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1
Farhoudi, R., and D. J. Lee. "Halopriming corn seeds improves seed emergence and carbohydrate metabolism under salinity stress." Seed Science and Technology 42, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2014.42.3.13.
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Man, Andy W. C., Yawen Zhou, Ning Xia, and Huige Li. "Involvement of Gut Microbiota, Microbial Metabolites and Interaction with Polyphenol in Host Immunometabolism." Nutrients 12, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): 3054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103054.
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Immunological and metabolic processes are inextricably linked and important for maintaining tissue and organismal health. Manipulation of cellular metabolism could be beneficial to immunity and prevent metabolic and degenerative diseases including obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Maintenance of a normal metabolism depends on symbiotic consortium of gut microbes. Gut microbiota contributes to certain xenobiotic metabolisms and bioactive metabolites production. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites have been shown to be involved in inflammatory activation of macrophages and contribute to metabolic diseases. Recent studies have focused on how nutrients affect immunometabolism. Polyphenols, the secondary metabolites of plants, are presented in many foods and beverages. Several studies have demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of polyphenols. Many clinical trials and epidemiological studies have also shown that long-term consumption of polyphenol-rich diet protects against chronic metabolic diseases. It is known that polyphenols can modulate the composition of core gut microbiota and interact with the immunometabolism. In the present article, we review the mechanisms of gut microbiota and its metabolites on immunometabolism, summarize recent findings on how the interaction between microbiota and polyphenol modulates host immunometabolism, and discuss future research directions.
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Takahashi, Kei, Tetsuya Yamada, Sohei Tsukita, Keizo Kaneko, Yuta Shirai, Yuichiro Munakata, Yasushi Ishigaki, et al. "Chronic mild stress alters circadian expressions of molecular clock genes in the liver." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 304, no. 3 (February 1, 2013): E301—E309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00388.2012.
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Chronic stress is well known to affect metabolic regulation. However, molecular mechanisms interconnecting stress response systems and metabolic regulations have yet to be elucidated. Various physiological processes, including glucose/lipid metabolism, are regulated by the circadian clock, and core clock gene dysregulation reportedly leads to metabolic disorders. Glucocorticoids, acting as end-effectors of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, entrain the circadian rhythms of peripheral organs, including the liver, by phase-shifting core clock gene expressions. Therefore, we examined whether chronic stress affects circadian expressions of core clock genes and metabolism-related genes in the liver using the chronic mild stress (CMS) procedure. In BALB/c mice, CMS elevated and phase-shifted serum corticosterone levels, indicating overactivation of the HPA axis. The rhythmic expressions of core clock genes, e.g., Clock, Npas2, Bmal1, Per1, and Cry1, were altered in the liver while being completely preserved in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuculeus (SCN), suggesting that the SCN is not involved in alterations in hepatic core clock gene expressions. In addition, circadian patterns of glucose and lipid metabolism-related genes, e.g., peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ( Ppar) α, Pparγ-1, Pparγ-coactivator-1α, and phosphoenolepyruvate carboxykinase, were also disturbed by CMS. In contrast, in C57BL/6 mice, the same CMS procedure altered neither serum corticosterone levels nor rhythmic expressions of hepatic core clock genes and metabolism-related genes. Thus, chronic stress can interfere with the circadian expressions of both core clock genes and metabolism-related genes in the liver possibly involving HPA axis overactivation. This mechanism might contribute to metabolic disorders in stressful modern societies.
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Clark, Teresa J., Longyun Guo, John Morgan, and Jorg Schwender. "Modeling Plant Metabolism: From Network Reconstruction to Mechanistic Models." Annual Review of Plant Biology 71, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 303–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100221.
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Mathematical modeling of plant metabolism enables the plant science community to understand the organization of plant metabolism, obtain quantitative insights into metabolic functions, and derive engineering strategies for manipulation of metabolism. Among the various modeling approaches, metabolic pathway analysis can dissect the basic functional modes of subsections of core metabolism, such as photorespiration, and reveal how classical definitions of metabolic pathways have overlapping functionality. In the many studies using constraint-based modeling in plants, numerous computational tools are currently available to analyze large-scale and genome-scale metabolic networks. For 13C-metabolic flux analysis, principles of isotopic steady state have been used to study heterotrophic plant tissues, while nonstationary isotope labeling approaches are amenable to the study of photoautotrophic and secondary metabolism. Enzyme kinetic models explore pathways in mechanistic detail, and we discuss different approaches to determine or estimate kinetic parameters. In this review, we describe recent advances and challenges in modeling plant metabolism.
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Baumler, David J., Bing Ma, Jennifer L. Reed, and Nicole T. Perna. "Inferring ancient metabolism using ancestral core metabolic models of enterobacteria." BMC Systems Biology 7, no. 1 (2013): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1752-0509-7-46.
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Kerou, Melina, Pierre Offre, Luis Valledor, Sophie S. Abby, Michael Melcher, Matthias Nagler, Wolfram Weckwerth, and Christa Schleper. "Proteomics and comparative genomics of Nitrososphaera viennensis reveal the core genome and adaptations of archaeal ammonia oxidizers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 49 (November 18, 2016): E7937—E7946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601212113.
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Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are among the most abundant microorganisms and key players in the global nitrogen and carbon cycles. They share a common energy metabolism but represent a heterogeneous group with respect to their environmental distribution and adaptions, growth requirements, and genome contents. We report here the genome and proteome of Nitrososphaera viennensis EN76, the type species of the archaeal class Nitrososphaeria of the phylum Thaumarchaeota encompassing all known AOA. N. viennensis is a soil organism with a 2.52-Mb genome and 3,123 predicted protein-coding genes. Proteomic analysis revealed that nearly 50% of the predicted genes were translated under standard laboratory growth conditions. Comparison with genomes of closely related species of the predominantly terrestrial Nitrososphaerales as well as the more streamlined marine Nitrosopumilales [Candidatus (Ca.) order] and the acidophile “Ca. Nitrosotalea devanaterra” revealed a core genome of AOA comprising 860 genes, which allowed for the reconstruction of central metabolic pathways common to all known AOA and expressed in the N. viennensis and “Ca. Nitrosopelagicus brevis” proteomes. Concomitantly, we were able to identify candidate proteins for as yet unidentified crucial steps in central metabolisms. In addition to unraveling aspects of core AOA metabolism, we identified specific metabolic innovations associated with the Nitrososphaerales mediating growth and survival in the soil milieu, including the capacity for biofilm formation, cell surface modifications and cell adhesion, and carbohydrate conversions as well as detoxification of aromatic compounds and drugs.
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Cherifi, Myriam, Muriel Raveton, Antoine Picciocchi, Patrick Ravanel, and Michel Tissut. "Atrazine metabolism in corn seedlings." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 39, no. 7-8 (July 2001): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0981-9428(01)01281-5.
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Lamoureux, Gerald L., Donald G. Rusness, and Fred S. Tanaka. "Chlorimuron ethyl metabolism in corn." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 41, no. 1 (September 1991): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(91)90061-p.
