Academic literature on the topic 'Corn – Milling – Testing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Corn – Milling – Testing"
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Lupu, Mirabela Ioana, Vasile Pădureanu, and Valeriu Steriu. "Finite Element Modeling of Raw Materials Milling Used in Food Industry." Advanced Materials Research 1128 (October 2015): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1128.282.
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In a series of processes which occur in various processing industries, it is necessary that the raw materials, finished products or intermediate products to be grind to accelerate the technological phase, to obtain a product from raw materials or even only for commercialization the products [1]. Modeling program can be used to study and understand the behavior of an individual grain under compression stress. The results from previous studies have shown that the modeling program can be used [2] for predicting the grain deformation, the compression stress and the energy consumption obtained as a consequence of the grain compression process. This paper presents a comparison of a modeling and experimental study on the influence of the physical properties of a single corn seed on compression grinding process. The mathematical model by finite element method for the corn compression process is made in order to establish the forces that appear to the first cracks of the grain, to determine the maximum force of the corn compression, the deformations of the grain resulted after the compression and the energy consumption during the compression process. For this simulation it was used the mechanical structural module in 3D space of the COMSOL Multiphysics software. The experimental researches were carried out on an individual corn seed, using the materials testing machine Zwick / Roell 5 kN, to which was adapted the compression device [3]. In the experimental researches have been followed the same properties as at the mathematical modeling.
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SPERBER, WILLIAM H. "Role of Microbiological Guidelines in the Production and Commercial Use of Milled Cereal Grains: A Practical Approach for the 21st Century." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 1041–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.4.1041.
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A contemporary survey of the microbiological profile of five milled cereal grains—wheat, corn, oats, whole wheat, and durum—was conducted largely from 2003 to 2005, with routine laboratory data obtained by North American dry-milling operations. When compared to data reported in the previous century, the contemporary data showed similar or reduced quantitative counts for indicator tests (e.g., total aerobes, yeasts, molds, coliforms, and Escherichia coli) as well as a substantially lower incidence of salmonellae. The implementation of modern management systems for the control of food quality and safety, i.e., good agricultural practices, good manufacturing practices, and the hazard analysis critical control point system, together with the excellent microbiological profiles, has eliminated the need for microbiological specifications and lot acceptance criteria for milled cereal grains. Instead, microbiological monitoring guidelines, such as the periodic testing of aerobic plate counts and mold counts, can be used to verify compliance with the requirements of food quality and food safety management systems.
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Švec, I., M. Hrušková, J. Karas, and T. Hofmanová. " Solvent retention capacity for different wheats and flours evaluation." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 30, No. 5 (July 25, 2012): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/386/2011-cjfs.
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The baking quality in the sets of both commercial and variety wheat samples (80 and 18 items) and wheat composite flour (standard and 25 blends) was evaluated in terms of the Solvent retention capacity method (AACC 56-11). Composites were prepared from a commercial fine wheat flour and commercial bio-wholemeal flour prepared by milling of common wheat, rye, oat, barleys and corn at substitution levels of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%. The commercial wheat quality testing ANOVA revealed the major effect of the sample tested form; the data measured for grain and flour proved to be correlated. Besides, the harvest year affected the baking quality to a greater degree than the growing locality. Within the variety wheat set, the harvest year factor dominated over that of the wheat cultivar one with the exception of the sodium carbonate retention capacity. In the case of the wheat flour substitution by bio-cereal flour types, the added amount of the alternative flour supported only the quantitative change caused by the incorporated cereal in all four retention capacities.
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Satato, Debritu, Anne Hatløy, Bernt Lindtjørn, and Elazar Balla. "A Local Ingredients-Based Supplement Is Not Inferior to Corn-soya Blends Plus for the Treatment of Moderate Acute Malnutrition Among Children Aged 6 to 59 Months in Wolaita." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_127.
