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1
Bibb, Jenny Lee. "Impact of corn earworm on field corn yield and grain quality." Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1604199.
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Field corn, Zea mays L., has been introduced to the market with pyramided Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn technologies. These technologies reduce kernel damage from ear feeding caterpillar pests, including corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). The first generation Bt traits in field corn demonstrated limited activity on corn earworm feeding on grain in ears. The pyramided corn technologies have greater cumulative protein concentrations and improved expression throughout the plant, so these corn traits should provide an effective management tool against these pests. In addition, reduced kernel injury may also have a direct effect on physical grain quality. The results for this trial showed no relationship between number of damaged kernels and yield was observed for corn hybrid expressing the Herculex®, YieldGard®, or Genuity VT Triple Pro® technologies. A significant relationship between both damaged kernels and test weight and damaged kernels and aflatoxin concentrations was observed in two technologies.
2
Zhang, Feng 1962. "Effects of N formulation, application rate, and application time on corn yield and quality in eastern Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61039.
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An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of N formulation, application rate, and application time on corn yield and quality under Eastern Canadian conditions, to evaluate the hypothesis that application of N will increase corn grain yield and protein concentration without decreasing the total energy content. Three N formulations, each with the rates of 90, or 180 kg ha$ sp{-1}$ were applied at different times. The results indicated that the grain yield increased with increasing N fertilizer rate and with increasing numbers of N application times. N application significantly increased grain protein concentration, on both a per kernel and a dry matter basis, and protein yield. Such as, N application increased the averaged protein concentration, on a dry matter basis, of corn grain by about 8.40% as compared to the control. The protein concentration was not affected by the number of N application times before the plants were 90 cm high. Neither lipid nor non-structural carbohydrate concentration, on both a per kernel and a dry matter basis, were significantly affected by N application in most of the location-years. In addition Near infrared reflectance (NIR) was used to determine the lipid concentration in the aerial corn tissue at different growth stages. The correlation coefficients between the standard analytical method and the NIR method of lipid concentration were all above 0.95, and were significant at 0.01 level.
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Spaner, Dean Michael. "Agronomic evaluation of short season quality protein maize." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61042.
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The introduction of Quality Protein Maize (QPM), hard endosperm opaque-2 maize, into northern temperate maize growing areas is a desirable breeding objective. In topcrosses with opaque-2 testers, in diallel combination, as inbreds per se, and in inbred disease screening nurseries, some QPM lines performed better than or equal to the best local checks. In general, while agronomic potential is high for some lines and gains from selection are statistically possible, longer days to flowering intervals and higher levels of moisture at harvest than check hybrids indicated a need to improve adaptation for the locations studied. Methodology experiments indicated that detasselling of check hybrids is a suitable experimental method to facilitate the inclusion of normal endosperm local checks into QPM performance tests. The screening for Fusarium graminearum resistance in the seedling stage has not been proven to be a viable alternative to field scale ear inoculation screening procedures. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Lucius, Ruth A. "Assessing corn quality and transformation during nixtamalization a physico-chemical approach /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1231442056.
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Pfunde, Cleopatra Nyaradzo. "Parent characterization of quality protein maize (Zea mays L.) and combining ability for tolerance to drought stress." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007536.
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Quality protein maize (QPM) has enhanced levels of two essential amino acids, lysine and tryptophan compared to normal maize. This makes QPM an important cereal crop in communities where maize is a staple crop. The main abiotic factor to QPM production is drought stress. Little information is available on the effect of drought stress on QPM. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: (i) conduct diversity analysis of QPM inbred lines using morpho-agronomic and simple sequence repeat markers, (ii) screen available QPM inbred lines and F1 progeny for tolerance to seedling drought stress, (iii) determine the combining ability and type of gene action of QPM inbred lines for tolerance to seedling drought stress, grain yield and endosperm modification. The study was conducted in South Africa, at the University of Fort Hare. Morphological characterisation of 21 inbred lines was done using quantitative and qualitative traits. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used for characterizing the inbred lines in the field. Genstat statistical software, version 12 (Genstat ®, 2009) was used for analysis of variance (ANOVA) and descriptive statistics. Analysis of variance was performed on all quantitative data for morphological traits. Data for qualitative traits was tabulated in their nominal classes. Traits that contributed most to the variation were days to anthesis, days to silking, anthesis-silking interval, plant height, number of kernel rows, ear length and grain yield. Cluster analysis grouped the inbred lines into three main clusters. The first cluster was characterised by tall and average yielding lines, while the second cluster showed the least anthesis-silking interval, and had the highest yield. Cluster three consisted of lines that were early maturing, but were the least yielding. Genetic distances between maize inbred lines were quantified by using 27 simple sequence repeat markers. The genetic distances between genotypes was computed using Roger’s (1972) genetic distances. Cluster analysis was then carried out using the neighbour-joining tree method using Power Marker software version 3.25. A dendrogram generated from the genetic study of the inbred lines revealed three groups that concurred with expectations based upon pedigree data. These groups were not identical to the groups generated using morpho-agronomic characterisation. Twenty one QPM inbred lines were crossed using a North Carolina design II mating scheme. These were divided into seven sets, each with three inbred lines. The three inbred lines in one set were used as females and crossed with three inbred lines in another set consisting of males. Each inbred line was used as a female in one set, and as a male in a second set. Sixty three hybrids (7 sets x 9 hybrids) were formed and evaluated in October 2011, using a 6x8 alpha-lattice incomplete block design with three replicates under glasshouse and optimum field conditions. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used for the 21 parental inbred lines. Traits recorded for the glasshouse study were, canopy temperature, chlorophyll content, leaf roll, stem diameter, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, fresh and dry root and shoot weights. Data for the various traits for each environment, 25 percent (stress treatment) and 75 percent (non-stress) of field capacity, were subjected to analysis of variance using the unbalanced treatment design in Genstat statistical package Edition 12. Where varietal differences were found, means were separated using Tukey’s test. Genetic analyses for grain yield and agronomic traits were performed using a fixed effects model in JMP 10 following Residual Maximum Likelihood procedure (REML). From the results, inbred lines that were not previously classified into heterotic groups and drought tolerance categories were classified based on their total dry weight performance and drought susceptibility index. Inbred lines L18, L9, L8, L6 and L3, in order of their drought tolerance index were the best performers under greenhouse conditions and could be recommended for breeding new varieties that are tolerant to seedling drought stress. Evaluation of maize seedlings tolerant to drought stress under glasshouse conditions revealed that cross combination L18 x L11 was drought tolerant, while cross L20 x L7 was susceptible. Total dry weight was used as the major criteria for classifying F1 maize seedlings as being resistant or susceptible. General combining ability effects accounted for 67.43 percent of the genetic variation for total dry weight, while specific combining ability effects contributed 37.57 percent. This indicated that additive gene effects were more important than non-additive gene action in controlling this trait. In the field study (non-drought), the experimental design was a 6x8 alpha lattice incomplete block design with three replicates. On an adjacent field a randomised complete block design with three replicates was used to evaluate the parental inbred lines. The following variables were recorded: plant height, ear height, ears per plant, endosperm modification, days to silking and days to anthesis, anthesis-silking interval, number of kernels per row, number of rows per ear and grain yield. General analyses for the incomplete lattice block design and randomised complete block design for hybrid and inbred data respectively were performed using JMP 10 statistical software. Means were separated using the Tukey's test. Genetic analyses of data for grain yield and agronomic traits were conducted using a fixed effects model using REML in JMP 10. The importance of both GCA (51 percent) and SCA (49 percent) was observed for grain yield. A preponderance of GCA existed for ear height, days to anthesis, anthesis-silking interval, ears per plant and number of kernels per row, indicating that predominantly, additive gene effects controlled hybrid performance under optimum field conditions. The highest heritability was observed for days to silking (48.27 percent) suggesting that yield could be improved through selection for this trait. Under field conditions, variation in time to maturity was observed. This implies that these inbred lines can be recommended for utilisation in different agro-ecologies. Early maturing lines such as L18 can be used to introduce earliness in local cultivars, while early maturing single crosses such as L18 x L2, L5 x L9, L3 x L4 and L2 x L21 could be recommended for maize growers in drought prone areas such as the former Ciskei. Single crosses L18xL11, L16xL18, L8xL21 and L9xL6 had good tolerance to seedling drought stress. On the other hand, single crosses L18xL11 and L11xL13 had high grain yield and good endosperm modification. All these single crosses could be recommended for commercial production after evaluation across locations in the Eastern Cape Province. Alternatively they can be crossed with other superior inbreds to generate three or four way hybrids, which could then be evaluated for potential use by farmers in the Eastern Cape.
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Oebker, Norman F., and Marcia White. "Comparison of Two Sweet Corn Types for Field Quality Holding." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214270.
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Fang, Jian. "Optical Imaging and Computer Vision Technology for Corn Quality Measurement." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/733.
