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Journal articles on the topic 'Coronary arteries – Anatomy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Kurosawa, Hiromi, Yasuharu Imai, and Masaaki Kawada. "Coronary arterial anatomy in regard to the arterial switch procedure." Cardiology in the Young 1, no. 1 (January 1991): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951100000093.

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SummarySince the success of the arterial switch procedure is dependent on the successful translocation of the coronary arteries, a thorough understanding of the anatomic variations of the coronary arteries is essential. We reviewed the anatomy of the coronary arteries encountered in 140 consecutive cases undergoing the arterial switch procedure for complete transposition at the Heart Institute of Japan. The anatomic variations, described using the Shaher and Puddu classification, varied significantly, requiring alteration in the surgical technique.

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2

Kulkarni, JyotiP. "Variant anatomy of coronary arteries." Heart India 1, no. 2 (2013): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-449x.118582.

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3

Lee, Wen-Jeng. "Segmental Anatomy of Coronary Arteries." Radiology 244, no. 1 (July 2007): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2441061365.

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4

Freire, Grace, and Michelle S. Miller. "Echocardiographic evaluation of coronary arteries in congenital heart disease." Cardiology in the Young 25, no. 8 (December 2015): 1504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951115002000.

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AbstractAmong populations of patients with the congenital heart disease, there is considerable diversity in the anatomy of the coronary arteries. Understanding these anatomical differences is vitally important in directing interventions and surgical repair. In this report, the authors describe the echocardiographic evaluation of the variants of coronary artery anatomy in the following lesions: transposition of the great arteries, congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, double-inlet left ventricle, common arterial trunk, tetralogy of Fallot, and double-outlet right ventricle.

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5

McMahon, Colin J., Howaida G. El Said, Timothy F. Feltes, Carmen H. Watrin, Beth A. Hess, and Charles D. Fraser. "Preoperative identification of coronary arterial anatomy in complete transposition, and outcome after the arterial switch operation." Cardiology in the Young 12, no. 3 (May 2002): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951102000537.

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Background: Perceived correlation between the coronary arterial anatomy in patients with complete transposition, and the outcome of the arterial switch procedure, has made preoperative identification of their patterns standard practice. Purpose: Our purpose was to assess the accuracy of preoperative echocardiographic identification of coronary arterial patterns, to evaluate the necessity of preoperative imaging by angiography, and to determine the impact of the coronary arterial anatomy on outcome. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of all patients referred for an arterial switch operation between August 1995 and January 2000. The anatomy as described at the time of the operation using the Leiden convention was compared to the preoperative echocardiographic and angiographic findings. Results: The procedure had been performed in 67 patients, at a mean age of 9 days, with a range from 3 days to 15 months. In 42 patients, the ventricular septum was intact, while 21 patients had a ventricular septal defect, and the other four had double outlet right ventricle with the aorta anterior and rightward. In 52 patients, the left coronary artery arose from sinus #1, and the right from sinus #2. In 8 patients, the interventricular branch of the left coronary artery arose from sinus #1, with the circumflex coronary artery arising together with the right coronary artery from sinus #2. In three patients, all three coronary arteries arose from sinus #1, while in the remaining individual patients, a large conal branch arose with the left coronary artery from sinus #1, the right coronary and left anterior descending arteries arose from sinus #1, all three coronary arteries took origin from sinus #2, and the left anterior descending and right coronary artery arose from sinus #1 with no circumflex coronary artery identifiable, respectively. In two patients (4%), we identified an intramural coronary arterial course. Echocardiography and angiography were comparable (81% versus 86%) in delineating the coronary arterial anatomy. Patients with a single arterial orifice, or an atypical coronary arterial anatomy, had a slightly longer stay on the intensive care unit, and in the hospital, but showed no difference in mortality. In fact, there was no early mortality (70% confidence limits; 0–2.9%), while two patients died late (2.9%). Conclusion: We conclude that complex coronary arterial anatomy does not preclude a successful arterial switch procedure, although patients with a single coronary artery, or other arterial patterns, had a slightly longer hospital course. Preoperative echocardiographic evaluation is comparable to non-selective coronary angiography. Irrespective of complexity, nonetheless, the coronary arteries can successfully be translocated, obviating the need for preoperative coronary angiography.

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Muyldermans, Luc L. C. M., Paul A. C. B. M. v. d. Heuvel, and Sjef M. P. G. Ernst. "Epicardial crossing of coronary arteries: a variation of coronary arterial anatomy." International Journal of Cardiology 7, no. 4 (April 1985): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5273(85)90097-x.

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7

Pidvalna, U. Ye, and L. R. Mateshuk-Vatseba. "Coronary arteries: normal, variant anatomy, anomalies (literature review)." Reports of Vinnytsia National Medical University 24, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 524–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/reports-vnmedical-2020-24(3)-25.

