II, IV, I+III and II+III of MRC, subunit protein expression of some of the MRC complexes (CII-SDHA, CII-SDHB and CIV-COX5A), Coenzyme Q levels, mitochondrial content (through citrate synthase activity, Tom20 expression or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels), oxidative stress (by lipid peroxidation and SOD2 activity) and ATP levels. Finally, Sirtuin 3 protein expression was measured by Western Blot. In the IUGR offspring from the rabbit model, we found a significant decrease of MRC function: enzymatic activity of complexes II, IV and II+III in IUGR hearts (p<0.05) and complexes II and II+III in IUGR placentas (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). This was occurring with a not significant reduction in CI-stimulated oxygen consumption in both tissues and a significant decrease of complex II SDHB subunit expression in placenta (p<0.001). Additionally, levels of mitochondrial content, Coenzyme Q and cellular ATP were conserved. Lipid peroxidation significantly decreased in IUGR hearts (p<0.001), but not significantly increased in IUGR placentas. Finally, Sirtuin3 protein expression significantly increased in IUGR hearts (p<0.05). In human pregnancies, IUGR placental tissue showed an altered mitochondrial phenotype with a significant decrease of CI-stimulated oxygen consumption (p<0.05) and MRC complex I enzymatic activity (p<0.05). The enzymatic activities of the others MRC complexes and CS were preserved. In blood cells, conserved cellular oxygen consumption and trends to decrease CI-stimulated oxygen consumption was observed in maternal PBMC, but trends to decrease both cellular and CI-stimulated oxygen consumption were evidenced in neonatal CBMC, pointing out that IUGR newborns presented higher mitochondrial deficits compared to mothers. Moreover, no differences in MRC enzymatic activities in maternal PBMC or in neonatal CBMC were observed. Conserved CS activity was present in maternal PBMC but was significantly decreased in neonatal CBMC. So, in front of unaltered mtDNA levels in neonatal CBMC, alterations in neonatal CS would be related to Krebs cycle imbalances rather than to mitochondrial content. All these changes did not affect oxidative stress or ATP production in any tissue. Finally, Sirtuin3 protein expression also showed a relevant increase in human IUGR placenta (p=0.05). The relevance of this thesis relies on the description of mitochondrial impairment in the offspring of a rabbit model of IUGR but also in newborns from pregnancies complicated by IUGR. This mitochondrial imbalance is widely present in the different studied tissues, including the heart and the placenta from the rabbit model and the placenta and neonatal blood cells from human pregnancies. The mitochondrial characterization of this obstetric complication could help to greater understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying cardiac remodelling and IUGR.
Els nounats amb creixement intrauterí restringit (CIR) desenvolupen un remodelat cardiovascular fetal i idiopàtic que pot portar a cardiopatia durant l’etapa adulta. La bioenergètica mitocondrial, essencial pel desenvolupament embrionari i la funció cardíaca, està regulada per diferents proteïnes, entre elles la Sirtuina 3. Es tracta d’una proteïna deacetilasa d’alt interès terapèutic, ja que es pot modular a través de la dieta. Els cors de cries amb CIR d’un model animal de conill mostren alteracions transcriptòmiques i ultraestructurals a nivell mitocondrial. L’objectiu de l’estudi ha sigut determinar la implicació d’una possible disfunció mitocondrial i de la Sirtiuna 3 en el CIR. Les troballes demostren una alteració mitocondrial de la cadena respiratòria en el cor i la placenta de les cries amb CIR del model animal (sobretot a nivell de l’activitat enzimàtica dels complexes II i IV; p<0.05) i també a la placenta de gestants humanes amb CIR (especialment del complex I; p<0.05). A més a més, aquesta alteració mitocondrial s’ha evidenciat en els nounats amb CIR a través de la reducció de l’activitat de l’enzim citrat sintasa (p<0.05), suggerint alteracions a nivell del cicle de Krebs. L’ATP cel·lular i el dany oxidatiu es troba preservat en tots els teixits estudiats, excepte en el cor de les cries del model animal de CIR, on el trobem disminuït significativament (p<0.001). Aquest desajust mitocondrial va acompanyat d’un augment significatiu de l‘expressió de la proteïna Sirtuina 3 en el cor de les cries del model animal de CIR i també a la placenta de les gestants humanes amb CIR (p<0.05). Les troballes derivades d’aquest estudi permeten associar la disfunció mitocondrial al desenvolupament del CIR i el remodelat cardiovascular associat, donant lloc al disseny d’estratègies dietètiques destinades a modular l’esmentat desbalanç bioenergètic a través de la regulació de la Sirtuina 3.
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20

Vázquez, Fresno Rosa. "Estudio metabolómico de biomarcadores nutricionales en estudios de intervención mediante resonancia magnética nuclear. Intervención con alimentos, complementos y patrones alimentarios." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/290164.

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Entender la influencia de la alimentación en la salud y enfermedades humanas es uno de los mayores objetivos de la nutrición moderna. La nutrimetabolómica se define como la disciplina “ómica” que estudia cómo afecta la dieta al conjunto del metaboloma; siendo propuesta como poderosa herramienta para explorar la relación entre nutrición y salud. Esta Tesis Doctoral tiene como objetivo principal contribuir en la identificación de biomarcadores nutricionales de consumo (biomarcadores de ingesta) así como su impacto en la salud (biomarcadores de efecto), y la huella metabólica que producen sobre el perfil urinario desde distintas aproximaciones metabolómicas mediante Resonancia Magnética Nuclear. Para la consecución de este objetivo se estudió el metaboloma desde la ingesta de diferentes componentes alimentarios (alimento, complemento alimenticio y patrones alimentarios). En el caso del estudio en un alimento se utilizó vino, vino desalcoholizado y ginebra para evaluar el efecto de la matriz alimentaria de las diferentes fracciones del alimento. El análisis del metaboloma mostró tanto metabolitos provenientes del food metabolome (tartrato, etanol, manitol), endógenos (3-metil-2-oxovalerato), y derivados de la acción de la microbiota intestinal (hipurato y 4-hidroxifenilacetato). En cuanto a la matriz alimentaria, se observó una posible interacción entre el alcohol y los biomarcadores relacionados con los metabolitos de la microbiota intestinal. Seguidamente, se propuso estudiar los biomarcadores de ingesta de un alimento, y para ello se detectaron en un estudio de intervención (vino) y se determinó el poder predictivo mediante la evaluación de su sensibilidad y especificidad. Se evaluaron de forma individual, observando finalmente que la combinación de dos de ellos (tartrato+etilglucurónido) ofrecía un mayor poder predictivo (área bajo la curva [AUC]:90.7%) que individualmente. Se realizó una validación en otra población (estudio observacional), viéndose una reproducibilidad de los resultados (AUC: 92.4%) con una alta sensibilidad (≥84%) y especificidad (>90%) en ambas poblaciones. Para evaluar sobre el fenotipo metabólico el efecto de una intervención con un alimento, se estratificó una población con alto riesgo cardiovascular atendiendo a sus parámetros clínicos. Se evaluó el efecto de la ingesta de polifenoles del vino en los clúster más discriminantes (“obesos y diabéticos” vs. “sanos con riesgo”). Se observó en el metaboloma un comportamiento diferencial para la excreción del 4-hidroxifenilacetato (microbiota intestinal) en el clúster que se clasificó como “obeso y diabético” frente al clúster “sano con riesgo”, exhibiéndose en los primeros una posible alteración de la microbiota intestinal después del consumo de vino. En la evaluación de los patrones alimentarios, se analizó el perfil metabólico de una población al inicio, 1 año y 3 años de seguimiento de un patrón de Dieta Mediterránea (MD) suplementada con aceite de oliva/nueces frente a una dieta baja en grasa. Se detectaron varios metabolitos endógenos relacionados con el metabolismo energético (glucólisis, ciclo de los ácidos tricarboxílicos, β-oxidación), derivados de la microbiota, así como también del food metabolome. Asimismo, se pudo asociar ciertos metabolitos con patrones de dieta, viéndose asociadas las dos MD a un mayor consumo de vegetales, mientras que la dieta baja en grasa presentaba una mayor asociación al consumo de carne roja. En la evaluación del impacto en la salud, se administró un complemento alimenticio (probiótico) a mujeres lactantes con mastitis y se observó una mejoría y una reducción del estado inflamatorio (seguimiento médico), lo que provocó una deserción voluntaria de fármacos (ibuprofeno y paracetamol), hecho que se reflejó en el metaboloma urinario. También se vio un aumento en la excreción de creatina y de metabolitos derivados de la microbiota intestinal (hipurato y trimetilamina-N-óxido). Esta Tesis Doctoral presenta diferentes estrategias nutrimetabolómicas para el desarrollo y estudio de biomarcadores nutricionales y su impacto en la salud.
Understanding the link between nutrition and health is one of the major goals of modern nutrition. Nutrimetabolomics is an “omics” science that studies the effect of diet through the metabolome. It is a powerful tool for exploring the relationship between nutrition and health. The aim of this PhD thesis is to contribute to the identification of biomarkers related to food consumption (biomarkers of intake) and their impact on health (biomarkers of effect). To achieve this goal, the human metabolome was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) after the intake of different food components (food, supplements and dietary patterns). Wine, dealcoholized wine and gin were used to evaluate the food matrix effect. Results showed metabolites from the food metabolome, endogenous and gut microbiota, pointing to a potential interaction between alcohol and gut microbiota. To study food exposure biomarkers, the predictive power in the wine interventional study concluded that a model combining two biomarkers (tartrate+ethyl glucuronide) has greater predictive power than the individual markers. Reproducible results also were shown in epidemiological data (AUC>90%). Furthermore, high cardiovascular risk individuals were stratified based on their clinical parameters. The effect of wine polyphenols intake in the metabolic phenotype for the two most discriminant clusters (“obese-diabetics” vs. “healthier”) was evaluated, and different excretion of gut microbiota metabolite 4-hydroxyphenylacetate was observed. Concerning the dietary patterns, the metabolic footprint after 3-years follow-up with Mediterranean diet vs. low-fat pattern was analyzed. Several metabolites (i.e. energy pathway-metabolites), and dietary patterns association with certain metabolites were also observed. To assess the impact on health, a probiotic supplement was administered to breastfeeding women with mastitis. The reduction of inflammation (medical test) and voluntary desertion of pharmacological drugs was revealed in the urinary metabolome. This Doctoral Thesis presents different nutrimetabolomics strategies to study nutritional biomarkers and improve the understanding of their impact on human health.
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21

King, Steve Russell. "Investigation of Methods and Mechanisms of Control of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Corn (Zea mays) and Small Grains and of the Effects of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Control on Virus Diseases in Glyphosate-Tolerant Corn." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28427.