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Skelton, Joshua J., David M. Simpson, Mark A. Peterson, and Dean E. Riechers. "Comparative Analysis of 2,4-D Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism in Non–AAD-1 Transformed and 2,4-D–Resistant Corn." Weed Science 65, no. 5 (July 5, 2017): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2017.22.
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The Enlist™ traits provide 2,4-D resistance in several crops. Though corn is naturally tolerant to 2,4-D, the engineered trait conferred by the aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase-1 (AAD-1) enzyme provides enhanced 2,4-D tolerance and confers resistance to the graminicide herbicide family, the aryloxyphenoxypropionates. The objectives of this research were 2-fold: (1) measure and compare uptake, translocation, and metabolism of 2,4-D in Enlist™ (E, +AAD1) and non–AAD-1 transformed (NT, −AAD1) isogenic corn hybrids; and (2) and investigate the effect of glyphosate and/or the Enlist™ adjuvant system (ADJ) on these factors and corn injury. Uptake of radiolabeled 2,4-D acid applied alone in corn was not altered by the addition of ADJ when tank mixed at 24 h after application (HAA). By contrast, uptake of radiolabeled 2,4-D was significantly lower (69%) compared with 2,4-D plus ADJ (89%) at 24 HAA with a premixed formulation of 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate-dimethylamine (Enlist Duo™ herbicide [EDH]). Translocation of 2,4-D between the two corn hybrids was not different. E corn metabolized more 2,4-D (100% of absorbed) than NT corn (84%), and glyphosate did not alter 2,4-D metabolism. Furthermore, the metabolism of 2,4-D to nonphytotoxic dichlorophenol (DCP) and subsequent DCP-derived metabolites formed in E corn was examined. Injury to E corn is not typically observed in the field; however, injury symptoms were clearly evident in E corn (within 24 HAA) when formulated acetochlor was tank mixed with EDH, which correlated with an increase in 2,4-D uptake during this time period. In summary, the lack of injury in E corn following EDH applied alone may be attributed to a relatively low amount of 2,4-D uptake and the combination of natural and engineered 2,4-D metabolic pathways.
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Tani, Satoshi, Shokei Yamada, and Robert S. Knighton. "Extensibility of the lumbar and sacral cord." Journal of Neurosurgery 66, no. 1 (January 1987): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1987.66.1.0116.
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✓ Tethered spinal cord, or tethered cord syndrome, describes a disorder manifested by progressive motor and sensory deficit in the legs and by incontinence. Tethered cord syndrome occurs when the elongated spinal cord is anchored by a thick filum terminale or other pathological structures. The underlying mechanism is impairment of oxidative metabolism in the lumbosacral cord. The authors studied the extensibility of various parts of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal segments in experimental animals and correlated this with the oxidative metabolism in these segments. The filum terminale possesses far greater extensibility than any spinal cord segments and functions as a buffer in preventing the cord from overstretching. The lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal segments elongate under traction only below the attachment of the lowest pair of dentate ligaments. The lower the cord segment, the greater the percentage of elongation in spite of limited elasticity of the cord tissue; this greater percentage of elongation of the spinal cord correlates with increasing impairment of the oxidative metabolism and more severe neurological deficit. These findings explain such symptoms and signs as motor and sensory deficits in the legs associated with the human tethered cord syndrome, and correspond with the high clinical incidence of incontinence. The lower spinal cord segments elongated promptly within 3 seconds after the start of traction. This implies that repeated acute hyperextension and hyperflexion, as occurs in humans, may accentuate oxidative metabolic changes that have already been caused by chronic cord tethering. The authors conclude that the elongation of the spinal cord under traction parallels the degree of metabolic dysfunction.
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Giesbrecht, G. G., J. E. Fewell, D. Megirian, R. Brant, and J. E. Remmers. "Hypoxia similarly impairs metabolic responses to cutaneous and core cold stimuli in conscious rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 2 (August 1, 1994): 726–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.2.726.
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Cold exposure elicits several thermoregulatory responses, including an increased metabolic heat production from shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis. The increased metabolism can be in response to body core and/or body cutaneous cooling. Hypoxic hypoxia has been shown to attenuate the metabolic response to cutaneous cooling. We measured metabolic heat production in adult conscious rats during independent cutaneous and core cooling, during normoxia and hypoxia, to 1) test the hypothesis that hypoxia suppresses the metabolic response to independent core cooling and 2) determine whether hypoxia acts preferentially on the response to cutaneous or core cooling. The animals were studied in a temperature-controlled metabolic chamber, and body core temperature was controlled by an abdominal heat exchange coil. Ambient temperature was varied (10, 19, and 28 degrees C) while core temperature was clamped at 37 degrees C or core temperature was varied (33, 35, and 37 degrees C) at a stable ambient temperature of 28 degrees C. Our data indicate that although the sensitivity of the metabolic response to core cooling is about five to six times that to cutaneous cooling. Hypoxia similarly attenuates thermoregulatory responses to both stimuli.
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Wang, Andrew, Harding H. Luan, and Ruslan Medzhitov. "An evolutionary perspective on immunometabolism." Science 363, no. 6423 (January 10, 2019): eaar3932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aar3932.
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Metabolism is at the core of all biological functions. Anabolic metabolism uses building blocks that are either derived from nutrients or synthesized de novo to produce the biological infrastructure, whereas catabolic metabolism generates energy to fuel all biological processes. Distinct metabolic programs are required to support different biological functions. Thus, recent studies have revealed how signals regulating cell quiescence, proliferation, and differentiation also induce the appropriate metabolic programs. In particular, a wealth of new studies in the field of immunometabolism has unveiled many examples of the connection among metabolism, cell fate decisions, and organismal physiology. We discuss these findings under a unifying framework derived from the evolutionary and ecological principles of life history theory.
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Fu, Minnie, and Xiaoyong Yang. "The sweet tooth of the circadian clock." Biochemical Society Transactions 45, no. 4 (July 3, 2017): 871–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20160183.
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The endogenous circadian clock is a key regulator of daily metabolic processes. On the other hand, circadian clocks in a broad range of tissues can be tuned by extrinsic and intrinsic metabolic cues. The bidirectional interaction between circadian clocks and metabolism involves both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Nuclear receptors exemplify the transcriptional programs that couple molecular clocks to metabolism. The post-translational modifications of the core clock machinery are known to play a key role in metabolic entrainment of circadian clocks. O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) of intracellular proteins is a key mediator of metabolic response to nutrient availability. This review highlights our current understanding of the role of protein O-GlcNAcylation in mediating metabolic input and output of the circadian clock.
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Astuti, Widi, Tsuyoshi Hirajima, Keiko Sasaki, and Naoko Okibe. "Utilization of Metabolic Citric Acid from Aspergillus niger Using Corn Starch in the Nickel Leaching of Indonesian Saprolitic Ore." Advanced Materials Research 1130 (November 2015): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.251.