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Abstract Objectives Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) is widespread and a persistent public health problem in developing countries. Currently, the management approach of MAM is focused on food supplementation, but it is limited to chronically food-insecure areas. This study aims to develop local-ingredients based supplement (LIBS) and evaluate if it is comparable to the corn-soya blend plus (CSB+) in treating MAM among children aged 6 to 59 months in Wolaita, Ethiopia. Methods Collection of food ingredients that have the potential for making LIBS was done. Sorting, soaking, roasting, and milling of ingredients were done. The LIBS, with an improved amount of nutrients, was used to test the effectiveness in treating MAM. To evaluate the effectiveness of LIBS compared with CSB+ in treating MAM, we used a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial among 324 moderately wasted children aged 6 to 59 months in Wolaita, Ethiopia. The daily ration was: 100 gm of LIBS plus 25.2 gm of sugar with 8 ml oil in the intervention group and 150 gm of CSB+ with 16 ml of oil in the control group. A chi-square test was used for the comparison of recovery rates between two groups. Kaplan-Meier (log-rank) survival analysis was done to estimate the recovery time and survival curves. Results Four food samples of LIBS were made with different portions of ingredients. One of the LIBS with the highest portion of pumpkin seed and selected for testing had an improved amount of protein, fat, energy, iron, zinc and potassium contents. Its proximate composition indicated protein and fat contents of 22.6 g/100 g and 32.9 g/100 g respectively. The trial results showed that there is no difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups (p > 0.05). The recovery rate for LIBS (n = 105 of 162; 64.8%) was similar to that for CSB+ (n = 108 of 162; 66.7%) (P = 0.6). The duration of recovery was similar for the LIBS group, with a median of 56 days compared to 63 days for the CSB+ group (P = 0.92). Conclusions The LIBS has contained adequate amount of nutrients needed for the treatment of MAM. There was no difference in recovery rates as well as recovery times for those who received LIBS and those who received CSB+ . Thus, LIBS has the same potential to treat MAM as CSB+ . Funding Sources Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD); Norwegian Program for Capacity Development in Higher Education and Research for Development Program (NORHED).
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Zheng, Peng, and Lan Yi. "The Error Analysis and Detection of A/C Axes Bi-Rotary Milling Head." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 2697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.2697.
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A/C axes bi-rotary CNC universal milling is the core components of five-axis linkage machine tools, the geometric error will impact on machining accuracy directly. The geometric error and its causes of A/C axes bi-notary milling head are studied, and laid the foundation for the bi-notary milling head precision testing and accuracy improvement. Brief introduction to the composition and working principle of the Renishaw laser interferometer, and put forward by using of Renishaw laser interferometer to detect the A axis and C axis position error.
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Hourston, James E., Michael Ignatz, Martin Reith, Gerhard Leubner-Metzger, and Tina Steinbrecher. "Biomechanical properties of wheat grains: the implications on milling." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 126 (January 2017): 20160828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0828.
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Millennia of continuous innovation have driven ever increasing efficiency in the milling process. Mechanically characterizing wheat grains and discerning the structure and function of the wheat bran layers can contribute to continuing innovation. We present novel shear force and puncture force testing regimes to characterize different wheat grain cultivars. The forces endured by wheat grains during the milling process can be quantified, enabling us to measure the impact of commonly applied grain pretreatments, such as microwave heating, extended tempering, enzyme and hormone treatments on grains of different ‘hardness’. Using these methods, we demonstrate the importance of short tempering phases prior to milling and identify ways in which our methods can detect differences in the maximum force, energy and breaking behaviours of hard and soft grain types. We also demonstrate for the first time, endosperm weakening in wheat, through hormone stratification on single bran layers. The modern milling process is highly refined, meaning that small, cultivar specific, adjustments can result in large increases in downstream profits. We believe that methods such as these, which enable rapid testing of milling pretreatments and material properties can help to drive an innovation process that has been core to our industrial efforts since prehistory.
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Bellusci, Mariangela, Alberto Boschetto, Luana Bottini, Aurelio La Barbera, Andrea Masi, Franco Padella, and Francesco Veniali. "Tumbling Mill Process as a Tool to Develop Core–Shell Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. Preliminary Analysis and Testing." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 2864–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19052.
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A new mechanical dry process able to develop nanoparticles coated with polymeric material is proposed. An opportunely developed pilot ball milling apparatus permitted to catch-up significant process parameters that are here reported. A proper analysis of the obtained parameters permitted to individuate optimized milling conditions and to prepare a magnetite/albumin core/shell nanocomposite, material with a potential wide spread of applications in biomedical fields. The obtained powder consists in particles having a diameter of about 45 nm and exhibits a high morphological homogeneity. The proposed method is facile, low cost, solvent free and is applicable to the development of a broad range of multifunctional composites for biomedical applications.