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Annotation. Qualitative analysis of the condition of the coronary arteries requires an understanding of the anatomy, histology, embryology, and topographic anatomy of the coronary arteries. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were used to search for information. The search results were 10 Ukrainian-language and 31 English-language sources, of which 25 met the conditions of the query. Normally, the heart is supplied with blood by the right and left coronary arteries, which originate from the corresponding coronary sinuses of the aorta. Variants and anomalies of coronary artery discharge are the result of disturbances in morphogenic processes at different periods of intrauterine development. The source of development of coronary arteries is the cells of the coelomic epithelium of the transverse septum. The cells of the capillary plexus surrounding the aortic bulb form the orifice of the coronary arteries by penetrating the aortic wall. In violation of the processes of embryogenesis, dislocation of the formation of the orifices occurs. Possible abnormal discharge of the coronary arteries from the branches of the aortic arch, pulmonary trunk or pulmonary arteries, left ventricle, internal thoracic artery. The article presents data on the norm, variants and abnormalities of coronary artery discharge, as well as a brief description of the embryology and histology of the coronary arteries.

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8

Anderson, Robert H., Ing-Sh Chiu, Diane E. Spicer, and Anthony J. Hlavacek. "Understanding coronary arterial anatomy in the congenitally malformed heart." Cardiology in the Young 22, no. 6 (December 2012): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951112001485.

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AbstractWith the development of three-dimensional techniques for imaging, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, it is now possible to demonstrate the precise sinusal origin and epicardial course of the coronary arteries with just as much accuracy as can be achieved by the morphologist holding the heart in his or her hands. At present, however, there is no universally accepted convention for categorising the various patterns found when the heart is congenitally malformed. In this review, we show how, to provide such a convention, it is necessary to take note not only of the sinusal origin of the three major coronary arteries, but also the relationship of the aortic root relative to the cardiac base. We summarise the evidence showing how the proximal portions of the developing coronary arteries grow into the aortic valvar sinuses subsequent to the separation of the aortic root from the subpulmonary infundibulum. We also discuss the evidence showing that the subpulmonary myocardium is impervious to the passage of epicardial coronary arteries, and suggest that the process of septation itself plays an integral role in guiding the arteries into the two aortic sinuses that are adjacent to the pulmonary root. We then show how marriage of convenience between the epicardial coronary arteries and the aortic valvar sinuses provides a good explanation for the known variations found in the setting of transposition. We point out that it is the absence of septation that likely governs the patterns seen in the setting of a common arterial trunk.

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9

Wendel, Martina, Wolfgang Kummer, Lilla Knels, Joachim Schmeck, and Thea Koch. "Muscular ETB Receptors Develop Postnatally and Are Differentially Distributed in Specific Segments of the Rat Vasculature." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 53, no. 2 (February 2005): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/jhc.4a6474.2005.

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The endothelin/endothelin-receptor system is a key player in the regulation of vascular tone in mammals. We raised and characterized an antiserum against rat ETB receptor and investigated the distribution of ETB receptors in different vascular beds during postnatal development (day 0 through day 28) and in the adult rat. We report the tissue-specific and age-dependent presence of vasoconstrictor ETB receptors. At the time of birth, vascular smooth muscle cells from all tissues examined did not exhibit ETB receptor immunoreactivity. The occurrence of ETB receptor immunoreactivity in the postnatal development was time dependent and started in small coronary and meningeal arteries at day 5, followed by small mesenteric arteries as well as brachial artery and vein at day 14. At day 21, ETB receptors were present in the media of muscular segments of pulmonary artery, large coronary arteries, and intracerebral arterioles. At day 28, ETB receptor immunoreactivity was evident in interlobular renal arteries, vas afferens, and efferens. Large renal arteries, mesenteric artery, and elastic segments of pulmonary arteries, as well as coronary and mesenteric veins, did not exhibit ETB receptor immunoreactivity. These data demonstrate the age-dependent and tissue-specific presence of ETB receptors, mainly on arterial smooth muscle cells in the vascular system of the rat.

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10

Spicer, Diane E., Deborah J. Henderson, Bill Chaudhry, Timothy J. Mohun, and Robert H. Anderson. "The anatomy and development of normal and abnormal coronary arteries." Cardiology in the Young 25, no. 8 (December 2015): 1493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951115001390.