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Citric acid has been proved to be the most effective organic acid for nickel extraction from nickel lateritic ores. Citric acid can be produced from fungal metabolism by utilizing several types of carbon source as fungal nutrient. In the current experiment, production of metabolic citric acid from metabolism of Aspergillus niger by using corn starch as a carbon source was investigated. The application of the citric acid produced in the leaching of nickel from Indonesian saprolitic ore under atmospheric pressure was also conducted. The optimum citric acid concentration (i.e. around 0.05 M) can be produced by using 5% w/v of corn starch after 5 days incubation of A. niger, 30°C of temperature, shaker speed of 120 rpm, and 3% v/v of methanol as an additive. The metal leaching of Indonesian saprolitic ore was conducted using <75μm of ore particle size, 5% w/v of pulp density and 200 rpm of shaker speed at different leaching temperatures (30°C, 40°C, and 60°C). The results showed that the optimum nickel recovery (around 40%) can be reached after 3 days of leaching process at 40°C. It was also found that the use of metabolic citric acid was more effective for nickel leaching compared to the use of chemical citric acid at similar citric acid concentration (i.e. 0.05 M). It can be concluded that the metabolic citric acid produced from corn starch by A. niger will be an excellent leaching reagent for extracting nickel from low-grade Indonesian saprolitic ore.
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Ma, Li, Suqin Ding, Xueqing Fu, Zi Yan, and Dongqin Tang. "Enzymatic and transcriptomic analysis reveals the essential role of carbohydrate metabolism in freesia (Freesia hybrida) corm formation." PeerJ 9 (March 19, 2021): e11078. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11078.
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Starch and sucrose metabolism plays a crucial role in the formation and development of bulbs in bulbous plants. However, these mechanisms remain unclear and unexplored in the corms of Freesia hybrida. Herein, we investigated the dynamics of the major form of carbohydrates and related enzyme activities and profiled the transcriptome of freesia corms at four developmental stages with the aim to reveal the relation between the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and the accumulation of carbohydrates in corm developmental stages for further exploring the mechanism on the starch and sucrose metabolism regulating the formation and development of corms in F. hybrida. The content of starch, sucrose and soluble sugars followed an overall upward trend across the corm developmental stages. Activities of the adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, starch branching enzyme and β-amylase generally followed the pattern of the starch and sucrose levels. Activities of sucrose phosphate synthase increased from corm formation till the initial swelling stage and subsequently reached a plateau. Activities of invertase and sucrose synthase peaked at the later rapid swelling stage. These suggested that the starch and sucrose dynamics paralleled corm swelling under the action of metabolic enzymes. A total of 100,999 unigenes were assembled in the transcriptomic analysis, and 44,405 unigenes of them were annotated. Analysis based on Clusters of Orthologous Groups suggested that carbohydrate transport and metabolism (9.34% of the sequences) was prominent across the corm developmental process. In total 3,427 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and the enrichment analysis detected starch and sucrose metabolism as a critical pathway in corm development, especially at the rapid swelling stage. Further, DEGs encoding key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes were identified and correlated to enzyme activities and carbohydrate accumulation. The results construct a valuable resource pool for further molecular-level studies, which are helpful for metabolic regulation of carbohydrates and improvement in F. hybrida.
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Dotsey, Roger P., Elizabeth A. S. Moser, George J. Eckert, and Richard L. Gregory. "Effects of Cola-Flavored Beverages and Caffeine on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation and Metabolic Activity." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 41, no. 4 (January 1, 2017): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-41.4.294.
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Objective: To examine the effects of cola-flavored beverages and caffeine on growth and metabolism of Streptococcus mutans biofilm. This study was designed to determine if carbonated beverages or caffeine can increase S. mutans growth and biofilm formation and metabolic activity in vitro, potentially leading to increased S. mutans-associated cariogenicity in children that consume them. Study Design: Six different cola-flavored products, plus pure caffeine, and pure high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), at different concentrations similar to those in the beverages were tested. A 16-hour culture of S. mutans was treated with different dilutions in bacteriological media. To test for the effect on biofilm formation, the biofilm was stained with crystal violet. The absorbance was determined to evaluate biofilm growth. Biofilm metabolic activity was measured based on biofilm having the ability to reduce XTT to a water-soluble orange compound. Results: The inclusion of HFCS in the beverages, as well as pure HFCS, significantly enhanced bacterial biofilm formation and metabolic activity. Pure caffeine and the presence of caffeine in beverages did not significantly increase biofilm formation, but pure caffeine significantly increased metabolism, and Diet Coke had significantly greater metabolic activity than Caffeine-Free Diet Coke. Conclusions: HFCS increases both the biofilm formation and metabolism of S. mutans, and caffeine in some cases increases metabolism of S. mutans.
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Reyes-Prieto, Mariana, Rosario Gil, Mercè Llabrés, Pere Palmer-Rodríguez, and Andrés Moya. "The Metabolic Building Blocks of a Minimal Cell." Biology 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10010005.
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Defining the essential gene components for a system to be considered alive is a crucial step toward the synthesis of artificial life. Fifteen years ago, Gil and coworkers proposed the core of a putative minimal bacterial genome, which would provide the capability to achieve metabolic homeostasis, reproduce, and evolve to a bacterium in an ideally controlled environment. They also proposed a simplified metabolic chart capable of providing energy and basic components for a minimal living cell. For this work, we have identified the components of the minimal metabolic network based on the aforementioned studies, associated them to the KEGG database and, by applying the MetaDAG methodology, determined its Metabolic Building Blocks (MBB) and reconstructed its metabolic Directed Acyclic Graph (m-DAG). The reaction graph of this metabolic network consists of 80 compounds and 98 reactions, while its m-DAG has 36 MBBs. Additionally, we identified 12 essential reactions in the m-DAG that are critical for maintaining the connectivity of this network. In a similar manner, we reconstructed the m-DAG of JCVI-syn3.0, which is an artificially designed and manufactured viable cell whose genome arose by minimizing the one from Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0, and of “Candidatus Nasuia deltocephalinicola”, the bacteria with the smallest natural genome known to date. The comparison of the m-DAGs derived from a theoretical, an artificial, and a natural genome denote slightly different lifestyles, with a consistent core metabolism. The MetaDAG methodology we employ uses homogeneous descriptors and identifiers from the KEGG database, so that comparisons between bacterial strains are not only easy but also suitable for many research fields. The modeling of m-DAGs based on minimal metabolisms can be the first step for the synthesis and manipulation of minimal cells.
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Zhu, Chenglin, Cheng Li, Yaning Wang, and Luca Laghi. "Characterization of Yak Common Biofluids Metabolome by Means of Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy." Metabolites 9, no. 3 (March 2, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9030041.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profiles of yak (Bos grunniens) serum, feces, and urine by using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), to serve as a reference guide for the healthy yak milieu. A total of 108 metabolites, giving information about diet, protein digestion, and energy generation or gut-microbial co-metabolism, were assigned across the three biological matrices. A core metabolome of 15 metabolites was ubiquitous across all biofluids. Lactate, acetate, and creatinine could be regarded as the most abundant metabolites in the metabolome of serum, feces, and urine, respectively. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that the molecules identified could be able to give thorough information about four main metabolic pathways, namely valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis; glutamine and glutamate metabolism; and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism.
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Grossmann, Klaus, Johannes Hutzler, Guenter Caspar, Jacek Kwiatkowski, and Chad L. Brommer. "Saflufenacil (Kixor™): Biokinetic Properties and Mechanism of Selectivity of a New Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase Inhibiting Herbicide." Weed Science 59, no. 3 (September 2011): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-10-00179.1.