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Field experiments were conducted in Virginia to evaluate the efficacy of AEF-130060 03 plus AEF-107892 applied postemergence (POST) for the control of Italian ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum (Lam)] in barley [Hordeum vulgare (L.)] in comparison to other herbicides currently registered for use in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.)] and barley. Laboratory experiments were also conducted to evaluate absorption, translocation and metabolism of AEF-130060 03 plus AEF-107892 in wheat, barley, and Italian ryegrass with or without the addition of dicamba. AEF-130060 03 plus AEF-107892 was applied alone at three POST timings. All of these applications were effective in controlling Italian ryegrass. The third application timing of AEF-130060 03 plus AEF-107892 commonly resulted in lower yields than the first or second application timing, due to increased duration of Italian ryegrass competition, increased barley injury and insufficient time for barley recovery from this injury. In the field experiment, significantly greater barley injury was observed when AEF-130060 03 plus AEF-107892 was combined with 2,4-D and dicamba. Early postemergence (EP) treatments of AEF-130060 03 plus AEF-107892 provided control of Italian ryegrass equivalent to that of delayed preemergence (DPRE) applications of flufenacet plus metribuzin when rainfall was received. However, when rainfall was not received AEF-130060 03 plus AEF-107892 provided superior control. Because the efficacy of AEF-130060 03 plus AEF-107892 is not dependant on rainfall, it should provide more consistent control of Italian ryegrass than DP treatments. Laboratory experiments indicated that Italian ryegrass absorbed greater than 2.5, 2.0, and 1.5 times the amount of applied radioactivity at 24, 48, and 96 hours after treatment (HAT), respectively, than wheat or barley. Metabolism experiments indicated that quantity of parent compound in the three species was greatest in Italian ryegrass, followed by barley and then wheat. However, the sum total of metabolites was not different between species. A higher rate of metabolism of AEF-130060 03 plus AEF-107892 was also observed in wheat and barley than in Italian ryegrass. Thus, lower absorption of herbicide by wheat and barley, coupled with a more rapid rate of metabolism, most likely accounts for differential selectivity between these plant species. No differences in absorption, translocation or metabolism were observed within the three plant species due to the addition of dicamba. An additional experiment was conducted in 2000 and 2001 to evaluate the efficacy of preemergence (PRE) and EP applications of DPX-R6447 for the control of Italian ryegrass in wheat and barley in comparison to other herbicides currently registered for use in these crops. Barley and wheat injury and yield were similar with treatments of DPX-R6447 at rates below 176 g ai/ha and treatments of flufenacet plus metribuzin applied alone in both years. Consistent Italian ryegrass control with DPX-R6447 occurred only with rates of 176 g ai/ha or greater in both years. However, these rates resulted in variable injury in both wheat and barley between years. Rates higher than 176 g ai/ha of DPX-R6447 resulted in unacceptable barley and wheat injury. The lack of consistency with regard to barley and wheat injury could limit the utility of this compound in these crops. Field trials were conducted in Virginia to evaluate herbicide programs for control of Italian ryegrass in no-till corn [Zea mays (L.)] establishment. Herbicide programs using transgenic corn hybrids were compared to standard programs that utilize non-selective herbicides in combination with high rates of triazine herbicides. Italian ryegrass control and corn yields similar to those provided by standard programs could be attained through the use of paraquat plus atrazine, and glyphosate applied in combination with atrazine or rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron-methyl. In glyphosate-tolerant corn, EP applications of glyphosate controlled Italian ryegrass, but yield did not differ from yields of corn treated with standard PRE applications of glyphosate plus atrazine. The use of glufosinate, imazethapyr plus imazapyr, or sethoxydim with appropriate herbicide-tolerant hybrids did not demonstrate potential for improved control of Italian ryegrass. Field experiments were also conducted to investigate the incidence and severity of maize chlorotic dwarf virus (MCDV) and maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) in response to POST johnsongrass control in two corn hybrids. Recent observations have indicated a lack of virus-tolerance in glyphosate-tolerant corn hybrids in Virginia. The rapidity of virus disease development in corn resulting from application of glyphosate or nicosulfuron was also investigated. The virus-susceptible glyphosate-tolerant hybrid developed significantly higher levels of virus incidence three weeks after treatment than the virus-tolerant, non-transgenic hybrid, and virus incidence and severity increased throughout the duration of the growing season. Little or no disease incidence occurred in the virus-tolerant hybrid. The virus-susceptible hybrid exhibited significant increases in disease incidence in response to any herbicide treatment applied to johnsongrass-containing plots relative to the same treatment applied to weed free plots. Johnsongrass control with nicosulfuron or glyphosate caused similar disease incidence and severity in the virus-susceptible hybrid, regardless of application method. Results of these experiments indicated that growers' choice of hybrid should focus primarily on disease resistance rather than herbicide resistance.
Ph. D.
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22

Yu, Pinliang. "Effect of corn grain processing on lactational performance, nutrient utilization and metabolism in dairy cows." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187521.

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Three experiments were conducted to determine effects of corn grain processing on lactational performance and nutrient utilization in dairy cows; and to evaluate feeding value of Amaferm (a culture of Aspergillus oryzae) for lactating cows. In trial I, 40 lactating Holstein cows were allotted to five Dietary treatments containing 40% corn grain as finelyground (FG), coarsely-ground (CG) , steam-flaked (SFL, 309 giL), steam-flaked (SFM, 361 giL), or steam-rolled (SR, 490 giL). The SFM increased milk yield 1.6 kgld more than FG, and an average 2.5 kgld more than CG, SFL, or SR. Diets with FG increased efficiency of feed utilization 16% because of the lower DMI. Diets with SFL had lower milk fat content than CG or SR. Starch digestibility in the total digestive tract was higher for FG, SFL, or SFM than for CG or SR. In trial 2, 32 Holstein cows were used in a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments for 70d. The four diets were: 1) steam-flaked corn (SFC, 361 giL) + 3 gld Amaferm 2) SFC without Amaferm, 3) steam-rolled corn (SRC, 490 giL) + 3 gld Amaferm, and 4) SRC without Amaferm. Intake was not affected by processing of grain or addition of Amaferm. Compared with rolled, flaked corn increased milk yield 2.1 Kg/d, milk protein percentage .09%, milk protein yield 8.5%, lactose yield 5.4%, and efficiency of feed utilization 8%. Addition of Amaferm had no significant effects on lactational performance, rectal temperatures or respiration rates of lactating cows during the hot summer conditions of the study. In trial 3, 5 cannulated lactating Holstein cows were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Dietary treatments were: l) FG; 2) CG; 3) SFL; 4) SFM; and 5) SR. Diets with SR had lower DMI than CG. Diets with FG, SFL, or SFM had lower ruminal pH than CG or SR. Rumen NH₃ concentrations were higher for FG and CG than for SFL, SFM and SR. Total VFA concentrations were higher for FG and SFL than for SR. The C₂:C₃ ratio was lower for SFL and SFM than for CG, FG and SR. Diets containing FG, SFL, and SFM resulted in higher total tract starch digestibilities than that with SR.
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23

Delgado-Elorduy, Agustin 1965. "Splanchnic and mammary nitrogen metabolism by dairy cows fed differently-processed sorghum and corn grain." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282499.

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Objectives were to determine net uptake or release of α-amino N (AAN), ammonia N (NH₃N) and urea N (UN) across portal-drained viscera (PDV), liver, splanchnic (PDV + liver) and mammary tissues of lactating cows fed differently processed sorghum or corn. Cows were fitted with catheters in blood vessels (artery and portal, hepatic and mammary vein), and received in a switchback design TMR containing 40% dry-rolled (DR; 643 g/L or 50 lb/bu) or steam-flaked (SF; 360 g/L or 28 lb/bu) sorghum (Exp. 1), and steam-rolled (SR; 489 g/L or 38 lb/bu) or SF corn (Exp. 2). Neither daily intake of DM and nutrients nor milk yield and efficiency of milk production were altered by feeding processed sorghum or corn. Milk fat yield was lowered (P=.03) by SF vs. DR sorghum; SF vs SR of corn tended to increase (P=.07) concentration but not yield of milk protein. Blood flows in portal (1988 ± 109 L/h) and hepatic vein (2368 ± 215 L/h) were not altered by diets. Steam-flaked vs. DR sorghum tended (P=.18) to increase UN cycling (162 vs. 95 g/d), and reduced (P≤.09) absorption of AAN (223 vs. 269 g/d) and NH3N (257 vs. 318 g/d) by PDV. Flaking vs. rolling of sorghum increased (P≤.07) estimated uptake (83 vs. 67 g/d) and extraction ratio (14.5 vs. 11.1%) of AAN by mammary tissues. Net uptake and release of AAN and NH3N across splanchnic tissues of cows were not altered by corn processing; however, SF vs. SR corn increased (P=.08) UN cycling to PDV by 143% (212 vs. 87 g/d). Steam-flaked vs SR corn increased (P≤.02) estimated uptake (88 vs. 61 g/d) and extraction ratio (14.7 vs. 11.0%) of AAN by mammary tissues. It is concluded that feeding of steam-flaked sorghum or corn compared to dry-rolled sorghum or steam-rolled corn improves N utilization of dairy cows by increasing urea transfer to the gut and uptake of amino acid by the mammary gland.
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24

Sadik, Mohamad Shabir 1959. "Post-absorptive energy metabolism of lactating dairy cows fed differently-processed corn and sorghum grains." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289278.

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Lactating Holstein dairy cows, fitted with appropriate blood vessel catheters, were used in two cross-over experiments to investigate effects of feeding diets with 40% steam-flaked (28 lb/bu; SF) vs dry-rolled (DR) sorghum (experiment 1; 8 cows), or 40% steam-flaked corn grain (experiment 2; 6 cows) of different flake densities, 38 lb/bu (SF38) vs 28 lb/bu (SF28), on postabsorptive nutrient fluxes. Net uptake or output of glucose, L-lactate, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) was measured across portal-drained viscera (PDV), hepatic, splanchnic and mammary tissues. Compared to DR, feeding cows SF sorghum increased net PDV absorption of propionate by 25% (P =.08), tended to increase splanchnic output of glucose (+16%) and L-lactate (+80%; P ≤ .20), but did not alter mammary glucose or L-lactate uptake. Sorghum processing did not affect net splanchnic or mammary metabolism of acetate and butyrate. Splanchnic output of BHBA was greater (P =.08), but mammary uptake was lower (P =.09) for cows fed DR vs SF diets. For cows fed corn diets, hepatic synthesis of glucose was higher (3.0 vs 2.8 kg/d; P =.04) for SF28 vs SF38. Flake density did not affect net splanchnic or mammary metabolism of acetate. For cows fed SF38, higher (P =.03) net PDV absorption of butyrate possibly inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis from propionate, which might explain a higher (P =.10) hepatic uptake of L-lactate. Processing of corn or sorghum did not alter estimated total net PDV absorption or total splanchnic output of energy. Net total PDV absorption of VFA tended to be greater for cows fed SF than DR (+17%; P =.17), and for SF38 than SF28 (+10%; P =.15). Total mammary uptake of energy was not different for DR vs SF, but was greater for cows fed SF28 vs SF38, due mainly to increased uptake of glucose (+25%; P < .01). In both experiments, hepatic glucose synthesis was more than adequate for milk lactose production. These changes in partitioning of nutrients and estimated energy across portal-drained viscera, liver, total splanchnic, and mammary tissues may partially explain increased milk protein synthesis (in longer term lactation studies) by dairy cows fed more extensively processed corn (SF28) and sorghum (SF) grain.
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25

Bradfield, M. F. A. (Michael Ford Alexander). "Continuous production of succinic acid by Actinobacillus succinogenes : steady state metabolic flux variation." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40826.