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AbstractAt present, there is significant interest in the morphology of the coronary arteries, not least due to the increasingly well-recognised association between anomalous origin of the arteries and sudden cardiac death. Much has also been learnt over the last decade regarding the embryology of the arteries. In this review, therefore, we provide a brief introduction into the recent findings regarding their development. In particular, we emphasise that new evidence, derived using the developing murine heart, points to the arterial stems growing out from the adjacent sinuses of the aortic root, rather than the arteries growing in, as is currently assumed. As we show, the concept of outgrowth provides an excellent explanation for several of the abnormal arrangements encountered in the clinical setting. Before summarising these abnormal features, we draw attention to the need to describe the heart in an attitudinally appropriate manner, following the basic rule of human anatomy, rather than describing the cardiac components with the heart in the “Valentine” orientation. We then show how the major abnormalities involving the coronary arteries in humans can be summarised in terms of abnormal origin from the pulmonary circulation, abnormal aortic origin, or fistulous communications between the coronary arteries and the cardiac cavities. In the case of abnormal aortic origin, we highlight those malformations known to be associated with sudden cardiac death.

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11

Inouye, Sandra E. "The Clinical Anatomy of the Coronary Arteries." Shock 20, no. 6 (December 2003): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00024382-200312000-00022.

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12

Loukas, Marios, Amit Sharma, Christa Blaak, Edward Sorenson, and Asma Mian. "The Clinical Anatomy of the Coronary Arteries." Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research 6, no. 2 (February 20, 2013): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12265-013-9452-5.

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13

Moat, N. E., A. Pawade, and R. K. Lamb. "Complex coronary arterial anatomy in transposition of the great arteries." Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 103, no. 5 (May 1992): 872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5223(19)34909-8.

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14

Gonzalez de Alba, Cesar, Fernando Molina Berganza, John Brownlee, Muhammad Khan, and Dilachew Adebo. "Cardiac Magnetic Resonance to Evaluate Percutaneous Pulmonary Valve Implantation in Children and Young Adults." Texas Heart Institute Journal 45, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14503/thij-16-6100.

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Experience with cardiac magnetic resonance to evaluate coronary arteries in children and young adult patients is limited. Because noninvasive imaging has advantages over coronary angiography, we compared the effectiveness of these techniques in patients who were being considered for percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation. We retrospectively reviewed the cases of 26 patients (mean age, 12.53 ± 4.85 yr; range, 5–25 yr), all of whom had previous right ventricular-to-pulmonary artery homografts. We studied T2-prepared whole-heart images for coronary anatomy, velocity-encoded cine images for ventricular morphology, and function- and time-resolved magnetic resonance angiographic findings. Cardiac catheterization studies included coronary angiography, balloon compression testing, right ventricular outflow tract, and pulmonary artery anatomy. Diagnostic-quality images were obtained in 24 patients (92%), 13 of whom were considered suitable candidates for valve implantation. Two patients (8%) had abnormal coronary artery anatomy that placed them at high risk of coronary artery compression during surgery. Twelve patients underwent successful valve implantation after cardiac magnetic resonance images and catheterization showed no increased risk of compression. We attempted valve implantation in one patient with unsuitable anatomy but ultimately placed a stent in the homograft. Magnetic resonance imaging of coronary arteries is an important noninvasive study that may identify patients who are at high risk of coronary artery compression during percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation, and it may reveal high-risk anatomic variants that can be missed during cardiac catheterization.

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15

Patel, Smita. "Normal and Anomalous Anatomy of the Coronary Arteries." Seminars in Roentgenology 43, no. 2 (April 2008): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ro.2008.01.005.

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16

Sabatino, Marlena E., Tomás Chalela, and Néstor Sandoval. "Staged repair of transposition of the great arteries with anomalous coronary anatomy and complete atrioventricular canal." Cardiology in the Young 30, no. 8 (July 3, 2020): 1188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951120001614.

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AbstractThe association of complete atrioventricular canal with transposition of the great arteries is rare, with a prevalence of less than 3–5%. We present an 18-month-old patient with a complete atrioventricular canal, side-by-side transposition of the great arteries, and anomalous coronary anatomy, managed initially with pulmonary banding and then by arterial switch with complete atrioventricular canal repair at early infancy.

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17

Singh, Rajani. "An Anomalous Configuration of Coronary Artery: A Cadaveric Study." Case Reports in Cardiology 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/397063.

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Anatomical variations in relation to coronary artery and its branches will help cardiac surgeons for refining imaging techniques and coronary artery bypass grafting. A heart was detected with multiple anomalies of coronary arteries in a cadaver. The anomalies of coronary arteries in terms of origin, number of ostia, courses, and presence of myocardial bridges were described, and related clinical implications were highlighted in the present study. The knowledge of variant anatomy may be of paramount importance to anatomists for variant anatomy and to cardiac surgeon for proper diagnosis and treatment of cardiac ailments including radiologists to refine image interpretation.

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18

Kiviniemi, Tuomas O., Markku Saraste, Juha W. Koskenvuo, K. E. Juhani Airaksinen, Jyri O. Toikka, Antti Saraste, Jussi P. Pärkkä, and Jaakko J. Hartiala. "Coronary artery diameter can be assessed reliably with transthoracic echocardiography." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 286, no. 4 (April 2004): H1515—H1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00819.2003.