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Du, Chao, Jun Zhang, Dun Lu, Huijie Zhang, and Wanhua Zhao. "A parametric modeling method for the pose-dependent dynamics of bi-rotary milling head." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 232, no. 5 (July 6, 2016): 797–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405416654599.
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Bi-rotary milling head is one of the core components of five-axis machining center, and its dynamic characteristics directly affect the machining stability and accuracy. During the sculptured surface machining, the bi-rotary milling head exhibits varying dynamics in various machining postures. To facilitate rapid evaluation of the dynamic behavior of the bi-rotary milling head within the whole workspace, this article presents a method for parametrically establishing dynamic equation at different postures. The rotating and swing shafts are treated as rigid bodies. The varying stiffness of the flexible joints (such as bearings and hirth coupling) affected by gravity and cutting force at different swing angles is analyzed and then a multi-rigid-body dynamic model of the bi-rotary milling head considering the pose-varying joint stiffness is established. The Lagrangian method is employed to deduce the parametric dynamic equation with posture parameters. The static stiffness, natural frequencies and frequency response functions at different postures are simulated using the parametric equation and verified by the impact testing experiments. The theoretical and experimental results show that the dynamics of the bi-rotary milling head vary with the machining postures, and the proposed method can be used for efficient and accurate evaluation of the pose-dependent dynamics at the design stage.
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Zhang, Xiaodong, Ce Han, Ming Luo, and Dinghua Zhang. "Tool Wear Monitoring for Complex Part Milling Based on Deep Learning." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 6916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196916.
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Tool wear monitoring is necessary for cost reduction and productivity improvement in the machining industry. Machine learning has been proven to be an effective means of tool wear monitoring. Feature engineering is the core of the machining learning model. In complex parts milling, cutting conditions are time-varying due to the variable engagement between cutting tool and the complex geometric features of the workpiece. In such cases, the features for accurate tool wear monitoring are tricky to select. Besides, usually few sensors are available in an actual machining situation. This causes a high correlation between the hand-designed features, leading to the low accuracy and weak generalization ability of the machine learning model. This paper presents a tool wear monitoring method for complex part milling based on deep learning. The features are pre-selected based on cutting force model and wavelet packet decomposition. The pre-selected cutting forces, cutting vibration and cutting condition features are input to a deep autoencoder for dimension reduction. Then, a deep multi-layer perceptron is developed to estimate the tool wear. The dataset is obtained with a carefully designed varying cutting depth milling experiment. The proposed method works well, with an error of 8.2% on testing samples, which shows an obvious advantage over the classic machine learning method.
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Rohde, Alexander, Jens Andre Hammerl, Bernd Appel, Ralf Dieckmann, and Sascha Al Dahouk. "Sampling and Homogenization Strategies Significantly Influence the Detection of Foodborne Pathogens in Meat." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/145437.
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Efficient preparation of food samples, comprising sampling and homogenization, for microbiological testing is an essential, yet largely neglected, component of foodstuff control.Salmonella entericaspiked chicken breasts were used as a surface contamination model whereas salami and meat paste acted as models of inner-matrix contamination. A systematic comparison of different homogenization approaches, namely, stomaching, sonication, and milling by FastPrep-24 or SpeedMill, revealed that for surface contamination a broad range of sample pretreatment steps is applicable and loss of culturability due to the homogenization procedure is marginal. In contrast, for inner-matrix contamination long treatments up to 8 min are required and only FastPrep-24 as a large-volume milling device produced consistently good recovery rates. In addition, sampling of different regions of the spiked sausages showed that pathogens are not necessarily homogenously distributed throughout the entire matrix. Instead, in meat paste the core region contained considerably more pathogens compared to the rim, whereas in the salamis the distribution was more even with an increased concentration within the intermediate region of the sausages. Our results indicate that sampling and homogenization as integral parts of food microbiology and monitoring deserve more attention to further improve food safety.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Corn – Milling – Testing"
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Scholten, Roger L. "The effects of prebreaking on the efficiency of hammermill particle size reduction systems in feed manufacturing." 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/27535.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Corn – Milling – Testing"
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Mane, Deepak. "Testbed Platform." In Cloud Technology, 730–48. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6539-2.ch034.
