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Academic literature on the topic 'Cornée – Lésions et blessures – Microbiologie'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cornée – Lésions et blessures – Microbiologie"
Gingras, Marie-Ève. "La modulation de l'expression du gène de la sous-unité α5 de l'intégrine α5β1 dans le contexte de la cicatrisation cornéenne." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19852.
Full textCouture, Camille. "Étude de la guérison des plaies cornéennes in vitro et in vivo." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70365.
Full textThe cornea is a unique tissue due to its transparency, a crucial feature allowing proper light transmission to the retina. However, because of its position at the outer surface of the eye, the cornea is subjected to traumas that may alter vision quality. Such traumas may affect the capacity of corneal stem cells to regenerate the tissue. In that case, visual acuity is greatly reduced or even abolished. Corneal wound healing is a complex process that involves extracellular matrix remodeling as well as many cellular processes such as migration, proliferation, differentiation and cell-cell communication. The goal of this thesis was to study the molecular and cellular processes that occur during corneal wound healing. To do so, human tissue-engineered corneas as well as primary corneal cells cultivated as monolayers were used to study corneal wound healing. Using these in vitro models, we established that corneal wound healing processes could be significantly accelerated by inhibiting the protein CREB while activating the protein AKT. The pharmacological agents used were C646, a CREB inhibitor, and SC79, an AKT agonist. These pharmacological agents were also used in vivo in a rabbit wound model. After establishing the best method for creating reproducible corneal wounds, we showed that the lowest concentrations of C464 and SC79 tend to accelerate the healing. As exosomes are well known to participate in cell-cell communication during wound healing, we isolated these small extracellular vesicles secreted by either corneal epithelial cells, corneal fibroblasts and corneal endothelial cells. Their impact on the corneal wound healing process was therefore investigated. Taken together, the results presented in this thesis lead to a better understanding of the molecular and cellular processes that take place during corneal wound healing. Based on these novel and promising results, we worked on the development of an innovative treatment that may significantly reduce the wound healing time and therefore the risk of complications. This new therapeutic approach is an encouraging opportunity to improve the treatment currently offered to patients suffering from corneal wounds.
Couture, Camille. "Étude de la guérison des plaies cornéennes grâce à la cornée reconstruite par génie tissulaire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27112.
Full textLa cornée est la couche la plus antérieure de l'oeil et sa transparence permet de laisser passer les ondes lumineuses vers la rétine. Cependant, la localisation de la cornée la prédispose à des blessures chimiques et mécaniques. La guérison des blessures cornéennes est un mécanisme complexe faisant intervenir la mort cellulaire, la migration, la prolifération, la différenciation et le remodelage de la matrice extracellulaire (MEC). Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé la cornée humaine reconstruite par génie tissulaire composée d’un épithélium et d’un stroma afin d’étudier les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires de la guérison des plaies, en particulier le remodelage de la MEC exercé par les métalloprotéinases matricielles (MMPs). Les analyses en profilage génique sur biopuces à ADN nous ont permis de démontrer que l’expression de plusieurs gènes était dérégulée lors de la guérison des plaies dans notre modèle. L’expression des gènes codant pour les MMPs, tel que confirmée en qPCR, est augmentée dans l’épithélium migrant afin de recouvrir la plaie. Les analyses en zymographie sur gel ont démontré que les MMPs étaient converties en leur forme enzymatiquement active au fur et à mesure que la lésion se referme. Par ailleurs, nous avons démontré que l’expression des MMPs par les cellules épithéliales est influencée par la présence des fibroblastes dans le stroma ainsi que par leur sécrétion d’une MEC enrichie en collagènes. De plus, les analyses en spectrométrie de masse ont confirmé que la présence d’un épithélium stratifié est requise pour la synthèse et l’organisation adéquate de la MEC. Enfin, les résultats de ces travaux améliorent nos connaissances des mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires qui modulent la guérison des plaies cornéennes et pourront certainement mener à des progrès en clinique, notamment au niveau du développement de thérapies visant à traiter les troubles de la cornée.
The cornea is located at the outer surface of the eye and its transparency is required to allow light transmission to the retina. However, because of its location, the cornea is subjected to chemical and mechanical injuries. Corneal wound healing is a complex mechanism involving many processes such as cell death, migration, proliferation, differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In the present study, we used a tissue-engineered, two-layers (epithelium and stroma) human cornea as a biomaterial to study both the cellular and molecular mechanisms of wound healing, more specifically the ECM remodeling exerted by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Gene profiling on microarrays revealed important alterations in the pattern of genes expressed by tissue-engineered corneas in response to wound healing. Expression of many MMPs-encoding genes was shown by microarray and qPCR analyses to increase in the migrating epithelium of wounded corneas. Many of these enzymes were converted into their enzymatically active form as wound closure proceeded. In addition, expression of MMPs by human corneal epithelial cells was affected both by the stromal fibroblasts and the collagen-enriched ECM they produce. Most of all, results from mass spectrometry analyses provided evidence that a fully stratified epithelium is required for proper synthesis and organization of the ECM on which the epithelial cells adhere. This study will improve our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that modulate human corneal wound healing by exploiting a new, innovative 3D reconstructed tissue much closer to the native cornea. It is likely that our study will lead to the development of novel therapies for the treatment of many corneal disorders.