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We studied whether diameters of coronary arteries can be measured accurately with the use of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). By knowing the anatomic diameter of the coronary artery together with coronary flow velocity it is possible to measure coronary flow volume more precisely by TTE. However, the suitability of TTE for measurement of diameters of all main epicardial coronary arteries has not been systematically validated. We measured the diameters of the left main (LM), left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCX), and right coronary arteries (RCA) with the use of TTE [manual two-dimensional (2D), color-Doppler, and automated 2D analysis] in 30 patients who had normal coronary anatomy. We compared these diameters to those measured with quantitative coronary angiography (QCA). We could measure diameters of LM, LAD, LCX, and RCA by TTE in up to 37%, 63%, 7%, and 60% of patients, respectively. The overall correlation coefficients between TTE and QCA measurements were 0.83 ( P < 0.01) with manual 2D analysis, 0.82 ( P < 0.01) with automated 2D analysis, and 0.94 ( P < 0.01) with a color-Doppler-based analysis. Interobserver variability of TTE measurements was low (coefficient of variation 5.4 ± 4.6–7.5 ± 8.8%). TTE is an accurate method to evaluate coronary artery diameter in patients with healthy coronary arteries.

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19

Dai, Yidan, Kai Yi, Kazuyuki Shimada, Ke Ren, Zhidan Wang, Hayato Terayama, Xiao-Kang Li, and Shuang-Qin Yi. "Anatomy of the coronary arteries in fetal pigs: comparison with human anatomy." Anatomical Science International 95, no. 2 (December 14, 2019): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12565-019-00516-z.

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20

Louise Calder, A., Charles R. Peebles, and Christopher J. Occleshaw. "The prevalence of coronary arterial abnormalities in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and their influence on surgical results." Cardiology in the Young 17, no. 4 (June 18, 2007): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951107000893.

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AbstractBackgroundThe relatively high mortality in patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum may be related to the presence of significant coronary arterial anomalies. This retrospective review of cineangiocardiograms was undertaken to further elucidate the types and variety of such coronary arterial abnormalities, and to assess their effect on postoperative survival.Material and resultsDetails regarding coronary arterial anatomy and abnormalities were assessed in 116 patients. We noted the site and severity of lesions, and the presence of fistulous communications from the right ventricle to the coronary arteries, assessing the proportion of left ventricular myocardium affected by coronary arterial interruptions or significant stenoses, in other words, the amount dependent on coronary circulation from the right ventricle. We also measured diameters of the tricuspid and mitral valves. Fistulas were found in 87 patients (75%), interruptions of major coronary arteries in 40 patients (34%), lack of connections between the coronary arteries and the aorta in 18 patients (16%), and single origin of a coronary artery, with the right coronary artery arising from the left, in 6 patients (5%). We found increased mortality in 47 patients (40%) who had a right ventricular-dependent coronary arterial circulation. The presence of fistulas in itself was not associated with higher mortality, but the presence of coronary arterial interruptions (p = 0.05), and a higher myocardial score (p = 0.0009), were.ConclusionWe encountered a higher prevalence of both coronary arterial abnormalities and right ventricular-dependent circulation than previously reported. Awareness of the severity of the coronary arterial abnormalities should assist in planning treatment.

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21

Bansal, Neha, Ralph E. Delius, and Sanjeev Aggarwal. "Coronary artery spasm in a neonate with transposition of great arteries: a rare complication and reason for heart transplant." Cardiology in the Young 28, no. 1 (August 8, 2017): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951117001652.

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AbstractArterial switch operation has become the standard of care for d-transposition of great arteries and has excellent short- and long-term outcomes. We report the case of a newborn with a diagnosis of d-transposition of great arteries with intact ventricular septum and a low-risk coronary artery anatomy who developed coronary artery vasospasm while coming off bypass following arterial switch operation in the operating room. The coronary artery spasm led to severe biventricular dysfunction and need for extracorporeal membranous oxygenation support. Despite extracorporeal membranous oxygenation and inotropic support, there was no improvement in the left ventricular function, and cardiac transplantation was performed after 8 days. The explanted heart showed extensive infarction of both ventricles. Both the coronary ostei were patent with no evidence of thrombus, suggesting coronary artery vasospasm rather than embolus or thrombus formation. This is the first case of coronary artery vasospasm in a neonate with d-transposition of great arteries leading to cardiac transplantation. We speculate that early identification of patients who are at a high risk for coronary vasospasm and prophylactic or timely infusion of papaverine directly into the coronary arteries may be beneficial in this condition.

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22

Zamir, M., and P. Sinclair. "Roots and calibers of the human coronary arteries." American Journal of Anatomy 183, no. 3 (November 1988): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001830305.