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The official U.S. standards for corn have been available for almost one hundred years. Corn grading system has been gradually updated over the years. In this thesis, we investigated a fast corn grading system, which includes the mechanical part and the computer recognition part. The mechanical system can deliver the corn kernels onto the display plate. For the computer recognition algorithms, we extracted common features from each corn kernel, and classified them to measure the grain quality.
8
Eidson, Christopher D. "Soil quality and corn-soybean yields as affected by winter rye at three sites in the U.S. Corn Belt." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1431010393.
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Latif, Magdi A. "Effects of legumes in a corn crop and N fertilization on soil physical quality." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63815.
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Leal, Diaz Ana Maria. "Food quality and properties of quality protein maize." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/171.
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Quality protein maize (QPM), high protein corn (HPC) and food grade maize (FGM) were processed into tortillas and direct expanded extruded snacks. QPM had similar test weight, density and kernel size with 45% more lysine and 38% more tryptophan compared to FGM. HPC had the largest kernel with density and test weight similar to FGM. During alkaline cooking, HPC absorbed water faster than QPM and FGM. White QPM required shorter cooking time and had less dry matter losses compared to FGM. All corn varieties had excellent pericarp removal at the optimum cooking time. Tortillas from QPM had better pliability and rollability after storage compared to FGM and HPC. HPC tortillas had lower rupture force after storage. The use of QPM for tortilla production may reduce energy and sewage cost, and could produce a tortilla with longer shelf stability with improved nutritional value. Decorticated and non-decorticated QPM, FGM and HPC grain were processed into corn meal and direct expanded snacks. A modified short scale dry milling system was used to produce the corn meal. QPM produced more coarse meal with greater fat content compared to FGM. Decortication decreased fiber content and coarse meal yield. Non-decorticated meal had greater protein, fiber and fat content compared to decorticated meal. The modified short flow milling system provides reduced lost fractions for extrusion into nutritionally improved products. Extrusion was performed in a low cost friction extruder. QPM extruded faster than FGM and HPC. FGM required greater specific mechanical energy than QPM. Extrudates from FGM were the most expanded followed by QPM and HPC. Extrudates from the three corn varieties were acceptable to the panelists and decortication did not affect acceptability. The improved nutritional value of QPM, was retained during dry milling and extrusion. Current QPM varieties can be processed into tortillas with longer shelf stability and meal for extrusion into a wide variety of snacks and other foods. These may have application in specialty health foods and in developing countries where maize is a staple food.
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Whitaker, Warren. "NOVEL CORN HYBRIDS FOR SILAGE PRODUCTION." UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/432.
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Four corn (Zea mays) hybrid types at three plant densities and two nitrogen rates were evaluated for forage yield, forage quality and ensilage quality. The four hybrid types over the first two year of the study included nutri-dense, waxy, leafy, and dualpurpose, the third year a second dual purpose hybrid was added; while the three target plant densities were 54 000, 68 000, and 81 000 plants per hectare; and the nitrogen rates were 134 and 224 kilograms per hectare. The dual-purpose hybrid consistently had high forage yields compared with the other types. When averaged over nitrogen rate and hybrid type, the two highest plant densities typically had higher yields. Across all hybrids nitrogen had no effect on forage yield when averaged across plant density. The leafy hybrid had a lower harvest index than other hybrid types indicating that leaves accounted for much of the harvested weight. Hybrids were examined both at harvest (green chop) and after ensiling for protein and digestibility. Higher nitrogen rates increased crude protein when averaged over all hybrids and plant densities. Dual purpose and waxy hybrid types typically had the lowest acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and the highest relative feed values (RFV); while the nutri-dense and leafy hybrids typically had the highest ADF and NDF values and lowest RFV.
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Ippersiel, Denis. "The effect of foliar nitrogen fertilization on nitrogen distribution, yield and protein quality of forage corn /." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63798.
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Pelletier, Bernard 1964. "Management practices, soil quality and maize yield in smallholder farming systems of central Malawi." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37809.
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The effect of management practices used by smallholder farmers to improve soil quality and increase maize yield was examined in an 80 ha. micro-watershed of central Malawi. Because of the complexity inherent in smallholder farming systems, this research proposed the combination of participatory methods with analytical techniques developed in field ecology, such as multivariate and spatial analysis. During a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), farmers identified factors potentially influencing soil quality and maize yield. One hundred and seventy-six (176) plots were located in twenty-nine (29) fields and characterized for management practices and biophysical characteristics. Soil samples were collected at each plot and analysed for a suite of properties. The maize yield was measured for both 1996--97 and 1997--98 seasons. A formal survey was used to gather information on household characteristics. Results showed that management practices that were promoted by a previous extension project, such as alley cropping and the planting of grass on contour ridges, were strongly correlated and found mainly in fields located closer to house compounds. Farmers with a higher proportion of their land under wetland gardens tended to use less agroforestry. Food security was associated with households that were able to purchase inorganic fertilizers, had larger landholding size, and owned livestock and woodlots. The effect of management practices on maize yield and soil quality was partially confounded with characteristics of the plot, such as slope, degradation level, number of years under cultivation or pest damage. Higher maize yield was observed in plots that were better managed, as expressed by the combination of different management practices, lower pest incidence, fewer erosion signs and higher soil fertility. Some positive effects of alley cropping on soil quality were observed in plots that were cultivated for a longer period and located on flatter land. This study demo
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Melkamu, Teshome. "Intercropping in corn : soil physical quality and soil inorganic nitrogen levels." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ44098.pdf.
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Drame, Marieme. "Pearl Millet Nutritional Quality and Fertilization of Sweet Corn in Senegal." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81259.
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Agricultural production is the main source of income and major employer in many countries in Africa, including Senegal. Commercial sweet corn (Zea mays L. ssp. saccharata) production in Senegal is increasing in response to global marketing opportunities and offers producers the ability to increase income and diversify the cropping base. Production of optimum sweet corn yield and quality depends on adequate nutrient supply, particularly, nitrogen (N). Current N recommendations are based on recommendations specific to corn for grain. This study aimed to identify tools to estimate sweet corn N status and determine the most appropriate fertilizer dosage for sweet corn. Non-destructive remote sensing tools and ion exchange resin membranes (IEMs) were used to evaluate the effect of fertilizer dose. No differences in ear yield or yield components, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values, biomass, N uptake or leaf N concentration due to fertilizer dose were detected at Ndiol. However, significant relationships existed between NDVI values and yield, biomass, and N uptake at the V9 growth stage. Only yield was affected by fertilizer dose at Sangalkam, and no consistent relationships were found between chlorophyll meter readings and others measured parameters. Treatment differences due to fertilizer dose for available NH4+ at V9 (Ndiol), and NO3- at V5 (Sangalkam) were found, however further research is needed to fully evaluate the usefulness of IEMs to measure available soil N. Based on these studies, sweet corn fertilizer rates should likely be based on 75% of the dose applied to field corn, however more work is needed to confirm this finding.
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.) is the most widely grown staple crop in Senegal. Introduction of drought tolerant millet genotypes has helped mitigate the effect of increased water shortage in the region, but little is known about the nutritional composition of these genotypes. Our objective was to compare millet grain nutritional composition among and between putative drought tolerant and drought sensitive pearl millet lines under drought stress and well-watered conditions. One field experiment was conducted in 2014 at the National Center for Agronomic Research (CNRA) of Bambey, Senegal (16°30' and 16° 28' N; 15o44' and 15o42' W). The experiment utilized a split-plot design with four replications. Water regime was the main plot experimental factor while genotype, a total of 20 was the sub-plot. Pearl millet genotypes were divided into three contrasting groups based on drought tolerance for comparisons. Water stress did not affect 100-grain weight, test weight, protein, soluble protein, starch, sugars, amino acids or vitamin B2 content of grains among VPD-groups. Accumulation of these constituents of pearl millet grain appear to be genetically controlled and are probably not affected by late drought stress. However, differences were noted among genotypes as the sensitive VPD-group accumulated greater soluble protein, starch and soluble sugars (except sucrose) than the tolerant and medium VPD-groups. The tolerant VPD-group, however, accumulated greater protein and vitamin B2 content. Arginine, proline and serine content was greater in the sensitive VPD-group, while lysine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid were greater in the tolerant VPD-group. Glycine, histidine, threonine, alanine, tyrosine, valine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine were relatively equal in tolerant and sensitive VPD-groups. Calcium and Na levels were affected by water stress in the sensitive VPD-group, but differently. Calcium content was greatest for the sensitive group under drought stress, while sodium was the lowest. Iron accumulation in sensitive VPD-group increased under water stress. Potassium decreased for all VPD-groups under stress, while across water regime, K levels in the drought-sensitive group were lower. Selection for drought appears to effect many of the nutritional constituents of pearl millet grain, however many of these differences appear to be directly related to parameters known to effect plant water relations.Master of Science
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Lucius, Ruth A. "Assessing Corn Quality And Transformation During Nixtamalization: A Physico-Chemical Approach." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1231442056.
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Frick, Tyler James. "The Effects of Forage Level in Whole or Dry-Rolled Corn Based Diets on Carcass Characteristics, Meat Tenderness, and Meat Color." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28178.