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Saflufenacil (Kixor™) is a new protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO) inhibiting herbicide for preplant burndown and selective PRE dicot weed control in multiple crops, including corn. The biokinetic properties and the mechanism of selectivity of saflufenacil in corn, black nightshade, and tall morningglory were investigated. After root treatment of plants at the third-leaf stage, the difference in the phytotoxic selectivity of saflufenacil in corn and the weed species has been quantified as approximately 10-fold. The plant species showed similar selectivity after foliar applications; the plant response to saflufenacil was approximately 100-fold more sensitive compared with a root application. PPO enzyme activity in vitro was inhibited by saflufenacil, a 50% inhibition lay in a concentration range from 0.2 to 2.0 nM, with no clear differences between corn and the weed species. Treatments of light-grown plants and dark-grown seedlings with [14C]saflufenacil revealed that the herbicide is rapidly absorbed by root and shoot tissue. The [14C]saflufenacil was distributed within the plant systemically by acropetal and basipetal movement. Systemic [14C]saflufenacil distribution can be explained by the weak acid character of saflufenacil and its metabolic stability in black nightshade and tall morningglory. Metabolism of [14C]saflufenacil in corn was more rapid than in the weeds. In addition, low translocation of root-absorbed [14C]saflufenacil in the corn shoot was observed. It is concluded that rapid metabolism, combined with a low root translocation, support PRE selectivity of saflufenacil in corn.
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Oke, B. O., S. C. Loerch, and D. R. Redman. "Effects of dietary level and formaldehyde treatment of corn on nutrient digestion and metabolism in sheep." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 1197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-141.
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The effects of dietary level and formaldehyde treatment of corn on ruminal and intestinal digestion of starch and nitrogen (N), N metabolism, and concentration of plasma metabolites were determined. Four wethers (average wt 32 kg) with duodenal and ileal cannulae were fed diets containing either formaldehyde-treated or untreated corn at 50 or 75% of total dietary dry matter intake. The design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Starch digested in the stomach (percentage of intake) was reduced 38% (P < 0.01) by formaldehyde treatment of corn, whereas starch digested in the small intestine (percentage of intake or of flow to small intestine) was increased (P < 0.01) by formaldehyde treatment. An increase (P < 0.01) in starch digested in the small intestine (as a percentage of intake and flow of starch to the small intestine) was observed for treated corn vs. untreated corn at both the 50 and 75% levels. The magnitude of improvement in N retention for formaldehyde-treated vs. untreated corn was dependent on the level of corn in the diet (interaction, P < 0.01). Concentrations of plasma glucose were 21% greater (P < 0.05) when wethers were fed treated corn than when they were fed untreated corn. Wethers fed treated corn also had lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of plasma urea N and essential amino acids than when they were fed untreated corn. These data suggest that formaldehyde treatment of corn shifted the site of digestion of a large proportion of dietary starch from the fore-stomach to the small intestine. Formaldehyde treatment of corn enhanced metabolic utilization of amino acids as reflected by improved N retention, decreased concentrations of essential amino acids and urea N in plasma. Key words: Sheep, formaldehyde, starch, corn, digestion, metabolism
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Rouchaud, O. Neus, H. Eelen, R. Bul, J. "Soil Metabolism of Isoxaflutole in Corn." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0021-6.
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Long, Yun Chau, Emil Kostovski, Hanneke Boon, Nils Hjeltnes, Anna Krook, and Ulrika Widegren. "Differential expression of metabolic genes essential for glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle from spinal cord injured subjects." Journal of Applied Physiology 110, no. 5 (May 2011): 1204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00686.2010.
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Skeletal muscle plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis; therefore, the ability of skeletal muscle to adapt and alter metabolic gene expression in response to changes in physiological demands is critical for energy balance. Individuals with cervical spinal cord lesions are characterized by tetraplegia, impaired thermoregulation, and altered skeletal muscle morphology. We characterized skeletal muscle metabolic gene expression patterns, as well as protein content, in these individuals to assess the impact of spinal cord injury on critical determinants of skeletal muscle metabolism. Our results demonstrate that mRNA levels and protein expression of skeletal muscle genes essential for glucose storage are reduced, whereas expression of glycolytic genes is reciprocally increased in individuals with spinal cord injury. Furthermore, expression of genes essential for lipid oxidation is coordinately reduced in spinal cord injured subjects, consistent with a marked reduction of mitochondrial proteins. Thus spinal cord injury resulted in a profound and tightly coordinated change in skeletal muscle metabolic gene expression program that is associated with the aberrant metabolic features of the tissue.
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Kato, Reinaldo Kanji, Antonio Gilberto Bertechini, Edison José Fassani, Jerônimo Avito Gonçalves de Brito, and Solange de Faria Castro. "Metabolizable energy of corn hybrids for broiler chickens at different ages." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 35, no. 6 (December 2011): 1218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542011000600024.
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We determined the values of apparent metabolizable (AME), apparent corrected (AMEn), true (TME) and true corrected (TMEn) energy of six corn hybrids for broiler chickens in phases 1-7, 8-14, 15-21, 22-28, 29-35 and 36-42 day-old birds, using the substitution method (40%) of reference diet with the test ingredient. Ross-308 male chicks (1,134) were allotted to metabolism cages and the number of birds per experimental unit was adjusted to suit each bird's density stage in the cage, using six replicates. Simultaneously, birds continue to fast for the determination of metabolic and endogenous losses for each study phase. The birds received water and food ad libitum during the experimental period. The birds were maintained in metabolism cages for seven days, four days for adaptation to the cage and food, and three days for excreta collection. The corn energy values were significantly lower only in the pre-initial phase (1-7 days). Thus, broiler feed formulations of AMEn values for corn of 3563 kcal/kg DM for 1 to 7 days and 3778 kcal/kg DM from 7-day-old birds are recommended.The agronomic characteristics of the corn had no influence on the birds energy levels.
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Karta, Jessica, Ysaline Bossicard, Konstantinos Kotzamanis, Helmut Dolznig, and Elisabeth Letellier. "Mapping the Metabolic Networks of Tumor Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts." Cells 10, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020304.
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Metabolism is considered to be the core of all cellular activity. Thus, extensive studies of metabolic processes are ongoing in various fields of biology, including cancer research. Cancer cells are known to adapt their metabolism to sustain high proliferation rates and survive in unfavorable environments with low oxygen and nutrient concentrations. Hence, targeting cancer cell metabolism is a promising therapeutic strategy in cancer research. However, cancers consist not only of genetically altered tumor cells but are interwoven with endothelial cells, immune cells and fibroblasts, which together with the extracellular matrix (ECM) constitute the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are linked to poor prognosis in different cancer types, are one important component of the TME. CAFs play a significant role in reprogramming the metabolic landscape of tumor cells, but how, and in what manner, this interaction takes place remains rather unclear. This review aims to highlight the metabolic landscape of tumor cells and CAFs, including their recently identified subtypes, in different tumor types. In addition, we discuss various in vitro and in vivo metabolic techniques as well as different in silico computational tools that can be used to identify and characterize CAF–tumor cell interactions. Finally, we provide our view on how mapping the complex metabolic networks of stromal-tumor metabolism will help in finding novel metabolic targets for cancer treatment.