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23

Neves, Priscilla Ornellas, Joalbo Andrade, and Henry Monção. "Coronary anomalies: what the radiologist should know." Radiologia Brasileira 48, no. 4 (August 2015): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-3984.2014.0004.

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Abstract Coronary anomalies comprise a diverse group of malformations, some of them asymptomatic with a benign course, and the others related to symptoms as chest pain and sudden death. Such anomalies may be classified as follows: 1) anomalies of origination and course; 2) anomalies of intrinsic coronary arterial anatomy; 3) anomalies of coronary termination. The origin and the proximal course of anomalous coronary arteries are the main prognostic factors, and interarterial course or a coronary artery is considered to be malignant due its association with increased risk of sudden death. Coronary computed tomography angiography has become the reference method for such an assessment as it detects not only anomalies in origination of these arteries, but also its course in relation to other mediastinal structures, which plays a relevant role in the definition of the therapeutic management. Finally, it is essential for radiologists to recognize and characterize such anomalies.

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24

Wernovsky, Gil, and Stephen P. Sanders. "Coronary artery anatomy and transposition of the great arteries." Coronary Artery Disease 4, no. 2 (February 1993): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019501-199302000-00005.

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25

Underwood, MJ. "Book Review: The Clinical Anatomy of the Coronary Arteries." Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals 18, no. 4 (August 2010): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0218492310377054.

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26

Loukas, Marios, Rebecca G. Andall, Akbar Z. Khan, Kush Patel, Horia Muresian, Diane E. Spicer, and R. Shane Tubbs. "The clinical anatomy of high take-off coronary arteries." Clinical Anatomy 29, no. 3 (November 18, 2015): 408–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22664.

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27

Loukas, Marios, Christopher Groat, Rajkamal Khangura, Deyzi Gueorguieva Owens, and Robert H. Anderson. "The normal and abnormal anatomy of the coronary arteries." Clinical Anatomy 22, no. 1 (January 2009): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.20761.

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28

K.N, Vijayamma, and Ushavathy P. "HUMAN CORONARY ARTERIES- A STUDY BASED ON GROSS ANATOMY AND CORONARY CAST." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 5, no. 6 (January 31, 2018): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2018/101.

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29

Koenraadt, Wilke M. C., Margot M. Bartelings, Regina Bökenkamp, Adriana C. Gittenberger-de Groot, Marco C. DeRuiter, Martin J. Schalij, and Monique RM Jongbloed. "Coronary anatomy in children with bicuspid aortic valves and associated congenital heart disease." Heart 104, no. 5 (July 27, 2017): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311178.

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ObjectiveIn patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), coronary anatomy is variable. High take-off coronary arteries have been described, but data are scarce, especially when associated with complex congenital heart disease (CHD). The purpose of this study was to describe coronary patterns in these patients.MethodsIn 84 postmortem heart specimens with BAV and associated CHD, position and height of the coronary ostia were studied and related to BAV morphology.ResultsHigh take-off right (RCA) and left coronary arteries (LCA) were observed in 23% and 37% of hearts, respectively, most frequently in hearts with hypoplastic left ventricle (HLV) and outflow tract anomalies. In HLV, high take-off was observed in 18/40 (45%) more frequently of LCA (n=14) than RCA (n=6). In hearts with aortic hypoplasia, 8/13 (62%) had high take-off LCA and 6/13 (46%) high take-off RCA. High take-off was seen 19 times in 22 specimens with perimembranous ventricular septal defect (RCA 8, LCA 11). High take-off was associated with type 1A BAV (raphe between right and left coronary leaflets), more outspoken for the RCA. Separate ostia of left anterior descending coronary artery and left circumflex coronary artery were seen in four hearts (5%), not related to specific BAV morphology.ConclusionHigh take-off coronary arteries, especially the LCA, occur more frequently in BAV with associated CHD than reported in normal hearts and isolated BAV. Outflow tract defects and HLV are associated with type 1A BAV and high take-off coronary arteries. Although it is unclear whether these findings in infants with detrimental outcome can be related to surviving adults, clinical awareness of variations in coronary anatomy is warranted.

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Casco, Victor H., John P. Veinot, Mercedes L. Kuroski de Bold, Roy G. Masters, Michelle M. Stevenson, and Adolfo J. de Bold. "Natriuretic Peptide System Gene Expression in Human Coronary Arteries." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 50, no. 6 (June 2002): 799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540205000606.