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Continuous fermentations were performed in a novel external-recycle, biofilm reactor using D-glucose and CO2 as carbon substrates. Corn steep liquor (CSL) and yeast extract (YE) served as nitrogen sources. In anaerobic fermentations using medium containing CSL and YE, succinic acid (SA) yields were found to be an increasing function of glucose consumption. The ratio of SA to the major by-product, acetic acid (YAASA), increased from 2.4 g g-1 at a glucose consumption of 15 g L-1, to 5.7 g g-1 at a glucose consumption of 46 g L-1. For medium containing no CSL, YAASA remained near 1.97 g g-1, exceeding this for cases where biofilm grown on CSL-containing medium was present. The ratio of formic acid to acetic acid (YAAFA), for CSL-containing medium, decreased from an equimolar value (0.77 g g-1) at a glucose consumption of 10 g L-1 to zero at 46 g L-1 glucose consumed. In contrast, YAAFA for YE-only medium remained at 0.77 g g-1. Therefore, pyruvate was metabolised solely by pyruvate-formate lyase when no CSL was present. The highest SA yield obtained on glucose, SA titre and SA productivity were 0.91 g g-1, 48.5 g L-1 and 9.4 g L-1 h-1, respectively, all for medium containing CSL. Medium that included CSL significantly outperformed medium that excluded CSL, achieving 64%, 21% and 203% greater SA titres, yields on glucose and productivities respectively. Metabolic flux analyses based on the established C3 and C4 metabolic pathways of Actinobacillus succinogenes revealed that the increase in YAASA, for CSL-containing fermentations, could not be attributed to the decrease in formate and biomass formation, and that an additional source of reducing power was present. The fraction of reducing power (NADH) unaccounted for increased with glucose consumption, suggesting that the maintenance or non-growth metabolism encountered at higher SA titres differs from the growth metabolism. It is postulated that the additional reducing power originates from an active pentose phosphate pathway in non-growing cells or from an undetected component(s) in the fermentation medium. No major metabolic flux variations were found in fermentations that excluded CSL.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Chemical Engineering
unrestricted
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26

Gomes, Giovanna Larissa Gimenes Cotrick 1985. "Alterações metabólicas de plantas de milho submetidas à aplicação de glyphosate e fosfito /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97185.

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Resumo: O glyphosate é um herbicida de largo espectro de controle, não seletivo, e seu sítio de ação é a inibição da enzima 5-enolpiruvilchiquimato 3-fosfato sintase (EPSPs). Com a inibição da enzima, e o bloqueio da rota do ácido chiquímico pelo glyphosate, ocorre o acúmulo de alguns compostos como os ácidos chiquímico e quínico, além de outras alterações metabólicas e fisiológicas nas plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações metabólicas e fisiológicas de plantas de milho submetidas à aplicação de glyphosate isolado e em associação com fosfito. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, no Núcleo de Pesquisas Avançadas em Matologia (NUPAM), pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - FCA/UNESP. Foi utilizado o híbrido de milho Pioneer 30F53, em vasos contendo 5 litros de substrato e os tratamentos foram compostos da aplicação de: glyphosate (72 g e.a. ha-1); glyphosate (720 g e.a. ha-1); glyphosate (72 g e.a. ha-1) + fosfito (3 L p.c. ha-1); glyphosate (720 g e.a. ha-1) + fosfito (3 L p.c. ha-1); fosfito (3 L p.c. ha-1); e uma testemunha sem aplicação. Foram realizados dois experimentos, com os mesmos tratamentos, mas com avaliações distintas. No primeiro, foram realizadas cinco coletas de todas as folhas das plantas aos 2, 4, 6, 10 e 15 dias após a aplicação (DAA) dos tratamentos. No segundo experimento, foi realizada a medição do fluxo de transporte de elétrons (ETR) nas folhas jovens e maduras, avaliações visuais de intoxicação, medição da altura e quantificação da matéria seca ao final do experimento. As folhas coletadas foram secas e moídas e utilizadas para quantificação dos seguintes compostos: ácido chiquímico, ácido quínico, ácido desidrochiquímico, ácido aminometilfosfônico (AMPA), glyphosate, fenilalanina, tirosina e triptofano. Foram também realizados testes de extração dos compostos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The glyphosate is a broad spectrum herbicide, non-selective, and the site of action is the inhibition of the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (EPSPs). The inhibition of the enzyme results in a reduction in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan), and secondary compounds. The glyphosate block of the shikimic acid pathway and causes the accumulation of some compounds like shikimic acid and quinic acid, and other metabolic and physiological effects in plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic and physiological effects in corn plants after application of glyphosate and phosphite. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse in the Faculty of Agronomic Sciences at São Paulo State University. It was used the corn Pioneer 30F53, planted in vases containing 5 liters of substrate. The treatments were: glyphosate (72 g a.e. ha 1), glyphosate (720 g a.e. ha-1), glyphosate (72 g a.e. ha-1) + phosphite (3 L ha-1), glyphosate (720 g a.e. ha-1) + phosphite (3 L ha-1), phosphite (3 L ha -1) and an untreated control. Two experiments were carried out with the same treatments but with different evaluations. At first, it were realized five samples of all corn plant leaves at 2, 4, 6, 10 and 15 days after application (DAA). The second experiment was performed the evaluation of the electron transport rate (ETR) in young and mature leaves, visual evaluations of intoxication, height and weight of the plants. The leaves collected were dried, grated and used to quantify the compounds: shikimic acid, quinic acid, 3-dehydroshikimic acid, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), glyphosate, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. Extraction tests of compounds were conducted to choose the most appropriate and were development of analytical methods in LC-MS/MS. The extraction of the compounds that proved most appropriate was using the dry mass... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Edivaldo Domingues Velini
Coorientador: Maria Lúcia Bueno Trindade
Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues
Banca: Marcus Barifouse Matallo
Mestre
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27

Inskip, Jessica Ann. "Cardiovascular and metabolic function after thoracic spinal cord injury." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/23500.

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) has the potential to disrupt autonomic pathways in the spinal cord leading to a range of autonomic dysfunctions. The cardiovascular (CV) and metabolic sequelae can restrict the lives of individuals with SCI and contribute to the deterioration of their cardiometabolic health. Here I investigated the whole-body CV and metabolic ramifications of experimental SCI in rats. Complete thoracic SCI was performed at two different levels in order to determine whether these outcomes demonstrated a level dependence. High-(T3) and low-(T10) thoracic SCI both result in flaccid hindlimb paralysis, but have different effects on the level of supraspinal autonomic control. CV and metabolic function were assessed at several times post-injury to investigate changes over time. Animals with acute high-thoracic SCI displayed resting hypotension that resolved with time post-injury. However, their capacity to control blood pressure (BP) in response to physiological stimuli remained deficient; animals with high-thoracic SCI displayed pronounced orthostatic hypotension (OH) and severe episodes of sensory stimulation-induced hypertension known as autonomic dysreflexia (AD). The resting BP and heart rate of animals with low-thoracic SCI, and their ability to respond to orthostatic stress, was indistinguishable from sham controls. Lipid metabolism was also disordered by SCI in a level-dependent pattern. Animals with high-thoracic SCI carried increased white adipose tissue and had higher circulating triacylglycerol levels compared to animals with low-thoracic SCI and sham controls. However, there was no difference in the distribution of cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins. Carbohydrate metabolism in animals with SCI did not support the diabetic profile suggested by the lipid results. Overall, animals with SCI were more sensitive to glucose and insulin than sham-injured animals. The pronounced ketone response to fasting in animals with high-thoracic SCI suggests that there are diverse effects on substrate metabolism. This work introduces simple tests that can be performed to investigate several important and understudied autonomic outcomes of SCI. The results reveal the importance of the intact autonomic nervous system in regulating CV and metabolic function. The disparity between motor and autonomic function encourages modifying our current conventions so that we stratify subjects by their autonomic injury level and their motor deficits.
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28

Rizzi, Vanessa. "Caracterização das enzimas chaves para o controle do metabolismo de lisina em milho (Zea mays L.) geneticamente modificado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-04072013-091100/.