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Gao, Shengtao, Zheng Zhou, Jiaqi Wang, Juan Loor, Massimo Bionaz, Lu Ma, and Dengpan Bu. "Diet Composition Affects Liver and Mammary Tissue Transcriptome in Primiparous Holstein Dairy Cows." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 1191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071191.
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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the overall adaptations of liver and mammary tissue to a corn stover (CS) compared to a mixed forage (MF) diet in mid-lactation primiparous dairy cows. Twenty-four primiparous lactating Holstein cows were randomly allocated to 2 groups receiving either an alfalfa forage diet (MF, F:C = 60:40) with Chinese wildrye, alfalfa hay and corn silage as forage source or a corn stover forage diet (CS, F:C = 40:60). A subgroup of cows (n = 5/diet) was used for analysis of liver and mammary transcriptome using a 4 × 44K Bovine Agilent microarray chip. The results of functional annotation analysis showed that in liver CS vs. MF inhibited pathways related to lipid metabolism while induced the activity of the potassium channel. In mammary tissue, fatty acid metabolism was activated in CS vs. MF. In conclusion, the analysis of genes affected by CS vs. MF indicated mammary gland responding to lower level of linoleate from the diet (lower in CS vs. MF) by activating the associated biosynthesis metabolic pathway while the liver adaptively activated potassium transport to compensate for a lower K ingestion.
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Krenkel, Oliver, and Frank Tacke. "Macrophages in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Role Model of Pathogenic Immunometabolism." Seminars in Liver Disease 37, no. 03 (August 2017): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604480.
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AbstractNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive inflammatory form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), are leading causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Metabolism and inflammation are intimately interrelated in NAFLD/NASH, as expressed by the term immunometabolism. Hepatic macrophages mediate inflammatory responses during metabolic disorders and can stimulate or dismantle liver fibrosis. Their functional diversity is partly explained by heterogeneous macrophage subsets: tissue-resident Kupffer cells and monocyte-derived macrophages. However, macrophages themselves are altered in their functional polarization by dietary composition and metabolic or inflammatory stimuli in NAFLD. The inflammatory polarization of macrophages correlates with changes in core metabolism pathways like oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. The availability of nutrients, such as glucose or fatty acids or oxygen also influences macrophage polarization upon danger signal or cytokine reception. Understanding the interplay of metabolism and macrophage function in NASH may open new approaches to therapeutic targeting of these essential modifiers in metabolic liver diseases.
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Morris, Dorothea R., Yue Qu, Anurodh Agrawal, Roberto P. Garofalo, and Antonella Casola. "HIF-1α Modulates Core Metabolism and Virus Replication in Primary Airway Epithelial Cells Infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus." Viruses 12, no. 10 (September 26, 2020): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12101088.
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Metabolic reprogramming of host cells is key to the foundation of a successful viral infection. Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) mediate oxygen utilization by regulating cellular metabolism and redox homeostasis. Under normoxic conditions, HIF proteins are synthesized and subsequently degraded following ubiquitination to allow for normal metabolic activities. Recent studies suggest that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has the ability to induce HIF-1α stabilization and accumulation through non-hypoxic mechanisms. This makes the HIF pathway a potential avenue of approach for RSV therapeutic development. Using a model of primary human small alveolar epithelial cells, we demonstrate RSV infections to greatly alter cellular metabolism in favor of the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways. Additionally, we show RSV infections to stabilize HIF-1α and HIF-2α expression in these cells. Inhibition of HIF-1α, but not HIF-2α, was found to significantly reduce RSV replication as well as the glycolytic pathway, as measured by the expression of hexokinase II. Our study contributes to the understanding of RSV-mediated changes to cellular metabolism and supports further investigation into anti-HIF-1α therapeutics for RSV infections.
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Alam, Mohammad Tauqeer, Marnix H. Medema, Eriko Takano, and Rainer Breitling. "Comparative genome-scale metabolic modeling of actinomycetes: The topology of essential core metabolism." FEBS Letters 585, no. 14 (June 22, 2011): 2389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2011.06.014.
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Harder, Nathaniel H. O., Bettina Hieronimus, Kimber L. Stanhope, Noreene M. Shibata, Vivien Lee, Marinelle V. Nunez, Nancy L. Keim, et al. "Effects of Dietary Glucose and Fructose on Copper, Iron, and Zinc Metabolism Parameters in Humans." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 2581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092581.
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Alterations of transition metal levels have been associated with obesity, hepatic steatosis, and metabolic syndrome in humans. Studies in animals indicate an association between dietary sugars and copper metabolism. Our group has conducted a study in which young adults consumed beverages sweetened with glucose, fructose, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), or aspartame for two weeks and has reported that consumption of both fructose- and HFCS-sweetened beverages increased cardiovascular disease risk factors. Baseline and intervention serum samples from 107 participants of this study were measured for copper metabolism (copper, ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity, ceruloplasmin protein), zinc levels, and iron metabolism (iron, ferritin, and transferrin) parameters. Fructose and/or glucose consumption were associated with decreased ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity and serum copper and zinc concentrations. Ceruloplasmin protein levels did not change in response to intervention. The changes in copper concentrations were correlated with zinc, but not with iron. The decreases in copper, ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity, ferritin, and transferrin were inversely associated with the increases in metabolic risk factors associated with sugar consumption, specifically, apolipoprotein CIII, triglycerides, or post-meal glucose, insulin, and lactate responses. These findings are the first evidence that consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages can alter clinical parameters of transition metal metabolism in healthy subjects.
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Oliveira, Karla Alves, Gilberto De Lima Macedo Junior, Simone Pedro da Silva, Carolina Moreira Araújo, Laura Ferrari Monteiro Varanis, and Luciano Fernandes Sousa. "Nutritional and metabolic parameters of sheep fed with extrused roughage in comparison with corn silage." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 4 (August 2, 2018): 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n4p1795.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of extrused roughage on nutritional and metabolic parameters in sheep. Eighteen 3-year-old sheep in metabolic cages were randomly assigned to two treatments: corn silage and extruded roughage. Dry matter intake (DMI) and water intake were calculated as the difference between offered feed and orts left. Ruminal movement was assessed through auscultation of the rumen for five minutes, glycemia and other metabolites through blood collection by jugular venipuncture, and feeding behavior by observation every 5 minutes for 24 hours. DMI per animal, both as a percentage of live weight and in relation to metabolic weight, was higher for animals fed extrused roughage. The extrused roughage treatment also resulted in reduced ruminal movement and higher dry matter digestibility (DMD), glycemia and drinking water intake. Animals fed with extrused roughage reduced the time of rumination and total chewing, thus increasing ingestion, chewing and rumination efficiency. Blood concentrations of glucose and urea were higher in animals fed extrused roughage, while cholesterol concentration was lower. We conclude that the use of extrused roughage promotes improvement in the nutritional parameters of sheep by increasing DMI and DMD, and reducing chewing and rumination times, without causing disorders in energy and protein metabolism.