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The objective of this study was to determine if increasing the forage level and feeding grain whole as opposed to dry-rolled is a feasible alternative to high energy rations with a similar age at time of slaughter. Steers were fed either twenty or forty percent forage, with whole or dry-rolled corn. There were no differences in fat thickness, longissimus area, KPH, marbling, USDA quality grade, Warner-Bratzler shear force, or cook loss. Cattle fed high forage and whole corn tended to have lower hot carcass weights. Additionally, the forty percent forage treatment tended to have lower USDA yield grades, and had darker colored steak. Also, steaks from the dry-rolled corn treatment had steaks that were redder, and more yellow. Results from this study suggest that increasing forage level, and corn processing might not result in significant differences in carcass characteristics or meat tenderness, but could negatively impact meat color.
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Sebastian, Sylvester. "Effects of bacterial inoculation and propionic acid on fermentation quality, microbial population, and aerobic stability of ensiled high-moisture ear corn." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69657.
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High-moisture ear corn (HMEC) was untreated, treated with propionic acid (PA) or inoculated with a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum and Streptococcus faecium, and then ensiled in both tower and laboratory silos. Ensiled HMEC was evaluated for fermentation quality, silage microbiology, and aerobic stability. In control and inoculated ensiled HMEC, maximum pH reduction was observed within 7 d; such pH reduction was observed only after 21 d of ensiling with PA-treated HMEC. Irrespective of treatment, ammonia concentration increased with storage time. The lactic acid content increased up to 42 d of ensilage; between 138 d and 202 d of ensilage, there was a substantial reduction in lactic acid with all treatments. Throughout ensilage, there was no difference in water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content between control and inoculated HMEC. Secondary fermentation was minimized by both inoculation and PA treatment. Regardless of treatment, the population of lactic acid bacteria increased within 7 d of ensilage and reached a maximum at 21 d of ensilage. Populations of yeasts and moulds decreased with fermentation time up to 42 d, then increased as the ensilage progressed. Bacterial inoculation increased aerobic stability of ensiled HMEC. PA was more effective than inoculation in reducing the disappearance of lactic acid and the rise in pH. Irrespective of treatment, the population of yeasts and moulds and other microorganisms increased in aerated HMEC. Both PA treatment and bacterial inoculation reduced aerobic spoilage of ensiled HMEC. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Stroehlein, J. L., T. C. Tucker, T. A. Doerge, D. D. Fangmeier, N. F. Oebker, T. W. McCreary, E. A. Lakatos, and S. H. Husman. "Interactions of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Water Rates on Sweet Corn Growth, Yield and Quality." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214173.
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Kamota, Agathar. "Effect of BT maize on earthworm activity, silage quality and residue decomposition in the central Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/413.
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There are concerns that genetic modification of maize with Bacillus thuringiensis may influence its structural and chemical composition which, together with the Cry1Ab proteins, may affect agro-ecosystem processes and feed quality. This study was aimed at investigating the expression of Cry1Ab protein in leaves, stems and roots of Bt maize and the effect of genetic modification (MON810) on activity of earthworms, silage quality and decomposition of residues in the field. In 2009/10 four maize cultivars; DKC61-25B, DKC61-24, PAN6Q-321B and PAN6777 were planted. Expression of Cry1Ab in leaves, stems and roots was analyzed at 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after planting (WAP). Earthworms were also sampled from the same treatments at 6, 9 and 18 WAP. Two silage experiments were conducted using maize cultivars, DKC80-12B and DKC80-10 produced in the 2008/09 season and DKC61-25B, DKC61-24, PAN6Q-321B and PAN6777, produced in 2009/10. The silage was sampled at 0, 2, 4, 8, 15 and 42 days in 2008/09 and 0, 8 and 42 days in 2009/10 and analyzed for Ash Free Dry Matter, Crude Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, Acid Detergent Fiber, Acid Detergent Lignin, Crude Protein and Total Digestible Nutrients. Two litter-bag decomposition studies were also carried out (i) in 2008 (surface applied) using maize cultivars DKC80-12B, DKC80-10 and DKC6-125 residues and (ii) in 2009 (soil incorporated) using DKC75-15B, CRN3505, PAN6Q-321B v and PAN6Q-121. Ash-free dry matter and Cry1Ab protein were measured throughout the incubation time. There were no differences between DKC61-25B and PAN6Q-321B in terms of expression of Cry1Ab in leaves, stems and roots over time. The Cry1Ab expression levels were in decreasing order: leaves > stems > roots. No effects of Bt maize on earthworm numbers and biomass were observed. There were no differences in all silages parameters except NDF and ADF, which were higher in the Bt maize silage than that of the non-Bt maize from the 2008/09 season. The Cry1Ab levels were essentially not reduced during ensiling. The maize residues (both Bt and non-Bt maize) degraded to similar levels, either when surface-applied or incorporated into soil but soil-incorporated residues decomposed faster than surface-applied ones. Cry1Ab degraded as the plant matrix decomposed. The findings suggested that maize genetically modified with the Bt MON810 event can be grown in the Central Eastern Cape without affecting earthworm numbers and biomass, silage quality and decomposition of maize residues.
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Doerge, Thomas A., Jack L. Stroehlein, Thomas C. Tucker, Del D. Fangmeier, Norman F. Oebker, Ted W. McCreary, Steve H. Husman, and Eugene A. Lakatos. "Nitrogen and Water Effects on the Growth, Yield and Quality of Drip Irrigated Sweet Corn." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214258.
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A complete factorial experiment using three nitrogen (44, 106 and 160 lbs N/acre) and three water rates (60, 100 and 130% consumptive use) examined the specific management criteria necessary for obtaining optimum yield and quality of drip -irrigated 'Jubilee' sweet coni. The crop was planted on I March and harvested on 10 June, with an 86 /50°F heat unit accumulation of 1738. When present, a nitrogen deficiency greatly decreased marketable yield, number of marketable ears/plant, mean ear weight, ear length and tip fill. Higher moisture rates generally had less effect on yield and quality than did N rates; however, increasing water rates significantly increased marketable yields and plant height, improved tip fill and lessened the occurrence of blank kernels. The effect of N and water rates on N and dry matter accumulation and on diagnostic plant tissue testing results for sweet corn are also presented. The maximum marketable yield obtained in this experiment was 7.8 tons per acre, using 160 lbs N/acre and 21.1 inches of irrigation water.
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Burgers, Allison. "Development of rapid methods to determine the quality of corn for ethanol production." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1468066.
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Dong, Naiyuan. "Adaptation of Quality Protein Maize (Zea Mays L.) to Northern U.S. Corn Belt." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/25180.
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There is a need to increase the value of crops and develop the next generation of healthier
products. Quality protein maize (Zea mays L.) is an option but has never been adapted to short ?
season environments. Quality protein maize (QPM) with homozygous embryo and endosperm
for mutant allele o2 at the ?-zeins regulatory gene opaque-2 shows about 60 to 100% increase in
lysine and tryptophan essential amino acids when comparing with non-QPM maize. The
objectives of this research were to adapt QPM genotypes to the northern U.S. through the NDSU
Early QPM Program, and to evaluate the agronomic potential of early generation QPM lines and
hybrids developed by the NDSU maize breeding program for the northern USA. Fifty-four
inbred lines, including 47 QPM donor lines from the Iowa State University (ISU) maize breeding
program, six experimental lines from the NDSU maize breeding program and one ex-PVP line
from industry, were selected to produce 94 early-QPM backcross populations. Based on the
earliness, protein content, and amino acid levels of lysine, 218 BC1S2 lines were selected for
testcrosses with industry testers. Experiments evaluating testcrosses were arranged in 12 x 12
and 10 x 10 partially balanced lattice designs across three environments in 2013 and 2014. Based
on this evaluation, totally 48 S2 lines were selected for further development, 17 of them
representing the Stiff Stalk (SS) heterotic group and 31 representing the non-SS-group. Selected
lines provided unique advanced inbred lines with hybrid combinations showing not only above
average grain yield, dry down, and protein content but also, high levels of lysine, tryptophan, and
methionine. The results of this research show, for the first time, the successful adaptation of
QPM genotypes to short-season environments. The NDSU maize-breeding program has
developed the first high quality maize products through the EarlyQPM and EarlyQPMF (for
feedstock) national programs.North Dakota Corn Growers Association
Minnesota Corn Growers Association
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Sun, Xiaolun. "Effect of Corn Quality and Enzyme Supplementation on Broiler Performance, Gastrointestinal Enzyme Activity, Nutrient Retention, Intestinal Mucin, and Jejunal Gene Expression." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29897.