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The natriuretic peptides (NPs) ANF, BNP, and CNP have potent anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). These properties make NPs relevant to the study of human coronary atherosclerosis because vascular cell proliferation and migration are central to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. However, the existence and cytological distribution of NPs and their receptors in human coronary arteries remain undetermined. This has hampered the development of hypotheses regarding the possible role of NPs in human coronary disease. We determined the pattern of expression of NPs and their receptors (NPRs) in human coronary arteries with atherosclerotic lesions classified by standard histopathological criteria as fatty streak/early atherosclerotic lesions, intermediate plaques, or advanced lesions. The investigation was carried out using a combination of immunocytochemistry (ICC), in situ hybridization (ISH), and semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Both by ICC and ISH, ANF was found in the intimal and medial layers of all lesions. BNP was highly expressed in advanced lesions where it was particularly evident by a strong ISH signal but weak ICC staining. CNP was demonstrable in all types of lesions, giving a strong signal by ISH and ICC. This peptide was particularly demonstrable in the endothelium, as well as in the SMCs of the intima, media, and vasa vasorum of the adventitia and in macrophages. By ISH, NPR-A was not detectable in any of the lesions but both NPR-B and NPR-C were found in the intimal and the inner medial layers. By RT-PCR, mRNA levels of all NPs tended to be increased in macroscopically diseased arteries, but only the values for BNP were significantly so. No significant changes in NPR mRNA levels were detected by PCR. In general, the signal intensity given by the NPs and their receptors by ICC or ISH appeared dependent on the type of lesion, being strongest in intermediate plaques and decreasing with increasing severity of the lesion. This study constitutes the first demonstration of NPs and NPR mRNAs in human coronary arteries and supports the existence of an autocrine/paracrine NP system that is actively modulated during the progression of atherosclerotic coronary disease. This suggests that the coronary NP system is involved in the pathobiology of intimal plaque formation in humans and may be involved in vascular remodeling.

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31

Singh, S., N. Ajayi, L. Lazarus, and K. S. Satyapal. "Morphologic Relationship Between the Coronary Arteries During Fetal Development." International Journal of Morphology 35, no. 4 (December 2017): 1197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022017000401197.

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32

Auriemma, Edoardo, Felice Armienti, Simona Morabito, Swan Specchi, Vincenzo Rondelli, Oriol Domenech, Carlo Guglielmini, Giuseppe Lacava, Eric Zini, and Toufic Khouri. "Electrocardiogram-gated 16-multidetector computed tomographic angiography of the coronary arteries in dogs." Veterinary Record 183, no. 15 (July 20, 2018): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104711.

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The aims of this study were to assess if ECG-gated 16-multidetector CT (MDCT) provides sufficient temporal and spatial resolution to evaluate canine coronary arteries and provide a detailed description of their anatomy. A total of 24 dogs were included. Images were reviewed to assess: (1) coronary artery opacification and dominance; (2) choice of optimal R-R ECG reconstruction interval for both left coronary artery (LCA) and right coronary artery (RCA); (3) branching patterns of the left main coronary artery (LMCA); and (4) diameter and length of the LCA and RCA and classification of their branches by adapting a previously described segmental coding system. The degree of opacification of the coronary arteries was subjectively judged as excellent or good in five and 19 dogs, respectively. All hearts showed a left coronary dominance. The best R-R reconstruction interval for both LCA and RCA arteries was 75 per cent. Seven different subtypes of LMCA branching patterns were noted. The rami circumflexus and interventricularis paraconalis were divided into three angiographic segments, and the ramus septi interventricularis and the RCA in two and three segments, respectively. ECG-gated 16-MDCT coronary angiography provides adequate resolution to assist the basic anatomy of the main coronary artery branches.

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33

Kumar, Keshaw. "Anomalous Course and Branches of Human Coronary Arteries." Cells Tissues Organs 136, no. 4 (1989): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000146844.

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34

De Andrés, A. V., R. Muñoz-chápuli, V. Sans-Coma, and L. García-Garrido. "Anatomical studies of the coronary system in elasmobranchs: I. Coronary arteries in lamnoid sharks." American Journal of Anatomy 187, no. 3 (March 1990): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001870309.

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35

Chagas, Carlos, Lucas Pires, Tulio Leite, and Marcio Babinski. "The artery of Mouchet: blood supply of the septomarginal trabecula in 50 human hearts." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 64, no. 10 (October 2018): 916–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.64.10.916.

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SUMMARY The septomarginal trabecula is a muscular structure which transmits the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle. It is usually supplied by a branch from the second anterior septal artery. Anastomoses between the right and left coronary arteries may happen on the septomarginal trabecula. They are of great significance in order to prevent ischemia during a myocardial infarction. Surgeries such as Konno's and Ross' procedures implies in knowledge of these vessels anatomy. The coronary arteries of 50 human hearts were injected with latex and subsequentely dissected with the purpose of identifying the arterial branch that supplied the septomarginal trabecula. The trabecular branch arose from the second anterior septal artery in 38% of cases, and the branch arose from the first anterior septal artery in 26%. One of the hearts had its septomarginal trabecula supplied by the conus arteriosus arteryliterature. Anastomoses between the right and left coronary arteries were found inside the septomarginal trabecula. The right branch of the atrioventricular bundle is subject to a great number of clinical conditions and is often manipulated during surgery, thus, the study of the septal branches of the coronary arteries and the trabecular branch is essential.