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Libraries invest millions of dollars in developing and maintaining library applications that are core to their libraries and help them to improve their competitive advantage through operational excellence of libraries. Continuous changes in the library environment forces the library to innovate and optimize their library process, resulting in continuous changes in the software applications that support the library processes. As a consequence, delivering applications rapidly that are defect free, scalable, and reliable becomes challenging. Testing becomes a critical and vital step in the process – not only in terms of coverage but also in terms of performance, security, and usability. Setting up test environments that closely mirror the production environment can be expensive – in terms of hardware, licenses, people to manage library infrastructure and its application. “Testing as a Service” – a new paradigm of Cloud-based “On Demand” testing service can help libraries to address this challenge. This chapter focuses on how libraries can optimize their IT budget through a strategic initiative in the form of “On Demand” testing. This chapter describes Requirements of Testbed Platform, Cloud Testing, and Benefits of testing using cloud environment for library Amazon Web Services – Public Cloud Services.
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Mane, Deepak. "Testbed Platform." In Advances in Library and Information Science, 192–211. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4631-5.ch012.
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Libraries invest millions of dollars in developing and maintaining library applications that are core to their libraries and help them to improve their competitive advantage through operational excellence of libraries. Continuous changes in the library environment forces the library to innovate and optimize their library process, resulting in continuous changes in the software applications that support the library processes. As a consequence, delivering applications rapidly that are defect free, scalable, and reliable becomes challenging. Testing becomes a critical and vital step in the process – not only in terms of coverage but also in terms of performance, security, and usability. Setting up test environments that closely mirror the production environment can be expensive – in terms of hardware, licenses, people to manage library infrastructure and its application. “Testing as a Service” – a new paradigm of Cloud-based “On Demand” testing service can help libraries to address this challenge. This chapter focuses on how libraries can optimize their IT budget through a strategic initiative in the form of “On Demand” testing. This chapter describes Requirements of Testbed Platform, Cloud Testing, and Benefits of testing using cloud environment for library Amazon Web Services – Public Cloud Services.
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Araújo, Kathleen. "Danish Wind Power: Alternating Currents." In Low Carbon Energy Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199362554.003.0010.
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According to Michael Zarin, Director of Government Relations with Vestas Wind Systems, there is nothing “alternative” about wind power anymore (Biello, 2010). After all, wind generation is the most cost-effective option for new grid-connected power in markets like Mexico, South Africa, New Zealand, China, Turkey, Canada, and the United States (Renewable Energy Policy Network [REN21], 2016). At 433 GW of cumulatively installed capacity in 2015 worldwide, more than half was added in the past 5 years (REN21, 2016). This technology may be used by individuals, communities, and utilities. It can be grid-connected or off- grid, and be used onshore or offshore. This chapter examines the influences and evolution of the Danish wind transition, highlighting how ingenuity and often less-obvious incremental advances produced a world-class industry. It reveals how citizens can be important catalysts of energy system change. The case also indicates that innovations can emerge in practices and policy, not just technology, science or industry. Denmark is a cultural and traditional technology leader for modern wind power. This country of roughly 5.6 million people and GDP of approximately $65 billion in 2016 (ppp) (Central Intelligence Agency [CIA], n.d.) is where today’s dominant, wind turbine design was established and where state-of-the art wind technology testing centers are based. It is also the site of the first, commercial-scale offshore wind farm, built in 1991. Denmark has a world-class hub for wind energy technology (Megavind, 2013; State of Green, 2015; Renewable Energy World, 2016). Top-ranked companies like Vestas, LM Wind Power, Siemens Wind Power, A2SEA, and MHI Vestas Offshore Wind are among those that base core parts of their global operations in Denmark. A close network of wind engineers and their professional affiliates drives the industry, which includes ancillary services and subcomponent supplies. Wind energy technology also represents one of Denmark’s top-ranked exports (United Nations Comtrade, n.d.). Currently, Denmark has more wind power capacity per person than does any other country in the world (REN21, 2017). This Northern European nation is on track to derive 50% of its electricity from wind power by 2020.
Conference papers on the topic "Corn – Milling – Testing"
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Kortovich, Charles S., Robert M. Garlock, and Craig R. Hayes. "Turbine Airfoil Manufacturing Technology." In ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-428.