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de Farias, Sávio Torres, Thais Gaudêncio Rêgo, and Marco V. José. "A proposal of the proteome before the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)." International Journal of Astrobiology 15, no. 1 (December 3, 2015): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550415000464.
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AbstractThe search for understanding the biological nature of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) has been a theoretical challenge and has sparked intense debate in the scientific community. We reconstructed the ancestral sequences of tRNAs in order to test the hypothesis that these molecules originated the first genes. The results showed that the proteome before LUCA may have been composed of basal energy metabolism, namely, compounds with three carbons in the glycolytic pathway, which operated as a distribution centre of substrates for the development of metabolic pathways of nucleotides, lipids and amino acids. Thus, we present a proposal for metabolism in organisms before LUCA that was the initial core for the assembly of further metabolic pathways.
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Belisario, Dimas Carolina, Joanna Kopecka, Martina Pasino, Muhlis Akman, Enrico De Smaele, Massimo Donadelli, and Chiara Riganti. "Hypoxia Dictates Metabolic Rewiring of Tumors: Implications for Chemoresistance." Cells 9, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 2598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9122598.
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Hypoxia is a condition commonly observed in the core of solid tumors. The hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) act as hypoxia sensors that orchestrate a coordinated response increasing the pro-survival and pro-invasive phenotype of cancer cells, and determine a broad metabolic rewiring. These events favor tumor progression and chemoresistance. The increase in glucose and amino acid uptake, glycolytic flux, and lactate production; the alterations in glutamine metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation; the high levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; the modulation of both fatty acid synthesis and oxidation are hallmarks of the metabolic rewiring induced by hypoxia. This review discusses how metabolic-dependent factors (e.g., increased acidification of tumor microenvironment coupled with intracellular alkalinization, and reduced mitochondrial metabolism), and metabolic-independent factors (e.g., increased expression of drug efflux transporters, stemness maintenance, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition) cooperate in determining chemoresistance in hypoxia. Specific metabolic modifiers, however, can reverse the metabolic phenotype of hypoxic tumor areas that are more chemoresistant into the phenotype typical of chemosensitive cells. We propose these metabolic modifiers, able to reverse the hypoxia-induced metabolic rewiring, as potential chemosensitizer agents against hypoxic and refractory tumor cells.
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Hsin, Chu-Ying, and Joel R. Coats. "Metabolism of isofenphos in southern corn rootworm." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 25, no. 3 (June 1986): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(86)90007-6.
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Rouchaud, J., O. Neus, R. Bulcke, K. Cools, and H. Eelen. "Sulcotrione Soil Metabolism in Summer Corn Crops." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61, no. 5 (November 1, 1998): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900813.
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Gibart, Laetitia, Rajeev Khoodeeram, Gilles Bernot, Jean-Paul Comet, and Jean-Yves Trosset. "Regulation of Eukaryote Metabolism: An Abstract Model Explaining the Warburg/Crabtree Effect." Processes 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091496.
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Adaptation of metabolism is a response of many eukaryotic cells to nutrient heterogeneity in the cell microenvironment. One of these adaptations is the shift from respiratory to fermentative metabolism, also called the Warburg/Crabtree effect. It is a response to a very high nutrient increase in the cell microenvironment, even in the presence of oxygen. Understanding whether this metabolic transition can result from basic regulation signals between components of the central carbon metabolism are the the core question of this work. We use an extension of the René Thomas modeling framework for representing the regulations between the main catabolic and anabolic pathways of eukaryotic cells, and formal methods for confronting models with known biological properties in different microenvironments. The formal model of the regulation of eukaryote metabolism defined and validated here reveals the conditions under which this metabolic phenotype switch occurs. It clearly proves that currently known regulating signals within the main components of central carbon metabolism can be sufficient to bring out the Warburg/Crabtree effect. Moreover, this model offers a general perspective of the regulation of the central carbon metabolism that can be used to study other biological questions.
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Colombo, Raffaella, Lucia Ferron, and Adele Papetti. "Colored Corn: An Up-Date on Metabolites Extraction, Health Implication, and Potential Use." Molecules 26, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010199.
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Colored (orange, pink, red, purple, and blue) corn strongly attracted attention on its healthy properties mainly due to its anthocyanin and carotenoid composition which is also responsible for its pigmentation. The present review summarized the recent updates on the extraction and chemical characterization of the main plant secondary metabolites present in colored seeds, kernel, cob, husk, and silk. The main approaches used to stabilize the extracts have been discussed as well as their food and non-food uses. Both in vitro and in vivo (animal models) studies on the different effects (antibacterial, antimutagenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, effects on metabolic syndrome, diabetes, glucose and lipidic metabolism, and neuroprotection) of pigmented extracts on animal and human health have been summarized.
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Könyves, László, Pál Rafai, Harry Miettinen, Péter Kovács, Viktor Jurkovich, and Endre Brydl. "The effect of feed rations containing high moisture crimped corn ensiled with microbial inoculant or chemical additive on milk production and metabolism of dairy cows." Acta Veterinaria Brno 84, no. 4 (2015): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201584040357.
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The study evaluated the effects of crimped corn preserved either with organic acids or with a microbial inoculant on a range of metabolic and production indicators of dairy cows. Two hundred and sixty in-calf, second and third parity cows were selected into pairs on basis of age, parity, milk production in previous lactation, days in milk and body condition score with the greatest possible conformity within pairs. Cow pairs were assigned into a 2-period crossover experiment (2 × 45 days) and kept in separate groups within the same shed. Dietary treatments were TMR with crimped corn preserved with either organic acids (treatment K) or microbial inoculant (treatment B). Ten superbly matched cow-pairs were selected to form nucleus pairs for metabolic studies. The preservatives had no effect on the nutrient content of crimped corn. Crimped corn preserved with the microbial inoculant were found mouldy, predominantly with Mucor sp. at a number high enough to inhibit the growth of lactic acid bacteria, and had significantly higher pH and ammonium concentration compared to the chemical treatment. The milk yield of treatment K cows was significantly higher than that of treatment B cows with identical feed intake. Blood beta-hydroxy-butyrate concentration was lower and blood aspartate amino transferase activity higher with treatment K compared to treatment B. Results of this study suggest the superiority of total mixed rations containing chemically preserved crimped corn in terms of ammonia and microbiological indicators of crimped corn, significantly higher milk yield, and balanced energy metabolism.
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Tappy, Luc, and Kim-Anne Lê. "Metabolic Effects of Fructose and the Worldwide Increase in Obesity." Physiological Reviews 90, no. 1 (January 2010): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00019.2009.