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A lisina é um dos aminoácidos essenciais e um dos fatores limitantes ao uso de cereais como o milho na alimentação, pois, sem suplementação, não permite a obtenção de uma dieta balanceada. A fim de melhorar a qualidade nutricional dos cereais, várias tentativas têm sido realizadas baseadas em resultados obtidos sobre as rotas de metabolismo da lisina em plantas e o acúmulo de proteínas de reserva no endosperma. Ambrozevicius (2010) com o objetivo de produzir plantas de milho transgênicas com alto teor de lisina utilizou a estratégia de expressão de proteínas de reserva de outras espécies vegetais ricas em lisina, ou seja, através da expressão de uma proteína heteróloga: a zeolina. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os 6 eventos transformados expressando a zeolina na geração F3, caracterizando as proteínas de reserva, o perfil de aminoácidos e as enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo de lisina em milho geneticamente modificado, para compreender quais as possíveis alterações bioquímicas podem ter sido geradas pela transformação, e que podem ter levado ao incremento dos aminoácidos essenciais neste material transgênico. O perfil de proteínas de reserva dos eventos transformados exibiu redução na proporção das zeínas II e glutelinas em relação ao controle HiII, e ainda aumentos muito discretos da fração globulina, porém não para todos os eventos transformados. Na composição de aminoácidos solúveis totais foram observados incrementos nos teores dos aminoácidos que fazem parte da via metabólica do ácido aspártico: lisina, metionina, treonina e isoleucina. Para os aminoácidos incorporados em proteínas, foram observados incrementos nos teores de lisina nos eventos transformados da fração globulina e da fração glutelina, ambos em relação ao controle HiII. Já a fração zeína I teve o maior conteúdo total de aminoácidos em todos os eventos transformados. A análise das enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo de lisina revelou que ocorreram alterações em duas enzimas, a primeira enzima envolvida na síntese de lisina, aspartato quinase (AK) e a segunda envolvida na degradação de lisina, lisina cetoglutarato redutase (LOR). Embora as outras enzimas envolvidas na síntese e na degradação de lisina também tenham sido alteradas, os resultados foram variáveis para os diferentes eventos. Este trabalho mostrou que a expressão da proteína heteróloga zeolina causou alterações na composição das frações protéicas, no teor dos aminoácidos solúveis totais e aminoácidos incorporados em proteína em consequencia das alterações das enzimas envolvidas na síntese e degradação da lisina. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a expressão da proteína heteróloga zeolina, que tem a necessidade de incorporação de lisina em sua estrutura, pode ter alterado a via metabólica do ácido aspártico para suprir a nova demanda de lisina. Essas alterações podem incluir o aumento na atividade da enzima AK, que é a primeira enzima da via que leva a síntese deste aminoácido e também uma redução na atividade da enzima de degradação LOR, pois o excesso de lisina livre que seria degradada é incorporado à nova proteína.
Lysine is an essential amino acid and one of the limiting factors for the use in cereals such as corn feed therefore, without supplementation; it does not allow obtaining a balanced diet. In order to improve the nutritional quality of cereals, several attempts have been made based on the results about routes of metabolism of lysine in plants and accumulation of storage proteins in endosperm. Ambrozevicius (2010) with the objective of producing transgenic corn plants with high content of lysine used a strategy of expression of storage proteins from other plant species which are rich in lysine, it means, through the expression of a heterologous protein: zeolin. This work aimed to study the 6 events processed expressing zeolina in F3 generation, featuring the storage proteins, the profile of amino acids and enzymes involved in the metabolism of lysine in genetically modified corn, in order to understand the possible biochemical changes which may have been generated by the transformation, and that may have led to the increase of essential amino acids in transgenic material The storage protein profile of transformed events exhibited reduction in the proportion of zein II and glutelins compared to control HiII, and yet very discrete increments of globulin, but not for all events processed. In the composition of soluble amino acids, it was observed increments in concentration of amino acids forming part of the metabolic pathway of aspartic acid: Lysine, methionine, threonine and isoleucine. For the amino acids incorporated into proteins, it was observed increments in the levels of lysine in the transformed events of globulin and glutelin fraction, both in relation to the control HiII. On the other hand, zein fraction I had the highest total amino acid content in all transformed events. The analysis of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of lysine revealed that changes occurred in two enzymes, the first enzyme involved in the synthesis of lysine, aspartate kinase (AK) and the second involved in the degradation of lysine, lysine ketoglutarate reductase (LOR). Although other enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of lysine have also been changed, the results were variable for different events. This work showed that the expression of heterologous protein zeolina caused changes in the composition of protein fractions, in the content of soluble amino acids and amino acids incorporated in consequence of changes in enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of lysine. The results suggest that the expression of heterologous protein zeolina, which has the need for incorporation of lysine in its structure, may have changed the aspartic acid pathway to meet the new demand for lysine. These changes may include the increase in AK enzyme activity, which is the first enzyme of the pathway leading to the synthesis of this amino acid and also a reduction in the activity of the enzyme degradation LOR, since the excess free lysine would be degraded is incorporated into the new protein.
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29

Nishioka, Julia A. "The Effects of Moderate High Fructose Corn Syrup Consumption on Predisposition to Developing Type II Diabetes." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/467.

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The increase in the rate of diabetes has coincided with drastic increases in high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) consumption. There is much controversy over whether these increases are linked. Fructose consumption has been under much scrutiny, as fructose metabolism is not regulated by phosphofructokinase, the major regulator of the glycolytic pathway. Studies have shown that high levels of fructose consumption lead to decreased insulin sensitivity through a mechanism that involves the disruption of insulin signaling by abnormal lipid accumulation. Recent studies have indicated that HFCS consumption similarly affects the body; however, results have been inconsistent. This paper proposes a study that focuses on revealing whether HFCS consumption increases the predisposition to developing type II diabetes by lowering insulin sensitivity, while taking in contributing factors such as amount of consumption, study duration, and subject characteristics. In this proposed study, subjects will moderately consume HFCS at 15% of daily energy requirements (DER) for six months. It is expected that the moderate HFCS consumption will induce insulin resistance through inducing hepatic lipid accumulation.
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30

Carlos, Daniele Maria de Oliveira. "Impacto da variabilidade de peso no controle mateb?lico de pacientes transplantados card?acos." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2009. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13285.

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Heart transplantation (HT) represents one of the greatest advances in medicine over the last decades. It is indicated for patients with severe heart disease unresponsive to clinical treatment and conventional surgery, poor short-term prognosis and a 1- year mortality rate over 40%. HT has improved survival worldwide (80% in the first year, 70% in five years and 60% in ten years). However, the procedure has been associated with weight change and increased risk of secondary conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity due to immunosuppressive therapy following transplantation. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of weight change on the metabolic stability of HT patients. The study was retrospective with data collected from the records of 82 adult patients (83% male; average age 45.06?12.04 years) submitted to HT between October 1997 and December 2005 at a transplantation service in Cear? (Brazil). The selected outcome variables (biopathological profile, weight and body mass index―BMI) were related to biochemical and metabolic change. The results were expressed in terms of frequency, measures of central tendency, Student s t test and Pearson s correlation coefficients. The analysis showed that following HT the average global BMI increased from 23.77?3.68kg/m2 to 25.48?3.92kg/m2 in the first year and to 28.38?4.97kg/m2 in the fifth. Overweight/obese patients (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) had higher average levels of glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides than patients with eutrophy/malnutrition (BMI < 25 kg/m2). In conclusion, overweight/obese patients were likely to present higher average levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and fractions than patients with eutrophy/malnutrition, indicating a direct and significant relation between nutritional status and weight change in the metabolic profile of HT patients
O Transplante Card?aco (TC) tornou-se um dos grandes avan?os da medicina nas ?ltimas d?cadas. ? um procedimento indicado para pacientes com doen?a card?aca avan?ada, refrat?ria ao tratamento cl?nico e cir?rgico convencional, progn?stico reservado em curto prazo e mortalidade acima de 40% no prazo de um ano na evolu??o natural da doen?a. Em todo o mundo seus resultados t?m evidenciado melhora significante na sobrevida, sendo considerada de 80% no primeiro ano, 70% em cinco anos e 60% em dez anos. No entanto, as altera??es de peso ap?s o procedimento frequentemente ocorrem e aumentam os riscos de doen?as secund?rias como diabetes, hipertens?o, dislipidemia e obesidade, complica??es que est?o associadas ? terapia imunossupressora indispens?vel ap?s o TC. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o impacto da variabilidade de peso na estabilidade metab?lica de pacientes transplantados do cora??o. O desenho do estudo foi do tipo retrospectivo documental, realizado com 82 pacientes adultos submetidos ao TC entre outubro de 1997 a dezembro de 2005 em centro transplantador no Cear?, sendo 83% do sexo masculino e 17% do sexo feminino com idade m?dia de 45,06?12,04 anos. As vari?veis estudadas foram o perfil biopatol?gico, o peso e o ?ndice de massa corporal (IMC), relacionadas ?s altera??es bioqu?micas-metab?licas. Os dados foram descritos usando frequ?ncias, medidas de tend?ncia central, teste t de Student e coeficiente de correla??o de Pearson. Ap?s a an?lise dos dados, verificou-se que a m?dia global do IMC aumentou de 23,77?3,68 kg/m2 antes do TC, para 25,48?3,92 kg/m2 no primeiro ano e para 28,38?4,97 kg/m2 no quinto. Os pacientes com sobrepeso/ obesidade (IMC ≥25 kg/m2) apresentaram valores m?dios de glicose, colesterol total, lipoprote?na de baixa XIV densidade (LDL) e triglic?rides maiores que os pacientes com eutrofia/ desnutri??o (IMC < 25 kg/m2). Diante dos resultados encontrados nesse estudo, conclui-se que os pacientes com sobrepeso/ obesidade est?o propensos a apresentar n?veis de glicose, colesterol total, LDL e triglic?rides mais elevados que os pacientes com eutrofia/ desnutri??o, o que demonstra que houve uma rela??o direta e significativa entre o estado nutricional e a variabilidade de peso no perfil metab?lico de pacientes transplantados card?acos
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31

Jain, Deepak M. "Effect of corn fibre oil and its constituents on cholesterol metabolism and intestinal sterol transporter gene expression in hamsters." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98732.

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The cholesterol-lowering effect of corn fiber oil, obtained from the seed coats of corn kernels, has been reported previously. Corn fiber oil contains phytosteryl fatty acyl esters, ferulate phytostanyl esters, and free phytosterols. To date, however, no studies have examined the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of ferulate phytostanyl esters. Moreover, although plant stanols and sterols have been established as cholesterol-lowering agents over the past five decades, their exact mechanisms of action are not clearly understood. One of the possible mechanism is that plant sterols/stanols disrupts the normal sub-cellular cholesterol absorption by down-regulation of the influx sterol transporters such as the Niemann pick C1 like 1(NPC1L1) protein and/or up-regulation of efflux sterol transporters such as the ATP binding cassette (ABC) G5 and ABCG8 protein. Hence, the objectives of this thesis were to assess the efficacy of corn fiber oil, ferulate phytostanyl esters and their parent compounds including sitostanol and ferulic acid, on plasma cholesterol levels. Further, objectives were to investigate their impact on parameters of cholesterol kinetics and gene expression of sterol transporters to obtain insight into their role in genetic control of regulation of cholesterol flux. Results of this experiment demonstrate that the hypocholesterolemic effect of corn fiber oil is mostly due to sitostanol, while esterification of ferulic acid and sitostanol yields no apparent synergistic cholesterol lowering effect. Present data exhibited a cholesterol absorption lowering effect of corn fiber oil and sitostanol and suggest that this effect may be due to up-regulation of intestinal enterocyte efflux sterol transporters such as ABCG5 and ABCG8.
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32

Morón, Ros Samantha. "Papel de la enterocina FGF15/19 en la plasticidad adiposa y cardíaca." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672190.

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El objetivo de la presente tesis se basa en establecer, mediante el uso de modelos experimentales animales y celulares, cuál es el papel de la enterocina FGF15/19: a) en la adiposidad y plasticidad de los tejidos adiposos en respuesta al estímulo termogénico, y b) en la plasticidad cardiaca frente a estímulos fisiológicos y patológicos.
FGF19 in humans (ortholog of FGF15 in mice) is a fibroblast growth factor (FGF) with endocrine effects. It is an enterokine secreted by the ileum after food intake in response to bile acids. The main target of FGF15/19 is the liver, where it regulates the synthesis of bile acids and their release (negative feed-back). However, FGF15/19 may also have hormone-like functions in other tissues and in the whole-body homeostasis, such as the improvement of insulin sensitivity or lowering the body weight. In this thesis we explored the role of FGF15/19 in favoring the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue (non-shivering thermogenesis) and white adipose tissue (browning) in response to environmental stimuli. Fgf15-null mice showed impaired browning when exposed to cold. Moreover, the overexpression of FGF15 and FGF19 in wild-type mice increased the expression of thermogenic genes in white adipose tissue. Our results suggest that the role of FGF15/19 in browning is likely to be due to indirect effects mediated either by the central nervous system or by intermediate batokines, such as CXCL14. On the other hand, we described that human patients with cardiac pathologies show lowered levels of FGF19 in plasma. Fgf15-null mice fed a high fat diet showed reduced heart weight and reduced area of their cardiomyocytes compared to wild-type mice. Fgf15-null mice had smaller hearts in physiological and pathological conditions eliciting cardiac hypertrophy Fgf15-null mice also had impaired development of fibrosis and altered gene expression in relation to the use of glucose or fatty acids as substrates in cardiac hypertrophy. We conclude that FGF15/19 is able to affect the functionality of cardiomyocyte and is necessary to an appropriate cardiac plasticity and correct cardiac adaptation to physiopathological events. FGF15/19 may be considered as a potential therapeutic agent in relation to adipose tissue and cardiac dysfunction. Further studies must be taken to further explore the mechanisms, either direct and/or indirect, by which FGF15/19 targets organs such as adipose tissues and heart.
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33

Gómez, Avellaneda Gisela Elizabeth. "Prevalencia y factores asociados con la dislipidemia en trabajadores de un centro de salud del nivel primario." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/8258.