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Three 2à 2 factorial experiments (EXP) were conducted to investigate the underlying mechanism of corn quality and a supplemented cocktail enzyme of amylase, protease, and xylanase on broiler performance from 0 to 49 days of age. In each of the first two EXP, the four diets used consisted of (1) diet AR-/BR-; reduced dietary energy by increasing corn A matrix metabolizable energy (ME) 138 kcal/kg in EXP 1 or 125 kcal/kg ME with corn B in EXP 2; (2) diet AR+/BR+; AR-/BR- plus Avizyme 1502® (AZ); (3) diet AN-/BN-; normal energy diet; (4) diet AN+/BN+; AN-/BN- plus AZ. In EXP 3, four dietary treatments came from EXP 1 and 2 consisted of: AN-, AN+, BN-, and BN+. For each EXP, 1,440 male Ross 708 chicks were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments (trts) with 9 replicates (reps)/trt and 40 chicks/ rep on day (d) 0. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) were determined on feed change days (d 14, 28, and 37) and on d 7 and 49. On d 28, subsets of birds were transferred to Petersime batteries to evaluate feed passage rate and nutrient retention. Digesta samples from gizzard, jejunum, and ileum as well as pancreatic tissue samples were collected for analyses of amylase, protease, and xylanase activities. Intestinal tissue samples were collected for determination of maltase, sucrase, and aminopeptidase N activities. Jejunal tissue on d 28 was also collected for total RNA isolation and a subsequent genome-wide microarray assay. On d 50, 54 birds per trt were processed to evaluate carcass yield. Interactions of ME and AZ were observed in both EXP 1 and 2. In EXP 1, interactions of ME and AZ on BWG were observed with higher values in birds fed AN- while lower in birds fed AN+, while opposite observations in EXP 2 with corn B diets. In both EXP 1 and 2, feed conversion ratio (FCR) in birds fed normal energy diets was better (P <0.05) as compared to birds fed reduced energy diets after d 28. Percent fatpad was increased (P <0.05) with dietary energy levels in EXP 1. Percent pectoral minor was increased (P <0.05) in birds fed AZ diets (4.80 vs. 4.62%). In EXP 3, interaction of dietary corn and AZ (P < 0.05) on BWG was noted during d 14 and 37. Birds fed corn B diets had better (P < 0.05) BWG and feed efficiency as compared to birds fed corn A diets until d 14. Nitrogen retention on d 30 was greater (P < 0.05) in birds fed AN- and BN+ as compared to birds fed AN+ and BN-. A 2.8% more apparent metabolizable energy with nitrogen correction (AMEn) in corn A diets was observed as compared to corn B diets. Corn A had higher amylase and xylanase activities as compared to corn B. Xylanase activity in jejunal and ileal digesta of birds fed corn A diets were higher (P < 0.05) as compared to that of corn B birds on d 7 and 49. Sucrase-isomaltase contributed 63, 80, and 74 % of the total maltase activity in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Sucrase activities in duodenum and jejunum were correlated (P < 0.05) with performance, whereas duodenal aminopeptidase N was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with performance except period BWG. Pancreatic amylase and protease as well as gizzard protease and xylanase activities were correlated (P < 0.05) with performance. Number of jejunal genes regulated (P < 0.05) by corn variety was 77 as compared to those by enzyme supplementation in corn A diets (30 genes) and corn B diets (23 genes). Immune response and metabolism related genes were the most regulated genes in birds fed different corn diets without enzyme addition. In conclusion, enzyme supplementation improved broiler performance. Dietary formulation strategy using either reduced energy or normal energy in associated with enzyme supplementation should base on the feed ingredient quality. Corn quality may come from active components such as protease inhibitor and xylanase, and improved performance in birds fed high quality corn diets might also relate with minimal immune response and metabolic demand.Ph. D.
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Samuels, RC. "Application of hazard analysis (HACCP) in starch production by the wet milling of maize." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/819.
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Thesis (Masters Diploma (Food Technology))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town,1993This study is based on the Hazard Analysis in the Wet Milling of maize for the production of starch at the Bellville plant of African Products. Wet milling of maize is a highly specific and completely integrated system developed to separate the major components of the kernel as completely as possible. Many microbiological problems existed in the process at this plant which could not be solved over the years. Microbial analyses were done throughout the plant and high microbial counts were obtained at various sampling points. In applying HACCP, the following major hazards were identified: The presence of Faecal Streptococci, Sraphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Faecal coliforms, Fusarium, Dip/odia, Aspergillus, Penicillium and various Yeast strains. The follOWing Critical Control Points (CCP's) were identified in the wet milling process: Maize trucks, in-process water, steeping, storage tanks, Reineveld, wet mlxmg boxes, Laidlaw, drying and bagging off point. The follOWing were done as part of the HACCP plan: i) modifications of the plant were suggested, ii) different sanitation programmes were evaluated, iii) monitoring of cep's, and iv) training of personnel. In general, a regular sanitation programme need to be exercised in the wet-milling plant to prevent a build up of microbial populations at various sampling points. High S02 levels can be maintained throughout the plant to achieve this. The final starch will then be used for Industrial starch. Criteria to monitor the CCP's were suggested. Hazard Analysis is an effective method to improve the quality of the final product.
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Mejía, Manuel. "Effects of water table management on water quality and strip cropped corn-soybean yields." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27378.
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A two-year field study was carried out in eastern Ontario to investigate the effects of water table management (WTM) on water quality and crop yields. Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max Merr.) were planted in alternate strips across the three treatments of 50 cm controlled water table (CWT), 75 cm CWT and free drainage (FD). Drainflow volume and nitrate-N concentration of the drainage water were measured. Soil samples were collected and analysed for total N, P, K, available N, soil moisture and organic matter levels. Chlorophyll-meter readings and plant harvest parameters were also measured. Rainfall, soil and air temperatures were recorded throughout the growing seasons.The obtained data show that in 1995, the CWT plots significantly increased total drainflow, as compared to FD. In 1996, overall drainflow and nitrate concentrations were significantly reduced. Both the corn and soybean yields were higher with WTM than with FD for both years. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Raville, James Richard. "Quality and browning and the effects of ph adjustment on cakes prepared with high fructose corn syrup." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44065.
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Cakes were prepared with high fructose corn syrup as the total sweetening agent in a moisture adjusted formulation which allowed for the moisture content of the syrup. Three treatments were produced by adding glucose-delta-lactone and cream of tartar (high acid), cream of tartar (medium acid), or no addition (low acid). Cakes were baked and.immediately tested under controlled conditions.
The pH and specific gravity were determined for cake batters. Baked cakes were evaluated for pH, standing height as an index to volume, moisture, deformation, crust color, and crust and crumb browning.
Volume, color and browning were all significantly affected by pH adjustment. As acidity increased, cakes had less volume and a gummy, pudding-like texture. Color decreased and browning decreased at higher levels of acidity. Thus, it was concluded that increasing acidity decreased the overâ development of color and browning, but altered the texture. The high fructose corn syrup sweetened cakes that were moderately acidified by the addition of cream of tartar alone were less brown but lighter in texture than the other treatments.Master of Science
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Mejia, Manuel Armando. "Effects of water table management on water quality and strip-cropped corn-soybean yields." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29753.pdf.
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Imamoglu, Husniye. "SENSORY AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF GRAZING STANDING CORN VERSUS COMMERCIALLY FEED LOT FINISHED BEEF." MSSTATE, 2008. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-10302007-165906/.
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This study compared feed lot finished beef and grazing standing corn beef from young steers for sensory acceptance, sensory quantitative descriptive analysis attributes palatability and WarnerBratzler shear force values. In comparing both feeding treatments results indicated no differences (P > 0.05) between feeding treatments for all attributes including appearance, aroma (with handheld) and (with sniff bottle), texture, flavor and basic taste. However, there was difference (P < 0.05) in flavor, off-flavor for different feeding systems by panelists. Analysis of variance for Warner- Bratzler shear force values revealed no differences (P > .05) between steaks from two treatments. Based on this research, the meat industry may wish to provide the consumer with the option of choosing beef that was traditionally feed lot finished or beef finished by grazing standing corn. Thus, grazing standing corn beef producers could utilize a practicable alternative feeding system with niche market appeal to represent a viable production option.
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Fakude, Moelo Patience. "Eradication of storage insect pests in maize using microwave energy and the effects of the latter on grain quality." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01292009-131525.
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Carruthers, Kerry. "Intercropping of corn with soybean, lupin and forages for weed control and improved silage yield and quality in eastern Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27294.
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The intercropping of corn with legumes is an alternative cropping strategy to corn monocropping which may help reduce inputs into the production of silage for livestock feed. The reduction of inputs will decrease costs to producers and potential damage to the environment. Two experiments were carried out at each of two sites in 1993 and 1994. The first experiment investigated the effects on silage yield and weed control of seeding soybean or lupin alone or in combination with one of three forages (annual ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam.; perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L.; and red clover, Trifolium pratense L.). The second experiment examined the effects on silage yield and weed control of seeding date (simultaneous with corn or three weeks later) and number of rows of large-seeded legumes (one or two) seeded between the corn rows. For both experiments intercropped plots received 90 kg ha$ sp{-1}$ less nitrogen fertilizer than monocropped plots (which received 180 kg ha$ sp{-1})$. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Clark, Jason Daniel. "Yield and Quality of First-Year Corn Silage Following Alfalfa Stand Termination as Affected by Tillage, Herbicide, and Nitrogen Fertilizer." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2342.