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While virtually absent in our diet a few hundred years ago, fructose has now become a major constituent of our modern diet. Our main sources of fructose are sucrose from beet or cane, high fructose corn syrup, fruits, and honey. Fructose has the same chemical formula as glucose (C6H12O6), but its metabolism differs markedly from that of glucose due to its almost complete hepatic extraction and rapid hepatic conversion into glucose, glycogen, lactate, and fat. Fructose was initially thought to be advisable for patients with diabetes due to its low glycemic index. However, chronically high consumption of fructose in rodents leads to hepatic and extrahepatic insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and high blood pressure. The evidence is less compelling in humans, but high fructose intake has indeed been shown to cause dyslipidemia and to impair hepatic insulin sensitivity. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis and lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and hyperuricemia have all been proposed as mechanisms responsible for these adverse metabolic effects of fructose. Although there is compelling evidence that very high fructose intake can have deleterious metabolic effects in humans as in rodents, the role of fructose in the development of the current epidemic of metabolic disorders remains controversial. Epidemiological studies show growing evidence that consumption of sweetened beverages (containing either sucrose or a mixture of glucose and fructose) is associated with a high energy intake, increased body weight, and the occurrence of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. There is, however, no unequivocal evidence that fructose intake at moderate doses is directly related with adverse metabolic effects. There has also been much concern that consumption of free fructose, as provided in high fructose corn syrup, may cause more adverse effects than consumption of fructose consumed with sucrose. There is, however, no direct evidence for more serious metabolic consequences of high fructose corn syrup versus sucrose consumption.
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Patel, Sonal A., and Roman V. Kondratov. "Clock at the Core of Cancer Development." Biology 10, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10020150.
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To synchronize various biological processes with the day and night cycle, most organisms have developed circadian clocks. This evolutionarily conserved system is important in the temporal regulation of behavior, physiology and metabolism. Multiple pathological changes associated with circadian disruption support the importance of the clocks in mammals. Emerging links have revealed interplay between circadian clocks and signaling networks in cancer. Understanding the cross-talk between the circadian clock and tumorigenesis is imperative for its prevention, management and development of effective treatment options. In this review, we summarize the role of the circadian clock in regulation of one important metabolic pathway, insulin/IGF1/PI3K/mTOR signaling, and how dysregulation of this metabolic pathway could lead to uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation and growth. Targeting the circadian clock and rhythms either with recently discovered pharmaceutical agents or through environmental cues is a new direction in cancer chronotherapy. Combining the circadian approach with traditional methods, such as radiation, chemotherapy or the recently developed, immunotherapy, may improve tumor response, while simultaneously minimizing the adverse effects commonly associated with cancer therapies.
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Tarnopolsky, Mark A. "Metabolic Myopathies." CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology 22, no. 6 (December 2016): 1829–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/con.0000000000000403.
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Prokopcová, Adéla. "(Energetic metabolism of endothelial cell)." Cor et Vasa 61, no. 3 (June 21, 2019): e294-e298. http://dx.doi.org/10.33678/cor.2019.027.
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Thurley, Kevin, Christopher Herbst, Felix Wesener, Barbara Koller, Thomas Wallach, Bert Maier, Achim Kramer, and Pål O. Westermark. "Principles for circadian orchestration of metabolic pathways." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 7 (February 3, 2017): 1572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613103114.
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Circadian rhythms govern multiple aspects of animal metabolism. Transcriptome-, proteome- and metabolome-wide measurements have revealed widespread circadian rhythms in metabolism governed by a cellular genetic oscillator, the circadian core clock. However, it remains unclear if and under which conditions transcriptional rhythms cause rhythms in particular metabolites and metabolic fluxes. Here, we analyzed the circadian orchestration of metabolic pathways by direct measurement of enzyme activities, analysis of transcriptome data, and developing a theoretical method called circadian response analysis. Contrary to a common assumption, we found that pronounced rhythms in metabolic pathways are often favored by separation rather than alignment in the times of peak activity of key enzymes. This property holds true for a set of metabolic pathway motifs (e.g., linear chains and branching points) and also under the conditions of fast kinetics typical for metabolic reactions. By circadian response analysis of pathway motifs, we determined exact timing separation constraints on rhythmic enzyme activities that allow for substantial rhythms in pathway flux and metabolite concentrations. Direct measurements of circadian enzyme activities in mouse skeletal muscle confirmed that such timing separation occurs in vivo.
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Ullrich, Alexander, Markus Rohrschneider, Gerik Scheuermann, Peter F. Stadler, and Christoph Flamm. "In Silico Evolution of Early Metabolism." Artificial Life 17, no. 2 (April 2011): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00021.
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We developed a simulation tool for investigating the evolution of early metabolism, allowing us to speculate on the formation of metabolic pathways from catalyzed chemical reactions and on the development of their characteristic properties. Our model consists of a protocellular entity with a simple RNA-based genetic system and an evolving metabolism of catalytically active ribozymes that manipulate a rich underlying chemistry. Ensuring an almost open-ended and fairly realistic simulation is crucial for understanding the first steps in metabolic evolution. We show here how our simulation tool can be helpful in arguing for or against hypotheses on the evolution of metabolic pathways. We demonstrate that seemingly mutually exclusive hypotheses may well be compatible when we take into account that different processes dominate different phases in the evolution of a metabolic system. Our results suggest that forward evolution shapes metabolic network in the very early steps of evolution. In later and more complex stages, enzyme recruitment supersedes forward evolution, keeping a core set of pathways from the early phase.
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Hansen, T. W. R. "Core Concepts: Bilirubin Metabolism." NeoReviews 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): e316-e322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/neo.11-6-e316.
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Walejko, Jacquelyn M., Anushka Chelliah, Maureen Keller-Wood, Clive Wasserfall, Mark Atkinson, Anthony Gregg, and Arthur S. Edison. "Diabetes Leads to Alterations in Normal Metabolic Transitions of Pregnancy as Revealed by Time-Course Metabolomics." Metabolites 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10090350.
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Women with diabetes during pregnancy are at increased risk of poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. Despite this, the effects of pre-gestational (PGDM) or gestational diabetes (GDM) on metabolism during pregnancy are not well understood. In this study, we utilized metabolomics to identify serum metabolic changes in women with and without diabetes during pregnancy and the cord blood at birth. We observed elevations in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, carbohydrates, ketones, and lipids, and a decrease in amino acids across gestation in all individuals. In early gestation, PGDM had elevations in branched-chain amino acids and sugars compared to controls, whereas GDM had increased lipids and decreased amino acids during pregnancy. In both GDM and PGDM, carbohydrate and amino acid pathways were altered, but in PGDM, hemoglobin A1c and isoleucine were significantly increased compared to GDM. Cord blood from GDM and PGDM newborns had similar increases in carbohydrates and choline metabolism compared to controls, and these alterations were not maternal in origin. Our results revealed that PGDM and GDM have distinct metabolic changes during pregnancy. A better understanding of diabetic metabolism during pregnancy can assist in improved management and development of therapeutics and help mitigate poor outcomes in both the mother and newborn.
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Duez, Hélène, and Bart Staels. "Rev-erb-α: an integrator of circadian rhythms and metabolism." Journal of Applied Physiology 107, no. 6 (December 2009): 1972–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00570.2009.