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Determina la prevalencia y factores asociados con la dislipidemia en trabajadores de algunos centros de salud del nivel primario. La investigación fue transversal. Se incluyó a 163 trabajadores, de algunos centros de salud del nivel primario durante el mes de agosto del año 2014 la mediana de edad fue 49,0 años y fluctúo entre 22 y 67 años. Se realizó una entrevista mediante un cuestionario que fue previamente sometido a juicio de experto, mejorando la presentación de las preguntas, posteriormente se realizó la prueba de piloto. El estado nutricional se determinó mediante el índice de masa corporal (IMC), siguiendo las normas técnicas para la valoración nutricional antropométrica del Ministerio de Salud. Adicionalmente se realizó la extracción de muestra de sangre a través de la punción venosa central para determinar las dislipidemias y se consideraron colesterol total (CT) elevado > 200 mg/dl, LDL-C > 100 mg/dl, HDL-C bajo (varones HDL-C < 40 mg/dl y mujeres HDL-C < 50 mg/ dl), y triglicéridos ≥ 150 mg/d. Las muestras fueron procesadas en un laboratorio particular. El perímetro abdominal se evaluó mediante la cinta métrica, se midió al participante en posición erguida, con el torso descubierto, y con los brazos relajados y con los pies separados por una distancia de 25 a 30 cm, de acuerdo a la Guía Técnica de valoración nutricional del Ministerio de Salud. Se solicitó el consentimiento informado por escrito para la extracción de muestras sanguíneas. Encuentra que la prevalencia de hipercolesterolemia fue 30,1%, hipertriglicéridemia 40,5%, HDL-C bajo 69,3%, LDL-C elevado 55,2%, y la dislipidemia global fue 87,7%. Los factores asociados a dislipidemia por Hipertrigliceridemia son la edad entre 50-59 años (OR 4, IC 95% : 1.2-13.6), obesidad (OR 2.8, IC 95% : 1.2- 6.7), riesgo cardiovascular muy alto según perímetro abdominal (OR 2.5, IC 95% : 1.1-1,7), relacionado a Hipercolesterolemia es la edad entre 40-49 años (OR 12.1, IC 95% : 1.4-100,7), 50-59 años (OR 8,9 IC 95% : 1.1-72.8), 60-69 años (OR 10.7, IC 95% : 1.2-93.6), sobrepeso (OR 2.8, IC 95% : 1.1-7,2), obesidad (OR 5.1, IC 95% : 1.9-13.8), por su parte el factor asociado a HDL-C bajo , es el riesgo cardiovascular muy alto (OR: 2.5, IC 95% : 1.1-5-9), y el factor asociado a LDL- C elevado es la edad entre 30-39 años (OR 6.7, IC 95% : 1.8-24.7), 40-49 años (OR 7.1, IC 95% : 1.9-25.7), 50-59 años (OR 6, IC 95% : 1.7-20, 6), 60-69 años (OR 4.3, IC 95% : 1.1-16.7) y la obesidad (OR 2.5, IC 95% : 1.1 – 5.8) Concluye que la prevalencia de hipertrigliceridemia fue de 40,5%, hipercolesterolemia 30,1%, HDL-C bajo 69,3 %, LDL-C elevado 55,2% en trabajadores de algunos centros de salud del nivel primario y la prevalencia de dislipidemia global fue 87,7%. La edad entre 50-59 años, la obesidad y el riesgo cardiovascular muy alto están asociados a la hipertrigliceridemia y la edad entre 40-49 años, 50–59 años, 60–69 años, el sobrepeso y la obesidad están asociados a la Hipercolesterolemia. El riesgo cardiovascular muy alto está asociado al HDL –C bajo. La edad entre 30-39 años, 40-49 años, 50–59 años, 60–69 años y la obesidad están asociados al LDL – C alto en trabajadores de algunos centros de salud del nivel primario.
Tesis
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34

GuimarÃes, SÃrgio Botelho. "In vivo acute changes in ATP and glucose concentrations in the rat testicles following unilateral torsion: experimental study." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2002. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=21.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Spematic cord torsion is one of the more common surgical urological emergencies in childhood. An experimental study has been conducted to investigate acute changes in testicular concentrations of ATP and glucose following one-hour unilateral 720Â testicular torsion. Sixty prepubertal male Wistar rats were distributed into two groups: Group 2(Ischemia) and Group 1(Sham operated). Each group(n=30) was divided into 5 subgroups (n=6). All animals were subjected to right testicular torsion of 720Â. The testicular torsion of animals from Group 1 was immediately corrected. Group 2 animals had their testicular torsion lasting one hour followed by detorsion. Testicles were collected and arterial blood samples taken from abdominal aorta of each animal subgroup at the and of ischemic period or one hour after sham operation and 0.5, 1,6 and 24 hours later. ATP and glucose concentrations were significantly decreased (p<0,05) in ischemia group as compared to sham group at the end of ischemic period. There was no difference in glycemia when comparing ischemic versus sham-operated rats. Glucose concentrations were significantly increase (p<0,05) in ipsilateral testis of sham-operated rats No significant change in ATP and glucose concentrations were found in the left testicle in comparasion to the ones measured in the rigth testicle of the same animal. The decrease in ATP and glucose concentrations may be explained by the reduction in blood flow to the torted testis imposed by torsion. The absence of significant contralateral alterations in the concentrations of ATP and glucose could be related to the limited time of isquemia imposed to the right testis. It is concluded that unilateral one-hour testicular torsion causes a decrease in ipsilateral testicular perfusion resulting in decresead testicular concentrations of glucose and ATP in the ipstelial (right) testicles and no alterations in the concentrations of glucose and ATP in the contraleral testicles. Simple testicle manipulation (Sham Operation) causes a signficant increase in glucose concentrations in the ipsilateral(right)testis.
A torÃÃo do cordÃo espermÃtico à a emergÃncia geniturinÃria mais comum na idade pediÃtrica. Foram estudadas as alteraÃÃes metabÃlicas agudas nas concentraÃÃes testiculares de ATP e glicose apÃs uma hora de isquemia induzida por torÃÃo do cordÃo espermÃtico. Sessenta ratos wistar machos prÃ-pÃberes, foram distribuÃdos em 2 grupos de 30 animais cada e cada grupo em 5 subgrupos de 6 ratos. Os ratos do grupo 1 foram submetidos à torÃÃo seguida por distorÃÃo imediata (cirurgia simulada) do testÃculo direito. Os animais do grupo 2 foram submetidos à torÃÃo do testÃculo direito (720o) durante uma hora. Os animais dos diferentes subgrupos foram sacrificados 30 minutos, 1 hora, 6 horas e 24 horas apÃs a distorÃÃo ou realizaÃÃo da cirurgia simulada para a remoÃÃo dos testÃculos e coleta de amostra de sangue arterial. As alteraÃÃes das concentraÃÃes de glicose e ATP foram determinadas por mÃtodos enzimÃticos. Ocorreu queda significante (p<0,05) da concentraÃÃo de glicose e ATP no tempo 0 h, nos testiculos isquemiados. NÃo ocorreram alteraÃÃes na glicemia nem nas concentraÃÃes de glicose e ATP nos testÃculos contralaterais. Os animais submetidos à cirurgia simulada apresentaram aumento significante (p< 0,05) da concentraÃÃo de glicose no testÃculo ipsilateral quando comparada à concentraÃÃo de glicose no testÃculo esquerdo dos mesmos animais nos tempos 0 h e 24h. A diminuiÃÃo do fluxo sangÃÃneo em decorrÃncia da torÃÃo explica a reduÃÃo das concentraÃÃes de ATP e glicose nos testÃculos isquemiados. A ausÃncia de alteraÃÃes nas concentraÃÃes de ATP e glicose nos testÃculos contralaterais (esquerdos) poderia ser uma decorrÃncia do reduzido tempo de isquemia imposto ao testÃculo ipsilateral (direito). Concluiu-se que a torÃÃo testicular unilateral de 720o, por uma hora, induz uma reduÃÃo significante (p < 0,05) das concentraÃÃes testiculares de ATP e de glicose no testÃculo isquemiado sem alteraÃÃes correspondentes da glicemia. A simples manipulaÃÃo do testÃculo direito (cirurgia simulada) induz um aumento da concentraÃÃo de glicose testicular.
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35

Bloemendal, Amy Rose. "Effects of high fructose corn syrup beverage on indices of resting metabolism as compared to a sucrose beverage." Thesis, Montana State University, 2012. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2012/bloemendal/BloemendalA0812.pdf.

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High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has gained notoriety concerning possible negative effects on metabolism. A limited amount of research regarding possible differences between the metabolism of sucrose (Sucr) and HFCS exists. The purpose of this research was to examine whether a HFCS beverage alters indices of acute resting metabolism when compared to a sucrose beverage. Thirteen (5 male, 8 female: Mean±SD; 23.8 ± 3 yrs, 71.6 ± 14.0 kg, 171.0 ± 11.2 cm) adults from the local area volunteered for this study. After a baseline blood sample was acquired, each subject ingested a 300 milliliter (mL) beverage sweetened with 30 grams (g) of either HFCS or sucrose. Order of treatments was counter-balanced and subjects were blinded. Venous blood samples (approximately 5 mL) were taken at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes, allowed to coagulate for 20 minutes, and then centrifuged for 10 minutes to separate the serum. Samples were analyzed for glucose, lactate, insulin and triglyceride concentrations. An ANOVA with repeated measures was used for statistical analysis and Tukey's post hoc test was used to differentiate means upon a significant interaction. Significance was set at an alpha level < 0.05. Data are listed as mean ± SD. No interaction effect was observed between time and treatments for any variable. Additionally, no treatment main effect was found for glucose (Sucr 4.13±1.1 mM/L, HFCS 4.33±1.1 mM/L, p=0.154), lactate (Sucr 2.2±0.8, HFCS 2.2±0.7, p=0.526), insulin (Sucr 11.13±13.0 pmol/L, HFCS 8.18±9.6 pmol/L, n=11, p=0.168), or triglycerides (Sucr 80±27.8 mg/dL, HFCS 81±14.7 mg/dL, p=0.861). There was a significant time effect found within the variables. The mean serum glucose and insulin concentrations at 30 minutes (Glu 5.6 ± 0.98 mM/L, p<0.001, Ins 22.69±17.3 pmol/L, p<0.001) were significantly increased over baseline, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Mean lactate concentration at 30 minutes (2.7±0.9 mM/L, p<0.001) was greater than at baseline, 90, and 120 minutes. The triglyceride concentration at 120 minutes was significantly lower than at baseline in both conditions (baseline 84±22.1 mg/dL, 120 minutes 76±21.6 mg/dL, p=0.008). In the current study, there were no differences between interventions for any of the variables. 'Co-authored by John G. Seifert, Daniel P. Heil and Mary P. Miles.'
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36

Fonseca, Danielle de Cássia Martins da. "Comportamento alimentar, metabolismo ruminal e estabilidade do leite de vacas alimentadas com milho floculado e diferentes níveis de degradabilidade da proteína." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-20082018-144121/.