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Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine)-containing herbicides are a common and highly effective method to terminate alfalfa (Medicago sativa) stands. With the development and use of glyphosate-resistant (Roundup Ready®) alfalfa, this tool is no longer an option. The purpose of this research was to determine the optimal strategy to rotate from glyphosate-resistant alfalfa into silage corn (Zea mays). Studies were conducted in 2012 and 2013 at sites near Cache Junction and Cornish, Utah to determine the effect of tillage type and timing [fall conventional till (FCT), spring conventional till (SCT), fall strip-till (FST), spring strip-till (SST), and no-till (NT)], 2,4-D plus dicamba herbicide timing (fall, spring, in-crop, and a control), and N rate (0, 56, 112, and 224 kg N ha-1) on soil penetration resistance (PR), alfalfa re-growth, and corn emergence rate index (ERI), silage yield, quality, and economic return. The fall, spring, and in-crop herbicide timings across all tillage treatments reduced alfalfa stem count and biomass by at least 95% and 98%, respectively. Tillage reduced PR compared to NT to or near the depth of tillage. The ERI was significantly higher under FCT, SCT, and SST and when herbicides were applied in fall or spring. Silage yield, quality, and economic return were the highest when spring herbicide timing was used with all tillage types and timings and the fall herbicide timing under conventional tillage. Increasing N rates increased crude protein, milk ha-1, and dry matter yield. However, optimal yield and quality can be obtained with no additional N fertilizer. First-year silage corn yield, quality, and economic return can be optimized under fall or spring conventional till, strip-till, and no-till at the spring herbicide timing along with the fall herbicide timing for conventional tillage with no additional N fertilizer.
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Ryan, Andrea L. "Assessment of spatial variability of silage corn quality and biomass using remote sensing and GIS techniques." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30294.
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The Matsqui area of the Lower Fraser Valley exhibits extreme soil heterogeneity, as the alluvial soils in the area have been deposited by the Fraser River as a series of coarse-textured ridges and finer-textured depressional areas. This variability poses some obvious problems with respect to agricultural management. The main aim of this study was to evaluate soil spatial variability in four fields, and to relate this soil variability to corn production and quality.
Site conditions, topography, and soil chemical and physical variables were related to corn biomass and nutrient concentrations using conventional correlation/regression analyses, and more spatially representative techniques such as those provided by remote sensing and geographic information systems.
Variations in such biophysical variables as soil moisture, elevation, and bulk density had consistent impacts on corn productivity, although these effects varied from field to field, being influenced by inherent soil properties and individual field management.
Good relationships were found between pixel brightness values extracted from digitized colour infra-red photos and corn quality variables. In three out of four fields, near infra-red pixel values gave good estimates of total corn crude protein content. Significant relationships were also found between pixel brightness values and corn phosphorus and calcium contents in certain fields.
The spatial variability of corn quality and biomass could be quantified using image analysis classification techniques. The resulting classified images indicate to the farm operator where high vs low quality corn is being produced, and thereby provide a tool for selectively managing and harvesting the fields.
The relationships and quantification of corn productivity and quality in the fields can further be improved through incorporation of the image data with the biophysical data base using GIS techniques. A multiple regression equation showing a significant relationship between elevation and pixel brightness values, and total corn phosphorus concentration was incorporated within the GIS to produce a quantitative corn quality map for the field exhibiting this relationship. The GIS overlay capability facilitates the classification of several corn variables, and allows the results to be displayed in a spatial manner. For example, corn biomass and quality maps were overlain using GIS techniques, to produce a combination map which then reflected both the quality and quantity of corn found in the field.
Through integration of remote sensing and GIS techniques, soil and crop variability can be displayed in a spatial manner. The output from such procedures can aid farm operators in making selective field management and harvesting decisions.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Black, Patricia Lynne. "Characterizing quality and composition of beef derived from cattle fed steam-flaked corn diets with combinations of dry-rolled corn and dried distiller’s grains with solubles." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1459.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
James S. Drouillard
A trial was conducted replacing portions of steam-flaked corn with either dry-rolled corn or dried distiller’s grains with solubles to evaluate effects on performance, carcass characteristics, carcass composition, meat color stability, and meat sensory attributes. Seven hundred crossbred yearling heifers (302 ± 65 kg initial BW) were used in a randomized complete block experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. All diets contained steam-flaked corn (SFC), and factors consisted of the levels of dry-rolled corn (DRC; 0 or 25%) and dried corn distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS; 0 or 25%). Results revealed no interactions between DRC and DDGS in terms of effects on feedlot performance, and only minor interactive effects were observed for carcass characteristics and meat quality attributes. Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics were not affected by the addition of DRC or DDGS (P > 0.05). Carcass composition and meat quality attributes were measured to determine if fat content of carcasses was altered by feeding DDGS. Diet had no significant effects, as carcasses from the four treatments contained similar amounts of separable portions of muscle, adipose, and bone; and similar percentages of protein, moisture, and ether extract. Compositions of both adipose and muscle tissue were evaluated to assess differences in fatty acid profile. Minimal effects were noted on the fatty acid profiles of the muscle and adipose tissue from cattle fed DDGS or DRC. Feeding cattle DDGS decreased alpha tocopherol (vitamin E) content of meat (P < 0.05). Meat quality attributes were largely unaffected by addition of DRC or DDGS to the diet, as retail color display life, lipid oxidation, sensory attributes, and heterocyclic amine concentrations were not different among treatments. Overall, DRC or DDGS can replace portions of SFC without negatively altering feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, meat composition, or meat quality attributes.
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Black, Patricia Lynne. "Characterizing quality and composition of beef derived from cattle fed steam-flaked corn diets with combinations of dry-rolled corn and dried distiller's grains with solubles." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1459.
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Kennedy, Victoria Carolyn. "Supplementation of Corn Dried Distiller's Grains Plus Solubles to Gestating Beef Cows Fed Low-Quality Forage." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27877.
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To investigate the effects of corn dried distiller?s grains plus solubles (DDGS) supplementation to cows during late gestation, 27 multiparous beef cows were divided randomly into 2 treatment groups (CON; n = 15; SUP = DDGS at 0.3% of BW; n = 12). Supplemented cows gained BW (P < 0.01) while CON cows tended to lose BW (P = 0.06). A main effect of treatment (P = 0.02) and day (P < 0.01) was observed for total uterine blood flow (BF). Calves born to SUP cows tended to be heavier than calves born to CON cows (P = 0.06). Both groups gained (P < 0.01) BW with advancing lactation. Supplementing DDGS altered voluntary feed intake, cow body maintenance, uterine and mammary blood flow, and calf weaning weights. Results suggest an influence on overall maternal metabolism and nutrient flux to the fetus.
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van, den Hoek Gerardo. "The Impact of Deficit Irrigation on the Productivity and Nutritive Quality of Forage Corn and Sorghum." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10036188.
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Corn (Zea mays) is the dominant silage crop for irrigated dairy regions. Sorghum’s (Sorghum bicolor) drought tolerance shows potential to be grown for silage under conditions of water shortages. A two year experiment was conducted in Five Points, CA to determine the yield and nutritive quality of forage corn (CORN), conventional sorghum (CONV) and brown midrib sorghum (BMR) at 100%, 80% and 60% of full irrigation (ETc) under a center-pivot irrigation system. Yields were measured and forage quality was determined using % Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), % NDF digested in 30 hours (NDFD30), % Crude Protein (CP), and % starch as quality parameters. Results in 2014 had a high degree of variability leading to no significances in yields. In 2015, CORN yield’s reduced 57% more than BMR per unit of water, whilst CONV and BMR maintained yields from the 100 to 80% levels. The decline in NDFD30 with additional water was significantly larger in CONV than in CORN and in BMR. BMR had NDFD30 values up to 10% higher than those of CORN. CORN % starch decreased significantly with a 20% decrease in water application. Sorghum had a negligible amount of starch at all levels. CP decreased uniformly across all three types of forages with increased irrigation. We can conclude, therefore, that during water shortages, sorghum can provide high-yielding (>15 Mg/ha), digestible (>60% NDFD30) silage for use in dairy rations. However, sorghum must be supplemented with grain to compensate for the low starch.
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Njaimwe, Arnold Ngare. "Tillage and crop rotation impacts on soil, quality parameters and maize yield in Zanyokwe Irrigation Scheme, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/460.