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The Department of Energy’s Turbine Airfoil Manufacturing Technology Program was initiated at PCC Airfoils, Inc./General Electric Power Generation Group. The specific program goal is to define manufacturing methods for single crystal (SX) technology to be applied to airfoil components for power generation applications. A number of technical issues are being addressed and these form the task structure of the program and will be discussed including: • Alloy Melt Practice to Reduce Sulfur Content in Alloys • Modification/Improvement of SX Casting Process • Core Materials and Design • Grain Orientation Control Melt desulfurization has successfully reduced sulfur to below 1 part/million with accompanying improvements in oxidation resistance compared to undesulfurized material. Casting variables have been identified which can optimize casting quality. Core material evaluations to date indicate the initial core compositions need to be optimized to eliminate core break during processing operations. Grain orientation control addresses the formation of a database to enable decisions to be made concerning the establishment of grain limit defect criteria. Liberalizing the defect criteria will have a positive effect on the producibility and yields associated with the SX castings. The planned testing has been formulated.
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Gong, Bin, Yan-ping Huang, E. Jang, Jin-Hua Liu, Xiao-jiao Xia, and Yong-Fu Zhao. "Ongoing Research of Water Chemistry Effect on SCC Properties of Candidate Materials for SCWR." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15876.
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One key issue during development of Super Critical Water Cooled Reactor (SCWR) is selection of water chemistry operating and control methods for core coolant. Under strong corrosive effect of supercritical water (SCW), the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) sensitivity of materials increases. Most of materials reliably used in PWR or BWR may not be competent for SCWR. Modified austenitic steel and nickel base alloy are hopeful due to low general corrosion rate but failures happen caused by SCC when meet incompatible chemistry environment. The possible options of water chemistry specifications for SCWR should be qualified carefully on SCC effect. This paper introduces research status of SCW chemistry by Nuclear Power Institute of China (NPIC). The SCC behaviors in oxidation and reduction SCW are under study and the testing data will be collected to screen out water chemistry operating strategy for million kilowatts SCWR (CSR1000) under development in China.
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Laing, Malcolm, Todd Pickering, Dan Kominsky, Walter O’Brien, and Steve Poland. "Design and Commissioning of an Engine-Like Test Environment." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95090.
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Test and evaluation are critical to any product development program. The validation of engine sensor products is particularly challenging since the test engine required for validation can range in value from thousands to millions of dollars, costing much more than the sensor product itself. As a result, significant sensor testing and validation is required by an engine owner prior to on-engine testing. To support our development activities and to facilitate test validation acceptance, we have created a test and evaluation platform for gas turbine sensors that will allow us to test developmental sensors in an engine-like environment without risking the possibility of engine damage. Driven by the core exhaust of a JT15-D engine, the Dynamic Rotor Research Rig (DR3) test and evaluation platform provides a test capability that is highly representative of the high temperatures, vibrations, gasses, fluids and overall gas turbine engine environment, while providing the means to easily add and replace sensors, add and test custom rotors, control temperature and rotor speeds, and to not risk engine health during test activities. Here we will discuss our sensor testing goals and how they fed into the operational goals and design considerations for the DR3. Early design concepts and the ultimate approach we took with the DR3 design will be explored, along with the candidate test rig component and subassembly fabrication processes that we evaluated and ultimately selected for use. We will review the manufacturing issues that we encountered during the construction phase of the DR3 and overview the commissioning of the DR3, problems that we discovered during start up and how we solved them. Included will be the results of initial turbine blade clearance and blade tip timing sensor testing performed on the DR3 and an evaluation of the DR3 performance, including temperature and speed control of the test rig and other characterization of the operating regime of the rig. Finally, we will present future plans to upgrade the DR3 rig to support future high temperature sensor and blade health monitoring development activities.
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Acosta, Juan C., Mark E. Curtis, Carl H. Sondergeld, and Chandra S. Rai. "Manuscript Title: Mechanical and Microstructural Studies of Volcanic Ash Beds in Unconventional Reservoirs." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206227-ms.