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The endogenous circadian clock ensures daily rhythms in diverse behavioral and physiological processes, including locomotor activity and sleep/wake cycles, but also food intake patterns. Circadian rhythms are generated by an internal clock system, which synchronizes these daily variations to the day/night alternance. In addition, circadian oscillations may be reset by the time of food availability in peripheral metabolic organs. Circadian rhythms are seen in many metabolic pathways (glucose and lipid metabolism, etc.) and endocrine secretions (insulin, etc.). As a consequence, misalignment of the internal timing system vs. environmental zeitgebers (light, for instance), as experienced during jetlag or shift work, may result in disruption of physiological cycles of fuel utilization or energy storage. A large body of evidence from both human and animal studies now points to a relationship between circadian disorders and altered metabolic response, suggesting that circadian and metabolic regulatory networks are tightly connected. After a review of the current understanding of the molecular circadian core clock, we will discuss the hypothesis that clock genes themselves link the core molecular clock and metabolic regulatory networks. We propose that the nuclear receptor and core clock component Rev-erb-α behaves as a gatekeeper to timely coordinate the circadian metabolic response.
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Frazier, Katya, Mary Frith, Dylan Harris, and Vanessa A. Leone. "Mediators of Host–Microbe Circadian Rhythms in Immunity and Metabolism." Biology 9, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9120417.
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Circadian rhythms are essential for nearly all life forms, mediated by a core molecular gene network that drives downstream molecular processes involved in immune function and metabolic regulation. These biological rhythms serve as the body’s metronome in response to the 24-h light:dark cycle and other timed stimuli. Disrupted circadian rhythms due to drastic lifestyle and environmental shifts appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, although the mechanisms remain elusive. Gut microbiota membership and function are also key mediators of metabolism and are highly sensitive to environmental perturbations. Recent evidence suggests rhythmicity of gut microbes is essential for host metabolic health. The key molecular mediators that transmit rhythmic signals between microbes and host metabolic networks remain unclear, but studies suggest the host immune system may serve as a conduit between these two systems, providing homeostatic signals to maintain overall metabolic health. Despite this knowledge, the precise mechanism and communication modalities that drive these rhythms remain unclear, especially in humans. Here, we review the current literature examining circadian dynamics of gut microbes, the immune system, and metabolism in the context of metabolic dysregulation and provide insights into gaps and challenges that remain.
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Bosi, Emanuele, Jonathan M. Monk, Ramy K. Aziz, Marco Fondi, Victor Nizet, and Bernhard Ø. Palsson. "Comparative genome-scale modelling ofStaphylococcus aureusstrains identifies strain-specific metabolic capabilities linked to pathogenicity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 26 (June 10, 2016): E3801—E3809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1523199113.
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Staphylococcus aureusis a preeminent bacterial pathogen capable of colonizing diverse ecological niches within its human host. We describe here the pangenome ofS. aureusbased on analysis of genome sequences from 64 strains ofS. aureusspanning a range of ecological niches, host types, and antibiotic resistance profiles. Based on this set,S. aureusis expected to have an open pangenome composed of 7,411 genes and a core genome composed of 1,441 genes. Metabolism was highly conserved in this core genome; however, differences were identified in amino acid and nucleotide biosynthesis pathways between the strains. Genome-scale models (GEMs) of metabolism were constructed for the 64 strains ofS. aureus. These GEMs enabled a systems approach to characterizing the core metabolic and panmetabolic capabilities of theS. aureusspecies. All models were predicted to be auxotrophic for the vitamins niacin (vitamin B3) and thiamin (vitamin B1), whereas strain-specific auxotrophies were predicted for riboflavin (vitamin B2), guanosine, leucine, methionine, and cysteine, among others. GEMs were used to systematically analyze growth capabilities in more than 300 different growth-supporting environments. The results identified metabolic capabilities linked to pathogenic traits and virulence acquisitions. Such traits can be used to differentiate strains responsible for mild vs. severe infections and preference for hosts (e.g., animals vs. humans). Genome-scale analysis of multiple strains of a species can thus be used to identify metabolic determinants of virulence and increase our understanding of why certain strains of this deadly pathogen have spread rapidly throughout the world.
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Fernández-Beltrán, Luis C., Juan Miguel Godoy-Corchuelo, Maria Losa-Fontangordo, Debbie Williams, Jorge Matias-Guiu, and Silvia Corrochano. "A Transcriptomic Meta-Analysis Shows Lipid Metabolism Dysregulation as an Early Pathological Mechanism in the Spinal Cord of SOD1 Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 9553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179553.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multifactorial and complex fatal degenerative disorder. A number of pathological mechanisms that lead to motor neuron death have been identified, although there are many unknowns in the disease aetiology of ALS. Alterations in lipid metabolism are well documented in the progression of ALS, both at the systemic level and in the spinal cord of mouse models and ALS patients. The origin of these lipid alterations remains unclear. This study aims to identify early lipid metabolic pathways altered before systemic metabolic symptoms in the spinal cord of mouse models of ALS. To do this, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of the spinal cord of SOD1G93A mice at an early disease stage, followed by a robust transcriptomic meta-analysis using publicly available RNA-seq data from the spinal cord of SOD1 mice at early and late symptomatic disease stages. The meta-analyses identified few lipid metabolic pathways dysregulated early that were exacerbated at symptomatic stages; mainly cholesterol biosynthesis, ceramide catabolism, and eicosanoid synthesis pathways. We present an insight into the pathological mechanisms in ALS, confirming that lipid metabolic alterations are transcriptionally dysregulated and are central to ALS aetiology, opening new options for the treatment of these devastating conditions.
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Wharfe, Michaela D., Caitlin S. Wyrwoll, Brendan J. Waddell, and Peter J. Mark. "Pregnancy Suppresses the Daily Rhythmicity of Core Body Temperature and Adipose Metabolic Gene Expression in the Mouse." Endocrinology 157, no. 9 (July 13, 2016): 3320–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2016-1177.
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Maternal adaptations in lipid metabolism are crucial for pregnancy success due to the role of white adipose tissue as an energy store and the dynamic nature of energy needs across gestation. Because lipid metabolism is regulated by the rhythmic expression of clock genes, it was hypothesized that maternal metabolic adaptations involve changes in both adipose clock gene expression and the rhythmic expression of downstream metabolic genes. Maternal core body temperature (Tc) was investigated as a possible mechanism driving pregnancy-induced changes in clock gene expression. Gonadal adipose tissue and plasma were collected from C57BL/6J mice before and on days 6, 10, 14, and 18 of pregnancy (term 19 d) at 4-hour intervals across a 24-hour period. Adipose expression of clock genes and downstream metabolic genes were determined by quantitative RT-PCR, and Tc was measured by intraperitoneal temperature loggers. Adipose clock gene expression showed robust rhythmicity throughout pregnancy, but absolute levels varied substantially across gestation. Rhythmic expression of the metabolic genes Lipe, Pnpla2, and Lpl was clearly evident before pregnancy; however, this rhythmicity was lost with the onset of pregnancy. Tc rhythm was significantly altered by pregnancy, with a 65% decrease in amplitude by term and a 0.61°C decrease in mesor between days 6 and 18. These changes in Tc, however, did not appear to be linked to adipose clock gene expression across pregnancy. Overall, our data show marked adaptations in the adipose clock in pregnancy, with an apparent decoupling of adipose clock and lipolytic/lipogenic gene rhythms from early in gestation.