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Tomanek, Robert, and Paolo Angelini. "Embryology of coronary arteries and anatomy/pathophysiology of coronary anomalies. A comprehensive update." International Journal of Cardiology 281 (April 2019): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.11.135.

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37

Silverman, Norman H. "The essential echocardiographic features of tetralogy of Fallot." Cardiology in the Young 23, no. 6 (December 2013): 871–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951113001704.

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AbstractThis presentation will demonstrate the essential features of tetralogy of Fallot in the infant and child before surgery, as well as some noteworthy features in the foetus. The four features, namely, subpulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, aortic override, and right ventricular hypertrophy, can all be easily demonstrated by echocardiography. In addition, morphology of the pulmonary valve and the main and branch pulmonary arteries can be seen. The position of the coronary arteries and the major variants of proximal coronary anatomy can be defined. The arch anatomy and the presence of associated major aortopulmonary collateral arteries can be defined. All these features can be demonstrated in the foetus as well, after the first trimester, and the presence of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries can be seen more clearly because the lungs, being fluid filled, aid in ultrasound and do not provide the barrier that the air-filled lung presents after birth.

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Ismat, Fraz A., H. Scott Baldwin, Tom R. Karl, and Paul M. Weinberg. "Coronary anatomy in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries." International Journal of Cardiology 86, no. 2-3 (December 2002): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5273(02)00325-x.

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39

Luciani, Giovanni Battista, Gianluigi Franchi, Giuseppe Faggian, and Alessandro Mazzucco. "Unusual “Single Coronary” Anatomy in Transposition of the Great Arteries." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 88, no. 4 (October 2009): e44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.07.065.

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40

Dabizzi, Roberto Piero, Giuseppe Antonio Barletta, Giuseppe Caprioli, Giorgio Baldrighi, and Vincenzo Baldrighi. "Coronary artery anatomy in corrected transposition of the great arteries." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 12, no. 2 (August 1988): 486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(88)90424-x.

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41

Sim, Eugene K. W., Jacques A. M. van Son, William D. Edwards, Paul R. Julsrud, and Francisco J. Puga. "Coronary artery anatomy in complete transposition of the great arteries." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 57, no. 4 (April 1994): 890–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(94)90196-1.

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42

Stogova, O. V., N. M. Rudenko, O. O. Motrechko, and D. O. Shypov. "Anatomy of the coronary arteries in the congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries." Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31928/2305-3127-2019.1.4449.

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Mohandas G.V and Sitansu k.Panda. "Hair pin bends of epicardial coronary arteries - a unique feature in multiple myocardial bridges." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 2250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1460.

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Myocardial bridge(MB) is an anatomical variant. Sometimes MB can cause compression over the coronary arteries and causes ischemic heart diseases.MB associated with bends of coronary arteries double the risk of coronary artery disease. So the present study aimed to find out the incidence of bends of the coronary artery along with the myocardial bridging. 100 heart specimens were obtained from routine dissection conducted for undergraduate students in the department of Anatomy IMS & SUM Hospital Bhubaneswar. After the simple dissecting procedure, epicardial coronary arteries, their branches and myocardial bridges and hairpin bends of coronary arteries were observed. Myocardial bridges present 41 (41%) over Left anterior descending artery(LAD) only.Among 41 hearts single myocardial bridge present in 37((90.25%) hearts, double myocardial bridge were present in 3((7.31%) hearts and triple myocardial bridges present in only one heart(2.44%). Hairpin bends of the coronary artery were present in double and triple myocardial bridged hearts only. No hairpin bends of the coronary artery was observed in the single myocardial bridge. Hair pin bends of the coronary arteries are the unique features of the myocardial bridges in multiple myocardial bridges, i.e. double and triple myocardial bridges. However, hairpin bends of coronary arteries were absent in single myocardial bridged hearts.

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Kumar, Avanish, Md Jawed Akhtar, and Lalit Mohan. "Common origin of both coronary arteries from LSV." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 1 (July 26, 2014): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i1.9583.