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Intensive tillage and monoculture cropping practices reduce soil C accumulation hence increasing soil vulnerability to chemical, physical and biological degradation. This study focussed on enhancing biomass production of wheat and oat winter cover crops as a means of increasing C sequestration in the low organic C soils of the central part of Eastern Cape Province. The specific objectives were (i) to evaluate the short-term effects of no till and cereal-fallow based crop rotations on; soil organic matter related parameters, pH and electrical conductivity, (ii) soil bulk density, water retention and aggregate stability, (iii) soil microbial biomass C and N, mineralizable N, soil respiration, and dehydrogenase enzyme activity, (iv) grain yield, soil nutrient concentration (N, P and K) and their uptake by maize, and (v) to identify soil parameters with high sensitivity to tillage under maize-fallow-maize, maize-wheat-maize and maize-oat-maize rotational cover cropping practices. The experiment was laid out as a split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Tillage treatments (CT and NT) were applied on the main plots which measured 8 × 18 m while crop rotation treatments were applied in the subplots which measured 8 × 6 m. The rotation treatments were maize-fallow-maize (MFM), maize-wheat-maize (MWM) and maize-oat-maize (MOM). Weed control in NT plots involved preplant application of glyphosate to control mainly the grass weeds while post emergence weed management was done using Atrazine (485 atrazine and 15 g l-1 triazines). Initial weed control in CT plots was achieved through ploughing to a depth of 20 cm followed by disking while post emergence weed iii management was done by hand hoeing. Soil parameters measured were; (i) particulate organic matter (POM), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), pH and electrical conductivity (EC), (ii) soil bulk density (b), moisture at field capacity (FC), aggregate mean weight diameter (MWD) determined by fast wetting (FW), slow wetting (SW), mechanical breakdown by shaking (MB) and the stability index (SI), (iii) soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), mineralizable N (MN), soil respiration (SR), and dehydrogenase enzyme activity (DHEA). No-till increased POM and TN compared to CT in Lenye and Burnshill, respectively. The MWM and the MOM rotations increased TN relative to the MFM rotation in Lenye. The MWM and MOM rotations enhanced SOC relative to MFM in all sampled soil depths at Burnshill and similar observations were made under MOM rotation in the 5-20 cm depth in Lenye. The MWM and MOM rotations tended to depress soil pH relative to the MFM rotation in both sampled soil depths in Lenye while NT reduced soil pH relative to CT on the surface soil layer in Burnshill. Soil EC and pH varied with depth across tillage practices but both parameters remained within the ideal range for successful crop production over the study period. Soil stability index (SI) and aggregate MWD determined by FW, SW and MB were higher in Lenye compared to Burnshill. The MOM rotation enhanced the SI relative to MFM and MWM rotations at both sites. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that more organic C was incorporated into the soil under NT and MOM rotation compared to CT and MFM rotation which had few organic coatings on the soil particles. Microbial properties varied with plant biomass input as influenced by tillage and type of rotational cover crop at both sites. Like in other past studies, NT showed higher levels of MBC, MBN, NM and SR at the soil surface layer compared to CT in Burnshill. No till increased MN iv relative to CT in both sampled soil depths in Lenye and resulted in higher DHEA compared to CT in Burnshill. The MOM rotation increased MBC, MBN, MN relative to MFM rotation especially within surface soil layer. Similar observations were made with respect to MN and SR in both sampled soil layers at Lenye. By contrast, the DHEA was higher under the MFM relative to the MWM and MOM rotations in Lenye but similar under the MFM and MOM rotations in Burnshill. Maize grain yield was not affected by both tillage and crop rotations but varied with cropping season. Comparable grain yields observed under the two tillage practices with similar fertilizer application rates indicated the advantage of NT over CT in saving on labour costs in maize production without compromising yields. High plant biomass retention under NT relative to CT contributed to high soil N and P levels under the former compared to the latter tillage practice especially on soil surface layer at both study sites. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that soil chemical and biological parameters closely linked to organic matter, namely SOC, MN, MBC and MBN showed the highest sensitivity to tillage and crop rotation treatments. Soil aggregate MWD determined by SW and b were the physical parameters which were highly altered by agronomic management practice. The MWM and MOM rotations were clustered together and clearly separated from the MFM rotation and this observed trend only applied to the 0-5 and 5-20 cm depths in Lenye site only. No till, MWM and MOM rotations enhanced POM, SOC and TN relative to CT and MFM rotation suggesting these practices have greater potential to improve soil chemical properties compared to intensive tillage and maize monoculture based production practices. Reduced soil b under MOM rotation and improved SI under NT compared to MFM and CT, respectively v indicate that these practices have the potential to improve degraded soils. Although not significantly different, NT values for MBC, MBN, MN, SR and DHEA were higher compared to CT indicating the potential of the practice to improve soil biotic activity relative to conventional tillage practices. No till enhanced surface soil nitrate N and extractable P compared to CT at both sites revealing the long-term potential of NT in improving the supply of these essential plant nutrients compared to CT. Principal component analysis showed that SOC, MN, K, P, MBC, MBN, soil aggregate MWD determined by SW and b were the most sensitive parameters to tillage and crop rotations. Therefore, these parameters could constitute the minimum data set for assessments of the impact of selected CA practices on soil quality attributes.
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Fleuridor, Louceline. "Soil Quality and Yield of Corn and Forage as Affected by Two Years of Consecutive Gypsum Application." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555628005137812.
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Kenney, Ian T. "Regional assessment of short-term impacts of corn stover removal for bioenergy on soil quality and crop production." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13186.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agronomy
Humberto Blanco
DeAnn Presley
The U.S. agricultural sector is in a prime position to provide crop residues such as corn (Zea mays L.) stover as feedstock for large-scale bioenergy production. While producing renewable energy from biomass resources is a worthy initiative, excessive removal of corn stover from agricultural fields has the potential to increase soil erosion, degrade soil properties, and reduce corn yields. A need exists to objectively assess stover removal impacts on agriculture and the environment on regional scales. This project assessed the effects of removing various rates of corn stover on runoff and erosion and changes in soil physical properties and corn yields on a regional scale across three soils at Colby, Hugoton, and Ottawa in Kansas, USA. The soils were Ulysses silt loam (Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Haplustolls) at Colby, Hugoton loam (Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Argiustolls) at Hugoton, and Woodson silt loam (Fine, smectitic, thermic Abruptic Argiaquolls) at Ottawa, all with slopes [less than or equal to] 1%. Five stover treatments were studied that consisted of removing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of stover after harvest from no-till and strip-till continuous corn plots. Simulated rainfall was applied in spring 2010 at rates representing 5 yr return intervals at each site and included a dry and wet run. Runoff increased with an increase in stover removal at Colby and Hugoton, but not at Ottawa. At Colby, stover removal rates as low as 25% caused runoff to occur 16 min sooner and increased sediment loss. At this site, runoff and sediment-carbon (C) loss increased as removal rates exceeded 25%. At Hugoton, complete stover removal increased loss by total N by 0.34, total P loss by 0.07, PO[subscript]4-P by 0.003 and NO[subscript]3-N by 0.007 kg ha-[superscript]1. At Ottawa, PO[subscript]4-P loss decreased by 0.001 kg ha-[superscript]1 with 25% removal and by 0.003 kg ha-[superscript]1 with 50% removal. Mean weight diameter (MWD) of wet aggregates decreased with an increase in stover removal on all soils. At Ottawa, stover removal at 75% reduced soil C in the top 5 cm by 1.57 Mg ha-[superscript]1. Soil volumetric water content decreased with stover removal at Colby and Ottawa, but was variable at Hugoton. Soil temperature tended to increase with stover removal during summer months and decrease during winter months. Soil temperature also fluctuated much more widely with stover removal, resulting in more freeze-thaw events compared to no stover removal. No effect of stover removal on soil water retention was observed on any of the soils. In 2009, removal rates [greater than or equal to]50% resulted in greater grain yield at Colby, while removal rates [greater than or equal to]75% resulted in greater grain yields at Ottawa in 2009 and 2010. Results from the first two years of stover management suggest that stover removal at rates above 25% for bioenergy production increased water erosion, degraded soil structural properties, and altered soil water and temperature regimes. Higher rates of removal ([greater than or equal to]75%) can also reduce soil C concentration in the short-term in rainfed regions. However, grain yields may be enhanced by stover removal from irrigated soils and from rainfed soils with adequate moisture. Overall, the increase in water erosion and alteration in soil properties in the short-term suggest that stover removal can detrimentally affect water quality and soil productivity in Kansas. Further long-term monitoring is warranted to conclusively discern stover removal implications.
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Batista, Lucas Ferreira. "Avaliação nutricional da qualidade do milho para frangos de corte em Goiás." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6719.