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O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em dois experimentos: 1) Tipo de processamento do milho e a relação PDR:PNDR sobre a fermentação ruminal, comportamento alimentar e seletividade ingestiva de vacas leiteiras cujos objetivos foram: a) avaliar o efeito do tipo de processamento do milho (floculado ou moído) e a relação da proteína degradável (PDR) e não degradável no rúmen (PNDR) (alta ou baixa) sobre a fermentação ruminal, o comportamento alimentar e a seletividade ingestiva de vacas leiteiras durante o período experimental; b) avaliar o efeito a curto prazo da troca da dieta contendomilho moído ou floculado e alta ou baixa relação PDR:PNDR sobre o consumo de matéria seca, produção e estabilidade do leite (teste do álcool, pH, cálcio iônico, estabilidade térmica e alcoólica) de vacas leiteiras durante período de adaptação. Foram utilizadas 20 vacas da raça Holandesa, com 162 ± 70 DEL, 666 ± 68 kg de peso corporal, 3,15 ± 0,48 de escore de condição corporal e 36,0 ± 7,78 kg/vaca/ dia de produção de leite. Os resultados de metabolismo ruminal indicaram que o milho floculado reduziu a relação acetato:propionato e a concentração de ácido acético (%) e aumentou as concentrações dos ácidos valérico (µmol/L) e de propiônico (%) e o pH fecal em relação ao milho moído. Quanto ao comportamento alimentar, observou-se que o uso de milho floculado associado à alta relação PDR:PNDR e a utilização de milho moído associado à baixa relação PDR:PNDR reduziram os tempos de alimentação (TAL/ kg de MS ingerida) e de ruminação (TRU/ kg de MS ingerida) entretanto, o uso de milho floculado associado à alta ou à baixa relação PDR:PNDR aumentaram o tempo de ruminação (TRU/ kg de FDN consumido). Já para índice de seleção notou-se que a rejeição de partículas longas (> 19,0 mm) foi menor em vacas alimentadas com milho floculado em relação às alimentadas com moído. 2) Efeito a curto prazo da troca da dieta sobre a produção e estabilidade do leite de vacas da raça Holandesa que teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do dia de troca da dieta com diferentes fontes de carboidrato não fibroso associado ou não a inclusão de tamponante/alcalinizante sobre CMS, produção e estabilidade do leite (teste do álcool, pH, cálcio iônico, estabilidade térmica e alcoólica). Foram utilizadas 16 vacas da raça Holandesa, com 130 ± 81 DEL, peso corporal de 660 ± 62 kg e produção média de leite de 28,5 ± 4,79 kg/vaca/dia. O milho moído associado à alta ou à baixa relação PDR:PNDR aumentou o CMS, entretanto o fornecimento de dieta contendo a alta relação PDR:PNDR associada ao milho moído ou floculado apresentaram redução na PL. O uso de milho floculado associado à alta relação PDR:PNDR aumentou o valor de pH das amostras de leite e em todos os tratamentos testados a concentração de Cai apresentou redução. O uso de milho floculado associado ao aumento da relação PDR:PNDR causou redução na estabilidade alcoólica do leite e o uso do milho moído associado a baixa relação PDR:PNDR aumentou a estabilidade do leite ao teste do álcool. O CMS foi a única variável que apresentou efeito da dieta, em que o uso de milho moído sem a inclusão de tamp/alc aumentou o CMS. Sendo assim, durante o período de adaptação, o efeito a curto prazo de troca foi mais nítido nas dietas contendo milho processado associado à proteínas de diferentes degradabilidades ruminal do que nas dietas contendo fontes de carboidratos não fibrosos associados à inclusão ou não de tamp/alc.
The present study was developed in two experiments: 1) Corn processing type and the RDP:RUP ratio on ruminal fermentation, feeding behavior and ingestive selectivity of dairy cows. The objectives were: to evaluate the effect of corn processing type (flocculated or ground) and the ratio (hight or low) of degradable (RDP) and non-degradable protein (RUP) on ruminal fermentation, feed behavior and ingestive selectivity of dairy cows during the experimental period. Indeed to evaluate the short-term effect of dietary exchange containing either ground or flocculated corn and high or low RDP: RUP ratio on dry matter intake, milk yield and stability (alcohol test, pH, ionic calcium, of dairy cows during adaptation period. Twenty Holstein cows were used, with 162 ± 70 DIM, 666 ± 68 kg body weight, 3.15 ± 0.48 body condition score and 36.0 ± 7.78 kg / cow / day of milk yield. The results of ruminal metabolism indicated that the flocculated corn reduced the acetate: propionate ratio and the acetic acid concentration (%) and increased the concentrations of valeric (µmol / L) and propionic acid (%) and fecal pH in relation to ground corn. As regards feed behavior, it was observed that the use of flocculated corn associated with high RDP:RUP ratio and the use of milled corn associated with low RDP:RUP ratio reduced feeding times (TAL / kg of intake DM) and rumination (TRU / kg of DM ingested). However, the use of flocculated corn associated with high or low RDP:RUP ratios increased rumination time (TRU / kg of NDF consumed). For the selection index, it was noted that the rejection of long particles (> 19.0 mm) was lower in cows fed flocculated maize than those fed with milled corn. 2) Short-term effect of the diet change on the production and stability of Holstein cows milk that aimed to evaluate the effect of the diet change day with different sources of non-fibrous carbohydrate associated or not with the inclusion of buffer / alkalinizing on DMI, milk production and stability (alcohol test, pH, ionic calcium, thermal and alcoholic stability). Sixteen Holstein cows, 130 ± 81 DIM, body weight of 660 ± 62 kg and mean milk yield of 28.5 ± 4.79 kg / cow / day were used. Ground corn associated with high or low RDP:RUP ratios increased of intake DM; however, the diet containing the high RDP:RUP ratio associated to ground or flocculated corn showed a decrease in milk yield. The use of flocculated corn associated with high RDP:RUP ratio increased the pH value of milk samples; and in all tested treatments; the concentration of Cai presented reduction. The use of flocculated corn associated with the increase of the RDP:RUP ratio caused a decrease in the milk alcoholic stability while the use of ground corn associated with a low RDP:RUP ratio increased this variable. The intake DM was the only variable that presented a dietary effect, in which the use of ground corn without the inclusion of buffer/alk increased intake DM. Thus, during the adaptation period, the short-term effect of exchange was more pronounced in diets containing processed corn associated with proteins of different ruminal degradability than in diets containing sources of non-fibrous carbohydrates associated with the inclusion of buffer/alk .
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37

Careaga, de Houck Maria Monica. "Part 1. Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acid by human platelets ; Part 2. Phospholipid composition of rat blood cells after feeding diets containing corn oil or corn/fish oil /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487584612162702.

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38

Kline, Kristen Alissa. "Metabolic effects of incremental exercise on Arabian horses fed diets containing corn oil and soy lecithin." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37030.

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Feeding a fat-containing diet to the exercising horse is a facile way to increase energy density without risking the complications associated with hydrolyzable carbohydrates. Fat adaptation may also result in increases in the utilization of free fatty acids for fuel during exercise and sparing of muscle glycogen. Phosphatidylcholine, the main component of lecithins, can influence muscle contraction and improve endurance capacity during exercise. When it is combined with corn oil in a total mixed ration, soy lecithin is both highly digestible and palatable to horses. Our objectives in this study were to compare the effects of incremental exercise and isocaloric control (CON), corn oil (CO), and a soy lecithin/corn oil (LE) diets on plasma free fatty acids (FFA), cholesterol, glycerol, triglyceride (TG), lactate, and glucose. Also three different statistical models were compared for goodness of fit to the lactate curve. Plasma lactate and glucose both increased slowly early in the incremental exercise test (IET), then increased rapidly as the work intensity increased. Both decreased during recovery. No effects of IET or diet were found for either of these variables. Plasma TG was unchanged during exercise, but increased rapidly during recovery. Plasma FFA decreased from resting early in the IET then remained steady throughout the remainder of exercise. During recovery a rapid increase was exhibited. Plasma glycerol was constant during exercise, but increased during recovery. Plasma cholesterol did not change during exercise or recovery. Diet affected plasma FFA. Plasma FFA were lower for the CO and LE diets than the CON diet during the IET. Plasma glycerol was lower for the CO diet than the CON diet during the IET, with the LE diet intermediate between the two. Plasma cholesterol was higher for the CO and LE diets than the CON diet during the IET. A segmented model and an exponential model were found to have a good fit to the lactate curve. A point of inflection for a rapid increase in plasma lactate during incremental exercise was discovered. When this model was applied to diet, no differences in lactate threshold were found between the diets. Some criteria for fat adaptation were met, namely diet affected plasma FFA, glycerol, and cholesterol. However diet did not affect plasma TG, lactate, or glucose. This indicates that the rate of fatty acid oxidation was increased following fat adaptation, but it did not affect the rate of glucose oxidation and glycolysis during exercise. A lactate threshold for the equine can be obtained using a broken line model. Further studies using this approach are needed to establish its correlation with performance.
Master of Science
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39

Smith, Joseph Robert. "Methods for isolating, expanding, and characterizing umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells and their in vitro metabolism." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35462.