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Abstract Volcanic ash beds are thin layers commonly observed in the Eagle Ford, Niobrara and, Vaca Muerta formations. Because of their differences in composition, sedimentary structures, and diagenetic alteration, they exhibit a significant contrast in mechanical properties with respect to surrounding formation layers. This can impact hydraulic fracturing, affecting fracture propagation and fracture geometry. Quantifying the mechanical properties of ash beds becomes significant; however, it is a challenge with traditional testing methods. Common logging fails to identify the ash beds, and core plug testing is not possible because of their friability. In this study, nanoindentation was used to measure the mechanical properties (Young's modulus, creep, and anisotropy) in Eagle Ford ash beds, and to determine the contrast with the formation matrix properties. Two separate ash beds of high clay and plagioclase composition were epoxied in an aluminum tray and left for 48 hours curing time. Horizontal and vertical samples of ash beds were acquired and mounted on a metal stub, followed by polishing and broad beam ion milling. Adjacent samples were also prepared for high-resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) microstructural analysis. The Young's modulus in ash beds ranged from 12 to 24 GPa, with the horizontal direction Young's modulus being slightly greater than that of the vertical samples. The Young's modulus contrast with adjacent layers was calculated to be 1:2 with clay-rich zones and 1:4 with calcite rich zones. The creep deformation rate was three times higher for ash beds compared to other zones. Using Backus averaging, it was determined that the presence of ash beds can increase the anisotropy in the formation by 15-25%. SEM results showed a variation in microstructure between the ash beds with evidence of diagenetic conversion of rhyolitic material into clays. Key differences between the two ash beds were due to the presence of plagioclase and the occurrence of porosity within kaolinite. Overall porosity varied between the two ash beds and adjacent carbonate layers showing a significant increase in porosity. Understanding the moduli contrast between adjacent layers can improve the hydraulic fracturing design when ash beds are encountered. In addition, the presence of these beds can lead to proppant embedment and loss in fracture connectivity. These results can be used for improving geomechanical models.
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Redkar, Sangram, Tom Sugar, Bill Dillard, and Karthik Narayanan. "Inertial Sensing of Dummy Kinematics." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87051.
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Motor vehicle crashes claim over 40,000 lives and injure over two million people each year in the United States. To reduce the number of injuries and fatalities through vehicle design improvements, it is important to study occupant kinematics and related injury mechanisms during crashes. Occupant motion in crash tests is typically measured with high speed video, spatial scanning, direct field sensing, and inertial sensing. In this work, we present simulation and testing results on inertial sensing of dummy kinematics based on a novel algorithm known as Quaternion Fuzzy Logic Adaptive Signal Processing for Biomechanics (QFLASP-B). This approach uses three angular rates and three accelerations (one gyroscope-accelerometer pair about each axis) per rigid body to compute orientations (roll, pitch and yaw), positions and velocities in the inertial (fixed) reference frame. In QFLASP-B, quaternion errors and gyro biases are calculated and used in an adaptive loop to remove their effects. The Fuzzy Estimator at the core of the algorithm consists of a fuzzification process, an inference mechanism, a Rule Base and a defuzzification process. In this paper, we examine those aspects of the QFLASP-B Fuzzy Estimator critical to accurate kinematics sensing, hardware and software implementations and experimental results compared with traditional approaches.
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Kudriavtsev, Vladimir, Brian Feeney, Ta-Liang Hsu, Alexei Borovkov, Kalman Rooz, and Dimitriy Klimshin. "CFD, Thermal and Stress Analysis for daVinci X-Prize Manned Space Mission: Part 2 (Keynote)." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-3141.
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In the present article we review engineering and research efforts conducted by a group of volunteers with the help of advanced engineering commercial software (CFD-ACE+, ANSYS, CFD-FASTRAN, Matlab/Simulink, Autodesk Inventor, Maple) in support of the da Vinci Project, the first Canadian competitor in the International X Prize Competition. Full account of these activities was presented at the da Vinci Space Project Technical Conference Program [1]. Announced in 1996 to promote the development and flight of spacecraft for low-cost commercial transport of humans into space, the international X-Prize Foundation is providing a purse of US$10 million to the first competitor who can safely launch and land a manned spacecraft to an altitude of 100 kilometers (the international border of space), twice in a two-week period. The first Canadian entry in this competition, the fully volunteer da Vinci Project (a wholly owned by ORVA Space Corp.) has put years of engineering research, design and developmental testing into the vehicle design, propulsion and flight guidance system. A full-scale flight-engineering prototype of the manned rocket has been constructed. Detailed engineering and fabrication of the full-scaled manned rocket named Wild Fire Mk VI is currently underway. Flight-testing of the manned rocket and X-Prize competition flights are targeted to continue throughout 2004. For R&D efforts on the project, a wide range of engineering software was utilized for CAD, basic engineering calculations, trajectory analysis, dynamics and mission control, supersonic external aerodynamics, and internal heat flow. Part 1 of this lecture appearing in Volume 1 describes space mission, thermal and CFD analyses and CAD integration. This installment describes how ANSYS and LSDYNA software packages were utilized to perform stress analysis of the space capsule and the rocket block.