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The objective of this study was to increase the knowledge about the nutritional composition of maize grains and correlate the main physical and chemical variables that contribute to the energetic values of maize grains used in broiler rations. For this, corn grains samples received by a commercial broiler feed factory located in southeastern Goias during the years 2012 to 20015 were analyzed. The parameters evaluated were divided into physical variables such as: Moisture content (%),% (Kg / m³), chemical variables such as:% Ethereal Extract,% Crude Protein,% Crude Fiber,% Crude Grain,% Crude Grain,% Crude Grain,% Crude Grain and the presence of mycotoxins (Aflatoxin and Fumonisin. In the present work, the values, mean, median, maximum and minimum values, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and normality tests and data distribution were described for each physical and chemical variable analyzed. Where there was no normal distribution of the results during the experimental period, revealing variation of these variables. Significant correlations (P <0.05) were found between the physical variables, Density and Humidity (-0.76), Infested Grains and Presence of Fumonisin (0.81); Moderate among the variables Crude Protein and Presence of Fumonisin (0.63) and% of Good Grains and Broken Grains (-0.70); (-0.15), Presence of Aflatoxins (0.28),% Good Grains (0.33) and% of Broken Grains (-0.41), among the variables Crude Protein and (-0.23), Presence of Aflatoxins and% of Humidity (-0,30) and Fumonisins (-0,27), between Presence of Aflatoxins and% of Humidity ( 0.30) and Specific Density (0.28) and the Presence of Fumonisins with Specific Density (0.43). A metabolism test was also carried out with 400 broilers, 14 days old, of the Cobb 500 male lineage, to verify the influence of the specific gravity of the corn kernels on the values of Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME), Apparent Metabolizable Energy corrected by nitrogen balance (AMEn), in natural and dry matter, Apparent Metabolizable Coefficient of Crude Protein (AMC_CP), Ethereal Extract (AMC_EE), Calcium (AMC_CA), and Phosphorus (AMC_P) were evaluated. For this purpose, different samples of maize with specific densities of 740, 760, 780 and 800 kg / m³ were obtained in a commercial feed factory for broilers, located in southeast Goias. The different fractions of specific density of maize had different bromatological compositions, with variations mainly in the Gross Energy (2.28%), Crude Fiber (21.6%), Ethereal Extract (16%) and Percentage of Infested Grains. The treatments were significant (P <0.05), on the values of AME, AMEn, AMC_DM, AMC_EE, AMC_CA and AMC_P, but did not have trend curve proportional to the stipulated variations for the specific density, not determining which fraction of corn would be of better nutritional quality. What alerts us to analyze all the physical and chemical characteristics of the grains, besides the specific density, in order to determine the quality of the corn received in the feed factory for broiler chicken.
O objetivo deste estudo foi de ampliar os conhecimentos acerca da composição nutricional dos grãos de milho e correlacionar as principais variáveis físicas e químicas que contribuem para variação dos valores energéticos dos grãos de milho utilizados nas rações de frangos de corte. Para isto foram analisadas amostras à granel recebidas por uma fábrica de ração comercial para frangos de corte, localizada no sudeste goiano, durante os anos de 2012 a 20015. Os parâmetros avaliados foram divididos em variáveis físicas como: Teor de Umidade (%), % de Grãos Bons, % de Grãos Ardidos, % de grãos carunchados, % de grãos Chochos, % de Grãos Quebrados e Densidade Específica (kg/m³), variáveis químicas como: % de Extrato Etéreo, % de Proteína Bruta, % de Fibra Bruta e a presença de micotoxinas (Aflatoxina e Fumonisina). No presente trabalho foram descritos os valores, médios, mediana, valor máximo e mínimo, desvio padrão, coeficiente de variação e testes de normalidade e distribuição dos dados, para cada variável física e química analisada. Onde verificou-se não normalidade de distribuição dos resultados no decorrer do período experimental, revelando variação destas variáveis. Foram encontradas correlações significativas (P<0,05), altas entre as variáveis físicas, Densidade e Umidade (-0,76), Grãos Carunchados e Presença de Fumonisina (0,81); moderadas entre as variáveis Proteína Bruta e Presença de Fumonisina (0,63) e % de Grãos Bons e Grãos Quebrados (-0,70); baixas entre as variáveis Densidade e Extrato (-0,15), Presença de Aflatoxinas (0,28), % Grãos de Bons (0,33) e % de Grãos Quebrados (-0,41), entre as variáveis Proteína Bruta e % de Grãos Ardidos (-0,23) e Umidade (-0,13), Presença de Aflatoxinas e % de Umidade (-0,30) e Fumonisinas (-0,27), entre Presença de Aflatoxinas e % de Umidade (-0,30) e Densidade Específica (0,28) e da Presença de Fumonisinas com a Densidade Específica (0,43). Também foi realizado ensaio de metabolismo, com 400 frangos de corte, com 14 dias de idade, da linhagem Cobb 500, machos, para verificar a influência da densidade específica dos grãos de milho nos valores de Energia Metabolizável Aparente (EMA), Energia Metabolizável Aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), nos Coeficientes de Metabolizabilidade Aparente da Matéria Seca (CMMS), da Proteína Bruta (CMPB), do Extrato Etéreo (CMEE), do Cálcio (CMCA) e do Fósforo (CMP). Para isto foram obtidas diferentes amostras de milhos com densidades específicas de 740, 760, 780 e 800 kg/m³, em uma fábrica de ração comercial para frangos de corte, localizada no sudeste goiano. As diferentes frações de densidade específica de milho, tiveram diferentes composições bromatológicas, havendo variações principalmente nos teores de Energia Bruta (2,28%), Fibra Bruta (21,6%), Extrato Etéreo (16%) e Percentual de Grãos Carunchados. Os tratamentos foram significativos (P<0,05), sobre os valores de EMA, EMAn, CM_MS, CM_EE, CM_CA e CM_P, porém não tiveram curva de tendência proporcional às variações estipuladas para a densidade específica, não determinando qual fração de milho seria de melhor qualidade nutricional. O que nos alerta para analisar todas as características físicas e químicas dos grãos, além da densidade específica, a afim de determinar a qualidade do milho recebido na fábrica de ração para frango de corte.
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Noon, Corissa. "The use of corn and barley in diets for veal calves, effects on performance, diet digestibility and carcass quality." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq26254.pdf.
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Graham, Amanda Brooke. "The effects of low-, medium-, and high-oil dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fat quality in finishing pigs." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15851.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Robert Goodband
Three experiments used 1,756 pigs to evaluate the effects of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) varying in oil content on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality in growing-finishing pigs. A fourth experiment used 12 pigs and determined the energy concentration and nutrient digestibility of the DDGS sources used in the previous 3 growth studies. Lastly, a fifth experiment used 576 pigs to determine the effects of DDGS and wheat middlings (midds) withdrawal 24 d before harvest in diets without or with ractopamine HCl (RAC) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fat quality, and organ/intestine weights. Experiment 1 determined that increasing 7.4% oil DDGS decreased (linear, P < 0.02) ADG and G:F. Also, final BW, HCW, and carcass yield decreased (linear, P < 0.03), but jowl iodine value (IV) increased (linear, P < 0.001) as DDGS increased. Experiments 2 and 3 utilized DDGS sources that contained 5.2 vs. 9.3, and 9.2 vs. 11.8% oil, respectively. In brief, results suggested that while ADG was unaffected, feeding DDGS with 5.2% oil reduced G:F. In Exp. 4, stepwise regression was used to develop prediction equations based to determine that a 1% change in oil content of DDGS will change the DE by 71 kcal/kg and NE by 118 kcal/kg. Experiment 5 determined that pigs fed corn-soy (CS) diets throughout the finishing phase had greater (P < 0.03) ADG, G:F, and carcass yield and lower (P < 0.01) IV than those fed high fiber (HF; DDGS and wheat midds) diets throughout, with pigs fed the fiber withdrawal intermediately. Pigs fed RAC had greater (P < 0.01) ADG, G:F, and carcass yield than pigs not fed RAC. Iodine values were lowest (P < 0.01) for pigs fed the CS diets, highest (P < 0.01) for those fed HF diets throughout, and intermediate for pigs fed the withdrawal diet. Withdrawal of the HF diet to a CS diet partially mitigated negative effects on carcass yield and IV, and feeding RAC, regardless of dietary fiber regimen, improved growth performance and carcass yield.
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Carruthers, Kerry. "Intercropping of corn with soybean, lupin and forages for weed control and improved silage yield and quality in eastern Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0001/MQ29669.pdf.
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Towers, Brittany N. "Rapid Quality Assessment of Corn-Based products by Infrared Spectroscopy and Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectroscopy with Multivariate Analysis." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366368685.
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Ren, Jie. "Multi-temporal Remote Sensing of Changing Agricultural Land Uses within the Midwestern Corn Belt, 2001-2015." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81559.