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Master of Science in Biomedical Sciences
Department of Anatomy and Physiology
Mark L. Weiss
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) derived from the umbilical cord (UC-MSCs) have therapeutic applications and are studied to understand their potential uses and immunomodulatory properties. Research must identify good manufacturing process (GMP) compliant methods to isolate and expand UC-MSCs. In addition, MSCs metabolism characteristics in culture are unknown, warranting further investigation. Viability of MSCs decreases after cryopreservation, which is detrimental to clinical translation. Previously published methods used to isolate MSCs from the umbilical cord included open dissection steps and xenogeneic components. Here, I developed improved methods by eliminating dissection which reduces contamination risks. Instead, I used the whole umbilical cord and Miltenyi dissociator tubes to mechanically and enzymatically dissociate cells in a closed system. Xenogeneic components were decreased by using medium containing pooled human platelet lysate instead of fetal bovine serum. The cell numbers isolated from umbilical cord averaged 2.68 x 10⁵ per cm, which represents greater than 20 fold improvement over the previous method. Moreover, expansion cell numbers were increased using 10% pooled human platelet lysate supplemented media. The UC-MSCs generated here met the International Society of Cell Therapy (ISCT) definition of MSCs. Metabolism characteristics of MSCs indicated that glucose was the critical metabolite, maintaining cells longer in culture than glutamine. Cell death followed depletion of glucose, too. Finally, the average viability after thawing cryopreserved MSCs was more than 95%, higher than previous methods. The improvements I introduced to our methodology could speed clinical translation of MSCs as an allogeneic cellular therapy
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40

Sharma, Arpit. "The role of the skeletal muscle mitochondrial pyruvate carrier in systemic glucose homeostasis and whole-body adiposity." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6640.

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Metabolic cycles are a fundamental element of cellular and organismal function. Among the most critical in higher organisms is the Cori Cycle, the systemic cycling between lactate and glucose. Here, skeletal muscle-specific Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier (MPC) deletion in mice increased muscle glucose uptake but diverted pyruvate into the circulation as lactate, driving increased Cori Cycling and energy expenditure. Loss of muscle MPC activity evoked adaptive glutaminolysis, increased fatty acid oxidation, and resulted in a striking resistance to gains in fat mass with age with perfect sparing of muscle mass and strength. Furthermore, chronic and acute muscle MPC deletion accelerated fat mass loss on a normal diet after high fat diet-induced obesity. Our results illuminate the role of the skeletal muscle MPC as a central node for whole-body carbohydrate, fat, and amino acid metabolism. They highlight the potential utility of decreasing muscle pyruvate oxidation to ameliorate obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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41

Souza, Mara Lúcia Cruz de 1993. "Parâmetros fisiológicos do cultivo de milho doce sob influência da deficiência hídrica /." Botucatu, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157144.

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Orientador: Fernando Broetto
Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas
Banca: Marcelo Leonardo
Resumo: A deficiência hídrica é uma modalidade de estresse físico que afeta o desenvolvimento de diversas culturas agrícolas, causando impactos sociais e econômicos em regiões com baixa disponibilidade hídrica. Diversas pesquisas vêm trazendo como principal foco o estudo da deficiência hídrica na cultura do milho em épocas consideradas críticas a escassez hídrica. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o comportamento fisiológico e bioquímico de plantas de milho doce sob deficiência durante o estádio vegetativo. A hipótese principal é que as plantas de milho produzirão respostas fisiológicas interativas, no sentido de minorar o impacto dos tratamentos aplicados. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido em vasos 30L, irrigados via gotejamento, sob delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial (3x3) sendo três lâminas de irrigação e três épocas de avaliação em parcelas subdivididas. Os tratamentos foram delimitados com objetivo de simular três níveis de deficiência hídrica (DH): T1 (Tratamento controle) - conduzidos dentro da faixa de umidade ótima para a cultura do milho até o final do ensaio (Tensão de 10 KPa); T2 (Deficiência hídrica moderada-DHM) - Plantas mantidas em tensão mínima de 50 KPa - e T3 (Deficiência hídrica severa-DHS) - Plantas mantidas sob tensão mínima de 70 KPa. As avaliações foram divididas em três épocas durante a imposição do estresse, visando monitorar alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas das plantas, aos 45, 52 e 59 DAE. Cada tratamento f... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Water deficiency (WD) is a form of physical stress that affects the development of several agricultural crops, causing social and economic impacts in regions with low water availability. Several researches have been focusing on the study of water deficiency in maize crop in phenological stages critical to water scarcity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical responses of sweet corn plants growing under water deficiency during the vegetative stage. The main hypothesis is that corn plants will produce interactive physiological responses, in order to reduce the impact of applied treatments. The experiment was conducted in protected environment in 30 L pots, irrigated via drip irrigation, under a randomized block design in a factorial scheme (3 x 3), three irrigation levels and three evaluation periods in subdivided plots. The treatments were delimited with the objective of simulating three levels of water deficiency: T1- Control (10 KPa) - conducted within the optimum humidity range for the maize crop until the end of the experiment; T2- Moderate water deficiency (50 KPa) and T3- Severe water deficiency (70 KPa). The evaluations were divided in three seasons during the imposition of stress treatments, aiming to monitor the physiological and biochemical changes of the plants at 45, 52 and 59 DAE (days after seed emergence). Each treatment was composed of 4 replicates and the soil moisture was monitored by tensiometry, maintaining the vessels in field capacity until the beginning of the treatments. When the plants entered the V7 stage, the proposed treatments with water deficiency were started. At this stage, the first collection (E1) was performed to analyze different parameters, which consisted of the initial point of evaluations. Under moderate and severe WD there were alterations of the main physiological and biochemical parameters. The growth and biomass ...
Mestre
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42

Hatanaka, Fumiyuki. "Genome-wide profiling of the core clock protein BMAL1 targets reveals strict relationship with metabolism." Kyoto University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/142052.

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43

Otis, Jeffrey Scott. "Metabolic profile of myosin heavy chain-based fiber types in the rat soleus after spinal cord transection." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35669.

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Fully differentiated muscle fibers can undergo considerable phenotypic changes in order to adjust to changing conditions of the physiological environment. It is generally accepted that the electrical impulses a muscle receives play a role in modulating the quantities of metabolic proteins (glycolytic and oxidative enzymes) and types of contractile proteins (myosin heavy chain, MHC) that are expressed. Research has shown that decreased neuromuscular activation following spinal cord transection (ST) results in adaptations in the physiological characteristics of paralyzed muscles, including atrophy and an accompanying loss of force production, and transformations of contractile and metabolic proteins toward a more fatigable state. However, it remains unclear whether or not a strong interdependence of energy metabolism and MHC isoform composition persists. Therefore, the goal of this study was to identify and quantify relative myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression and metabolic enzyme profile adaptations at multiple time points (1, 3 and 6 months) in soleus fibers of rats following spinal cord transection (ST).

To accomplish this, female Sprague-Dawley rats (~150 g, n = 15) were subjected to complete transection of the spinal cord at a mid-thoracic level. Age and weight-matched, non-operated rats served as controls (n = 15). The soleus was processed for quantitative single fiber histochemical analyses for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH, oxidative marker) and a-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD, glycolytic marker) activities (~30 fibers/muscle) and immunohistochemical analysis for MHC isoform composition. The total number of soleus fibers analyzed was ~900.

Oxidative capacity was increased in muscle fibers at all time points after ST. Specifically, SDH activity was significantly higher than controls by 142, 127 and 206% at 1, 3 and 6 months post-ST, respectively. ISDH, a measure of total oxidative power, also increased in muscle fibers at all time points after ST. For example, 6 months after ST ISDH activity was 93% higher than controls (91.8-3.8 vs. 47.6-0.9 OD x 10-3, respectively).

Glycolytic capacity peaked one month after ST. Thereafter, glycolytic capacity of all fibers steadily declined. For example, by 6 months, GPD activity had declined by 76% compared to 1 month GPD activities (3.3-0.2 vs. 13.7-1.4 OD x 10-3, respectively). These data suggest that the increases in glycolytic capacity are transient as fibers transition toward a faster MHC phenotype and then return towards control levels as fibers of a given type become phenotypically stable.

The GPD/SDH ratio, an index of metabolic substrate utilization, peaked at one month after ST (394-41) and significantly decreased at 3 months (224-10) and at 6 months (95-7) after ST. Therefore, a shift occurred such that a greater dependence on oxidative metabolism was apparent.

These data suggest that the oxidative capacities of soleus muscle fibers are not compromised after ST. In fact, as the fibers transitioned toward faster MHC isoforms, the GPD/SDH ratio was maintained or decreased, suggesting a reliance on oxidative metabolism regardless of MHC isoform composition. This might imply a dissociation between the contractile and metabolic characteristics of paralyzed soleus muscle fibers. However, these data are consistent with previous data and suggest that the increased fatigability observed after chronic reductions in neuromuscular activity are not due to compromised capacities for ATP synthesis.
Master of Science

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44

Barreiros, Rodrigo Crespo. "Frutose, sorbitol e glicose em sangue de mãe, cordão umbilical e recém-nascido de termo com 48 horas de vida /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104683.

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Orientador: Cleide Enoir Petean Trindade
Banca: Clovis Duarte Costa
Banca: Maria Fernanda Branco de Almeida
Banca: Francisco Eulógio Martinez
Banca: Lígia Maria Suppo de Souza Rugolo
Resumo: A frutose é um açúcar derivado da glicose pela via do sorbitol presente em placentas de animais ungulados. Em humanos existem poucos relatos sobre a produção de frutose e de polióis pela unidade feto-placentária. Determinar a relação entre os níveis sangüíneos de frutose, sorbitol e glicose em mães, em veia de cordão umbilical e em recém-nascidos de termo em aleitamento materno exclusivo. As concentrações de frutose mais elevadas no cordão umbilical e no recém-nascido em relação às maternas sugerem que a produção de frutose à partir da glicose esteja presente na unidade feto-placentária e no recém-nascido. As concentrações de sorbitol mais elevadas no cordão em relação à mãe e no recém-nascido sugerem que as vias de produção de sorbitol estejam ativas na unidade feto-placentária.
Abstract: Placenta from ungulates produce fructose from glucose by the sorbitol pathway using glucose as a substrate. In humans there are only few reports about the production of fructose and polyols by the fetal-placental unity. To determine the relationship between fructose, sorbitol and glucose blood levels from mothers, cord vein and breast-fed full-term newborns at 48 hours after delivery. Fructose concentrations in cord blood and newborn blood higher than maternal levels suggest that fructose production from glucose is active in fetal-placental unity and in the newborn. Sorbitol concentrations in cord blood higher than in mother and newborn blood suggest that the sorbitol pathway is active in fetal-placental unity.
Doutor
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45

Del, Aguila Del Aguila Olguita del Pilar. "Identificación de dislipidemias en niños VIH positivos con tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad en el Hospital Rebagliati. Periodo 2010-2015." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/9629.

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Desde la introducción del tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA), la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en niños es una enfermedad crónica con excelente pronóstico a largo plazo, con una reducción significativa de las tasas de hospitalización por enfermedades oportunistas y de la mortalidad. Sin embargo la mejoría de la calidad de vida se ha visto limitada por los efectos adversos al TARGA y una de ellos es la alteración del metabolismo lipídico, cuya valoración se hace a través de análisis seriados. Existen muy pocos estudios en el país que evalúan el efecto de TARGA en el metabolismo lipídico de los niños con VIH, por lo cual se ha realiza este trabajo. Realiza un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, longitudinal. Se incluyeron 35 niños menores de 16 años. Existió un 66% de dislipidemias, con incremento significativo de los triglicéridos y VLDL-Colesterol a los 6 meses de tratamiento y de colesterol y LDL-Colesterol a los 12 meses de tratamiento. Los niños bajo el esquema que contenían inhibidores de proteasa tuvieron alteraciones del metabolismo lipídico a los 6 meses de tratamiento, en triglicéridos y VLDL-Colesterol. Concluye que las dislipidemias en la población estudiada fueron del 66%. Los inhibidores de la proteasa fueron asociados a incremento de los niveles de triglicéridos y VLDL-Colesterol a los 6 meses de tratamiento.
Tesis
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46

Shin, Damian. "Metabolic and physiological responses of cockroach, Periplaneta americana, nerve cord to osmotic stress." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ39882.pdf.