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During routine dissection of a male cadaver aged about 60 years in dept. of Anatomy at IGIMS Patna a rare anomalous single coronary artery has been detected. In this case a single trunk is taking origin from LSV. Both the coronary arteries are arising from this trunk. Heart’s shape, size and weight are within normal range. On gross examination no other major congenital malformation and pathological changes is detected. In addition to this, further during dissection in other region of the body no other major vascular malformation is found. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i1.9583 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(1) 2015 117-118

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Vieira, T. H. M., P. C. Moura, S. R. C. Vieira, P. R. Moura, N. C. Silva, G. C. Wafae, C. R. Ruiz, and N. Wafae. "Anatomical indicators of dominance between the coronary arteries in swine." Morphologie 92, no. 296 (March 2008): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.morpho.2008.04.005.

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Kosutic, Jovan. "Cross-sectional echocardiographic delineation of coronary arterial origins in complete transposition." Cardiology in the Young 5, no. 2 (April 1995): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951100011720.

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SummaryThe role of cross-sectional echocardiography is demonstrated in defining the anatomy of the coronary arteries in 29 patients with complete transposition (concordant atrioventricular and discordant ventriculoarterial connections). The study revealed a relationship between some of the less frequent patterns and the spatial relationship of the arterial trunks, along with the presence or absence of a ventricular septal defect. It suggests that a side-by-side relationship of the arterial trunks due to infundibular maldevelopment may be related to some of the less common patterns.

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Hasanović, Aida, Faruk Dilberović, and Fehim Ovčina. "Anatomical-clinical investigations of variations of the human coronary arteries." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 3, no. 4 (November 20, 2003): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2003.3487.

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Variations of the human coronary arteries have always attracted the attention of many researchers. A review of the literature shows that variations can cause ischemic heart disease or sudden cardiac death. The aim of the investigations was to examine the existence and clinical significance of variations of the human coronary arteries. Special attention has been focused on myocardial bridging of the coronary arteries and coronary arteriovenous fistula. Our investigations were carried out on the human hearts at the Department of Anatomy and on patients at the Cardiology Department of University Clinical Centre in Sarajevo. Using the method of dissection and coronary angiography we established the existence of variations of the coronaryarteries (variations of origin, distribution) on the human hearts without macroscopic visible changes as well as on patients with ischemic changes (angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, congenital cardiovascular malformation etc.). We established the higher incidence of ischemic changes on patients with variations of coronary arteries.

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Hasanović, Aida, Fuad Šišić, Faruk Dilberović, and Fehim Ovčina. "Collateral Circulation in Human Heart." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 5, no. 2 (May 20, 2008): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2005.3295.

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The aim of the investigations was to demonstrate different types of collaterals of coronary arteries using the method of coronary angiography and injection-corrosion method. The investigations were carried out on 30 human cadaveric hearts from the Department of Anatomy, and 30 angiograms of patients from the Cardiology Department of Clinics Centre in Sarajevo. Clinical investigations were retrospective and prospective on patients that were treated in hospital, and on patients that just arrived in hospital (based on findings of coronary angiohra-phy). The results show the existence of different types of collaterals: intercoronary and intra-coronary. We established collaterals in a case with occlusion of the right coronary artery and left coronary artery in which better development of collaterals was established. Our patients were classified in two groups:1) Patients with good collaterals and good left ventricular function;2) Patients with good collaterals and impaired left ventricular function. On the anatomical material we found different types of collaterals as well.Our results show that coronanary angiography is useful diagnostic method for the demonstration of coronary collaterals.The collaterals of human coronary arteries have always attracted the attention of anatomists, pathologists, surgeons, as well as experts in many clinical disciplines. The occurrence of coronary diseases has increased recently so much that it stimulates researchers to become acquainted with collaterals of coronary arteries. Its real significance is expressive in cases with occlusion or stenosis of coronary arteries -angina, myocardial infarction, congenital cardiovascular malformations etc. (1,2,3,4,5). Therefore, the aim of the investigations was to demonstrate different types of collaterals of the coronary arteries in normal condition and the conditions of coronary disease using the method of coronary angiography and injection corrosion method. On the other side, these investigations are important because of contrast opinions that are given in literature concerning coronary arteries collaterals. According to some authors collaterals exist and they are functional (6,7,8,9,10). The others think that collaterals exist, but that they are insufficient for collateral circulation and only develop in pathological conditions (11). Ishemia changes of the heart, variations of coronary arteries and the collaterals have been studied by many authors: Hadžiselimović, Werner, Pohl, Seiler, Kamenica, Šišić, Rockostroh, Rapps, Holmvang, Billinger, Meier and others.

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Ishizawa, Akimitsu, Osamu Tanaka, Ming Zhou, and Hiroshi Abe. "Observation of root variations in human coronary arteries." Anatomical Science International 81, no. 1 (March 2006): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-073x.2006.00130.x.

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Ishizawa, Akimitsu, Maki Fumon, Ming Zhou, Ryoji Suzuki, and Hiroshi Abe. "Intersection patterns of human coronary veins and arteries." Anatomical Science International 83, no. 1 (March 2008): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-073x.2007.00200.x.

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