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The Midwest US has experienced significant changes in agricultural land use and management practices in recent decades. Cropland expansion, crop rotation change, and crop phenology changes could lead to divergent environmental impacts on linked ecosystems. The overall objective is to examine agricultural land use and management changes and their impacts on water quality in the Midwest US, which is addressed in three separate studies. The first study examined spatial and temporal dimensions of agricultural land use dynamics in east-central Iowa, 2001-2012. Results of this study indicated that increases in corn production in response to US biofuel policies had been achieved mainly by altering crop rotation. This study also examined spatial relationships between cultivated fields and crop rotation practices with respect to underlying soils and terrain. The most intensively cultivated land had shallower slopes and fewer pedologic limitations than others, and the corn was planted on the most suitable soils. The second study characterized key crop phenological parameters (SOS and EOS) for corn and soybean and analyzed their spatial patterns to evaluate their change trends in the Midwest US, 2001-2015. Results showed that MODIS-derived SOS and EOS values are sensitive to input time-series data and threshold values chosen for crop phenology detection. The non-winter MODIS NDVI time-series input data, and a lower threshold value (i.e., 40%) both generated better results for SOS and EOS estimates. Spatial analyses of SOS and EOS values displayed clear south-north gradient for corn and trend analyses of SOS revealed only a small percentage of counties showed statistically significant earlier trends within a user-defined temporal window (2001-2012). The third study integrated remote sensing-derived products from the first two studies with the SWAT model to assess impacts of agricultural management changes on sediment and nutrient yields for three selected watersheds in the Midwest US. With satisfied calibration and validation results for stream flows, sediment and nutrient yields, considered under differing management scenarios, were compared at different spatial scales. Results showed that intensive crop rotation, advancing the planting date with the same length of growing season, and longer growing seasons, dramatically increased, maintained, and slightly reduced sediment, total nitrogen, and total phosphorous yields, respectively. Overall, these studies together illuminate relationships between broad-scale agricultural policies, management decisions, and environmental impacts, and the value of multi-temporal, broad-scale, geospatial analysis of agricultural landscapes.Ph. D.
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Dias, Francisco Nogueira. "Avaliação de parâmetros agronômicos e nutricionais em híbridos de milho (Zea mays L.) para silagem." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-25102002-104327/.
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A porcentagem de grãos na MS é um dos principais parâmetros utilizados na determinação da qualidade do milho para silagem. A partir da década de 80 alguns trabalhos mostraram a importância da porção volumosa da planta na digestibilidade e valor nutritivo da silagem. Este trabalho avaliou as características agronômicas, frações químicas, digestibilidade da planta e potencial de produção de leite em vinte híbridos testados em quatro localidades do Estado de São Paulo. O material foi colhido quando os grãos atingiram o ponto de maturidade (2/3 da linha de leite), sendo esse dividido em grãos, espiga, haste e folhas, para análise posterior. Primeiramente, todas as amostras foram analisadas por espectroscopia (NIRS), para definir quais delas deveriam ser analisadas pela metodologia convencional com a finalidade de melhorar as curvas de predição. Segundo, as amostras selecionadas foram analisadas para se determinar os teores de FDN, FDN digestível, amido e amido digestível. E em terceiro, esses resultados obtidos foram utilizados para calcular a equação de regressão para estimar os teores de MS, FDN, FDN digestível, FDA, amido, amido digestível, EE, MM, proteína e digestibilidade in vitro da haste e da planta toda. Estes resultados foram utilizados para se determinar as correlações entre dados agronômicos e frações químicas, e estimar o potencial de produção de leite utilizando-se a planilha de Schwab e Shaver (Milk 2000) em cada localidade. Os resultados obtidos nas quatro localidades mostraram que na média a haste, espiga, grãos e folhas constituem 56, 27, 35 e 17% da planta, respectivamente. Os teores médios de FDN, FDNd, amido, amidod foram 55, 60,9, 22,6 e 99,97%, respectivamente. A DIVMS apresentou grande variação entre cultivares e locais (51,7 a 70,9%). A FDN e FDA foram negativamente correlacionadas com a DIVMS (-0,60 e -0,50, respectivamente), sendo que o teor e a digestibilidade do amido, e a FDN foram positivamente correlacionados coma DIVMS (0,43, 0,62 e 0,41, respectivamente). O potencial médio de produção de leite estimado foi acima de 30.000 litros de leite por hectare e 1.300 litros de leite por ton de MS de forragem.Corn that is to be harvested for silage is usually selected from existing grain hybrids. Recent evidence suggests that improved nutritive value of corn silage could be achieved through selection for high stover fiber digestibility. Agronomic and nutritive characteristics and milk production potential of twenty corn hybrids were evaluated at four sites in the state of Sao Paulo. Plants were harvested when the milk line had progressed 2/3 down from the top of the kernel. The material was fractioned into stem, leaves and ears + husk to determine the agronomic parameters; nutritional characteristics were estimated in whole-plant corn and corn stover. All samples were spectroscopically analyzed (NIRS); NDF, digestible NDF, starch and digestible starch were analyzed by the conventional wet chemistry analytical methodology in 45% of the samples. The improved prediction equations were used to estimate the percentage of DM, NDF, digestible NDF, FDA, starch, digestible starch, EE, MM, protein and IVDMD. Milk production potential was estimated by the worksheet proposed by Schwab and Shaver (Milk 2000). Stover, ear+husk, kernel and leaves overall mean percentages were 56, 27, 35 and 17%, respectively. NDF, digestible NDF, starch and digestible starch overall mean percentages were 55, 61, 23 and 100%, respectively. IVDMD showed a large variation among hybrids and sites (51.7 to 70.9%). NDF and ADF were negatively correlated to IVDMD (-0.6 and 0.5) and starch content, starch digestibility and NDF digestibility were positively correlated to IVDMD (0.43, 0.62 and 0.41, respectively). Overall estimated potential milk production means were 30,000 liters per hectare and 1,300 liters per ton of forage dry matter.
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Rodenhuis, Mary Alyson. "Effects of Grain Type and Oil Concentration of Corn Dried Distillers Grains Plus Solubles of Digestion, Finishing Performance, and Carcass Quality." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28016.
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Changes in ethanol processing have resulted in a reduction of oil in the final coproduct, DDGS, available as a feedstuff. Lowering the oil concentration can decrease the total energy in the diet and, therefore, could affect the animal?s performance. Therefore, we designed two studies where the objectives were to evaluate the influence of grain type and oil concentration of DDGS on finishing cattle performance, feeding behavior, carcass quality, and site of digestion. Our results indicated that steers fed the barley based diet were more efficient as they had a higher gain to feed ratio. Additionally, there were no effects of oil concentration of DDGS on finishing cattle performance or carcass quality. Finally, there were some differences in site of digestion between barley and corn diets however of DM, OM, CP, and starch however, no differences were found when comparing low versus moderate oil concentration DDGS.
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Olson, Daniel O. "Relationship of Vegetation Indices from Drone-Based Passive Optical Sensors with Corn Grain Yield and Sugar Beet Root Yield and Quality." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29887.
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The main goal of this study was to calibrate small unmanned aircraft system (SUAS) based vegetation indices with fertilizer-N application rate and yield for corn and sugar beet. It was hypothesized that canopy reflectance would change with increasing fertilizer-N application rates. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the crop yield and quality in response to fertilizer application rates at two field sites, (ii) map vegetation indices of the experimental plots using drone-based optical sensors, and (iii) calibration of vegetation indices with crop yield. During 2017 and 2018 growing seasons, field trials were conducted to determine corn and sugar beet response to fertilizer-N application rates. In general, the use of optical sensors for quantitative and qualitative relationships were greater after the V6 growth stage in both corn and sugar beet. Early season moisture deficiency, disease, and crop size could impact the quality of the optical sensing data collection.
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Battaglia, Martin. "Crop residue management effects on crop production, greenhouse gases emissions, and soil quality in the Mid-Atlantic USA." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86483.
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Cellulosic biomass-to-bioenergy systems can provide environmental and economic benefits to modern societies, reducing the dependence on fossil-fuels and greenhouse gas emissions while simultaneously improving rural economies. Corn (Zea mays L.) stover and wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) residues have particular promise given these crops are widely grown and their cellulosic fractions present a captured resource as a co-product of grain production. Annual systems also offer the ability to change crops rapidly in response to changing market demands. However, concerns exist about residue removal effects on soil health, greenhouse gases emissions and subsequent crop productivity. The carbon footprint and the crop yield productivity and soil health responses resulting from the removal of crop residues has been studied extensively over the last 20 years, but this research has been largely conducted in the Corn Belt. To investigate the impact of crop residue removal in the Mid-Atlantic USA, combinations of corn stover (0, 3.33, 6.66, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1) and wheat straw (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 Mgha-1) were soil applied in a corn-wheat/soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rotation in Virginia's Coastal Plain. Corn stover (0, 3.33, 6.66, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1) was applied in a continuous corn cropping system in the Ridge/Valley province. For each system, residues were applied following grain harvest over two production cycles. Each experiment was conducted as a randomized complete design with four replications. The highest rates of stover retention resulted in greater greenhouse gas emissions in year 1, but not year 2 of these studies and did not affect overall global warming potentials. Stover application also increased soil carbon but had little effect on other measures of soil quality. Stover K levels were greater with high rates of stover retention. Overall, these studies indicate little effect of residue removal or retention (above typical residue production rates) on subsequent crop production, greenhouse gas emissions, or soil health measures in the short term. This study is one of the first to assess residue removal in the Mid-Atlantic USA and is the first study to investigate the impacts that managing more than one crop residue in a multi-crop system. Longer-term research of this type may be warranted both to determine the consequences of residue management and to start building a regionally-specific body of knowledge about these practices.Ph. D.