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47

Rubio, Almanza Matilde. "Riesgo cardiovascular y cirugía bariátrica en pacientes con alteración del metabolismo hidrocarbonado." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/14103.2019.664939.

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La tesis doctoral es un compendio de tres publicaciones científicas. El objetivo principal fue establecer si los pacientes con obesidad mórbida y prediabetes presentarían una reducción del riesgo cardiovascular similar a los pacientes con DM2 tras someterse a cirugía bariátrica.Además, se ha realizado una revisión del tratamiento farmacológico y quirúrgico en obesidad y DM2. Finalmente, se realizó un metaanálisis para valorar si la cirugía metabólica era efectiva en la remisión de la DM2 en pacientes con IMC < 30 kg/m2. Se observó que los pacientes con DM2 son los que más reducen su riesgo cardiovascular 12 meses tras cirugía, aunque los pacientes con prediabetes también mejoran. Actualmente se dispone de nuevos fármacos para el tratamiento de la obesidad y la DM2 que mejoran el riesgo cardiovascular, además de la cirugía. La cirugía metabólica puede ser efectiva en pacientes con DM2 sin obesidad, aunque son necesarios más estudios a largo plazo.
The doctoral thesis is a compendium of three scientific publications. The main objective was to establish whether patients with morbid obesity and pre-diabetes would present a similar cardiovascular risk reduction to patients with T2DM after undergoing bariatric surgery. In addition, a review of pharmacological and surgical treatment has been carried out in obesity and T2DM. Finally, a meta-analysis was performed to assess whether metabolic surgery was effective in the remission of T2DM in patients with BMI <30 kg/m2. It was observed that patients with T2DM are those who reduce their cardiovascular risk the most 12 months after surgery, although patients with pre-diabetes also experience an improvement. Currently, new drugs are available for treatment of obesity and T2DM that improve cardiovascular risk, in addition to surgery. Metabolic surgery may be effective in patients with T2DM without obesity, although more long-term studies are necessary.
Programa de Doctorat en Ciències de la Infermeria
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48

Barreiros, Rodrigo Crespo [UNESP]. "Frutose, sorbitol e glicose em sangue de mãe, cordão umbilical e recém-nascido de termo com 48 horas de vida." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104683.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-11-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:06:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barreiros_rc_dr_botfm.pdf: 473320 bytes, checksum: d48850cb60fbcfdb82cad35020b3bab2 (MD5)
A frutose é um açúcar derivado da glicose pela via do sorbitol presente em placentas de animais ungulados. Em humanos existem poucos relatos sobre a produção de frutose e de polióis pela unidade feto-placentária. Determinar a relação entre os níveis sangüíneos de frutose, sorbitol e glicose em mães, em veia de cordão umbilical e em recém-nascidos de termo em aleitamento materno exclusivo. As concentrações de frutose mais elevadas no cordão umbilical e no recém-nascido em relação às maternas sugerem que a produção de frutose à partir da glicose esteja presente na unidade feto-placentária e no recém-nascido. As concentrações de sorbitol mais elevadas no cordão em relação à mãe e no recém-nascido sugerem que as vias de produção de sorbitol estejam ativas na unidade feto-placentária.
Placenta from ungulates produce fructose from glucose by the sorbitol pathway using glucose as a substrate. In humans there are only few reports about the production of fructose and polyols by the fetal-placental unity. To determine the relationship between fructose, sorbitol and glucose blood levels from mothers, cord vein and breast-fed full-term newborns at 48 hours after delivery. Fructose concentrations in cord blood and newborn blood higher than maternal levels suggest that fructose production from glucose is active in fetal-placental unity and in the newborn. Sorbitol concentrations in cord blood higher than in mother and newborn blood suggest that the sorbitol pathway is active in fetal-placental unity.
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49

Gutiérrez, Paredes Elmer Eduardo. "Colesterol y triglicéridos y su relación con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en pacientes adultos que acuden al Servicio Académico Asistencial de Análisis Clínicos (SAAAC)." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3257.

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Se determinaron las concentraciones séricas de Colesterol Total y Triglicéridos de 400 personas, con edades comprendidas entre 20 a 70 años, que acudieron al Servicio Académico Asistencial de Análisis Clínicos (SAAAC) entre los meses de Octubre del 2007 a Enero del 2008 y se relacionaron dichos parámetros bioquímicos con las siguientes variables: edad, sexo e índice de masa corporal (IMC). Los valores medios obtenidos fueron: Colesterol Total: 169,66 mg/dl; Triglicéridos: 161,76 mg/dl, e IMC: 27,01 Kg/m2. Se encontró que para el Colesterol Total, 60,5% tenían niveles normales y 39,5% presentaban hipercolesterolemia. Para los Triglicéridos, 50,8% tenían niveles normales y 49,3% tuvieron hipertrigliceridemia. En cuanto al IMC, 2% tenían IMC bajo; 34,8% IMC normal; 38% sobrepeso y 25,3% obesidad. Se halló relación estadísticamente significativa al confrontar los niveles séricos del Colesterol Total (CT) con la edad (p=0.03) y el IMC (p=0.04) .Lo mismo sucedió al relacionar los niveles séricos de los Triglicéridos (TG) con la edad (p=0.001) y el IMC (p=0.04), así como al relacionar estas dos últimas variables entre sí (p=0.04). Pero al confrontar tanto el CT, TG e IMC con la variable sexo (p=0.56, 0.44 y 0.87 respectivamente) no se obtuvo relación estadística significativa.
--- In the present work, was determined the serum concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides of 400 people with ages included between 20 to 70 years, who attended the Academic Service of Clinical Analyses (SAAAC) between October, 2007 to January, 2008 and related biochemical parameters with the following variables: age, sex and body mass index (BMI) The average values were determined: Total Cholesterol: 169.66 mg / dl; Triglycerides: 161.76 mg / dl, and BMI: 27.01 Kg/m2. Was found that for total cholesterol, 60.5% had normal levels and 39.5% had hypercholesterolemia. For triglycerides, 50.8% had normal levels and 49.3% had hypertriglyceridemia. As for the BMI, 2% had low BMI, 34.8% normal BMI, 38% overweight and 25.3% obesity. We found a statistically significant relationship to compare the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) with age (p = 0.03) and BMI (p = 0.04) the same happened when relating the serum levels of triglycerides TG) with the age (p=0.001) and the IMC (p=0.04), as well as when relating these two last variables to each other (p=0.04). But when confronting the CT, TG and BMI with the sex variable (p=0.56, 0, 44 and 0,87 respectively) was not obtained significant statistical relation.
Tesis
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50

Yañez, García Rosa Elena. "Metabolismo energético en mujeres con diabetes mellitus pregestacional : estudio longitudinal durante el embarazo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284086.

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La gestació normal es caracteritza per canvis i adaptacions en la funció de la cèl • lula beta, la despesa energètica basal (DEB) i en la composició corporal per afavorir la major disponibilitat de glucosa per al fetus. Les gestants amb diabetis mellitus tipus 1 (DM1) poden presentar diferències en el DEB, en la utilització de nutrients i en l'antropometria materna al llarg de l'embaràs. Avaluem el paper del DEB en 3 ocasions mitjançant calorimetria indirecta al llarg de la gestació en gestants controls i amb DM1. Durant les avaluacions també es van realitzar determinacions de paràmetres bioquímics, avaluacions antropomètriques de la mare i aplicació d'enquestes dietètiques i d'activitat física. A més a més es van recollir dades de les exploracions ecogràfiques realitzades per la valoració del creixement fetal i en les primeres 48 hores després del part es va realitzar una avaluació antropomètrica neonatal per determinar la composició corporal del nadó. El grau d'adipositat matern va ser determinant del GEB amb independència de la presència de DM1 durant la gestació. Diversos factors materns com el enguany de pes, els nivells de glucosa i de triglicèrids materns es van associar al grau d'adipositat neonatal en ambdós grups d'estudi. La ingesta referida va ser infraestimada en ambdós grups de gestants. El grup DM1 va mostrar major adherència a la dieta mediterrània que la resta de la població.
La gestación normal se caracteriza por cambios y adaptaciones en la función de la célula beta, el gasto energético basal (GEB) y en la composición corporal para favorecer la mayor disponibilidad de glucosa para el feto. Las gestantes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) pueden presentar diferencias en el GEB, en la utilización de nutrientes y en la antropometría materna a lo largo del embarazo. Evaluamos el papel del GEB en 3 ocasiones mediante calorimetría indirecta a lo largo de la gestación en gestantes controles y con DM1. Durante las evaluaciones también se realizaron determinaciones de parámetros bioquímicos, evaluaciones antropométricas de la madre y aplicación de encuestas dietéticas y de actividad física. Además se recogieron datos de las exploraciones ecográficas realizadas para valoración del crecimiento fetal y en las primeras 48 horas tras el parto se realizó una evaluación antropométrica neonatal para determinar la composición corporal del recién nacido. El grado de adiposidad materno fue determinante del GEB con independencia de la presencia de DM1 durante la gestación. Diversos factores maternos como la ganancia de peso, los niveles de glucosa y de triglicéridos maternos se asociaron al grado de adiposidad neonatal en ambos grupos de estudio. La ingesta referida fue infraestimada en ambos grupos de gestantes. El grupo DM1 mostró mayor adherencia a la dieta mediterránea que el resto de la población.
Normal pregnancy is characterized by changes and adaptations in the function of the beta cell, resting energy expenditure (REE) and body composition for promoting the increased availability of glucose to the fetus. Pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus may differ in the REE in nutrient utilization and maternal anthropometry during pregnancy. We evaluated the role of the REE on 3 moments by indirect calorimetry throughout gestation in control pregnant and DM1 pregnant. During evaluations we also made biochemical parameters, anthropometric assessments of mother and application of dietary and physical activity surveys. Further details ultrasound examinations were collected for evaluation of fetal growth and in the first 48 hours after birth we made neonatal anthropometric assessment to determine the body composition of the newborn. The adiposity maternal was an associate direct factor for REE independently of the presence of DM1 during gestation. Various factors such as maternal weight gain, glucose levels and triglycerides were associated with maternal level of neonatal adiposity in both study groups. The reported energy intake was underestimated in both groups of pregnant women. The DM1 group showed greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet than the rest of population.
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