Desjardins, Pascale. "Contribution de la kinase WNK1 à la guérison des plaies cornéennes." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33066.
Full textThe cornea, because of its superficial anatomical location, is continually subjected to abrasive forces and various traumas, which can lead to significant visual impairments. Damages to the corneal epithelium trigger important changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to which the basal human corneal epithelial cells (hCECs) attach. These changes are perceived by integrins that activate different intracellular signalling pathways, ultimately leading to reepithelialization of the injured epithelium. The aims of this study was, first, to identify the signalling mediators whose expression and/or activation was altered during the healing process of the cornea, and second, to analyze the impact of the inhibition of one of these signalling mediators, the WNK1 kinase, on the corneal wound healing. Analysis of the gene profiling data and kinase arrays revealed important alterations in the expression and activity of several mediators, including the WNK1 kinase, in response to the ECM changes that occur during corneal wound healing. Using both monolayers of hCECs and tissue-engineered human corneas (hTECs) as in vitro models, we demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of WNK1 by WNK463 significantly reduced the rate of corneal wound closure. In addition, Western blot analyzes and growth rate measurements have shown that inhibition of WNK1 prevents the activation of its downstream target proteins SPAK and OSR1, and alters the proliferative properties of hCECs, respectively. Finally, these results allowed the identification of WNK1 as an important player in the wound healing of the cornea, thus assigning a new function to this kinase. These results will therefore contribute to a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in corneal wound healing and could lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets in the treatment of corneal wounds.
Durand, Fernand-Joseph. "Cornéa guttata et chirurgie du cristallin." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25093.
Full textChauvin, Bernard. "La lentille pansement en collagène : place dans le traitement des lésions cornéennes." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON11204.
Full textJunquero, Didier. "Effets et mécanismes d'action des rétinoi͏̈des : interactions avec le facteur de croissance épidermique et la protéine kinase C." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON13502.
Full textGaudreault, Manon. "Modulation de l'expression du gène encodant la sous-unité d'intégrine α6 durant la cicatrisation cornéenne." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19463.
Full textButterworth, Jacqueline. "Les troubles visuels : de la génétique à la biologie cellulaire." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1179/.
Full textHigh myopia is a severe ametropia. A new genome-wide study was designed to identify the genes underlying the high myopia phenotype in the French Caucasian population. A new cohort was recruited but not sufficiently completed, thus requiring a mutli-step replication analysis that is still underway today. The identification of genes involved in myopia development is important for the understanding of the physiopathology of the disease. Myopia can be treated by refractive error surgery that remodels the cornea. An average of 1. 75% of patients operated develop corneal stromal opacities. The mechanisms underlying the normal corneal stromal wound response are still elusive. We investigated the phenotype of cells involved in stromal wound repair using a mouse model of full thickness corneal incision wounding. For the first time in vivo we suggest the localisation of a stromal progenitor pool that expands in response to corneal wounding. We also demonstrate that adult keratocyte cells in the in vivo wounded stroma could revert back to their embryonic cell phenotype, indicating that these cells could be relatively plastic. These results give insights into novel cell phenotypes in the wounded stroma with potential roles in stromal repair and opacity formation that require further investigation
Lake, Jennifer. "Modulation de l'expression du gène de la sous-unité a5 de l'intégrine a5B1 par les composantes de la matrice extracellulaire durant la cicatrisation de l'épithélium cornéen." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26193.
Full textUpon corneal injury, it is the massive secretion of fibronectin (FN) that characterizes the very first changes occurring in the basement membrane (BM) while in the meantime laminin (LM) and collagens (mostly type IV) temporarily disappear and then sequentially reappear once the denuded corneal area is completely covered. The FN binding integrin α5β1 plays a major role in corneal wound healing by promoting epithelial cell adhesion and migration over the temporary FN matrix. Over the past few years, our laboratory investigated the mechanisms by which the extracellular matrix (ECM) components may alter the expression of the α5 integrin subunit gene during corneal wound healing. While FN was found to positively regulate the expression of the α5 gene promoter, LM surprisingly repressed its transcription in rabbit corneal epithelial cells. However, the individual influences of collagens, or the combinatorial influence of a more complex tissue-engineered ECM had yet to be determined. In this thesis, we demonstrated that the reconstructed ECM, which is enriched in several types of collagens and FN, exerts a positive influence on the expression of the α5 gene in human corneal epithelial cells as a result of alterations in the expression and DNA binding of the transcription factors NFI, Sp1, AP-1 and Pax-6. On the other hand, collagens most usually acted negatively on the expression of the α5 integrin gene in corneal epithelial cells (CECs). One can then speculate that a particularly important function of the corneal BM collagens would consist to inform CECs that cell migration is no longer required, allowing them to differentiate vertically into suprabasal epithelial cells. We also demonstrated that a 300 bp conserved 5’-distal region present in the α3, α5, α9 and αv integrin subunit gene promoter sequences contains several target sites for positive and negative transcription factors that may prove important for fine-tuned regulation of α5 gene transcription. In addition, the ECM components also cause important changes in the expression of other genes, such as those encoding matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and various ECM components.